Articles | Volume 22, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6625-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6625-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
23 May 2022
Review article |
| 23 May 2022
| 23 May 2022
Atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean
Susann Tegtmeier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Christa Marandino
Biogeochemistry Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
now at: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Birgit Quack
Biogeochemistry Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Anoop S. Mahajan
Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology, Pune, 411016, India
Related authors
Daniel Zawada, Kimberlee Dubé, Taran Warnock, Adam Bourassa, Susann Tegtmeier, and Douglas Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1995–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There remain large uncertainties in long-term changes of stratospheric–atmospheric temperatures. We have produced a time series of more than 20 years of satellite-based temperature measurements from the OSIRIS instrument in the upper–middle stratosphere. The dataset is publicly available and intended to be used for a better understanding of changes in stratospheric temperatures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, and Robin Pilch Kedzierski
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-168, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-168, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data challenges the idea of an overall cooling trend in the Tropical Tropopause Layer. From 2002 to 2022, a warming trend was observed, diverging from earlier findings. Tropopause height changes indicate dynamic processes alongside radiative effects. Upper tropospheric warming, contrasting with lower stratosphere temperatures. The study highlights the complex interplay of factors shaping temperature trends.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, Patrick E. Sheese, Kaley A. Walker, and William Randel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13283–13300, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a technique for understanding the causes of long-term changes in stratospheric composition. By using N2O as a proxy for stratospheric circulation in the model used to calculated trends, it is possible to separate the effects of dynamics and chemistry on observed trace gas trends. We find that observed HCl increases are due to changes in the stratospheric circulation, as are O3 decreases above 30 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Veronique Bouchet, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Detlef Stammer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-376, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-376, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines are proposed as international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kristof Bognar, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Chris Roth, Taran Warnock, Daniel Zawada, and Doug Degenstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9553–9569, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify recent changes in stratospheric ozone (outside the polar regions) using a combination of three satellite datasets. We find that upper stratospheric ozone have increased significantly since 2000, although the recovery shows an unexpected pause in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with the likely decrease in ozone in the lower stratosphere, this presents an interesting challenge for predicting the future of the ozone layer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Robert D. Kinley, Ignacio Pisso, and Susann Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7631–7646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assessed the potential risks of bromoform released from Asparagopsis farming near Australia for the stratospheric ozone layer by analyzing different cultivation scenarios. We conclude that the intended operation of Asparagopsis seaweed cultivation farms with an annual yield to meet the needs of 50 % of feedlots and cattle in either open-ocean or terrestrial cultures in Australia will not impact the ozone layer under normal operating conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michaela I. Hegglin, Susann Tegtmeier, John Anderson, Adam E. Bourassa, Samuel Brohede, Doug Degenstein, Lucien Froidevaux, Bernd Funke, John Gille, Yasuko Kasai, Erkki T. Kyrölä, Jerry Lumpe, Donal Murtagh, Jessica L. Neu, Kristell Pérot, Ellis E. Remsberg, Alexei Rozanov, Matthew Toohey, Joachim Urban, Thomas von Clarmann, Kaley A. Walker, Hsiang-Jui Wang, Carlo Arosio, Robert Damadeo, Ryan A. Fuller, Gretchen Lingenfelser, Christopher McLinden, Diane Pendlebury, Chris Roth, Niall J. Ryan, Christopher Sioris, Lesley Smith, and Katja Weigel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1855–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An overview of the SPARC Data Initiative is presented, to date the most comprehensive assessment of stratospheric composition measurements spanning 1979–2018. Measurements of 26 chemical constituents obtained from an international suite of space-based limb sounders were compiled into vertically resolved, zonal monthly mean time series. The quality and consistency of these gridded datasets are then evaluated using a climatological validation approach and a range of diagnostics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, and Arne Biastoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cooling-water disinfection at coastal power plants is a known source of atmospheric bromoform. A large source of anthropogenic bromoform is the industrial regions in East Asia. In current bottom-up flux estimates, these anthropogenic emissions are missing, underestimating the global air–sea flux of bromoform. With transport simulations, we show that by including anthropogenic bromoform from cooling-water treatment, the bottom-up flux estimates significantly improve in East and Southeast Asia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathon S. Wright, Xiaoyi Sun, Paul Konopka, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Andrea M. Molod, Susann Tegtmeier, Guang J. Zhang, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8989–9030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High clouds are influential in tropical climate. Although reanalysis cloud fields are essentially model products, they are indirectly constrained by observations and offer global coverage with direct links to advanced water and energy cycle metrics, giving them many useful applications. We describe how high cloud fields are generated in reanalyses, assess their realism and reliability in the tropics, and evaluate how differences in these fields affect other aspects of the reanalysis state.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Birgit Quack, Franziska Ziska, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7103–7123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate emissions of brominated gases from the ocean and their contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. Once in the atmosphere, these gases usually break down in less than 6 months. Their impact on the ozone layer depends on the prevailing atmospheric circulation, since transport to the stratosphere requires uplift. We combine aircraft and ship observations with atmospheric modelling to analyse how, where, and when these gases are transported from the ocean into the stratosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, James Anstey, Sean Davis, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Ioana Ivanciu, Robin Pilch Kedzierski, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Craig Long, James S. Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 753–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer is an important atmospheric region right in between the troposphere and the stratosphere. We evaluate the representation of this layer in reanalyses data sets, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using atmospheric modeling and available observations. The recent reanalyses show realistic temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer. However, where the temperature is lowest, the so-called cold point, the reanalyses are too cold.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, and Birgit Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11089–11103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, 2019
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Birgit Quack, Arne Biastoch, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, Siren Rühs, Stephan Gollasch, and Matej David
Ocean Sci., 15, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In a large-scale analysis, the spread of disinfection by-products from oxidative ballast water treatment is investigated, with a focus on Southeast Asia where major ports are located. Halogenated compounds such as bromoform (CHBr3) are produced in the ballast water and, once emitted into the environment, can participate in ozone depletion. Anthropogenic bromoform is rapidly emitted into the atmosphere and can locally double around large ports. A large-scale impact cannot be found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Hauke Schmidt, Rémi Thiéblemont, Lon Hood, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Slimane Bekki, Makoto Deushi, Patrick Jöckel, Oliver Kirner, Markus Kunze, Marion Marchand, Daniel R. Marsh, Martine Michou, David Plummer, Laura E. Revell, Eugene Rozanov, Andrea Stenke, Yousuke Yamashita, and Kohei Yoshida
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11323–11343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The 11-year solar cycle is an important driver of climate variability. Changes in incoming solar ultraviolet radiation affect atmospheric ozone, which in turn influences atmospheric temperatures. Constraining the impact of the solar cycle on ozone is therefore important for understanding climate variability. This study examines the representation of the solar influence on ozone in numerical models used to simulate past and future climate. We highlight important differences among model datasets.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sean M. Davis, Michaela I. Hegglin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Craig Long, Gloria L. Manney, Eric R. Nash, Gerald L. Potter, Susann Tegtmeier, Tao Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12743–12778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone and water vapor in the stratosphere are important gases that affect surface climate and absorb incoming solar ultraviolet radiation. These gases are represented in reanalyses, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using limited observations. We evaluate reanalysis water vapor and ozone fidelity by intercomparing them, and comparing them to independent observations. Generally reanalyses do a good job at representing ozone, but have problems with water vapor.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cathleen Schlundt, Susann Tegtmeier, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Astrid Bracher, Wee Cheah, Kirstin Krüger, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10837–10854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, oxygenated volatile organic carbon (OVOC) in the ocean and overlaying atmosphere in the western Pacific Ocean has been measured. OVOCs are important for atmospheric chemistry. They are involved in ozone production in the upper troposphere (UT), and they have a climate cooling effect. We showed that phytoplankton was an important source for OVOCs in the surface ocean, and when OVOCs are emitted into the atmosphere, they could reach the UT and might influence ozone formation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Birgit Quack, Helmke Hepach, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Susann Tegtmeier, Matthew Toohey, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6723–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLSs) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise in the west Indian Ocean, we found an important source region of halogenated VSLSs during the Asian summer monsoon. Modeling the transport from the ocean to the stratosphere we found two main pathways, one over the Indian Ocean and one over northern India.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Masatomo Fujiwara, Jonathon S. Wright, Gloria L. Manney, Lesley J. Gray, James Anstey, Thomas Birner, Sean Davis, Edwin P. Gerber, V. Lynn Harvey, Michaela I. Hegglin, Cameron R. Homeyer, John A. Knox, Kirstin Krüger, Alyn Lambert, Craig S. Long, Patrick Martineau, Andrea Molod, Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz, Michelle L. Santee, Susann Tegtmeier, Simon Chabrillat, David G. H. Tan, David R. Jackson, Saroja Polavarapu, Gilbert P. Compo, Rossana Dragani, Wesley Ebisuzaki, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Will McCarty, Kazutoshi Onogi, Steven Pawson, Adrian Simmons, Krzysztof Wargan, Jeffrey S. Whitaker, and Cheng-Zhi Zou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1417–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP), review key concepts and elements of atmospheric reanalysis systems, and summarize the technical details of and differences among 11 of these systems. This work supports scientific studies and intercomparisons of reanalysis products by collecting these background materials and technical details into a single reference. We also address several common misunderstandings and points of confusion regarding reanalyses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Helmke Hepach, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Anja Engel, Astrid Bracher, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Luisa Galgani, Elliot L. Atlas, Johannes Lampel, Udo Frieß, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present surface seawater measurements of bromo- and iodocarbons, which are involved in numerous atmospheric processes such as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, from the highly productive Peruvian upwelling. By combining trace gas measurements, characterization of organic matter and phytoplankton species, and tropospheric modelling, we show that large amounts of iodocarbons produced from the pool of organic matter may contribute strongly to local tropospheric iodine loading.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Rémi Thiéblemont, and Lon Hood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10021–10043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of changes in incoming solar radiation on stratospheric ozone has important impacts on the atmosphere. Understanding this ozone response is crucial for constraining how solar activity affects climate. This study analyses the solar ozone response (SOR) in satellite datasets and shows that there are substantial differences in the magnitude and spatial structure across different records. In particular, the SOR in the new SAGE v7.0 mixing ratio data is smaller than in the previous v6.2.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Hossaini, P. K. Patra, A. A. Leeson, G. Krysztofiak, N. L. Abraham, S. J. Andrews, A. T. Archibald, J. Aschmann, E. L. Atlas, D. A. Belikov, H. Bönisch, L. J. Carpenter, S. Dhomse, M. Dorf, A. Engel, W. Feng, S. Fuhlbrügge, P. T. Griffiths, N. R. P. Harris, R. Hommel, T. Keber, K. Krüger, S. T. Lennartz, S. Maksyutov, H. Mantle, G. P. Mills, B. Miller, S. A. Montzka, F. Moore, M. A. Navarro, D. E. Oram, K. Pfeilsticker, J. A. Pyle, B. Quack, A. D. Robinson, E. Saikawa, A. Saiz-Lopez, S. Sala, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Taguchi, S. Tegtmeier, R. T. Lidster, C. Wilson, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9163–9187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, 2016
Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Helmke Hepach, Qiang Shi, Stefan Raimund, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7569–7585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel estimate for the contribution of oceanic VSLS emissions to the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere during the SHIVA-Sonne cruise in the South China and Sulu seas in 2011. While oceanic emissions of CHBr3 and CH3I showed a significant contribution to their atmospheric abundances, atmospheric CH2Br2 appeared to be largely advected. Convective activity in the region can furthermore lead to low VSLS boundary layer mixing ratios despite high oceanic emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, M. I. Hegglin, J. Anderson, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, L. Smith, T. von Clarmann, and K. A. Walker
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 61–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive intercomparison of CFC-11, CFC-12, HF, and SF6 satellite data was performed as part of the SPARC Data Initiative following a new "top-down" concept of satellite measurement validation and thus providing a global picture of the data characteristics. The comparisons will provide basic information on quality and consistency of the various data sets and will serve as a guide for their use in empirical studies of climate and variability, and in model-measurement comparisons.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, I. Pisso, B. Quack, G. J. M. Velders, X. Yang, and K. Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13647–13663, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
At present, man-made halogens and natural oceanic substances both contribute to the observed ozone depletion. Emissions of the anthropogenic halogens have been reduced, whereas emissions of the natural substances are expected to increase in future climate due to anthropogenic activities affecting oceanic processes. We assess the impact of these oceanic substances on ozone by weighting their emissions with their potential to destroy ozone for current conditions and future projections.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. T. Lennartz, G. Krysztofiak, C. A. Marandino, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, R. Hossaini, K. Krüger, S. A. Montzka, E. Atlas, D. E. Oram, T. Keber, H. Bönisch, and B. Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11753–11772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Marine-produced short-lived trace gases such as halocarbons and DMS significantly impact atmospheric chemistry. To assess this impact on ozone depletion and the radiative budget, it is critical that their marine emissions in atmospheric chemistry models are quantified as accurately as possible. We show that calculating emissions online with an interactive atmosphere improves the agreement with current observations and should be employed regularly in models where marine sources are important.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Rex, I. Wohltmann, T. Ridder, R. Lehmann, K. Rosenlof, P. Wennberg, D. Weisenstein, J. Notholt, K. Krüger, V. Mohr, and S. Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4827–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, 2014
S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, D. R. Blake, H. Boenisch, A. Engel, H. Hepach, R. Hossaini, M. A. Navarro, S. Raimund, S. Sala, Q. Shi, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11869–11886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, 2013
R. Hossaini, H. Mantle, M. P. Chipperfield, S. A. Montzka, P. Hamer, F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Krüger, S. Tegtmeier, E. Atlas, S. Sala, A. Engel, H. Bönisch, T. Keber, D. Oram, G. Mills, C. Ordóñez, A. Saiz-Lopez, N. Warwick, Q. Liang, W. Feng, F. Moore, B. R. Miller, V. Marécal, N. A. D. Richards, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11819–11838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, 2013
F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S. D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J. H. Butler, L. J. Carpenter, C. E. Jones, N. R. P. Harris, H. Hepach, K. G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R. M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C. E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A. D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace, J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013
C. A. Marandino, S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, C. Zindler, E. L. Atlas, F. Moore, and H. W. Bange
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8427–8437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, 2013
Daniel Zawada, Kimberlee Dubé, Taran Warnock, Adam Bourassa, Susann Tegtmeier, and Douglas Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1995–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There remain large uncertainties in long-term changes of stratospheric–atmospheric temperatures. We have produced a time series of more than 20 years of satellite-based temperature measurements from the OSIRIS instrument in the upper–middle stratosphere. The dataset is publicly available and intended to be used for a better understanding of changes in stratospheric temperatures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa Marandino, Martí Galí, Thomas Bell, and Rafel Simo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-173, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-173, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur into the atmosphere and leads to the formation of CCN. DMS emissions, and hence the quantification of its impacts, have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in DMS seawater products, which can affect the DMS fluxes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop Sharad Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa Marandino, Marti Gali, Thomas Bell, Mingxi Yang, and Rafel Simo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-175, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-175, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur into the atmosphere and leads to the formation of CCN. DMS emissions, and hence the quantification of its impacts, have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in the effect of flux parameterisations used in models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, and Robin Pilch Kedzierski
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-168, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-168, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data challenges the idea of an overall cooling trend in the Tropical Tropopause Layer. From 2002 to 2022, a warming trend was observed, diverging from earlier findings. Tropopause height changes indicate dynamic processes alongside radiative effects. Upper tropospheric warming, contrasting with lower stratosphere temperatures. The study highlights the complex interplay of factors shaping temperature trends.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dennis Booge, Jerry F. Tjiputra, Dirk J. L. Olivié, Birgit Quack, and Kirstin Krüger
Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2024-3, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2024-3, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for ESD
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic bromoform is produced by algae and an important precursor of atmospheric bromine, which highlights the importance to implement those emissions in climate models. The simulated mean oceanic concentrations are in good agreement with observations, while the mean atmospheric values are lower than observed ones. Modelled annual mean emissions are mostly from the sea to the air, driven by oceanic concentrations, sea surface temperature and wind speed, dependent on season and location.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, Patrick E. Sheese, Kaley A. Walker, and William Randel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13283–13300, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a technique for understanding the causes of long-term changes in stratospheric composition. By using N2O as a proxy for stratospheric circulation in the model used to calculated trends, it is possible to separate the effects of dynamics and chemistry on observed trace gas trends. We find that observed HCl increases are due to changes in the stratospheric circulation, as are O3 decreases above 30 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Veronique Bouchet, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Detlef Stammer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-376, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-376, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines are proposed as international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences, 20, 1813–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales of up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kristof Bognar, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Chris Roth, Taran Warnock, Daniel Zawada, and Doug Degenstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9553–9569, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify recent changes in stratospheric ozone (outside the polar regions) using a combination of three satellite datasets. We find that upper stratospheric ozone have increased significantly since 2000, although the recovery shows an unexpected pause in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with the likely decrease in ozone in the lower stratosphere, this presents an interesting challenge for predicting the future of the ozone layer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shrivardhan Hulswar, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Thomas G. Bell, Arancha Lana, Swaleha Inamdar, Paul R. Halloran, George Manville, and Anoop Sharad Mahajan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2963–2987, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2963-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2963-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The third climatological estimation of sea surface dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations based on in situ measurements was created (DMS-Rev3). The update includes a much larger input dataset and includes improvements in the data unification, filtering, and smoothing algorithm. The DMS-Rev3 climatology provides more realistic monthly estimates of DMS, and shows significant regional differences compared to past climatologies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Robert D. Kinley, Ignacio Pisso, and Susann Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7631–7646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assessed the potential risks of bromoform released from Asparagopsis farming near Australia for the stratospheric ozone layer by analyzing different cultivation scenarios. We conclude that the intended operation of Asparagopsis seaweed cultivation farms with an annual yield to meet the needs of 50 % of feedlots and cattle in either open-ocean or terrestrial cultures in Australia will not impact the ozone layer under normal operating conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yanan Zhao, Dennis Booge, Christa A. Marandino, Cathleen Schlundt, Astrid Bracher, Elliot L. Atlas, Jonathan Williams, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 19, 701–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present here, for the first time, simultaneously measured dimethylsulfide (DMS) seawater concentrations and DMS atmospheric mole fractions from the Peruvian upwelling region during two cruises in December 2012 and October 2015. Our results indicate low oceanic DMS concentrations and atmospheric DMS molar fractions in surface waters and the atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the Peruvian upwelling region was identified as an insignificant source of DMS emissions during both periods.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anoop S. Mahajan, Mriganka S. Biswas, Steffen Beirle, Thomas Wagner, Anja Schönhardt, Nuria Benavent, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11829–11842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine plays a vital role in oxidation chemistry over Antarctica, with past observations showing highly elevated levels of iodine oxide (IO) leading to severe depletion of boundary layer ozone. We present IO observations over three summers (2015–2017) at the Indian Antarctic bases of Bharati and Maitri. IO was observed during all campaigns with mixing ratios below 2 pptv, which is lower than the peak levels observed in West Antarctica, showing the differences in regional chemistry and emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anoop S. Mahajan, Qinyi Li, Swaleha Inamdar, Kirpa Ram, Alba Badia, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8437–8454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model, we show that iodine-catalysed reactions cause large regional changes in the chemical composition in the northern Indian Ocean, with peak changes of up to 25 % in O3, 50 % in nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), 15 % in hydroxyl radicals (OH), 25 % in hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2), and up to a 50 % change in the nitrate radical (NO3). These results show the importance of including iodine chemistry in modelling the atmosphere in this region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Michael Gauss, Marc von Hobe, and Christa A. Marandino
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2095–2110, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2095-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2095-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a marine emission inventory for the sulphur gases carbonyl sulphide (OCS) and carbon disulphide (CS2), derived from a numerical model of the surface ocean at monthly resolution for the period 2000–2019. Comparison with a database of seaborne observations reveals very good agreement for OCS. Interannual variability in both gases seems to be mainly driven by the amount of chromophoric dissolved organic matter present in surface water.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michaela I. Hegglin, Susann Tegtmeier, John Anderson, Adam E. Bourassa, Samuel Brohede, Doug Degenstein, Lucien Froidevaux, Bernd Funke, John Gille, Yasuko Kasai, Erkki T. Kyrölä, Jerry Lumpe, Donal Murtagh, Jessica L. Neu, Kristell Pérot, Ellis E. Remsberg, Alexei Rozanov, Matthew Toohey, Joachim Urban, Thomas von Clarmann, Kaley A. Walker, Hsiang-Jui Wang, Carlo Arosio, Robert Damadeo, Ryan A. Fuller, Gretchen Lingenfelser, Christopher McLinden, Diane Pendlebury, Chris Roth, Niall J. Ryan, Christopher Sioris, Lesley Smith, and Katja Weigel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1855–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An overview of the SPARC Data Initiative is presented, to date the most comprehensive assessment of stratospheric composition measurements spanning 1979–2018. Measurements of 26 chemical constituents obtained from an international suite of space-based limb sounders were compiled into vertically resolved, zonal monthly mean time series. The quality and consistency of these gridded datasets are then evaluated using a climatological validation approach and a range of diagnostics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, and Arne Biastoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cooling-water disinfection at coastal power plants is a known source of atmospheric bromoform. A large source of anthropogenic bromoform is the industrial regions in East Asia. In current bottom-up flux estimates, these anthropogenic emissions are missing, underestimating the global air–sea flux of bromoform. With transport simulations, we show that by including anthropogenic bromoform from cooling-water treatment, the bottom-up flux estimates significantly improve in East and Southeast Asia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Swaleha Inamdar, Liselotte Tinel, Rosie Chance, Lucy J. Carpenter, Prabhakaran Sabu, Racheal Chacko, Sarat C. Tripathy, Anvita U. Kerkar, Alok K. Sinha, Parli Venkateswaran Bhaskar, Amit Sarkar, Rajdeep Roy, Tomás Sherwen, Carlos Cuevas, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Kirpa Ram, and Anoop S. Mahajan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12093–12114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine chemistry is generating a lot of interest because of its impacts on the oxidising capacity of the marine boundary and depletion of ozone. However, one of the challenges has been predicting the right levels of iodine in the models, which depend on parameterisations for emissions from the sea surface. This paper discusses the different parameterisations available and compares them with observations, showing that our current knowledge is still insufficient, especially on a regional scale.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathon S. Wright, Xiaoyi Sun, Paul Konopka, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Andrea M. Molod, Susann Tegtmeier, Guang J. Zhang, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8989–9030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High clouds are influential in tropical climate. Although reanalysis cloud fields are essentially model products, they are indirectly constrained by observations and offer global coverage with direct links to advanced water and energy cycle metrics, giving them many useful applications. We describe how high cloud fields are generated in reanalyses, assess their realism and reliability in the tropics, and evaluate how differences in these fields affect other aspects of the reanalysis state.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Birgit Quack, Franziska Ziska, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7103–7123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate emissions of brominated gases from the ocean and their contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. Once in the atmosphere, these gases usually break down in less than 6 months. Their impact on the ozone layer depends on the prevailing atmospheric circulation, since transport to the stratosphere requires uplift. We combine aircraft and ship observations with atmospheric modelling to analyse how, where, and when these gases are transported from the ocean into the stratosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Christa A. Marandino, Marc von Hobe, Meinrat O. Andreae, Kazushi Aranami, Elliot Atlas, Max Berkelhammer, Heinz Bingemer, Dennis Booge, Gregory Cutter, Pau Cortes, Stefanie Kremser, Cliff S. Law, Andrew Marriner, Rafel Simó, Birgit Quack, Günther Uher, Huixiang Xie, and Xiaobin Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 591–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-591-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-591-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfur-containing trace gases in the atmosphere influence atmospheric chemistry and the energy budget of the Earth by forming aerosols. The ocean is an important source of the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and its most important precursor carbon disulfide (CS2). In order to assess global variability of the sea surface concentrations of both gases to calculate their oceanic emissions, we have compiled a database of existing shipborne measurements.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, James Anstey, Sean Davis, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Ioana Ivanciu, Robin Pilch Kedzierski, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Craig Long, James S. Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 753–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer is an important atmospheric region right in between the troposphere and the stratosphere. We evaluate the representation of this layer in reanalyses data sets, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using atmospheric modeling and available observations. The recent reanalyses show realistic temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer. However, where the temperature is lowest, the so-called cold point, the reanalyses are too cold.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, and Birgit Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11089–11103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, 2019
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Marc von Hobe, Dennis Booge, Henry C. Bittig, Tim Fischer, Rafael Gonçalves-Araujo, Kerstin B. Ksionzek, Boris P. Koch, Astrid Bracher, Rüdiger Röttgers, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Ocean Sci., 15, 1071–1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean emits the gases carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2), which affect our climate. The goal of this study was to quantify the rates at which both gases are produced in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP), one of the most productive oceanic regions worldwide. Both gases are produced by reactions triggered by sunlight, but we found that the amount produced depends on different factors. Our results improve numerical models to predict oceanic concentrations of both gases.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Birgit Quack, Arne Biastoch, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, Siren Rühs, Stephan Gollasch, and Matej David
Ocean Sci., 15, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In a large-scale analysis, the spread of disinfection by-products from oxidative ballast water treatment is investigated, with a focus on Southeast Asia where major ports are located. Halogenated compounds such as bromoform (CHBr3) are produced in the ballast water and, once emitted into the environment, can participate in ozone depletion. Anthropogenic bromoform is rapidly emitted into the atmosphere and can locally double around large ports. A large-scale impact cannot be found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexander Zavarsky and Christa A. Marandino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1819–1834, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1819-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1819-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wind–wave interaction can suppress gas transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean. Using a global wave model we investigate the impact of this interaction on the global gas transfer of CO2 and DMS. We also investigate the impact on of gas transfer limitation on two commonly used gas transfer velocity parameterizations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Birgit Quack, Irene Stemmler, Franziska Ziska, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11973–11990, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic very short-lived substances, VSLS, contribute to stratospheric halogen loading and ozone depletion. We created bromoform emission inventories with monthly resolution for the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific and modeled the atmospheric transport of bromoform with the particle dispersion model FLEXPART/ERA-Interim. Results underline that the seasonal and regional stratospheric bromine entrainment critically depends on the seasonality and spatial distribution of the VSLS emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Hauke Schmidt, Rémi Thiéblemont, Lon Hood, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Slimane Bekki, Makoto Deushi, Patrick Jöckel, Oliver Kirner, Markus Kunze, Marion Marchand, Daniel R. Marsh, Martine Michou, David Plummer, Laura E. Revell, Eugene Rozanov, Andrea Stenke, Yousuke Yamashita, and Kohei Yoshida
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11323–11343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The 11-year solar cycle is an important driver of climate variability. Changes in incoming solar ultraviolet radiation affect atmospheric ozone, which in turn influences atmospheric temperatures. Constraining the impact of the solar cycle on ozone is therefore important for understanding climate variability. This study examines the representation of the solar influence on ozone in numerical models used to simulate past and future climate. We highlight important differences among model datasets.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dennis Booge, Cathleen Schlundt, Astrid Bracher, Sonja Endres, Birthe Zäncker, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 15, 649–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our isoprene data from field measurements in the mixed layer from the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean show that the ability of different phytoplankton functional types to produce isoprene seems to be mainly influenced by light, ocean temperature, salinity, and nutrients. By calculating in-field isoprene production rates, we demonstrate that an additional loss is needed to explain the measured isoprene concentration, which is potentially due to degradation or consumption by bacteria.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sean M. Davis, Michaela I. Hegglin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Craig Long, Gloria L. Manney, Eric R. Nash, Gerald L. Potter, Susann Tegtmeier, Tao Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12743–12778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone and water vapor in the stratosphere are important gases that affect surface climate and absorb incoming solar ultraviolet radiation. These gases are represented in reanalyses, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using limited observations. We evaluate reanalysis water vapor and ozone fidelity by intercomparing them, and comparing them to independent observations. Generally reanalyses do a good job at representing ozone, but have problems with water vapor.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cathleen Schlundt, Susann Tegtmeier, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Astrid Bracher, Wee Cheah, Kirstin Krüger, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10837–10854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, oxygenated volatile organic carbon (OVOC) in the ocean and overlaying atmosphere in the western Pacific Ocean has been measured. OVOCs are important for atmospheric chemistry. They are involved in ozone production in the upper troposphere (UT), and they have a climate cooling effect. We showed that phytoplankton was an important source for OVOCs in the surface ocean, and when OVOCs are emitted into the atmosphere, they could reach the UT and might influence ozone formation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Birgit Quack, Helmke Hepach, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Susann Tegtmeier, Matthew Toohey, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6723–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLSs) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise in the west Indian Ocean, we found an important source region of halogenated VSLSs during the Asian summer monsoon. Modeling the transport from the ocean to the stratosphere we found two main pathways, one over the Indian Ocean and one over northern India.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Masatomo Fujiwara, Jonathon S. Wright, Gloria L. Manney, Lesley J. Gray, James Anstey, Thomas Birner, Sean Davis, Edwin P. Gerber, V. Lynn Harvey, Michaela I. Hegglin, Cameron R. Homeyer, John A. Knox, Kirstin Krüger, Alyn Lambert, Craig S. Long, Patrick Martineau, Andrea Molod, Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz, Michelle L. Santee, Susann Tegtmeier, Simon Chabrillat, David G. H. Tan, David R. Jackson, Saroja Polavarapu, Gilbert P. Compo, Rossana Dragani, Wesley Ebisuzaki, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Will McCarty, Kazutoshi Onogi, Steven Pawson, Adrian Simmons, Krzysztof Wargan, Jeffrey S. Whitaker, and Cheng-Zhi Zou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1417–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP), review key concepts and elements of atmospheric reanalysis systems, and summarize the technical details of and differences among 11 of these systems. This work supports scientific studies and intercomparisons of reanalysis products by collecting these background materials and technical details into a single reference. We also address several common misunderstandings and points of confusion regarding reanalyses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Christa A. Marandino, Marc von Hobe, Pau Cortes, Birgit Quack, Rafel Simo, Dennis Booge, Andrea Pozzer, Tobias Steinhoff, Damian L. Arevalo-Martinez, Corinna Kloss, Astrid Bracher, Rüdiger Röttgers, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 385–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present new sea surface and marine boundary layer measurements of carbonyl sulfide, the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, and calculate an oceanic emission estimate. Our results imply that oceanic emissions are very unlikely to account for the missing source in the atmospheric budget that is currently discussed for OCS.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, John M. C. Plane, Carlos A. Cuevas, Anoop S. Mahajan, Jean-François Lamarque, and Douglas E. Kinnison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15593–15604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15593-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15593-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Electronic structure calculations are used to survey possible reactions that HOI and I2 could undergo at night in the lower troposphere, and hence reconcile measurements and models. The reactions NO3 + HOI and I2 + NO3 are included in two models to explore a new nocturnal iodine radical activation mechanism, leading to a reduction of nighttime HOI and I2. This chemistry can have a large impact on NO3 levels in the MBL, and hence upon the nocturnal oxidizing capacity of the marine atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Birgit Quack, Elliot Atlas, Alina Fiehn, Helmke Hepach, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12205–12217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12205-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12205-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents novel observations of the very short lived substances (VSLSs) bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide with high-resolution meteorological measurements and Lagrangian transport in the Peruvian upwelling. With a simple source–loss estimate we identified VSLS abundances below the trade inversion to be significantly influenced by advection of regional sources, underscoring the importance of oceanic upwelling and trade winds on the atmospheric distribution of VSLS emission.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Helmke Hepach, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Anja Engel, Astrid Bracher, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Luisa Galgani, Elliot L. Atlas, Johannes Lampel, Udo Frieß, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present surface seawater measurements of bromo- and iodocarbons, which are involved in numerous atmospheric processes such as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, from the highly productive Peruvian upwelling. By combining trace gas measurements, characterization of organic matter and phytoplankton species, and tropospheric modelling, we show that large amounts of iodocarbons produced from the pool of organic matter may contribute strongly to local tropospheric iodine loading.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tomás Sherwen, Johan A. Schmidt, Mat J. Evans, Lucy J. Carpenter, Katja Großmann, Sebastian D. Eastham, Daniel J. Jacob, Barbara Dix, Theodore K. Koenig, Roman Sinreich, Ivan Ortega, Rainer Volkamer, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Cristina Prados-Roman, Anoop S. Mahajan, and Carlos Ordóñez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12239–12271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12239-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12239-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simulation of tropospheric Cl, Br, I chemistry within the GEOS-Chem CTM. We find a decrease in tropospheric ozone burden of 18.6 % and a 8.2 % decrease in global mean OH concentrations. Cl oxidation of some VOCs range from 15 to 27 % of the total loss. Bromine plays a small role in oxidising oVOCs. Surface ozone, ozone sondes, and methane lifetime are in general improved by the inclusion of halogens. We argue that simulated bromine and chlorine represent a lower limit.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dennis Booge, Christa A. Marandino, Cathleen Schlundt, Paul I. Palmer, Michael Schlundt, Elliot L. Atlas, Astrid Bracher, Eric S. Saltzman, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11807–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene, a biogenic trace gas, is an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol/cloud condensation nuclei. Here, we use isoprene and related field measurements from three different ocean data sets together with remotely sensed satellite data to model global marine isoprene emissions. Our findings suggest that there is at least one missing oceanic source of isoprene and possibly other unknown factors in the ocean or atmosphere influencing the atmospheric values.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Rémi Thiéblemont, and Lon Hood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10021–10043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of changes in incoming solar radiation on stratospheric ozone has important impacts on the atmosphere. Understanding this ozone response is crucial for constraining how solar activity affects climate. This study analyses the solar ozone response (SOR) in satellite datasets and shows that there are substantial differences in the magnitude and spatial structure across different records. In particular, the SOR in the new SAGE v7.0 mixing ratio data is smaller than in the previous v6.2.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Hossaini, P. K. Patra, A. A. Leeson, G. Krysztofiak, N. L. Abraham, S. J. Andrews, A. T. Archibald, J. Aschmann, E. L. Atlas, D. A. Belikov, H. Bönisch, L. J. Carpenter, S. Dhomse, M. Dorf, A. Engel, W. Feng, S. Fuhlbrügge, P. T. Griffiths, N. R. P. Harris, R. Hommel, T. Keber, K. Krüger, S. T. Lennartz, S. Maksyutov, H. Mantle, G. P. Mills, B. Miller, S. A. Montzka, F. Moore, M. A. Navarro, D. E. Oram, K. Pfeilsticker, J. A. Pyle, B. Quack, A. D. Robinson, E. Saikawa, A. Saiz-Lopez, S. Sala, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Taguchi, S. Tegtmeier, R. T. Lidster, C. Wilson, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9163–9187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, 2016
Lothar Stramma, Tim Fischer, Damian S. Grundle, Gerd Krahmann, Hermann W. Bange, and Christa A. Marandino
Ocean Sci., 12, 861–873, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-861-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-861-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Results from a research cruise on R/V Sonne to the eastern tropical Pacific in October 2015 during the 2015–2016 El Niño show the transition of current, hydrographic, and nutrient conditions to El Niño conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific in October 2015. Although in early 2015 the El Niño was strong and in October 2015 showed a clear El Niño influence on the EUC, in the eastern tropical Pacific the measurements only showed developing El Niño water mass distributions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Helmke Hepach, Qiang Shi, Stefan Raimund, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7569–7585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel estimate for the contribution of oceanic VSLS emissions to the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere during the SHIVA-Sonne cruise in the South China and Sulu seas in 2011. While oceanic emissions of CHBr3 and CH3I showed a significant contribution to their atmospheric abundances, atmospheric CH2Br2 appeared to be largely advected. Convective activity in the region can furthermore lead to low VSLS boundary layer mixing ratios despite high oceanic emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, M. I. Hegglin, J. Anderson, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, L. Smith, T. von Clarmann, and K. A. Walker
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 61–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive intercomparison of CFC-11, CFC-12, HF, and SF6 satellite data was performed as part of the SPARC Data Initiative following a new "top-down" concept of satellite measurement validation and thus providing a global picture of the data characteristics. The comparisons will provide basic information on quality and consistency of the various data sets and will serve as a guide for their use in empirical studies of climate and variability, and in model-measurement comparisons.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
T. Sherwen, M. J. Evans, L. J. Carpenter, S. J. Andrews, R. T. Lidster, B. Dix, T. K. Koenig, R. Sinreich, I. Ortega, R. Volkamer, A. Saiz-Lopez, C. Prados-Roman, A. S. Mahajan, and C. Ordóñez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1161–1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1161-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1161-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with additional iodine emissions, chemistry, and deposition we show that iodine is responsible for ~ 9 % of global ozone loss but has negligible impacts on global OH. Uncertainties are large in the chemistry and emissions and future research is needed in both. Measurements of iodine species (especially HOI) would be useful. We believe iodine chemistry should be considered in future chemistry-climate and in air quality modelling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, I. Pisso, B. Quack, G. J. M. Velders, X. Yang, and K. Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13647–13663, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
At present, man-made halogens and natural oceanic substances both contribute to the observed ozone depletion. Emissions of the anthropogenic halogens have been reduced, whereas emissions of the natural substances are expected to increase in future climate due to anthropogenic activities affecting oceanic processes. We assess the impact of these oceanic substances on ozone by weighting their emissions with their potential to destroy ozone for current conditions and future projections.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
H. Hepach, B. Quack, S. Raimund, T. Fischer, E. L. Atlas, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences, 12, 6369–6387, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6369-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6369-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript covers the first measurements of CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CH3I from the equatorial Atlantic during the Cold Tongue season, identifying this region and season as a source for these compounds. For the first time, we calculated diapycnal fluxes, and showed that the fluxes from below the mixed layer to the surface are not sufficient to balance the mixed layer budget. Hence, we conclude that mixed layer production has to take place despite a pronounced sub-mixed-layer-maximum.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. T. Lennartz, G. Krysztofiak, C. A. Marandino, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, R. Hossaini, K. Krüger, S. A. Montzka, E. Atlas, D. E. Oram, T. Keber, H. Bönisch, and B. Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11753–11772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Marine-produced short-lived trace gases such as halocarbons and DMS significantly impact atmospheric chemistry. To assess this impact on ozone depletion and the radiative budget, it is critical that their marine emissions in atmospheric chemistry models are quantified as accurately as possible. We show that calculating emissions online with an interactive atmosphere improves the agreement with current observations and should be employed regularly in models where marine sources are important.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Fadnavis, K. Semeniuk, M. G. Schultz, M. Kiefer, A. Mahajan, L. Pozzoli, and S. Sonbawane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11477–11499, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11477-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11477-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The model and MIPAS satellite data show that there are three regions which contribute substantial pollution to the south Asian UTLS: the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), the North American monsoon (NAM) and the West African monsoon (WAM). However, penetration due to ASM convection reaches deeper into the UTLS compared to NAM and WAM outflow. Simulations show that westerly winds drive North American and European pollutants eastward where they can become part of the ASM and lifted to LS.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
I. Stemmler, I. Hense, and B. Quack
Biogeosciences, 12, 1967–1981, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1967-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1967-2015, 2015
T. G. Bell, W. De Bruyn, C. A. Marandino, S. D. Miller, C. S. Law, M. J. Smith, and E. S. Saltzman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1783–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1783-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1783-2015, 2015
C. Prados-Roman, C. A. Cuevas, T. Hay, R. P. Fernandez, A. S. Mahajan, S.-J. Royer, M. Galí, R. Simó, J. Dachs, K. Großmann, D. E. Kinnison, J.-F. Lamarque, and A. Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 583–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-583-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-583-2015, 2015
S. Fadnavis, M. G. Schultz, K. Semeniuk, A. S. Mahajan, L. Pozzoli, S. Sonbawne, S. D. Ghude, M. Kiefer, and E. Eckert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12725–12743, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12725-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12725-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The Asian summer monsoon transports pollutants from local emission sources to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The increasing trend of these pollutants may have climatic impact. This study addresses the impact of convectively lifted Indian and Chinese emissions on the ULTS. Sensitivity experiments with emission changes in particular regions show that Chinese emissions have a greater impact on the concentrations of NOY species than Indian emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
I. Stemmler, I. Hense, B. Quack, and E. Maier-Reimer
Biogeosciences, 11, 4459–4476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4459-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4459-2014, 2014
S. Fadnavis, K. Semeniuk, M. G. Schultz, A. Mahajan, L. Pozzoli, S. Sonbawane, and M. Kiefer
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-20159-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-20159-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
M. Rex, I. Wohltmann, T. Ridder, R. Lehmann, K. Rosenlof, P. Wennberg, D. Weisenstein, J. Notholt, K. Krüger, V. Mohr, and S. Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4827–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, 2014
M. J. Lawler, A. S. Mahajan, A. Saiz-Lopez, and E. S. Saltzman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2669–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2669-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2669-2014, 2014
F. Wang, A. Saiz-Lopez, A. S. Mahajan, J. C. Gómez Martín, D. Armstrong, M. Lemes, T. Hay, and C. Prados-Roman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1323–1335, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1323-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1323-2014, 2014
H. Hepach, B. Quack, F. Ziska, S. Fuhlbrügge, E. L. Atlas, K. Krüger, I. Peeken, and D. W. R. Wallace
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1255–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1255-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1255-2014, 2014
S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, D. R. Blake, H. Boenisch, A. Engel, H. Hepach, R. Hossaini, M. A. Navarro, S. Raimund, S. Sala, Q. Shi, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11869–11886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, 2013
R. Hossaini, H. Mantle, M. P. Chipperfield, S. A. Montzka, P. Hamer, F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Krüger, S. Tegtmeier, E. Atlas, S. Sala, A. Engel, H. Bönisch, T. Keber, D. Oram, G. Mills, C. Ordóñez, A. Saiz-Lopez, N. Warwick, Q. Liang, W. Feng, F. Moore, B. R. Miller, V. Marécal, N. A. D. Richards, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11819–11838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, 2013
F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S. D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J. H. Butler, L. J. Carpenter, C. E. Jones, N. R. P. Harris, H. Hepach, K. G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R. M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C. E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A. D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace, J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013
C. A. Marandino, S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, C. Zindler, E. L. Atlas, F. Moore, and H. W. Bange
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8427–8437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, 2013
P. D. Hamer, V. Marécal, R. Hossaini, M. Pirre, N. Warwick, M. Chipperfield, A. A. Samah, N. Harris, A. Robinson, B. Quack, A. Engel, K. Krüger, E. Atlas, K. Subramaniam, D. Oram, Emma C. Leedham Elvidge, G. Mills, K. Pfeilsticker, S. Sala, T. Keber, H. Bönisch, L. K. Peng, M. S. M. Nadzir, P. T. Lim, A. Mujahid, A. Anton, H. Schlager, V. Catoire, G. Krysztofiak, S. Fühlbrügge, M. Dorf, and W. T. Sturges
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-20611-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-20611-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
W. Cheah, B. B. Taylor, S. Wiegmann, S. Raimund, G. Krahmann, B. Quack, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12115-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12115-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
S. Fuhlbrügge, K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, H. Hepach, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6345–6357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6345-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6345-2013, 2013
C. Zindler, A. Bracher, C. A. Marandino, B. Taylor, E. Torrecilla, A. Kock, and H. W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 10, 3297–3311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3297-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3297-2013, 2013
K. Großmann, U. Frieß, E. Peters, F. Wittrock, J. Lampel, S. Yilmaz, J. Tschritter, R. Sommariva, R. von Glasow, B. Quack, K. Krüger, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3363–3378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3363-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3363-2013, 2013
A. S. Mahajan, J. C. Gómez Martín, T. D. Hay, S.-J. Royer, S. Yvon-Lewis, Y. Liu, L. Hu, C. Prados-Roman, C. Ordóñez, J. M. C. Plane, and A. Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11609–11617, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11609-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11609-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Shipping and algae emissions have a major impact on ambient air mixing ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and methanethiol on Utö Island in the Baltic Sea
Contribution of cooking emissions to the urban volatile organic compounds in Las Vegas, NV
Reanalysis of NOAA H2 observations: implications for the H2 budget
A large role of missing volatile organic compound reactivity from anthropogenic emissions in ozone pollution regulation
Measurement report: Insights into the chemical composition and origin of molecular clusters and potential precursor molecules present in the free troposphere over the southern Indian Ocean: observations from the Maïdo Observatory (2150 m a.s.l., Réunion)
Production of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from the ozonolysis of coastal seawater
Comment on “Transport of substantial stratospheric ozone to the surface by a dying typhoon and shallow convection” by Chen et al. (2022)
Observations of cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the global troposphere and their relation to polar surface O3 destruction
Individual coal mine methane emissions constrained by eddy covariance measurements: low bias and missing sources
Measurement report: Observations of ground-level ozone concentration gradients perpendicular to the Lake Ontario shoreline
Measurement report: The Palau Atmospheric Observatory and its ozonesonde record – continuous monitoring of tropospheric composition and dynamics in the tropical western Pacific
Quantifying SO2 oxidation pathways to atmospheric sulfate using stable sulfur and oxygen isotopes: laboratory simulation and field observation
Influences of downward transport and photochemistry on surface ozone over East Antarctica during austral summer: in situ observations and model simulations
Iodine oxoacids and their roles in sub-3 nm particle growth in polluted urban environments
Intensive photochemical oxidation in the marine atmosphere: evidence from direct radical measurements
Diurnal variations in oxygen and nitrogen isotopes of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide and nitrate: implications for tracing NOx oxidation pathways and emission sources
Measurement report: Method for evaluating CO2 emissions from a cement plant using atmospheric δ(O2 ∕ N2) and CO2 measurements and its implication for future detection of CO2 capture signals
Aircraft-based mass balance estimate of methane emissions from offshore gas facilities in the southern North Sea
Parameterizations of US wildfire and prescribed fire emission ratios and emission factors based on FIREX-AQ aircraft measurements
Measurement report: Atmospheric nitrate radical chemistry in the South China Sea influenced by the urban outflow of the Pearl River Delta
The interhemispheric gradient of SF6 in the upper troposphere
Weather regimes and the related atmospheric composition at a Pyrenean observatory characterized by hierarchical clustering of a 5-year data set
Tropospheric bromine monoxide vertical profiles retrieved across the Alaskan Arctic in springtime
Source apportionment of methane emissions from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using isotopic signatures
Measurement report: Exchange fluxes of HONO over agricultural fields in the North China Plain
HONO chemistry at a suburban site during the EXPLORE-YRD campaign in 2018: formation mechanisms and impacts on O3 production
Evaluation of modelled climatologies of O3, CO, water vapour and NOy in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere using regular in situ observations by passenger aircraft
Photochemical ageing of aerosols contributes significantly to the production of atmospheric formic acid
Nitrous acid budgets in the coastal atmosphere: potential daytime marine sources
Sources of organic gases and aerosol particles and their roles in nighttime particle growth at a rural forested site in southwest Germany
Undetected biogenic volatile organic compounds from Norway spruce drive total ozone reactivity measurements
Quantification of fossil fuel CO2 from combined CO, δ13CO2 and Δ14CO2 observations
Radical chemistry and ozone production at a UK coastal receptor site
Sources and long-term variability of carbon monoxide at Mount Kenya and in Nairobi
Opinion: Strengthening Research in the Global South: Atmospheric Science Opportunities in South America and Africa
Measurement report: Airborne measurements of NOx fluxes over Los Angeles during the RECAP-CA 2021 campaign
Influence of anthropogenic emissions on the composition of highly oxygenated organic molecules in Helsinki: a street canyon and urban background station comparison
Changes in surface ozone in South Korea on diurnal to decadal timescales for the period of 2001–2021
Characterization of the nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of ship-emitted NOx
Volatile organic compound fluxes in the agricultural San Joaquin Valley – spatial distribution, source attribution, and inventory comparison
Exploring the amplified role of HCHO in the formation of HMS and O3 during the co-occurring PM2.5 and O3 pollution in a coastal city of southeast China
High potential for CH4 emission mitigation from oil infrastructure in one of EU's major production regions
Measurement report: Source apportionment and environmental impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Lhasa, a highland city in China
OH, HO2, and RO2 radical chemistry in a rural forest environment: measurements, model comparisons, and evidence of a missing radical sink
The atmospheric fate of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH): spatial patterns, seasonal variability, and deposition to Canadian coastal regions
A single-point modeling approach for the intercomparison and evaluation of ozone dry deposition across chemical transport models (Activity 2 of AQMEII4)
Direct observations of NOx emissions over the San Joaquin Valley using airborne flux measurements during RECAP-CA 2021 field campaign
Surface snow bromide and nitrate at Eureka, Canada in early spring and implications for polar boundary layer chemistry
Trends and seasonal variability in ammonia across major biomes in western and central Africa inferred from long-term series of ground-based and satellite measurements
A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015
Heidi Hellén, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Kaisa Kraft, Jukka Seppälä, Mika Vestenius, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lauri Laakso, and Hannele Hakola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4717–4731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4717-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing ratios of C2-C5 NMHCs and methanethiol were measured on an island in the Baltic Sea using an in situ gas chromatograph. Shipping emissions were found to be an important source of ethene, ethyne, propene, and benzene. High summertime mixing ratios of methanethiol and dependence of mixing ratios on seawater temperature and height indicated the biogenic origin to possibly be phytoplankton or macroalgae. These emissions may have a strong impact on SO2 production and new particle formation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Lu Xu, Jeff Peischl, Jessica B. Gilman, Aaron Lamplugh, Henry J. Bowman, Kenneth Aikin, Colin Harkins, Qindan Zhu, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Jian He, Meng Li, Karl Seltzer, Brian McDonald, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4289–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4289-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4289-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Residential and commercial cooking emits pollutants that degrade air quality. Here, ambient observations show that cooking is an important contributor to anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in Las Vegas, NV. These emissions are not fully presented in air quality models, and more work may be needed to quantify emissions from important sources, such as commercial restaurants.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fabien Paulot, Gabrielle Pétron, Andrew M. Crotwell, and Matteo B. Bertagni
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4217–4229, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4217-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration show that hydrogen (H2) concentrations increased from 2010 to 2019, which is consistent with the simulated increase in H2 photochemical production (mainly from methane). But this cannot be reconciled with the expected decrease (increase) in H2 anthropogenic emissions (soil deposition) in the same period. This shows gaps in our knowledge of the H2 biogeochemical cycle that must be resolved to quantify the impact of higher H2 usage.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wenjie Wang, Bin Yuan, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Jipeng Qi, Sihang Wang, Wei Song, Xinming Wang, Chaoyang Xue, Chaoqun Ma, Fengxia Bao, Hongli Wang, Shengrong Lou, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4017–4027, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the important role of unmeasured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone formation. Based on results in a megacity of China, we show that unmeasured VOCs can contribute significantly to ozone fomation and also influence the determination of ozone control strategy. Our results show that these unmeasured VOCs are mainly from human sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Romain Salignat, Matti Rissanen, Siddharth Iyer, Jean-Luc Baray, Pierre Tulet, Jean-Marc Metzger, Jérôme Brioude, Karine Sellegri, and Clémence Rose
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3785–3812, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using mass spectrometry data collected at the Maïdo Observatory (2160 m a.s.l., Réunion), we provide the first detailed analysis of molecular cluster chemical composition specifically in the marine free troposphere. The abundance of the identified species is related both to in situ meteorological parameters and air mass history, which also provide insight into their origin. Our work makes an important contribution to documenting the chemistry and physics of the marine free troposphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Delaney B. Kilgour, Gordon A. Novak, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3729–3742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments with seawater mimics suggest ozone deposition to the surface ocean can be a source of reactive carbon to the marine atmosphere. We conduct both field and laboratory measurements to assess abiotic VOC composition and yields from ozonolysis of real surface seawater. We show that C5–C11 aldehydes contribute to the observed VOC emission flux. We estimate that VOCs generated by the ozonolysis of surface seawater are competitive with biological VOC production and emission.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiangdong Zheng, Wen Yang, Yuting Sun, Chunmei Geng, Yingying Liu, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3759–3768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3759-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3759-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Chen et al. (2022) attributed the nocturnal ozone enhancement (NOE) during the night of 31 July 2021 in the North China Plain (NCP) to "the direct stratospheric intrusion to reach the surface". We analyzed in situ data from the NCP. Our results do not suggest that there was a significant impact from the stratosphere on surface ozone during the NOE. We argue that the NOE was not caused by stratospheric intrusion but originated from fresh photochemical production in the lower troposphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James M. Roberts, Siyuan Wang, Patrick R. Veres, J. Andrew Neuman, Michael A. Robinson, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea R. Thompson, Hannah M. Allen, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, Samuel R. Hall, Kirk Ullmann, Simone Meinardi, Isobel J. Simpson, and Donald Blake
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3421–3443, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the troposphere for the first time. BrCN is a product of the same active bromine chemistry that destroys ozone and removes mercury in polar surface environments and is a previously unrecognized sink for active Br compounds. BrCN has an apparent lifetime against heterogeneous loss in the range 1–10 d, so it serves as a cumulative marker of Br-radical chemistry. Accounting for BrCN chemistry is an important part of understanding polar Br cycling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kai Qin, Wei Hu, Qin He, Fan Lu, and Jason Blake Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3009–3028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3009-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3009-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compute CH4 emissions and uncertainty on a mine-by-mine basis, including underground, overground, and abandoned mines. Mine-by-mine gas and flux data and 30 min observations from a flux tower located next to a mine shaft are integrated. The observed variability and bias correction are propagated over the emissions dataset, demonstrating that daily observations may not cover the range of variability. Comparisons show both an emissions magnitude and spatial mismatch with current inventories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yao Yan Huang and D. James Donaldson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2387–2398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone interacts at the lake–land boundary; this is important to our understanding and modelling of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution in the lower atmosphere. We show that a steep ozone gradient occurs year-round moving inland up to 1 km from the lake and that this gradient is influenced by seasonal factors on the local land environment, where more rural areas are more greatly affected seasonally.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Katrin Müller, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Peter von der Gathen, Christoph Ritter, Sharon Patris, Justus Notholt, and Markus Rex
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2169–2193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2169-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2169-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Palau Atmospheric Observatory is introduced as an ideal site to detect changes in atmospheric composition and dynamics above the remote tropical western Pacific. We focus on the ozone sounding program from 2016–2021, including El Niño 2016. The year-round high convective activity is reflected in dominant low tropospheric ozone and high relative humidity. Their seasonal distributions are unique compared to other tropical sites and are modulated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ziyan Guo, Keding Lu, Pengxiang Qiu, Mingyi Xu, and Zhaobing Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2195–2205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of secondary sulfate needs to be further explored. In this work, we simultaneously measured sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions to gain an increased understanding of specific sulfate formation processes. The results indicated that secondary sulfate was mainly ascribed to SO2 homogeneous oxidation by OH radicals and heterogeneous oxidation by H2O2 and Fe3+ / O2. This study is favourable for deeply investigating the sulfur cycle in the atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Imran A. Girach, Narendra Ojha, Prabha R. Nair, Kandula V. Subrahmanyam, Neelakantan Koushik, Mohammed M. Nazeer, Nadimpally Kiran Kumar, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1979–1995, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1979-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1979-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate surface ozone variability in East Antarctica based on measurements and EMAC global model simulations during austral summer. Nearly half of the surface ozone is found to be of stratospheric origin. The east coast of Antarctica acts as a stronger sink of ozone than surrounding regions. Photochemical loss of ozone is counterbalanced by downward transport of ozone. The study highlights the intertwined role of chemistry and dynamics in governing ozone variations over East Antarctica.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ying Zhang, Duzitian Li, Xu-Cheng He, Wei Nie, Chenjuan Deng, Runlong Cai, Yuliang Liu, Yishuo Guo, Chong Liu, Yiran Li, Liangduo Chen, Yuanyuan Li, Chenjie Hua, Tingyu Liu, Zongcheng Wang, Jiali Xie, Lei Wang, Tuukka Petäjä, Federico Bianchi, Ximeng Qi, Xuguang Chi, Pauli Paasonen, Yongchun Liu, Chao Yan, Jingkun Jiang, Aijun Ding, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1873–1893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study conducts a long-term observation of gaseous iodine oxoacids in two Chinese megacities, revealing their ubiquitous presence with peak concentrations (up to 0.1 pptv) in summer. Our analysis suggests a mix of terrestrial and marine sources for iodine. Additionally, iodic acid is identified as a notable contributor to sub-3 nm particle growth and particle survival probability.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Guoxian Zhang, Renzhi Hu, Pinhua Xie, Changjin Hu, Xiaoyan Liu, Liujun Zhong, Haotian Cai, Bo Zhu, Shiyong Xia, Xiaofeng Huang, Xin Li, and Wenqing Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1825–1839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive observation of HOx radicals was conducted at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta. Radical chemistry was influenced by different air masses in a time-dependent way. Land mass promotes a more active photochemical process, with daily averages of 7.1 × 106 and 5.2 × 108 cm−3 for OH and HO2 respectively. The rapid oxidation process was accompanied by a higher diurnal HONO concentration, which influences the ozone-sensitive system and eventually magnifies the background ozone.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sarah Albertin, Joël Savarino, Slimane Bekki, Albane Barbero, Roberto Grilli, Quentin Fournier, Irène Ventrillard, Nicolas Caillon, and Kathy Law
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1361–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1361-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1361-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports the first simultaneous records of oxygen (Δ17O) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrate (NO3−). These data are combined with atmospheric observations to explore sub-daily N reactive chemistry and quantify N fractionation effects in an Alpine winter city. The results highlight the necessity of using Δ17O and δ15N in both NO2 and NO3− to avoid biased estimations of NOx sources and fates from NO3− isotopic records in urban winter environments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Hiroaki Kondo, Kentaro Ishijima, Nobuyuki Aoki, Hidekazu Matsueda, and Kazuyuki Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method evaluating techniques for carbon neutrality, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), is important. This study presents a method to evaluate CO2 emissions from a cement plant based on atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements. The method will also be useful for evaluating CO2 capture from flue gas at CCS plants, since the plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere without causing any O2 changes, just as cement plants do, differing only in the direction of CO2 exchange with the atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Magdalena Pühl, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Alan M. Gorchov Negron, Eric A. Kort, Stefan Schwietzke, Ignacio Pisso, Amy Foulds, James Lee, James L. France, Anna E. Jones, Dave Lowry, Rebecca E. Fisher, Langwen Huang, Jacob Shaw, Prudence Bateson, Stephen Andrews, Stuart Young, Pamela Dominutti, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Alexandra Weiss, and Grant Allen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In April–May 2019 we carried out an airborne field campaign in the southern North Sea with the aim of studying methane emissions of offshore gas installations. We determined methane emissions from elevated methane measured downstream of the sampled installations. We compare our measured methane emissions with estimated methane emissions from national and global annual inventories. As a result, we find inconsistencies of inventories and large discrepancies between measurements and inventories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Hannah Allen, Eric C. Apel, Megan M. Bela, Donald R. Blake, Ilann Bourgeois, Steven S. Brown, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jason M. St. Clair, James H. Crawford, John D. Crounse, Douglas A. Day, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Alan Fried, Jessica B. Gilman, Hongyu Guo, Johnathan W. Hair, Hannah S. Halliday, Thomas F. Hanisco, Reem Hannun, Alan Hills, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Joseph M. Katich, Aaron Lamplugh, Young Ro Lee, Jin Liao, Jakob Lindaas, Stuart A. McKeen, Tomas Mikoviny, Benjamin A. Nault, J. Andrew Neuman, John B. Nowak, Demetrios Pagonis, Jeff Peischl, Anne E. Perring, Felix Piel, Pamela S. Rickly, Michael A. Robinson, Andrew W. Rollins, Thomas B. Ryerson, Melinda K. Schueneman, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Joshua P. Schwarz, Kanako Sekimoto, Vanessa Selimovic, Taylor Shingler, David J. Tanner, Laura Tomsche, Krystal T. Vasquez, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca Washenfelder, Petter Weibring, Paul O. Wennberg, Armin Wisthaler, Glenn M. Wolfe, Caroline C. Womack, Lu Xu, Katherine Ball, Robert J. Yokelson, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 929–956, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports emissions of gases and particles from wildfires. These emissions are related to chemical proxies that can be measured by satellite and incorporated into models to improve predictions of wildfire impacts on air quality and climate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Lili Ming, Zelong Zheng, Guizhen Fang, Cuizhi Sun, Zhenhao Ling, Jun Zhao, and Shaojia Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 977–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-977-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-977-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many works report NO3 chemistry in inland regions while less target marine regions. We measured N2O5 and related species on a typical island and found intensive nighttime chemistry and rapid NO3 loss. NO contributed significantly to NO3 loss despite its sub-ppbv level, suggesting nocturnal NO3 reactions would be largely enhanced once free from NO emissions in the open ocean. This highlights the strong influences of urban outflow on downward marine areas in terms of nighttime chemistry.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tanja J. Schuck, Johannes Degen, Eric Hintsa, Peter Hoor, Markus Jesswein, Timo Keber, Daniel Kunkel, Fred Moore, Florian Obersteiner, Matt Rigby, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Luke M. Western, Andreas Zahn, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 689–705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the interhemispheric gradient of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a strong long-lived greenhouse gas. Its emissions are stronger in the Northern Hemisphere; therefore, mixing ratios in the Southern Hemisphere lag behind. Comparing the observations to a box model, the model predicts air in the Southern Hemisphere to be older. For a better agreement, the emissions used as model input need to be increased (and their spatial pattern changed), and we need to modify north–south transport.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jérémy Gueffier, François Gheusi, Marie Lothon, Véronique Pont, Alban Philibert, Fabienne Lohou, Solène Derrien, Yannick Bezombes, Gilles Athier, Yves Meyerfeld, Antoine Vial, and Emmanuel Leclerc
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 287–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the link between weather regime and atmospheric composition at a Pyrenean observatory. Five years of meteorological data were synchronized on a daily basis and then, using a clustering method, separated into six groups of observation days, with most showing marked characteristics of different weather regimes (fair and disturbed weather, winter windstorms, foehn). Statistical differences in gas and particle concentrations appeared between the groups and are discussed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nathaniel Brockway, Peter K. Peterson, Katja Bigge, Kristian D. Hajny, Paul B. Shepson, Kerri A. Pratt, Jose D. Fuentes, Tim Starn, Robert Kaeser, Brian H. Stirm, and William R. Simpson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-23-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-23-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Bromine monoxide (BrO) strongly affects atmospheric chemistry in the springtime Arctic, yet there are still many uncertainties around its sources and recycling, particularly in the context of a rapidly changing Arctic. In this study, we observed BrO as a function of altitude above the Alaskan Arctic. We found that BrO was often most concentrated near the ground, confirming the ability of snow to produce and recycle reactive bromine, and identified four common vertical distributions of BrO.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Maximilian Eckl, Julian Kostinek, Michał Gałkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Michael Rothe, Thomas Röckmann, Malika Menoud, Hossein Maazallahi, Martina Schmidt, Piotr Korbeń, Jarosław Neçki, Mila Stanisavljević, Justyna Swolkień, Andreas Fix, and Anke Roiger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15749–15765, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During the CoMet mission in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) ground-based and airborne air samples were taken and analyzed for the isotopic composition of CH4 to derive the mean signature of the USCB and source signatures of individual coal mines. Using δ2H signatures, the biogenic emissions from the USCB account for 15 %–50 % of total emissions, which is underestimated in common emission inventories. This demonstrates the importance of δ2H-CH4 observations for methane source apportionment.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yifei Song, Chaoyang Xue, Yuanyuan Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Fengxia Bao, Xuran Li, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15733–15747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15733-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15733-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present measurements of HONO flux and related parameters over an agricultural field during a whole growing season of summer maize. This dataset allows studies on the characteristics and influencing factors of soil HONO emissions, determination of HONO emission factors, estimation of total HONO emissions at a national scale, and the discussion on future environmental policies in terms of mitigating regional air pollution.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Can Ye, Keding Lu, Xuefei Ma, Wanyi Qiu, Shule Li, Xinping Yang, Chaoyang Xue, Tianyu Zhai, Yuhan Liu, Xuan Li, Yang Li, Haichao Wang, Zhaofeng Tan, Xiaorui Chen, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, Min Hu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15455–15472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, combining comprehensive field measurements and a box model, we found NO2 conversion on the ground surface was the most important source for HONO production among the proposed heterogeneous and gas-phase HONO sources. In addition, HONO was found to evidently enhance O3 production and aggravate O3 pollution in summer in China. Our study improved our understanding of the relative importance of different HONO sources and the crucial role of HONO in O3 formation in polluted areas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yann Cohen, Didier Hauglustaine, Bastien Sauvage, Susanne Rohs, Patrick Konjari, Ulrich Bundke, Andreas Petzold, Valérie Thouret, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14973–15009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14973-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14973-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) is a key region regarding the lower atmospheric composition. This study consists of a comprehensive evaluation of an up-to-date chemistry–climate model in this layer, using regular in situ measurements based on passenger aircraft. For this purpose, a specific software (Interpol-IAGOS) has been updated and made publicly available. The model reproduces the carbon monoxide peaks due to biomass burning over the continental tropics particularly well.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yifan Jiang, Men Xia, Zhe Wang, Penggang Zheng, Yi Chen, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14813–14828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides the first estimate of high rates of formic acid (HCOOH) production from the photochemical aging of real ambient particles and demonstrates the potential importance of this pathway in the formation of HCOOH under ambient conditions. Incorporating this pathway significantly improved the performance of a widely used chemical model. Our solution irradiation experiments demonstrated the importance of nitrate photolysis in HCOOH production via the production of oxidants.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xuelian Zhong, Hengqing Shen, Min Zhao, Ji Zhang, Yue Sun, Yuhong Liu, Yingnan Zhang, Ye Shan, Hongyong Li, Jiangshan Mu, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Jinghao Tang, Can Dong, Xinfeng Wang, Yujiao Zhu, Mingzhi Guo, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14761–14778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is vital for atmospheric oxidation. In research at Mount Lao, China, models revealed a significant unidentified marine HONO source. Overlooking this could skew our understanding of air quality and climate change. This finding emphasizes HONO’s importance in the coastal atmosphere, uncovering previously unnoticed interactions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Feng Jiang, Linyu Gao, Hengheng Zhang, and Thomas Leisner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2255, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2255, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the concurrent online measurements of organic gas and particles (VOCs and OA) at a forest site in summer. Both VOCs and OA were largely contributed by oxygenated organic compounds. Semi-volatile oxygenated OA and organic nitrate formed from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contribute significantly to nighttime particle growth. The results help to understand the causes of nighttime particle growth regularly observed in summer in the central European rural forested environments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Steven Job Thomas, Toni Tykkä, Heidi Hellén, Federico Bianchi, and Arnaud P. Praplan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14627–14642, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14627-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study employed total ozone reactivity to demonstrate how emissions of Norway spruce readily react with ozone and could be a major ozone sink, particularly under stress. Additionally, this approach provided insight into the limitations of current analytical techniques that measure the compounds present or emitted into the atmosphere. The study shows how the technique used was not enough to measure all compounds emitted, and this could potentially underestimate various atmospheric processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jinsol Kim, John B. Miller, Charles E. Miller, Scott J. Lehman, Sylvia E. Michel, Vineet Yadav, Nick E. Rollins, and William M. Berelson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14425–14436, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the partitioning of CO2 signals from biogenic, petroleum and natural gas sources by combining CO, 13CO2 and 14CO2 measurements. Using measurements from flask air samples at three sites in the greater Los Angeles region, we find larger and positive contributions of biogenic signals in winter and smaller and negative contributions in summer. The largest contribution of natural gas combustion generally occurs in summer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert Woodward-Massey, Roberto Sommariva, Lisa K. Whalley, Danny R. Cryer, Trevor Ingham, William J. Bloss, Stephen M. Ball, Sam Cox, James D. Lee, Chris P. Reed, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Brian J. Bandy, Grant L. Forster, Claire E. Reeves, Paul S. Monks, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14393–14424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals and also OH reactivity were made at a UK coastal site and compared to calculations from a constrained box model utilising the Master Chemical Mechanism. The model agreement displayed a strong dependence on the NO concentration. An experimental budget analysis for OH, HO2, RO2 and total ROx demonstrated significant imbalances between HO2 and RO2 production rates. Ozone production rates were calculated from measured radicals and compared to modelled values.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Leonard Kirago, Örjan Gustafsson, Samuel Mwaniki Gaita, Sophie L. Haslett, Michael J. Gatari, Maria Elena Popa, Thomas Röckmann, Christoph Zellweger, Martin Steinbacher, Jörg Klausen, Christian Félix, David Njiru, and August Andersson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14349–14357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides ground-observational evidence that supports earlier suggestions that savanna fires are the main emitters and modulators of carbon monoxide gas in Africa. Using isotope-based techniques, the study has shown that about two-thirds of this gas is emitted from savanna fires, while for urban areas, in this case Nairobi, primary sources approach 100 %. The latter has implications for air quality policy, suggesting primary emissions such as traffic should be targeted.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rebecca M. Garland, Katye E. Altieri, Laura Dawidowski, Laura Gallardo, Aderiana Mbandi, Nestor Y. Rojas, and N'datchoh E. Touré
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2566, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2566, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this opinion, we focus on two geographical areas in the Global South to discuss some common challenges and constraints, with a focus on our strengths in atmospheric science research. It is these strengths, we believe, that highlight the critical role of Global South researchers in the future of atmospheric science research.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Bryan K. Place, Qindan Zhu, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Ryan Ward, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Allen H. Goldstein, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13015–13028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13015-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13015-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
NOx is a precursor to hazardous tropospheric ozone and can be emitted from various anthropogenic sources. It is important to quantify NOx emissions in urban environments to improve the local air quality, which still remains a challenge, as sources are heterogeneous in space and time. In this study, we calculate NOx emissions over Los Angeles, based on aircraft measurements in June 2021, and compare them to a local emission inventory, which we find mostly overpredicts the measured values.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Magdalena Okuljar, Olga Garmash, Miska Olin, Joni Kalliokoski, Hilkka Timonen, Jarkko V. Niemi, Pauli Paasonen, Jenni Kontkanen, Yanjun Zhang, Heidi Hellén, Heino Kuuluvainen, Minna Aurela, Hanna E. Manninen, Mikko Sipilä, Topi Rönkkö, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Miikka Dal Maso, and Mikael Ehn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12965–12983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12965-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12965-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) form secondary organic aerosol that affects air quality and health. In this study, we demonstrate that in a moderately polluted city with abundant vegetation, the composition of HOMs is largely controlled by the effect of NOx on the biogenic volatile organic compound oxidation. Comparing the results from two nearby stations, we show that HOM composition and formation pathways can change considerably within small distances in urban environments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Si-Wan Kim, Kyoung-Min Kim, Yujoo Jeong, Seunghwan Seo, Yeonsu Park, and Jeongyeon Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12867–12886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12867-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12867-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone is a pollutant regulated for public health. This study derived surface ozone trends over South Korea from 2001 to 2021 and highlighted that South Korea has been a nonattainment area since 2010, based on the US EPA standard. However, the occurrences of high ozone condition decreased in spring during the COVID-19 pandemic, partly due to large reductions of ozone precursor concentrations in China and South Korea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zeyu Sun, Zheng Zong, Yang Tan, Chongguo Tian, Zeyu Liu, Fan Zhang, Rong Sun, Yingjun Chen, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12851–12865, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of ship-emitted nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The results showed that δ15N–NOx from ships was −18.5 ± 10.9 ‰ and increased monotonically with tightening emission regulations. The selective catalytic reduction system was the most vital factor. The temporal variation in δ15N–NOx was evaluated and can be used to select suitable δ15N–NOx for a more accurate assessment of the contribution of ship-emitted exhaust to atmospheric NOx.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Caleb Arata, Qindan Zhu, Benjamin C. Schulze, Roy Woods, John H. Seinfeld, Anthony Bucholtz, Ronald C. Cohen, and Allen H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12753–12780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12753-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12753-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The San Joaquin Valley is an agricultural area with poor air quality. Organic gases drive the formation of hazardous air pollutants. Agricultural emissions of these gases are not well understood and have rarely been quantified at landscape scale. By combining aircraft-based emission measurements with land cover information, we found mis- or unrepresented emission sources. Our results help in understanding of pollution sources and in improving predictions of air quality in agricultural regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Youwei Hong, Keran Zhang, Dan Liao, Gaojie Chen, Min Zhao, Yiling Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Yu Wu, Ruilian Yu, Gongren Hu, Sung-Deuk Choi, Likun Xue, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10795–10807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Particle uptakes of HCHO and the impacts on PM2.5 and O3 production remain highly uncertain. Based on the investigation of co-occurring wintertime O3 and PM2.5 pollution in a coastal city of southeast China, we found enhanced heterogeneous formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) and increased ROx concentrations and net O3 production rates. The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the mechanisms of key precursors for co-occurring PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Foteini Stavropoulou, Katarina Vinković, Bert Kers, Marcel de Vries, Steven van Heuven, Piotr Korbeń, Martina Schmidt, Julia Wietzel, Pawel Jagoda, Jaroslav M. Necki, Jakub Bartyzel, Hossein Maazallahi, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Sylvia Walter, Béla Tuzson, Jonas Ravelid, Randulph Paulo Morales, Lukas Emmenegger, Dominik Brunner, Michael Steiner, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Antonio Delre, Maklawe Essonanawe Edjabou, Charlotte Scheutz, Marius Corbu, Sebastian Iancu, Denisa Moaca, Alin Scarlat, Alexandru Tudor, Ioana Vizireanu, Andreea Calcan, Magdalena Ardelean, Sorin Ghemulet, Alexandru Pana, Aurel Constantinescu, Lucian Cusa, Alexandru Nica, Calin Baciu, Cristian Pop, Andrei Radovici, Alexandru Mereuta, Horatiu Stefanie, Alexandru Dandocsi, Bas Hermans, Stefan Schwietzke, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Huilin Chen, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10399–10412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify CH4 emissions from onshore oil production sites in Romania at source and facility level using a combination of ground- and drone-based measurement techniques. We show that the total CH4 emissions in our studied areas are much higher than the emissions reported to UNFCCC, and up to three-quarters of the detected emissions are related to operational venting. Our results suggest that oil and gas production infrastructure in Romania holds a massive mitigation potential.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chunxiang Ye, Shuzheng Guo, Weili Lin, Fangjie Tian, Jianshu Wang, Chong Zhang, Suzhen Chi, Yi Chen, Yingjie Zhang, Limin Zeng, Xin Li, Duo Bu, Jiacheng Zhou, and Weixiong Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10383–10397, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Online volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, with other O3 precursors, were used to identify key VOC and other key sources in Lhasa. Total VOCs (TVOCs), alkanes, and aromatics are half as abundant as in Beijing. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) consist of 52 % of the TVOCs. Alkenes and OVOCs account for 80 % of the ozone formation potential. Aromatics dominate secondary organic aerosol potential. Positive matrix factorization decomposed residential sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Brandon Bottorff, Michelle M. Lew, Youngjun Woo, Pamela Rickly, Matthew D. Rollings, Benjamin Deming, Daniel C. Anderson, Ezra Wood, Hariprasad D. Alwe, Dylan B. Millet, Andrew Weinheimer, Geoff Tyndall, John Ortega, Sebastien Dusanter, Thierry Leonardis, James Flynn, Matt Erickson, Sergio Alvarez, Jean C. Rivera-Rios, Joshua D. Shutter, Frank Keutsch, Detlev Helmig, Wei Wang, Hannah M. Allen, Johnathan H. Slade, Paul B. Shepson, Steven Bertman, and Philip S. Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10287–10311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxy (HO2), and organic peroxy (RO2) radicals play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and have significant air quality implications. Here, we compare measurements of OH, HO2, and total peroxy radicals (XO2) made in a remote forest in Michigan, USA, to predictions from a series of chemical models. Lower measured radical concentrations suggest that the models may be missing an important radical sink and overestimating the rate of ozone production in this forest.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jenny Oh, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Ying Duan Lei, Faqiang Zhan, Yuening Li, Abigaëlle Dalpé Castilloux, Amina Ben Chaaben, Zhe Lu, Kelsey Lee, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Sabine Eckhardt, Nick Alexandrou, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10191–10205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An emerging brominated flame retardant (BFR) called TBECH (1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane) has never been produced or imported for use in Canada yet is found to be one of the most abundant gaseous BFRs in the Canadian atmosphere. The recorded spatial and temporal variability of TBECH suggest that the release from imported consumer products containing TBECH is the most likely explanation for its environmental occurrence in Canada.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Olivia E. Clifton, Donna Schwede, Christian Hogrefe, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Philip Cheung, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christopher D. Holmes, László Horváth, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Pérez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamás Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9911–9961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A primary sink of air pollutants is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across the models used to simulate atmospheric chemistry. Here, we introduce an effort to examine dry deposition schemes from atmospheric chemistry models. We provide our approach’s rationale, document the schemes, and describe datasets used to drive and evaluate the schemes. We also launch the analysis of results by evaluating against observations and identifying the processes leading to model–model differences.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qindan Zhu, Bryan Place, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Sha Tong, Huanxin Zhang, Jun Wang, Clara M. Nussbaumer, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Allen H. Goldstein, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9669–9683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9669-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9669-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a hazardous air pollutant, and it is the precursor of short-lived climate forcers like tropospheric ozone and aerosol particles. While NOx emissions from transportation has been strictly regulated, soil NOx emissions are overlooked. We use the airborne flux measurements to observe NOx emissions from highways and urban and cultivated soil land cover types. We show non-negligible soil NOx emissions, which are significantly underestimated in current model simulations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xin Yang, Kimberly Strong, Alison Criscitiello, Marta Santos-Garcia, Kristof Bognar, Xiaoyi Zhao, Pierre Fogal, Kaley Walker, Sara Morris, and Peter Effertz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1446, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses in-situ field data collected from a Canadian high Arctic site to demonstrate that surface snow in early spring is a net sink of atmospheric bromine and nitrogen. In addition, surface snow bromide and nitrate are significantly correlated, one molecule bromide deposited is accompanied by 4–7 molecules nitrate, indicating the oxidation of reactive nitrogen is accelerated by reactive bromine. This is the first time such an effect was seen in snow chemistry on a time scale of one day.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Money Ossohou, Jonathan Edward Hickman, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, Marcellin Adon, Véronique Yoboué, Eric Gardrat, Maria Dias Alvès, and Corinne Galy-Lacaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9473–9494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The updated analyses of ground-based concentrations and satellite total vertical columns of atmospheric ammonia help us to better understand 21st century ammonia dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa. We conclude that the drivers of trends are agriculture in the dry savanna of Katibougou, Mali; air temperature and agriculture in the wet savanna of Djougou, Benin, and Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire; and leaf area index, air temperature, residential, and agriculture in forests of Bomassa, Republic of Congo.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hyeri Park, Jooil Kim, Haklim Choi, Sohyeon Geum, Yeaseul Kim, Rona L. Thompson, Jens Mühle, Peter K. Salameh, Christina M. Harth, Kieran M. Stanley, Simon O'Doherty, Paul J. Fraser, Peter G. Simmonds, Paul B. Krummel, Ray F. Weiss, Ronald G. Prinn, and Sunyoung Park
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9401–9411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on atmospheric HFC-23 observations, the first estimate of post-CDM HFC-23 emissions in eastern Asia for 2008–2019 shows that these emissions contribute significantly to the global emissions rise. The observation-derived emissions were much larger than the bottom-up estimates expected to approach zero after 2015 due to national abatement activities. These discrepancies could be attributed to unsuccessful factory-level HFC-23 abatement and inaccurate quantification of emission reductions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Adcock, K. E., Fraser, P. J., Hall, B. D., Langenfelds, R. L., Lee, G.,
Montzka, S. A., Oram, D. E., Röckmann, T., Stroh, F., Sturges, W. T.,
Vogel, B., and Laube, J. C.: Aircraft-Based Observations of Ozone-Depleting
Substances in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in and Above the
Asian Summer Monsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033137,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033137, 2021.
Ajayakumar, R. S., Nair, P. R., Girach, I. A., Sunilkumar, S. V., Muhsin,
M., and Chandran, P. R. S.: Dynamical nature of tropospheric ozone over a
tropical location in Peninsular India: Role of transport and water vapor,
Atmos. Environ., 218, 117018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117018, 2019.
Ali, K., Beig, G., Chate, D. M., Momin, G. A., Sahu, S. K., and Safai, P.
D.: Sink mechanism for significantly low level of ozone over the Arabian Sea
during monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011256,
2009.
Aneesh, V. R., Mohankumar, G., and Sampath, S.: Spatial distribution of
atmospheric carbon monoxide over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea: Measurements
during pre-monsoon period of 2006, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 449–455,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0044-8, 2008.
Angot, H., Barret, M., Magand, O., Ramonet, M., and Dommergue, A.: A 2-year record of atmospheric mercury species at a background Southern Hemisphere station on Amsterdam Island, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11461–11473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11461-2014, 2014.
Annamalai, H., Taguchi, B., McCreary, J. P., Nagura, M., and Miyama, T.:
Systematic errors in south Asian monsoon simulation: importance of
Equatorial Indian Ocean processes, J. Climate, 30, 8159–8178, 2017.
Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4605-2008, 2008.
Arnold, S. R., Spracklen, D. V., Williams, J., Yassaa, N., Sciare, J., Bonsang, B., Gros, V., Peeken, I., Lewis, A. C., Alvain, S., and Moulin, C.: Evaluation of the global oceanic isoprene source and its impacts on marine organic carbon aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1253–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1253-2009, 2009.
Aryasree, S., Nair, P. R., Girach, I. A., and Jacob, S.: Winter time chemical
characteristics of aerosols over the Bay of Bengal: continental
influence, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 14901–14918,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4700-7, 2015.
Asatar, G. I. and Nair, P. R.: Spatial distribution of near-surface CO over
Bay of Bengal during winter: role of transport, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy.,
72, 1241–1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.025, 2010.
ASDC: MOPITT CO gridded daily means (Near and Thermal Infrared Radiances) V008, ASDC [data set], https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/mopitt (last access: 15 June 2020), 2019.
Astrahan P., Herut B., Paytan A., and Rahav E.: The Impact of Dry
Atmospheric Deposition on the Sea-Surface Microlayer in the SE Mediterranean
Sea: An Experimental Approach, Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 222,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00222, 2016.
Aswini, A. R., Hegde, P., Aryasree, S., Girach, I. A., and Nair, P. R.:
Continental outflow of anthropogenic aerosols over Arabian Sea and Indian
Ocean during wintertime: ICARB-2018 campaign, Sci. Total Environ., 712,
135214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135214, 2020.
Ayers, G. P. and Gras, J. L.: Ammonia gas concentration over the Southern
Ocean, Nature, 284, 539–540, 1980.
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Bange, H. W.: New Directions: The importance of the oceanic nitrous oxide
emissions, Atmos. Environ., 40, 198–199, 2006.
Barnes, E. A., Fiore, A. M., and Horowitz, L. W.: Detection of trends in
surface ozone in the presence of climate variability, J. Geophys. Res., 121,
6112–6129, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024397, 2016.
Bates, N. R., Pequignet, A. C., and Sabine, C.: Ocean carboncycling in the Indian Ocean: 1. Spatio-temporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea CO2 gas exchange, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002491, 2006.
Bauer, S. E., Tsigaridis, K., and Miller, R.: Significant atmospheric
aerosol pollution caused by world food cultivation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
5394–5400, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068354, 2016.
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R.,
Sarmiento, J. L., Feldman, G. C., Milligan, A. J., Falkowski, P. G.,
Letelier, R. M., and Boss, E. S.: Climate-driven trends in contemporary
ocean productivity, Nature, 444, 752–755, 2006.
Belikov, D. A., Saitoh, N., Patra, P. K., and Chandra, N.: GOSAT CH4 Vertical Profiles over the Indian Subcontinent: Effect of a Priori and Averaging Kernels for Climate Applications, Remote Sens., 13, 1677,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091677, 2021.
Bengtsson, L.: The global atmospheric water cycle, Environ. Res. Lett., 5,
025002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025002, 2010.
Bergamaschi, P., Houweling, S., Segers, A., Krol, M., Frankenberg, C.,
Scheepmaker, R. A., Dlugokencky, E., Wofsy, S. C., Kort, E. A., Sweeney, C., Schuck, T., Brenninkmeijer, C., Chen, H., Beck, V., and Gerbig, C.: Atmospheric CH4 in the
first decade of the 21st century: Inverse modeling analysis using SCIAMACHY
satellite retrievals and NOAA surface measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 118,
7350–7369, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50480, 2013.
Bhattacharya, S. K., Borole, D. V., Francy, R. J., Allison, C. E., Steele,
L. P., Krummel, P., Langenfelds, R., Masarie, K. A., Tiwari, Y. K., and
Patra, P. K.: Trace gases and CO2 isotope records from Cabo de Rama, India, Curr. Sci. India, 97, 1336–1344, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24109728 (last access: 1 July 2021), 2009.
Biswas, H., Chatterjee, A., Mukhopadhya, S. K., De, T. K., Sen, S., and
Jana, T. K.: Estimation of ammonia exchange at the land-ocean boundary
condition of Sundarban mangrove northeast coast of Bay of Bengal, India,
Atmos. Environ., 39, 4489–4499, 2005.
Blando, J. D. and Turpin, B. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud and fog droplets: a literature evaluation of plausibility, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1623–1632, 2000.
Blunden, J. and Boyer, T. (Eds.): State of the Climate in 2020, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, Si–S475, https://doi.org/10.1175/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.1, 2020.
Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., Richter, A., De Smedt, I., Lorente, A., Beirle, S., van Geffen, J. H. G. M., Zara, M., Peters, E., Van Roozendael, M., Wagner, T., Maasakkers, J. D., van der A, R. J., Nightingale, J., De Rudder, A., Irie, H., Pinardi, G., Lambert, J.-C., and Compernolle, S. C.: Improving algorithms and uncertainty estimates for satellite NO2 retrievals: results from the quality assurance for the essential climate variables (QA4ECV) project, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 6651–6678, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6651-2018, 2018.
Bollasina, M. A., Ming, Y., and Ramaswamy, V.: Anthropogenic Aerosols and the
Weakening of the South Asian Summer Monsoon, Science, 334, 502–505,
2011.
Booge, D., Marandino, C. A., Schlundt, C., Palmer, P. I., Schlundt, M., Atlas, E. L., Bracher, A., Saltzman, E. S., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Can simple models predict large-scale surface ocean isoprene concentrations?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11807–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, 2016.
Booge, D., Schlundt, C., Bracher, A., Endres, S., Zäncker, B., and Marandino, C. A.: Marine isoprene production and consumption in the mixed layer of the surface ocean – a field study over two oceanic regions, Biogeosciences, 15, 649–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, 2018.
Bourtsoukidis, E., Ernle, L., Crowley, J. N., Lelieveld, J., Paris, J.-D., Pozzer, A., Walter, D., and Williams, J.: Non-methane hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7209–7232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7209-2019, 2019.
Bourtsoukidis, E., Pozzer, A., Sattler, T. Matthaios, V.N., Ernle, L.
Edtbauer, A., Fischer, H., Könemann, T., Osipov, S., Paris, J.-D.,
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Stönner, C., Tadic, I., Walter, D., Wang, N.,
Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of
atmospheric ethane and propane, Nat. Commun., 11, 447,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14375-0, 2020.
Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noël, S.,
Rozanov, V. V., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A. P. H.: SCIAMACHY: Mission
Objectives and Measurement Modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0127:Smoamm>2.0.Co;2, 1999.
Brooks, S. D., Jickells, T. D., Liss, P. S., Thornton, D. C. O., and Zhang, R.: Biogeochemical Coupling between Ocean and Atmosphere – A Tribute to the
Lifetime Contribution of Robert A. Duce, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 3289–3298,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0305.1, 2019.
Brühl, C., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., and Tost, H.: The role of carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric sulphate aerosol and its impact on climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1239–1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1239-2012, 2012.
Burrows, J. P., Weber, M., Buchwitz, M., Rozanov, V.,
Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., Richter, A., DeBeek, R., Hoogen, R.,
Bramstedt, K., Eichmann, K.-U., Eisinger, M., and Perner, D.: The Global
Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission Concept and First Scientific
Results, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 151–175, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0151:Tgomeg>2.0.Co;2, 1999.
Butler, A. H., Daniel, J. S., Portmann, R. W., Ravishankara, A. R., Young, P. J., Fahey, D. W., and Rosenlof, K. H.: Diverse policy implications for future ozone and surface UV in a changing climate, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 064017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064017, 2016.
Cai, W., Sullivan, A., and Cowan, T.: Climate change contributes to more
frequent consecutive positive Indian Ocean Dipole events, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L19783, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040163, 2009.
Campbell, J. E., Whelan, M. E., Seibt, U., Smith, S. J., Berry, J. A., and
Hilton, T. W.: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide sources from anthropogenic
activity: Implications for carbon cycle constraints, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
42, 3004–3010, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063445, 2015.
Carlton, A. G., Wiedinmyer, C., and Kroll, J. H.: A review of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4987–5005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4987-2009, 2009.
Carmichael, G. R., Ferm, M., Thongboonchoo, N., Woo, J. H., Chan, L. Y.,
Murano, K., Viet, P. H., Mossberg, C., Bala, R., Boonjawat, J., Upatum, P.,
Mohan, M., Adhikary, S. P., Shrestha, A. B., Pinaar, J. J., Brunke, E. B.,
Chen, T., Jie, T., Guoan, D., Peng, L. C., Dhiharto, S., Harjanto, H., Jose,
A. M., Kimani, W., Kirouane, A., Lacaus, J.-P., Richard, S., Barturen, O.,
Cerda, J. C., Athayde, A., Tavares, T., Cotrina, J. S., and Bilici, E.:
Measurements of sulfur dioxide, ozone and ammonia concentration in Asia,
Africa and South America using passive samplers, Atmos. Environ., 37,
1293–1308, 2003.
Carpenter, L. J. and Liss, P. S.: On temperate sources of bromoform and
other reactive organic bromine gases, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20539–20547, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900242, 2000.
Carpenter, L. J., MacDonald, S. M., Shaw, M. D., Kumar, R., Saunders, R. W.,
Parthipan, R., Wilson, J., and Plane, J. M. C.: Atmospheric iodine levels
influenced by sea surface emissions of inorganic iodine, Nat. Geosci., 6, 108–111, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1687, 2013.
Chakraborty, K., Valsala, V., Gupta, G. V. M., and Sarma, V. V. S. S.:
Dominant biological control over upwelling on pCO2 in sea east of Sri Lanka, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 3250–3261, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004446, 2018.
Chang, J.-H.: The Indian Summer Monsoon, Geogr. Rev., 57, 373–396, 1967.
Charlson, R., Lovelock, J., Andreae, M., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic
phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and
climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, https://doi.org/10.1038/326655a0, 1987.
Chen, L., Xu, S., Gao, Z., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Zhan, J., and Li, W.:
Estimation of monthly air-sea CO2 flux in the southern Atlantic and
Indian Ocean using in situ and remotely sensed data, Remote Sens. Environ.,
115, 1935–1941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.03.016, 2011.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and
their distributions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 321–337, 1993.
Chiu, R., Tinel, L., Gonzalez, L., Ciuraru, R., Bernard, F., George, C., and
Volkamer, R.: UV photochemistry of carboxylic acids at the air-sea boundary:
A relevant source of glyoxal and other oxygenated VOC in the marine
atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1079–1087, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071240,
2017.
Ciais, P., Dolman, A. J., Bombelli, A., Duren, R., Peregon, A., Rayner, P. J., Miller, C., Gobron, N., Kinderman, G., Marland, G., Gruber, N., Chevallier, F., Andres, R. J., Balsamo, G., Bopp, L., Bréon, F.-M., Broquet, G., Dargaville, R., Battin, T. J., Borges, A., Bovensmann, H., Buchwitz, M., Butler, J., Canadell, J. G., Cook, R. B., DeFries, R., Engelen, R., Gurney, K. R., Heinze, C., Heimann, M., Held, A., Henry, M., Law, B., Luyssaert, S., Miller, J., Moriyama, T., Moulin, C., Myneni, R. B., Nussli, C., Obersteiner, M., Ojima, D., Pan, Y., Paris, J.-D., Piao, S. L., Poulter, B., Plummer, S., Quegan, S., Raymond, P., Reichstein, M., Rivier, L., Sabine, C., Schimel, D., Tarasova, O., Valentini, R., Wang, R., van der Werf, G., Wickland, D., Williams, M., and Zehner, C.: Current systematic carbon-cycle observations and the need for implementing a policy-relevant carbon observing system, Biogeosciences, 11, 3547–3602, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014, 2014.
Ciuraru, R., Fine, L., Pinxteren, M. V., D'Anna, B., Herrmann, H., and
George, C.: Unravelling New Processes at Interfaces: Photochemical Isoprene
Production at the Sea Surface, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 13199–13205,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02388, 2015.
Codispoti, L. A.: Interesting times for marine N2O, Science, 327,
1339–1340, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184945, 2010.
Conte, L., Szopa, S., Séférian, R., and Bopp, L.: The oceanic cycle of carbon monoxide and its emissions to the atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 16, 881–902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-881-2019, 2019.
Crippa, M., Oreggioni, G., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Lo Vullo,
E., Solazzo, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J. G. J., and Vignati, E.: Fossil CO2 and GHG emissions of all world countries – 2019 Report, EUR 29849 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC117610, ISBN 978-92-76-11100-9, https://doi.org/10.2760/687800, 2019a.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Lo Vullo, E., Solazzo, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J., and Vignati, E.: EDGAR v5.0 Greenhouse Gas Emissions, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [data set], http://data.europa.eu/89h/488dc3de-f072-4810-ab83-47185158ce2a, 2019b.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., and Oreggioni, G.: EDGAR v5.0 Global Air Pollutant Emissions, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [data set], http://data.europa.eu/89h/377801af-b094-4943-8fdc-f79a7c0c2d19, 2019c.
Crippa, M., Solazzo, E., Huang, G., Guizzardi, D., Koffi, E., Muntean, M.,
Schieberle, C., Friedrich, R., and Janssens-Maenhout, G.: High resolution
temporal profiles in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research,
Sci. Data, 7, 121, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0462-2, 2020.
Cuevas, C. A., Maffezzoli, N., Corella, J. P., Spolaor, A., Vallelonga, P.,
Kjær, H. A., Simonsen, M., Winstrup, M., Vinther, B., Horvat, C.,
Fernandez, R. P., Kinnison, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Barbante, C., and
Saiz-Lopez, A.: Rapid increase in atmospheric iodine levels in the North
Atlantic since the mid-20th century, Nat. Commun., 9, 1452,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03756-1, 2018.
Da-Allada, C. Y., Gaillard, F., and Kolodziejczyk, N.: Mixed-layer salinity
budget in the tropical Indian Ocean: seasonal cycle based only on
observations, Ocean Dynam., 65, 845–857,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-015-0837-7, 2015.
Daniel, J. S. and Solomon, S.: On the climate forcing of carbon monoxide,
J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13249–13260, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00822, 1998.
David, L. M. and Nair, P. R.: Diurnal and seasonal variability of surface
ozone and NOx at a tropical coastal site: Association with mesoscale
and synoptic meteorological conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D10303,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015076, 2011.
David, L. M. and Nair, P. R.: Tropospheric column O3 and NO2 over
the Indian region observed by Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI): Seasonal
changes and long-term trends, Atmos. Environ., 65, 25–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.033, 2013.
David, L. M., Girach, I. A., and Nair, P. R.: Distribution of ozone and its precursors over Bay of Bengal during winter 2009: role of meteorology, Ann. Geophys., 29, 1613–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1613-2011, 2011.
Davidson, E. A.: The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to
atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860, Nat. Geosci., 2, 659–662,
https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO608, 2009.
Deeter, M. N., Edwards, D. P., Francis, G. L., Gille, J. C., Mao, D., Martínez-Alonso, S., Worden, H. M., Ziskin, D., and Andreae, M. O.: Radiance-based retrieval bias mitigation for the MOPITT instrument: the version 8 product, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4561–4580, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4561-2019, 2019.
De Smedt, I., Pinardi, G., Vigouroux, C., Compernolle, S., Bais, A., Benavent, N., Boersma, F., Chan, K.-L., Donner, S., Eichmann, K.-U., Hedelt, P., Hendrick, F., Irie, H., Kumar, V., Lambert, J.-C., Langerock, B., Lerot, C., Liu, C., Loyola, D., Piters, A., Richter, A., Rivera Cárdenas, C., Romahn, F., Ryan, R. G., Sinha, V., Theys, N., Vlietinck, J., Wagner, T., Wang, T., Yu, H., and Van Roozendael, M.: Comparative assessment of TROPOMI and OMI formaldehyde observations and validation against MAX-DOAS network column measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12561–12593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12561-2021, 2021.
DeVries, T., Le Quéré, C., Andrews, O., Berthet, S., Hauck, J.,
Ilyina, T., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Nowicki, M.,
Schwinger, J., and Séférian, R.: Decadal trends in the ocean carbon
sink, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 11646–11651, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900371116, 2019.
Dixit, A., Krishna, L., Bharti, R., and Mahanta, C.: Net Sea–Air CO2 Fluxes and Modeled Partial Pressure of CO2 in Open Ocean of Bay of Bengal, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 12, 2462–2469, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2019.2902253, 2019.
Dong, L. and Zhou, T.: The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature warming
simulated by CMIP5 models during the twentieth century: Competing forcing
roles of GHGs and anthropogenic aerosols, J. Climate, 27, 3348–3362, 2014.
Dong, L., Zhou, T., and Wu, B.: Indian Ocean warming during 1958–2004 simulated by a climate system model and its mechanism, Clim. Dynam., 42, 203–217, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1722-z, 2014.
Du, Q., Zhang, C., Mu, Y., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Song, M., Tian,
D., Liu, P., Liu, J., Xue, C., and Ye, C.: An important missing source of
atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Domestic coal combustion, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
43, 8720–8727, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070075, 2016.
Du, Y. and Xie, S. P.: Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical Indian
Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 35, L08712, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033631, 2008.
Du, Y., Zhang, Y., Feng, M., Wang, T., Zhang, N., and Wijffels, S. E.: Decadal trends of the upper ocean salinity in the tropical Indo–Pacific since mid-1990s, Sci. Rep., 5, 16050, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16050, 2015.
Duflot, V., Tulet, P., Flores, O., Barthe, C., Colomb, A., Deguillaume, L., Vaïtilingom, M., Perring, A., Huffman, A., Hernandez, M. T., Sellegri, K., Robinson, E., O'Connor, D. J., Gomez, O. M., Burnet, F., Bourrianne, T., Strasberg, D., Rocco, M., Bertram, A. K., Chazette, P., Totems, J., Fournel, J., Stamenoff, P., Metzger, J.-M., Chabasset, M., Rousseau, C., Bourrianne, E., Sancelme, M., Delort, A.-M., Wegener, R. E., Chou, C., and Elizondo, P.: Preliminary results from the FARCE 2015 campaign: multidisciplinary study of the forest–gas–aerosol–cloud system on the tropical island of La Réunion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10591–10618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10591-2019, 2019.
Edtbauer, A., Stönner, C., Pfannerstill, E. Y., Berasategui, M., Walter, D., Crowley, J. N., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: A new marine biogenic emission: methane sulfonamide (MSAM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) measured in air over the Arabian Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6081–6094, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6081-2020, 2020.
Endresen, Ø., Sørgård, E., Sundet, J. K., Dalsøren, S. B.,
Isaksen, I. S. A., Berglen, T. F., and Gravir, G.: Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, 4560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002898, 2003.
Engel, A. and Rigby, M. (Lead Authors), Burkholder, J. B., Fernandez, R. P. Froidevaux, L., Hall, B. D., Hossaini, R., Saito, T., Vollmer, M. K., and Yao, B.: Update on ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and other gases of interest to the Montreal Protocol, chap. 1, in: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018, Global ozone research and monitoring project, report no. 58, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 978-1-7329317-1-8, 2018.
Ethé, C., Basdevant, C., Sadourny, R., Appu, K. S., Harenduprakash, L.,
Sarode, P. R., and Viswanathan, G.: Air mass motion, temperature, and
humidity over the Arabian Sea and western Indian Ocean during the INDOEX
intensive phase, as obtained from a set of superpressure drifting balloons,
J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001120, 2002.
Exton, D. A., Suggett, D. J., McGenity, T. J., and Steinke, M.:
Chlorophyll-normalized isoprene production in laboratory cultures of marine
microalgae and implications for global models, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58,
1301–1311, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.4.1301, 2013.
Fiehn, A., Quack, B., Hepach, H., Fuhlbrügge, S., Tegtmeier, S., Toohey, M., Atlas, E., and Krüger, K.: Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6723–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, 2017.
Fiehn, A., Quack, B., Stemmler, I., Ziska, F., and Krüger, K.: Importance of seasonally resolved oceanic emissions for bromoform delivery from the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific to the stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11973–11990, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018, 2018.
Fiore, A. M., West, J. J., Horowitz, L. W., Naik, V., and Schwarzkopf, M. D.:
Characterizing the tropospheric ozone response to methane emission controls
and the benefits to climate and air quality, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D08307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009162, 2008.
Franke, K., Richter, A., Bovensmann, H., Eyring, V., Jöckel, P., Hoor, P., and Burrows, J. P.: Ship emitted NO2 in the Indian Ocean: comparison of model results with satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7289–7301, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7289-2009, 2009.
Fuge, R. and Johnson, C. C.: Iodine and human health, the role of
environmental geochemistry and diet, a review, Appl. Geochem., 63, 282–302,
2015.
Galí, M., Levasseur, M., Devred, E., Simó, R., and Babin, M.: Sea-surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration from satellite data at global and regional scales, Biogeosciences, 15, 3497–3519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3497-2018, 2018.
Ganguly, N. D. and Tzanis, C.: Study of Stratosphere-troposphere exchange
events of ozone in India and Greece using ozonesonde ascents, Met. Apps, 18,
467–474, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.241, 2011.
Gantt, B., Meskhidze, N., and Kamykowski, D.: A new physically-based quantification of marine isoprene and primary organic aerosol emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4915–4927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4915-2009, 2009.
GDAS: L2 CH4 profile (TIR) v01.20, GDAS [data set], https://data2.gosat.nies.go.jp/GosatDataArchiveService/usr/download/ProductPage/view (last access: 17 August 2021), 2018.
GESAMP: The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean, Rep. Stud. GESAMP, 84, 69, http://www.gesamp.org/publications/the-atmospheric-input-of-chemicals-to-the-ocean (last access: 1 July 2021), 2012.
Ghude, S. D., Beig, G., Kulkarni, P. S., Kanawade, V. P., Fadnavis, S.,
Remedios, J. J., and Kulkarni, S. H.: Regional CO pollution over the
Indian-subcontinent and various transport pathways as observed by MOPITT,
Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 6133–6148, 2011.
Ghude, S. D., Kulkarni, S. H., Jena, C., Pfister, G. G., Beig, G., Fadnavis,
S., and van der A, R. J.: Application of satellite observations for identifying regions of dominant sources of nitrogen oxides over the Indian Subcontinent, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1075–1089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017811,
2013.
Gibb, S. W., Mantouura, R. F. C., and Liss, P. S.: Ocean-atmosphere exchange
and speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arbian
Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 161–178, 1999.
Girach, I. A. and Nair, P. R.: On the vertical distribution of carbon
monoxide over Bay of Bengal during winter: role of water vapour and vertical
updrafts, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 117, 31–47,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.05.003, 2014a.
Girach, I. A. and Nair, P. R.: Carbon monoxide over Indian region as
observed by MOPITT, Atmos. Environ., 99, 599–609,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.019, 2014b.
Girach, I. A., Ojha, N., Nair, P. R., Pozzer, A., Tiwari, Y. K., Kumar, K. R., and Lelieveld, J.: Variations in O3, CO, and CH4 over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon season: shipborne measurements and model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 257–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-257-2017, 2017.
Girach, I. A., Ojha, N., Nair, P. R., Tiwari, Y. K., and Kumar, K. R.:
Variations of trace gases over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon,
J. Earth Syst. Sci., 127, 15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-017-0915-y, 2018.
Girach, I. A., Nair, P. R., Ojha, N., and Sahu, S. K.: Tropospheric carbon
monoxide over the northern Indian Ocean during winter: Influence of
inter-continental transport, Clim. Dynam., 54, 5049–5064,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05269-4, 2020a.
Girach, I. A., Tripathi, N., Nair, P. R., Sahu, L. K., and Ojha, N.: O3 and CO in the South Asian outflow over the Bay of Bengal: impact of monsoonal dynamics and chemistry, Atmos. Environ., 233, 117610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117610, 2020b.
Glatthor, N., Höpfner, M., Baker, I. T., Berry, J., Campbell, J. E.,
Kawa, S. R., Krysztofiak, G., Leyser, A., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Stiller, G. P.,
Stinecipher, J., and von Clarmann, T.: Tropical sources and sinks of carbonyl
sulfide observed from space, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10082–10090,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066293, 2015.
Goes, J. I., Thoppil, P. G., Gomes, H., and Fasullo, J. T.: Warming of the
Eurasian landmass is making the Arabian Sea more productive, Science, 308, 545–547, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106610, 2005.
Gopika, S., Izumo, T., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Suresh, I., and
Kumar, M. R. R.: Aliasing of the Indian Ocean externally-forced warming spatial pattern by internal climate variability, Clim. Dynam., 54, 1093–1111, 2020.
Gopikrishnan, G. S. and Kuttippurath, J.: A decade of satellite
observations reveal significant increase in atmospheric formaldehyde from
shipping in Indian Ocean, Atmos. Envron., 246, 118095,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118095, 2021.
Graedel, T. E. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric Change: an Earth System
Perspective, W. H. Freeman, New York, ISBN 9780716723325, 1992.
Gregg, W. W. and Rousseaux, C. S.: Global ocean primary production trends
in the modern ocean color satellite record (1998–2015), Environ. Res. Lett.,
14, 1–9, 2019.
Gschwend, P. M., MacFarlane, J. K., and Newman, K. A.: Volatile halogenated
organic compounds released to seawater from temperate marine macroalgae,
Science, 227, 1033–1035, 1985.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Guieu, C., A., Azhar, M., Aumont, O., Mahowald, N., Levy, M., Ethé, C.,
and Lachkar, Z.: Major impact of dust deposition on the productivity of the
Arabian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6736–6744,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082770, 2019.
Han, W. and McCreary, J. P.: Modelling salinity distributions in the Indian
Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 859–877, 2001.
Han, W., Vialard, J., McPhaden, M. J., Lee, T., Masumoto, Y., Feng, M., and de Ruijter, W. P.: Indian Ocean decadal variability: a review, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1679–1703, 2014.
Han, Z., Su, T., Zhang, Q., Wen, Q., and Feng, G.: Thermodynamic and dynamic
effects of increased moisture sources over the Tropical Indian Ocean
in recent decades, Clim. Dynam., 53, 7081–7096, 2019.
Hanumanthu, S., Vogel, B., Müller, R., Brunamonti, S., Fadnavis, S., Li, D., Ölsner, P., Naja, M., Singh, B. B., Kumar, K. R., Sonbawne, S., Jauhiainen, H., Vömel, H., Luo, B., Jorge, T., Wienhold, F. G., Dirkson, R., and Peter, T.: Strong day-to-day variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in August 2016 at the Himalayan foothills, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14273–14302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14273-2020, 2020.
Hastenrath, S. and Polzin, D.: Dynamics of the surface wind field over the
equatorial Indian Ocean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 503–517,
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.79, 2004.
Hay, T., Kreher, K., and Riedel, K.: Bromine explosions and Antarctic ozone,
Water and Atmosphere, 15, 12–13, 2007.
Henze, D. K. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global secondary organic aerosol from
isoprene oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 6–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025976, 2006.
Herut, B., Rahav, E., Tsagaraki, T. M., Giannakourou, A., Tsiola, A., Psarra, S., Lagaria, A., Papageorgiou, N., Mihalopoulos, N., Theodosi, C. N., Violaki, K., Stathopoulou, E., Scoullos, M., Krom, M. D., Stockdale, A., Shi, Z., Berman-Frank, I., Meador, T. B., Tanaka, T., and Paraskevi, P.: The Potential Impact of
Saharan Dust and Polluted Aerosols on Microbial Populations in the East
Mediterranean Sea, an Overview of a Mesocosm Experimental Approach,
Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 226, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00226, 2016.
Hönninger, G.: Halogen Oxide Studies in the Boundary Layer by Multi Axis
Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy and Active Longpath-DOAS,
University of Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00001940, 2002.
Hood, R. R., Urban, E. R., McPhaden, M. J., Su, D., and Raes, E.: The 2nd
International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): Motivating New Exploration
in a Poorly Understood Basin, Limnol. Oceanogr. Bull., 25, 117–124, https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.10149, 2016.
Hood R. R., Beckley, L. E., and Wiggert, J. D.: Biogeochemical and ecological
impacts of boundary currents in the Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 156,
290–325, 2017.
Hossaini, R., Mantle, H., Chipperfield, M. P., Montzka, S. A., Hamer, P., Ziska, F., Quack, B., Krüger, K., Tegtmeier, S., Atlas, E., Sala, S., Engel, A., Bönisch, H., Keber, T., Oram, D., Mills, G., Ordóñez, C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Warwick, N., Liang, Q., Feng, W., Moore, F., Miller, B. R., Marécal, V., Richards, N. A. D., Dorf, M., and Pfeilsticker, K.: Evaluating global emission inventories of biogenic bromocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11819–11838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, 2013.
Hsu, N. C., Gautam, R., Sayer, A. M., Bettenhausen, C., Li, C., Jeong, M. J., Tsay, S.-C., and Holben, B. N.: Global and regional trends of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS measurements from 1997 to 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8037–8053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8037-2012, 2012.
Hu, Q. H., Xie, Z. Q., Wang, X. M., Kang, H., He, Q. F., and Zhang, P.:
Secondary organic aerosols over oceans via oxidation of isoprene and
monoterpenes from Arctic to Antarctic, Sci. Rep., 3, 2280, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02280, 2013.
Hu, S. and Sprintall, J.: Observed strengthening of interbasin exchange via
the Indonesian seas due to rainfall intensification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44,
1448–1456, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072494, 2017.
Inamdar, S., Tinel, L., Chance, R., Carpenter, L. J., Sabu, P., Chacko, R., Tripathy, S. C., Kerkar, A. U., Sinha, A. K., Bhaskar, P. V., Sarkar, A., Roy, R., Sherwen, T., Cuevas, C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Ram, K., and Mahajan, A. S.: Estimation of reactive inorganic iodine fluxes in the Indian and Southern Ocean marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12093–12114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, 2020.
Inomata, Y., Hayashi, M., Osada, K., and Iwasaka, Y.: Spatial distributions
of volatile sulfur compounds in surface seawater and overlying atmosphere in
the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, and Southern Ocean,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002518, 2006.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, in: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324 , 2013.
Ito, A., Nishina, K., Ishijima, K., Hashimoto, S., and Inatomi, M.: Emissions of nitrous oxide
(N2O) from soil surfaces and their historical changes in East Asia: a
model-based assessment, Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 5, 55,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0215-4, 2018.
Iyengar, G. R., Prasad, V. S., and Ramesh, K. J.: Circulation characteristic
associated with Inter Tropical Convergence Zone during northern winter,
Curr. Sci., 76, 903–906, 1999.
Jensen, T. G.: Cross-equatorial pathways of salt and tracers from the
northern Indian Ocean: Modelling results, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2111–2128, 2003.
Jickells, T. D., Buitenhuis, E., Altieri, K., Baker, A. R., Capone, D.,
Duce, R. A., Dentener, F., Fennel, K., Kanakidou, M., LaRoche, J., Lee, K., Liss, P., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, J. K., Okin, G., Oschlies, A., Sarin, M., Seitzinger, S., Sharples, J., Singh, A., Suntharalingam, P., Uematsu, M., and Zamora, L. M.: A
reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric
nitrogen inputs on the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 289–305,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005586, 2017.
Jordi, A., Basterretxea, G., Tovar-Sánchez, A., Alastuey, A., and
Querol, X.: Copper aerosols inhibit phytoplankton growth, P. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 109, 21246–21249, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207567110, 2012.
Kavitha, M. and Nair, P. R.: Satellite-retrieved vertical profiles of methane
over the Indian region: impact of synopticscale meteorology, Int. J. Remote
Sens., 40, 5585–5616, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1580791, 2019.
Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., and Singh, G.: Variation in trace gases
concentrations in different environments in India, PAGEOPH, 125,
167–181, 1987.
Kornmüller, A.: Review of fundamentals and specific aspects of oxidation
technologies in marine waters, Water Sci. Technol., 55, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.379, 2007.
Kremser, S., Thomason, L. W., von Hobe, M., Hermann, M., Deshler, T.,
Timmreck, C., Toohey, M., Stenke, A., Schwarz, J. P., Weigel, R.,
Fueglistaler, S., Prata, F. J., Vernier, J.-P., Schlager, H., Barnes, J. E.,
Antuña-Marrero, J.-C., Fairlie, D., Palm, M., Mahieu, E., Notholt, J.,
Rex, M., Bingen, C., Vanhellemont, F., Bourassa, A., Plane, J. M. C.,
Klocke, D., Carn, S. A., Clarisse, L., Trickl, T., Neely, R., James, A. D.,
Rieger, L., Wilson, J. C., and Meland, B.: Stratospheric
aerosol – Observations, processes, and impact on climate, Rev. Geophys., 54,
278–335, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000511, 2016.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Jha, B., Rasch, P. J., and Ramanathan, V.: A high
resolution global reanalysis highlighting the winter monsoon, Part I,
Reanalysis fields, Met. Atmos. Phys., 64, 123–150, 1997a.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Jha, B., Rasch, P. J., and Ramanathan, V.: A high
resolution global reanalysis highlighting the winter monsoon, Part II,
transients and passive tracer transports, Met. Atmos. Phys., 64, 151–171,
1997b.
Krishnan, R., Sanjay, J., Gnanaseelan, C., Mujumdar, M., Kulkarni, A., and Chakraborty, S.: Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region,
Springer Singapore, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2, 2020.
Krom, M. D., Shi, Z., Stockdale, A., Berman-Frank, I., Giannakourou, A., Herut, B., Lagaria, A., Papageorgiou, N., Pitta, P., Psarra, S., Rahav, E., Scoullos, M.,
Stathopoulou, E., Tsiola, A., and Tsagaraki, T. M.: Response of the Eastern
Mediterranean Microbial Ecosystem to Dust and Dust Affected by Acid
Processing in the Atmosphere, Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 133,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00133, 2016.
Krotkov, N. A., McLinden, C. A., Li, C., Lamsal, L. N., Celarier, E. A., Marchenko, S. V., Swartz, W. H., Bucsela, E. J., Joiner, J., Duncan, B. N., Boersma, K. F., Veefkind, J. P., Levelt, P. F., Fioletov, V. E., Dickerson, R. R., He, H., Lu, Z., and Streets, D. G.: Aura OMI observations of regional SO2 and NO2 pollution changes from 2005 to 2015, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4605–4629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4605-2016, 2016.
Kuai, L., Worden, J. R., Campbell, J. E., Kulawik, S. S., Li, K.-F., Lee,
M., Weidner, R. J., Montzka, S. A., Moore, F. L., Berry, J. A., Baker, I.,
Denning, A. S., Bian, H., Bowman, K. W., Liu, J., and Yung, Y. L.: Estimate
of carbonyl sulfide tropical oceanic surface fluxes using Aura Tropospheric
Emission Spectrometer observations, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 11012–11023,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023493, 2015.
Kumar, K. R., Tiwari, Y.K., Valsala, V., and R. Murtugudde: On understanding
the land–ocean CO2 contrast over the Bay of Bengal: A case study
during 2009 summer monsoon, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 5066–5075,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2386-2, 2014.
Kunhikrishnan, T., Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., Richter, A.,
Ladstaetter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Analysis of tropospheric NOx over
Asia using the Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH-MPIC) and
GOME-satellite observations, Atmos. Environ., 38, 581–596, 2004.
Kurokawa, J., Ohara, T., Morikawa, T., Hanayama, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Fukui, T., Kawashima, K., and Akimoto, H.: Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11019–11058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013, 2013.
Lachkar, Z., Lévy, M., and Smith, S.: Intensification and deepening of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone in response to increase in Indian monsoon wind intensity, Biogeosciences, 15, 159–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-159-2018, 2018.
Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., Altmeyer, H., Bruns, M., Richter, A., Rozanov, A., Rozanov, V., Wittrock, F., and Burrows, J. P.: Measurements of O3, NO2 and BrO during the INDOEX campaign using ground based DOAS and GOME satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 283–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-283-2007, 2007.
Lago, V., Wijffels, S. E., Durack, P. J., Church, J. A., Bindoff, N. L., and
Marsland, S. J.: Simulating the role of surface forcing on observed
multidecadal upper-ocean salinity changes, J. Climate, 29, 5575–5588, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0519.1, 2016.
Lal, S. and Lawrence, M. G.: Elevated mixing ratios of surface ozone over
the Arabian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1487–1490, 2001.
Lal, S., Chand, D., Sahu, L. K., Venkataramani, S., Brasseur, G., and
Schultz, M. G.: High levels of ozone and related gases over the Bay of
Bengal during winter and early spring of 2001, Atmos. Environ., 40,
1633–1644, 2006.
Lal, S., Sahu, L. K., and Venkataramani, S.: Impact of trans- port from the
surrounding continental regions on the distributions of ozone and related
trace gases over the Bay of Bengal during February 2003, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D14302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008023, 2007.
Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Srivastava, S., Gupta, S., Mallik, C., Naja, M.,
Sarangi, T., Acharya, Y. B., and Liu, X.: Transport effects on the vertical
distribution of tropospheric ozone over the tropical marine regions
surrounding India, J. Geophys. Res., 118,
1513–1524, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50180, 2013.
Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Chandra, N., Cooper, O. R., Brioude, J., and
Naja, M.: Transport effects on the vertical distribution of tropospheric
ozone over western India, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 10012–10026, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021854, 2014.
Lamb, P. J. and Hastenrath, S.: Climatic Atlas of the Indian Ocean: Surface
Climate and Atmospheric Circulation, The University of Wisconsin
Press, Madison, USA, 1979.
Lana, A., Bell, T. G., Simó, R., Vallina, S. M., Ballabrera-Poy, J.,
Kettle, A. J., Dachs, J., Bopp, L., Saltzman, E. S., Stefels, J., Johnson,
J. E., and Liss, P. S.: An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide
concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 25, GB1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003850, 2011.
Launois, T., Belviso, S., Bopp, L., Fichot, C. G., and Peylin, P.: A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide – Part 1: Assessment of direct marine emissions with an oceanic general circulation and biogeochemistry model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2295–2312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2295-2015, 2015.
Lawrence, M. G.: Export of Air Pollution from Southern Asia and its
Large-Scale Effects, in: Air Pollution. The Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Stohl, A., vol. 4G. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/b94526, 2004.
Lawrence, M. G. and Lelieveld, J.: Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11017–11096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010, 2010.
Lawrence, M. G., Rasch, P. J., von Kuhlmann, R., Williams, J., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Schultz, M., Stier, P., Huntrieser, H., Heland, J., Stohl, A., Forster, C., Elbern, H., Jakobs, H., and Dickerson, R. R.: Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: predictions and observations of large-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOEX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 267–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-267-2003, 2003.
Lee, C.-L. and Brimblecombe, P.: Anthropogenic contributions to global
carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and organosulfides fluxes, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 160, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.005, 2016.
Legrand, M., McConnell, J. R., Preunkert, S., Arienzo, M., Chellman, N.,
Gleason, K., Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., and Carpenter, L. J.: Alpine ice
evidence of a three-fold increase in atmospheric iodine deposition since
1950 in Europe due to increasing oceanic emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
115, 12136–12141, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809867115, 2018.
Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Ramanathan, V., Andreae, M. O., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Campos, T., Cass, G. R., Dickerson, R. R., Fischer,
H., de Gouw, J. A., Hansel, A., Jefferson, A., Kley, D., de Laat, A. T. J.,
Lal, S., Lawrence, M. G., Lobert, J. M., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Mitra, A.
P., Novakov, T., Oltmans, S. J., Prather, K. A., Reiner, T., Rodhe, H.,
Scheeren, H. A., Sikka, D., and Williams, J.: The Indian Ocean experiment:
Widespread air pollution from South and Southeast Asia, Science, 291,
1031–1036, 2001.
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: The
contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a
global scale, Nature, 525, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371, 2015.
Lelieveld, J., Bourtsoukidis, E., Brühl, C., Fischer, H., Fuchs, H.,
Harder, H., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Marno, D., Neumaier, M.,Pozzer,
A., Schlager, H., Williams, J., Zahn, A., and Ziereis, H.: The South Asian
monsoon – Pollution pump and purifier, Science, 361, 270–273,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2501, 2018.
Lelieveld, J., Klingmüller, K., Pozzer, A., Burnett, R. T., Haines, A., and Ramanathan, V.: Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116,
7192–7197, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819989116, 2019.
Lennartz, S. T., Marandino, C. A., von Hobe, M., Cortes, P., Quack, B., Simo, R., Booge, D., Pozzer, A., Steinhoff, T., Arevalo-Martinez, D. L., Kloss, C., Bracher, A., Röttgers, R., Atlas, E., and Krüger, K.: Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 385–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, 2017.
Lennartz, S. T., Marandino, C. A., von Hobe, M., Andreae, M. O., Aranami, K., Atlas, E., Berkelhammer, M., Bingemer, H., Booge, D., Cutter, G., Cortes, P., Kremser, S., Law, C. S., Marriner, A., Simó, R., Quack, B., Uher, G., Xie, H., and Xu, X.: Marine carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2): a compilation of measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 591–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-591-2020, 2020.
Levelt, P. F., van den Oord, G. H. J., Dobber, M. R., Malkki, A., Huib, V.,
Johan de, V., Stammes, P., Lundell, J. O. V., and Saari, H.: The ozone
monitoring instrument, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1093–1101,
https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2006.872333, 2006.
Li, M., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J.-I., Woo, J.-H., He, K., Lu, Z., Ohara, T., Song, Y., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., Cheng, Y., Hong, C., Huo, H., Jiang, X., Kang, S., Liu, F., Su, H., and Zheng, B.: MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 935–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-935-2017, 2017.
Li, Z., Lau, W. K., Ramanathan, V., Wu, G., Ding, Y., Manoj, M. G., Liu, J.,
Qian, Y., Li, J., Zhou, T., Fan., J., Rosenfeld, D., Ming, Y., Wang, Y.,
Huang, J., Wang, B., Xu, X., Lee, S.-S., Cribb, M., Zhang, F., Yang, X.,
Zhao, C., Takemura, T., Wang, K., Xia, X., Yin, Y., Zhang, H., Guo, J.,
Zhao, P., Sugimoto, N., Babu, S. S., and Brasseur, G. P.: Aerosol and
monsoon climate interactions over Asia, Rev. Geophys., 54, 866–929, 2016.
Liang, Q., Stolarski, R. S., Kawa, S. R., Nielsen, J. E., Douglass, A. R., Rodriguez, J. M., Blake, D. R., Atlas, E. L., and Ott, L. E.: Finding the missing stratospheric Bry: a global modeling study of CHBr3 and CH2Br2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2269–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2269-2010, 2010.
Liu, S. C., McFarland, M., Kley, D., Zafiriou, O., and Huebert, B.: Tropospheric NOx and O3 budgets in the equatorial Pacific, J.
Geophys. Res., 88, 1360–1368, 1983.
Liu, X., Bhartia, P. K., Chance, K., Spurr, R. J. D., and Kurosu, T. P.: Ozone profile retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2521–2537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2521-2010, 2010.
Llovel, W. and Lee, T.: Importance and origin of halosteric contribution to
sea level change in the southeast Indian Ocean during 2005–2013, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42, 1148–1157, 2015.
Löscher, C. R.: Reviews and syntheses: Trends in primary production in the Bay of Bengal – is it at a tipping point?, Biogeosciences, 18, 4953–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4953-2021, 2021.
Lombardozzi, D., Levis, S., Bonan, G., Hess, P. G., and Sparks, J. P.: The
influence of chronic ozone exposure on global carbon and water cycles, J.
Climate, 28, 292–305, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00223.1, 2015.
Lunt, M. F., Palmer, P. I., Feng, L., Taylor, C. M., Boesch, H., and Parker, R. J.: An increase in methane emissions from tropical Africa between 2010 and 2016 inferred from satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14721–14740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14721-2019, 2019.
Luo, G. and Yu, F.: A numerical evaluation of global oceanic emissions of α-pinene and isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2007–2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2007-2010, 2010.
Ma, X., Bange, H. W., Eirund, G. K., and Arévalo-Martínez, D. L.:
Nitrous oxide and hydroxylamine measurements in the Southwest Indian Ocean,
J. Mar. Syst., 209, 103062, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.03.003, 2018.
Maas, J., Tegtmeier, S., Jia, Y., Quack, B., Durgadoo, J. V., and Biastoch, A.: Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform indicate high emissions at the coast of East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021.
Mahajan, A. S., Plane, J. M. C., Oetjen, H., Mendes, L., Saunders, R. W., Saiz-Lopez, A., Jones, C. E., Carpenter, L. J., and McFiggans, G. B.: Measurement and modelling of tropospheric reactive halogen species over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4611–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4611-2010, 2010.
Mahajan, A. S., De Smedt, I., Biswas, M. S., Ghude, S. D., Fadnavis, S., Roy,
C., and van Roozendael, M.: Inter-annual variations in satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde over India, Atmos. Environ., 116, 194–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.004, 2015a.
Mahajan, A. S., Fadnavis, S., Thomas, M. A., Pozzoli, L., Gupta, S., Royer, S.-J., Saiz-Lopez, A., and Simó, R.: Quantifying the impacts of an updated global dimethyl sulfide
climatology on cloud microphysics and aerosol radiative forcing, J. Geophys.
Res., 120, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022687, 2015b.
Mahajan, A. S., Tinel, L., Hulswar, S., Cuevas, C. A., Wang, S., Ghude, S., Naik, R. K., Mishra, R. K., Sabu, P., Sarkar, A., Anilkumar, N., and Saiz Lopez, A.: Observations of iodine oxide in the Indian Ocean Marine Boundary
Layer: a transect from the tropics to the high latitudes, Atmos. Environ.
X, 1, 100016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100016, 2019a.
Mahajan, A. S., Tinel, L., Sarkar, A., Chance, R., Carpenter, L. J., Hulswar, S., Mali, P., Prakash, S., and Vinayachandran, P. N.: Understanding Iodine Chemistry over the Northern and
Equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 8104–8118,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029063, 2019b.
Mahowald, N. M., Hamilton, D. S., Mackey, K. R. M., Moore, J. K, Baker, A. R., Scanza, R. A., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol trace metal leaching and impacts on
marine microorganisms, Nat. Commun., 9, 2614,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04970-7, 2018.
Mallik, C., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Naja, M., and Ojha, N.: Variability
in ozone and its precursors over the Bay of Bengal during post-monsoon:
Transport and emission effects, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 10190–10209,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50764, 2013.
Mandal, T. K., Khan, A., Ahammed, Y. N., Tanwar, R. S., Parmar, R. S., Zalpuri, K. S., Gupta, P. K., Jain, S. L., Singh, R., Mitra, A. P., Garg, S. C., Suryanarayana, A., Murty, V. S. N., Kumar, M. D., and Shepherd, A. J.: Observations of trace gases and aerosols over the
Indian Ocean during the monsoon transition period, J. Earth Syst. Sci.,
115, 473–484, 2006.
Manö, S. and Andreae, M. O.: Emission of Methyl Bromide from Biomass
Burning, Science, 263, 1255–1257, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5151.1255, 1994.
Marbach, T., Beirle, S., Platt, U., Hoor, P., Wittrock, F., Richter, A., Vrekoussis, M., Grzegorski, M., Burrows, J. P., and Wagner, T.: Satellite measurements of formaldehyde linked to shipping emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8223–8234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8223-2009, 2009.
Martino, M., Mills, G. P., Woeltjen, J., and Liss, P. S.: A new source of
volatile organoiodine compounds in surface seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
36, L01609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036334, 2009.
Mason, R. P. and Sheu, G.-R.: Role of the ocean in the global mercury
cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 40-41–40-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001440, 2002.
Mehlmann, M., Quack, B., Atlas, E., Hepach, H., and Tegtmeier, S.: Natural
and anthropogenic sources of bromoform and dibromomethane in the
oceanographic and biogeochemical regime of the subtropical North East
Atlantic, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 22, 679–707, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9em00599d, 2020.
Metzl, N.: Decadal increase of oceanic carbon dioxide in Southern Indian
Ocean surface waters (1991–2007), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 607–619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.007, 2009.
Mihalopoulos, N., Putaud, J. P., Nguyen, B. C., and Belviso, S.: Annual
variation of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere in the
Southern Indian Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 73–82,
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00048101, 1991.
Mittermeier, R. A., Turner, W. R., Larsen, F. W., Brooks, T. M., and Gascon, C.: Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots.
Biodiversity hotspots, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 3–22,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5, 2011.
Mohan, S. and Bhaskaran, P. K.: Evaluation of CMIP5 climate model projections
for surface wind speed over the Indian Ocean region, Clim. Dynam., 53,
5415–5435, 2019.
Monks, P. S., Carpenter, L. J., Penkett, S. A., Ayers, G. P., Gillett, R.
W., Galbally, I. E., and Meyer, C. P.: Fundamental ozone photochemistry in
the remote marine boundary layer: The SOAPEX experiment, measurement and
theory, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3647–3664, 1998.
Monks, P. S., Archibald, A. T., Colette, A., Cooper, O., Coyle, M., Derwent, R., Fowler, D., Granier, C., Law, K. S., Mills, G. E., Stevenson, D. S., Tarasova, O., Thouret, V., von Schneidemesser, E., Sommariva, R., Wild, O., and Williams, M. L.: Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8889–8973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8889-2015, 2015.
Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., Babu, S. S., and Dutt, C. B. S.: Integrated
Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB): An overview, J.
Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 243–262, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0029-7, 2008.
Mungall, E. L., Abbatt, J. P. D., Wentzell, J. J. B., Lee, A. K. Y.,
Thomas, J. L., Blais, M., Gosselin, M., Miller, L. A., Papakyriakou, T., Willis, M. D., and Liggio, J.: OVOCs in the summertime marine Arctic atmosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 6203–6208, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620571114, 2017.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J.,
Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H.: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, ISBN 9781107057991, 2013.
Nair, P. R., David, L. M., Girach, I. A., and George, S. K.: Ozone in the
marine boundary layer of Bay of Bengal during post-winter period: Spatial
pattern and role of meteorology, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4671–4681, 2011.
Naja, M., Chand, D., Sahu, L., and Lal, S.: Trace gases over marine regions
around India, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 33, 95–106, 2004.
Nalini, K., Uma, K. N., Sijikumar, S., Tiwari, Y. K., and Ramachandran, R.:
Satellite- and ground-based measurements of CO2 over the Indian region:
its seasonal dependencies, spatial variability, and model estimates, Int. J.
Remote Sens., 39, 7881–7900, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1479787, 2018.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Jayakumar, D. A., Nair, M., Kumar, M. D., and George, M.
D.: Nitrous oxide in the western Bay of Bengal, Mar. Chem., 47, 269–278,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(94)90025-6, 1994.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Bange, H. W., Gibb, S. W., Goyet, C., Hatton, A. D., and
Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: Biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere transfers in the
Arabian Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 65, 116–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2005.03.005, 2005.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Bange, H. W., Farías, L., Monteiro, P. M. S., Scranton, M. I., and Zhang, J.: Marine hypoxia/anoxia as a source of CH4 and N2O, Biogeosciences, 7, 2159–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2159-2010, 2010a.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Naik, H., D'Souza, W., Narvekar, P. V., Paropkari, A. L.,
and Bange, H. W.: Carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean, in: Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins: A Global Synthesis, edited by: Liu, K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quiñones, R., and Talaue-McManus, L., Springer-Verlag, New York, 180–191, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92735-8, 2010b.
Nayak, R. K., Dadhwal, V. K., Majumdar, A., Patel, N. R., and Dutt, C. B.
S.: Variability of atmospheric CO2 over India and Surrounding Oceans
and control by Surface Fluxes, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XXXVIII-8/W20, 96–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-8-W20-96-2011, 2011.
Nieves, V., Willis, J. K., and Patzert, W. C.: Recent hiatus caused by decadal shift in Indo-Pacific heating, Science, 349, 532–535,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4521, 2015.
Norman, M. and Leck, C.: Distribution of marine boundary layer ammonia over
the Atlantic and Indian Ocean during the Aerosols 99 cruise, J. Geophys.
Res., 110, D16302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005866, 2005.
Nowak, J. B., Parrish, D. D., Neuman, J. A., Holloway, J. S., Cooper, O. R., Ryerson, T. B., Nicks, J. K., Flocke, F., Roberts, J. M., Atlas, E., de Gouw, J. A., Donnelly, S., Dunlea, E., Hübler, G., Huey, L. G., Schauffler, S., Tanner, D. J., Warneke, C., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Gas-phase chemical characteristics of Asian emission
plumes observed during ITCT 2K2 over the eastern North Pacific Ocean, J.
Geophys. Res., 109, D23S19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004488, 2004.
Oetjen, H.: Measurements of halogen oxides by scattered sunlight
differential optical absorption spectroscopy, University of Bremen, urn:nbn:de:gbv:46-diss000116727, 2009.
Ojha, N., Naja, M., Singh, K. P., Sarangi, T., Kumar, R., Lal, S., Lawrence,
M. G., Butler, T. M., and Chandola, H. C.: Variabilities in ozone at a
semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region: Association with the
meteorology and regional process, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D20301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017716, 2012.
Pacyna, J. M. and Pacyna, E. G.: Anthropogenic sources and global inventory of mercury emissions, in: Mercury: Sources, Measurements, Cycles, and Effects, edited by: Parsons, M. B. and Percival, J. B., Short Course Series, vol. 32, Mineralogical Association of Canada, 2005.
Palmer, P. I. and Shaw, S. L.: Quantifying global marine isoprene fluxes
using MODIS chlorophyll observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022592, 2005.
Pandey, P. C., Khare, N., and Sudhakar, M.: Oceanographic research: Indian
efforts and preliminary results from the Southern Ocean, Current Sci., 90,
978–984, 2006.
Pant, V., Deshpande, C. G., and Kamra, A. K.: The concentration and number
size distribution measurements of the Marine Boundary Layer aerosols over
the Indian Ocean, Atmos. Res., 92, 381–393, 2009.
Pathak, H., Li, C., and Wassmann, R.: Greenhouse gas emissions from Indian rice fields: calibration and upscaling using the DNDC model, Biogeosciences, 2, 113–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-113-2005, 2005.
Paytan, A., Mackey, K. R. M., Chen, Y., Lima, I. D., Doney, S. C., Mahowald, N., Labiosa, R., and Post, A. F.: Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine
phytoplankton, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 4601–4605, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811486106, 2009.
Peters, G. P., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Jackson, R. B., Korsbakken, J. I., Le Quéré, C., and Peregon, A.: Carbon dioxide emissions
continue to grow amidst slowly emerging climate policies, Nat. Clim. Chang.,
10, 3–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0659-6, 2020.
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Wang, N., Edtbauer, A., Bourtsoukidis, E., Crowley, J. N., Dienhart, D., Eger, P. G., Ernle, L., Fischer, H., Hottmann, B., Paris, J.-D., Stönner, C., Tadic, I., Walter, D., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: Shipborne measurements of total OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula and its role in ozone chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11501–11523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11501-2019, 2019.
Phillips, H. E., Tandon, A., Furue, R., Hood, R., Ummenhofer, C. C., Benthuysen, J. A., Menezes, V., Hu, S., Webber, B., Sanchez-Franks, A., Cherian, D., Shroyer, E., Feng, M., Wijesekera, H., Chatterjee, A., Yu, L., Hermes, J., Murtugudde, R., Tozuka, T., Su, D., Singh, A., Centurioni, L., Prakash, S., and Wiggert, J.: Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air–sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry, Ocean Sci., 17, 1677–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, 2021.
Pitts, B. J. F. and Pitts, J. N.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower
Atmosphere, Academic Press, California, ISBN 978-0122570605, 2000.
Portmann, R. W., Daniel, J. S., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Stratospheric ozone
depletion due to nitrous oxide: influences of other gases, Philos.
T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 367, 1256–1264. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0377, 2012.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Muraleedharan, P. M., Prasad, T. G., Gauns, M., Ramaiah,
N., de Souza, S. N., Sardesai, S., and Madhupratap, M.: Why is the Bay of
Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2235, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016013, 2002.
Prather, M. J., Hsu, J., DeLuca, N. M., Jackman, C. H., Oman, L. D.,
Douglass, A. R., Fleming, E. L., Strahan, S. E., Steenrod, S. D., Søvde,
O. A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Froidevaux, L., and Funke, B.: Measuring and
modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability, J.
Geophys. Res., 120, 5693–5705, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023267, 2015.
Quack, B., Atlas, E., Petrick, G., and Wallace, D.: Bromoform and
dibromomethane above the Mauritanian upwelling: Atmospheric distributions
and oceanic emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09312,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007614, 2007.
Quinn, P. K., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E., Upchurch, L. M., and Bates, T.
S.: Small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei made up of sea spray
aerosol, Nat. Geosci., 10, 674–679, 2017.
Raes, E. J., Bodrossy, L., Van de Kamp, J., Holmes, B., Hardman-Mountford,
N., Thompson, P. A., McInnes, A. S., and Waite, A. M.: Reduction of the
Powerful Greenhouse Gas N2O in the South-Eastern Indian Ocean, PLOS
ONE, 11, e0145996, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145996, 2016.
Rahav, E., Belkin, N., Paytan, A., and Herut, B.: Phytoplankton and
Bacterial Response to Desert Dust Deposition in the Coastal Waters of the
Southeastern Mediterranean Sea: A Four-Year In Situ Survey, Atmosphere, 9,
305, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080305, 2018.
Rajak, R. and Chattopadhyay, A.: Short and long-term exposure to ambient air
pollution and impact on health in India: a systematic review, Int. J.
Environ. Health Res., 30, 593–617, https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1612042, 2020.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Mitra, A. P., and Sikka, D.: The Indian
Ocean Experiment and the Asian Brown Cloud, Curr. Sci. India, 83, 947–955,
2002.
Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J. T.,
Washington, W. M., Fu, Q., Sikka, D. R., and Wild, M.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 5326–5333, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500656102, 2005.
Randel, W. J., Park, M., Emmons, L., Kinnison, D., Bernath, P., Walker, K.
A., Boone, C., and Pumphrey, H.: Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the
stratosphere, Science, 328, 611–613, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274, 2010.
Rao, R. R. and Sivakumar, R.: Seasonal variability of sea surface salinity
and salt budget of the mixed layer of the north Indian Ocean, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, 3009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000907, 2003.
Raut, N., Sitaula, B. K., Bakken, L. R., Bajracharya, R. M., and
Dörsch, P.: Higher N2O emission by intensified crop production in
South Asia, Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 176–184,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.06.004, 2015.
Ravishankara, A., Daniel, J. S., and Portmann, R. W.: Nitrous oxide
(N2O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st
century, Science, 326, 123–125, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176985, 2009.
Rayman, M. P.: The importance of selenium to human health, Lancet, 356,
233–241, 2000.
Read, K., Mahajan, A., Carpenter, L., Evans, M. J., Faria, B. V. E.,
Heard, D. E., Hopkins, J. R., Lee, J. D., Moller, S. J., Lewis, A. C., Mendes, L., McQuaid, J. B., Oetjen, H., Saiz-Lopez, A., Pilling, M. J., and Plane, J. M. C.:
Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic
Ocean, Nature, 453, 1232–1235, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07035, 2008.
Richter, U. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Production of methyl iodide in the
tropical Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020779, 2004.
Rixen, T., Goyet, C., and Ittekkot, V.: Diatoms and their influence on the biologically mediated uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the Arabian Sea upwelling system, Biogeosciences, 3, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-1-2006, 2006.
Rixen, T., Cowie, G., Gaye, B., Goes, J., do Rosário Gomes, H., Hood, R. R., Lachkar, Z., Schmidt, H., Segschneider, J., and Singh, A.: Reviews and syntheses: Present, past, and future of the oxygen minimum zone in the northern Indian Ocean, Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020.
Roser, M., Ritchie H., and Ortiz-Ospina, E.: World Population Growth, Our World in Data, http://ourworldindata.org (last access: 1 July 2021), 2013.
Roxy, M. K., Ritika, K., Terray, P., and Masson, S.: The curious case of
Indian Ocean warming, J. Climate, 27, 8501–8509, 2014.
Roxy, M. K., Ritika, K., Terray, P., Murtugudde, R., Ashok, K., Goswami, B. N.: Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient, Nat. Commun., 6, 7423, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8423, 2015.
Roxy, M. K., Modi, A., Murtugudde, R., Valsala, V., Panickal, S., Prasanna Kumar, S., Ravichandran, M., Vichi, M., and Lévy, M.: A reduction in marine primary productivity driven
by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
826–833, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066979, 2016.
Roy, R., Pratihary, A., Narvenkar, G., Mochemadkar, S., Gauns, M., and
Naqvi, S. W. A.: The relationship between volatile halocarbons and
phytoplankton pigments during a Trichodesmium bloom in the coastal eastern
Arabian Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 95, 110–118,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.08.025, 2011.
S5P Data Hub: Sentinel-5P Pre-Operations Data Hub, ESA [data set], https://s5phub.copernicus.eu/, last access: 20 April 2021.
Saha, A., Ghosh, S., Sahana, A. S., and Rao, E. P.: Failure of CMIP5 climate
models in simulating post-1950 decreasing trend of Indian monsoon, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 41, 7323–7330, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061573, 2014.
Sahu, L. K., Lal, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Distributions of O3, CO and
hydrocarbons over the Bay of Bengal: a study to assess the role of transport
from southern India and marine regions during September–October 2002, Atmos.
Environ., 40, 4633–4645, 2006.
Sahu, L. K., Lal, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Impact of monsoon circulations
on oceanic emissions of light alkenes over Bay of Bengal, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 24, GB4028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003766, 2010.
Sahu, L. K., Lal, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Seasonality in the latitudinal
distributions of NMHCs over the Bay of Bengal, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2356–2366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.021, 2011.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Fernandez, R. P., Ordóñez, C., Kinnison, D. E., Gómez Martín, J. C., Lamarque, J.-F., and Tilmes, S.: Iodine chemistry in the troposphere and its effect on ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13119–13143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13119-2014, 2014.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Baidar, S., Cuevas, C. A., Koenig, T. K., Fernandez, R. P.,
Dix, B., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J., Rodriguez-Lloveras, X., Campos, T.
L., and Volkamer, R.: Injection of iodine to the stratosphere, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 42, 6852–6859, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064796, 2015.
Sardessai, S., Ramaiah, N., Prasanna Kumar, S., and de Sousa, S. N.:
Influence of environmental forcings on the seasonality of dissolved oxygen
and nutrients in the Bay of Bengal, J. Marine Res., 65, 301–316, 2007.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Swathi, P. S., Kumar, M. D., Prasannakumar, S.,
Bhattathiri, P. M. A., Madhupratap, M., Ramaswamy, V., Sarin, M. M., Gauns,
M., Ramaiah, N., Sardessai, S., and de Sousa, S. N.: Carbon budget in the
Eastern and Central Arabian Sea: an Indian JGOFS synthesis, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001978, 2003.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, N. A., Prasad, V. R., Venkataramana, V.,
Appalanaidu, S., Sridevi, B., Kumar, B. S. K., Bharati, M. D., Subbaiah, C.
V., Acharyya, T., Rao, G. D., Viswanadham, R., Gawade, L., Manjary, D. T.,
Kumar, P. P., Rajeev, K., Reddy, N. P. C., Sarma, V. V., Kumar, M. D.,
Sadhuram, Y., and Murty, T. V. R.: High CO2 emissions from the tropical
Godavari estuary (India) associated with monsoon river discharges, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 38, L08601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl046928, 2011.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Lenton, A., Law, R. M., Metzl, N., Patra, P. K., Doney, S., Lima, I. D., Dlugokencky, E., Ramonet, M., and Valsala, V.: Sea–air CO2 fluxes in the Indian Ocean between 1990 and 2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 7035–7052, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7035-2013, 2013.
Savoie, D. L. and Prospero, J. M.: Comparison of oceanic and continental
sources of non-sea-salt sulphate over the Pacific Ocean, Nature, 339,
685–687, 1989.
Sciare, J., Mihalopoulos, N., Dentener, F. J., and Sciare, L.: Interannual
variability of atmospheric dimethylsulfide in the southern Indian Ocean. J.
Geophys. Res., 105, 26369–26377, 2000.
Schott, F. and McCreary, J. P.: The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean,
Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 1–123, 2001.
Schott, F. A., Xie, S.-P., and McCreary, J. P.: Indian Ocean circulation and
climate variability, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245,
2009.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From
Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd edn., John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0471720186, 2006.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S.,
Jaeglé, L., and Jaffe, D.: Chemical cycling and deposition of
atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D02308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007450, 2007.
Sharma, S. K., Singh, A. K., Saud, T., Mandal, T. K., Saxena, M., Singh, S., Ghosh, S. K., and Raha, S.: Measurement of ambient NH3 over Bay of Bengal during W_ICARB Campaign, Ann. Geophys., 30, 371–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-371-2012, 2012.
Shaw, S. L., Chisholm, S. W., and Prinn, R. G.: Isoprene production by
Prochlorococcus, a marine cyanobacterium, and other phytoplankton, Mar.
Chem., 80, 227–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00101-9, 2003.
Shechner, M. and Tas, E.: Ozone Formation Induced by the Impact of Reactive
Bromine and Iodine Species on Photochemistry in a Polluted Marine
Environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 14030–14037,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02860, 2017.
Simpson, M. D. and Raman, S.: Role of the land plume in the transport of
ozone over the ocean during INDOEX (1999), Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 111,
133–152, 2004.
Singh, A. and Ramesh, R.: Environmental controls on new and primary
production in the northern Indian ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 131, 138–145,
2015.
Singh, D., Ghosh, S., Roxy, M. K., and McDermid, S.: Indian summer monsoon:
extreme events, historical changes, and role of anthropogenic forcings,
Wiley Interdisc. Rev. Clim. Change, 10, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.571, 2019.
Singh, H. B., Kanakidou, M., Crutzen, P. J., and Jacob, D. J.: High
concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the
global troposphere, Nature, 378, 50–54, 1995.
Singh, K., Panda, J., Osuri, K. K., and Vissa, N. K.: Progress in tropical
cyclone predictability and present status in the North Indian Ocean region, in: Tropical Cyclone Dynamics, Prediction, and Detection, edited by: Lupo, A. R., Intech Open, London, UK, https://doi.org/10.5772/64333, 2016.
Singh, K., Panda, J., and Kant, S.: A study on variability in rainfall over
India contributed by cyclonic disturbances in warming climate scenario, Int.
J. Climatology, 40, 3208–3221, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6392, 2019.
SOCAT: SOCAT Version 2019, SOCAT [data set], https://www.socat.info/index.php/data-access/ (last access: 12 May 2020), 2019.
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Carbone, F., Cinnirella, S., Mannarino, V., Landis, M., Ebinghaus, R., Weigelt, A., Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., Martin, L., Munthe, J., Wängberg, I., Artaxo, P., Morais, F., Barbosa, H. D. M. J., Brito, J., Cairns, W., Barbante, C., Diéguez, M. D. C., Garcia, P. E., Dommergue, A., Angot, H., Magand, O., Skov, H., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Read, K. A., Neves, L. M., Gawlik, B. M., Sena, F., Mashyanov, N., Obolkin, V., Wip, D., Feng, X. B., Zhang, H., Fu, X., Ramachandran, R., Cossa, D., Knoery, J., Marusczak, N., Nerentorp, M., and Norstrom, C.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11915–11935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016, 2016.
Sreeush, M. G., Saran, R., Valsala, V., Pentakota, S., Prasad, K. V. S. R., and Murtugudde, R.: Variability, trend and controlling factors of Ocean
acidification over Western Arabian Sea upwelling region, Mar. Chem., 209, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.12.002, 2019.
Srivastava, S., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Gupta, S., and Acharya, Y. B.:
Vertical distribution of ozone in the lower troposphere over the Bay of
Bengal and the Arabian Sea during ICARB-2006: Effects of continental
outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D13301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015298, 2011.
Srivastava, S., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Gupta, S., and Sheel, V.:
Surface distributions of O3, CO and hydrocarbons over the Bay of Bengal
and the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon season, Atmos. Environ., 47,
459–467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.023, 2012a.
Srivastava, S., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Guha, I., and Bala Subrahamanyam,
D.: Airborne measurements of O3, CO, CH4 and NMHCs over the Bay of
Bengal during winter, Atmos. Environ., 59, 597–609,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.054, 2012b.
Stemmler, I., Hense, I., and Quack, B.: Marine sources of bromoform in the global open ocean – global patterns and emissions, Biogeosciences, 12, 1967–1981, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1967-2015, 2015.
Streets, D. G., Hao, J., Wu, Y., Jiang, J., Chan, M., Tian, H., and Feng,
X.: Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China, Atmos. Environ., 39,
7789–7806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.029, 2005.
Sudheesh, V., Gupta, G. V. M., Sudharma, K. V., Naik, H., Shenoy, D. M.,
Sudhakar, M., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Upwelling intensity modulates N2O
concentrations over the western Indian shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 121,
8551–8565, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012166, 2016.
Suntharalingam, P., Kettle, A. J., Montzka, S. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Global
3-D model analysis of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide:
Implications for terrestrial vegetation uptake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034332, 2008.
Suntharalingam, P., Zamora, L. M., Bange, H. W., Bikkina, S., Buitenhuis,
E., Kanakidou, M., Lamarque, J.-F., Landolfi, A., Resplandy, L., Sarin, M.
M., Seitzinger, S., and Singh, A.: Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and impacts
on oceanic N2O fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean: The need for an
integrated observation and modelling approach, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 166, 104–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.007, 2019.
Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M., Loza, C. L.,
Kwan, A. J., Hersey, S. P., Flagan, R. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J.
H.: Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation
from isoprene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6640–6645, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107, 2010.
Tadic, I., Crowley, J. N., Dienhart, D., Eger, P., Harder, H., Hottmann, B., Martinez, M., Parchatka, U., Paris, J.-D., Pozzer, A., Rohloff, R., Schuladen, J., Shenolikar, J., Tauer, S., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Net ozone production and its relationship to nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the marine boundary layer around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6769–6787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6769-2020, 2020.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., and Sabine, C.: Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 56, 554–577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009, 2009.
Tegtmeier, S., Atlas, E., Quack, B., Ziska, F., and Krüger, K.: Variability and past long-term changes of brominated very short-lived substances at the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7103–7123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, 2020.
Tian, H., Chen, G., Lu, C., Xu, X., Ren, W., Zhang, B., Banger, K., Tao, B., Pan, S., Liu, M., Zhang, C., Bruhwiler, L., and Wofsy, S.: Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems due to multiple environmental changes, Ecosyst. Health, 1, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1890/EHS14-0015.1, 2015.
Toihir, A. M., Sivakumar, V., Mbatha, N., Sangeetha, S. K., Bencherif, H., Brunke, E.-G., and Labuschagne, C.: Studies on CO variation and trends over South Africa and the Indian Ocean using TES satellite data, S. Afr. J. Sci., 111, 9–10, https://doi.org/10.17159/SAJS.2015/20140174, 2015.
Tokarczyk, R. and Moore, R. M.: Production of volatile organohalo- gens by
phytoplankton cultures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 285–288,
https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00009, 1994.
Tomsche, L., Pozzer, A., Ojha, N., Parchatka, U., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Upper tropospheric CH4 and CO affected by the South Asian summer monsoon during the Oxidation Mechanism Observations mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1915–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1915-2019, 2019.
Tournadre, J.: Anthropogenic pressure on the open ocean: The growth of ship
traffic revealed by altimeter data analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
7924–7932, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061786, 2014.
Tripathi, N., Sahu, L. K., Singh, A., Yadav, R., Patel, A., Patel, K.,
Patel, A., and Patel, K.: Elevated levels of biogenic nonmethane
hydrocarbons in the marine boundary layer of the Arabian Sea during the
intermonsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, e2020JD032869, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032869, 2020.
UN-Environment: Global Mercury Assessment 2018. UN-Environment
Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, 59 pp., ISBN 978-92-807-3744-8, 2019.
Valsala, V. and Maksyutov, S.: Interannual variability of the air–sea
CO2 flux in the north Indian Ocean, Ocean Dynam., 63, 165–178,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0588-7, 2013.
Valsala, V. and Murtugudde, R.: Mesoscale and Intraseasonal Air-Sea
CO2 C2 Exchanges in the Western Arabian Sea during Boreal Summer,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 103, 101–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.001, 2015.
Valsala, V., Maksyutov, S., and Murtugudde, R. G.: A window for carbon uptake in the southern subtropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L17605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052857, 2012.
Valsala, V., Sreeush, M. G., and Chakraborty, K.: IOD impacts on
Indian the Ocean Carbon Cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2020JC016485,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016485, 2020.
Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., Whitburn, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D.,
Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Industrial and agricultural ammonia point
sources exposed, Nature, 564, 99–103, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0747-1, 2018.
Verreyken, B., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Müller, J.-F., Brioude, J., Kumps, N., Hermans, C., Metzger, J.-M., Colomb, A., and Stavrakou, T.: Measurement report: Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at the remote high-altitude Maïdo observatory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12965–12988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12965-2021, 2021.
Verver, G. H. L., Sikka, D. R., Lobert, J. M., Stossmeister, G., and
Zachariasse, M.: Overview of the meteorological conditions and atmospheric
transport processes during INDOEX 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28399–28413,
2001.
Wai, K. M., Wu, S., Kumar, A., and Liao, H.: Seasonal variability and long-term evolution of tropospheric composition in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4859–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4859-2014, 2014.
Waliser, D. E. and Gautier, C.: A Satellite-derived Climatology of the ITCZ,
J. Climate, 6, 2162–2174,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2162:ASDCOT>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Wang, R., Balkanski, Y., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Boucher, O., Ciais, P.,
Gehlen, M., Peñuelas, J., Ethé, C., Hauglustaine, D., Li, B., Liu,
J., Zhou, F., and Tao, S.: Influence of anthropogenic aerosol deposition on the relationship between oceanic productivity and warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10745–10754, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066753, 2015.
Wang, S., Kinnison, D., Montzka, S. A., Apel, E. C., Hornbrook, R. S., Hills, A. J., Blake, D. R., Barletta, B., Meinardi, S., Sweeney, C., Moore, F., Long, M., Saiz-Lopez, A., Fernandez, R. P., Tilmes, S., Emmons, L. K., and Lamarque, J.: Ocean biogeochemistry control on the marine emissions of brominated very short-lived ozone-depleting substances: a machine-learning approach, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 12319–12339, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031288, 2019.
Warneck, P.: The relative importance of various pathways for the oxidation
of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in sunlit continental fair weather
clouds, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5471–5483, 1999.
Watts, S. F.: The mass budgets of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon
disulfide and hydrogen sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34, 761–779, 2000.
Williams, J., Fischer, H., Wong, S., Crutzen, P. J., Scheele, M. P., and
Lelieveld, J.: Near equatorial CO and O3 profiles over the Indian Ocean
during the winter monsoon: High O3 levels in the middle troposphere and
interhemispheric exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001126, 2002.
Williams, J., Custer, T., Riede, H., Sander, R., Jöckel, P., Hoor, P.,
Pozzer, A., Wong-Zehnpfennig, S., Hosaynali-Beygi, Z., Fischer, H., Gros,
V., Colomb, A., Bonsang, B., Yassaa, N., Peeken, I., Atlas, E. L., Waluda,
C. M., van Aardenne, J. A., and Lelieveld, J.: Assessing the effect of marine
isoprene and ship emissions on ozone, using modeling and measurements from
the South Atlantic Ocean, Environ. Chem., 7, 171–182, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN09154,
2010.
Wurl, O., Wurl, E., Miller, L., Johnson, K., and Vagle, S.: Formation and global distribution of sea-surface microlayers, Biogeosciences, 8, 121–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-121-2011, 2011.
Yamamoto, H., Yokouchi, Y., Otsuki, A., and Itoh, H.: Depth profiles of
volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in seawater in the Bay of Bengal,
Chemosphere, 45, 371–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00541-5,
2001.
Yang, J., Zhao, W., Wei, L., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Hu, W., Wu, L., Li, X., Pavuluri, C. M., Pan, X., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, C.-Q., Kawamura, K., and Fu, P.: Molecular and spatial distributions of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in marine aerosols from the South China Sea to the eastern Indian Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6841–6860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6841-2020, 2020.
Yao, S. L., Huang, G., Wu, R.-G., Qu, X., and Chen, D.: Inhomogeneous warming of the tropical Indian Ocean in the CMIP5 model simulations during 1900–2005
and associated mechanisms, Clim. Dynam., 46, 619–636, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2602-5, 2016.
Ye, H., Sheng, J., Tang, D., Morozov, E., Kalhoro, M. A., Wang, S., and Xu,
H.: Examining the Impact of Tropical Cyclones on Air-Sea CO2 Exchanges
in the Bay of Bengal Based on Satellite Data and In Situ Observations, J.
Geophys. Res., 124, 555–576, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014533, 2019.
Yoder, J. A., McClain, C. R., Feldman, G. C., and Esaias, W. E.: Annual
cycles of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations in the global ocean: A
satellite view, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.1029/93gb02358, 1993.
Yoshida, Y., Ota, Y., Eguchi, N., Kikuchi, N., Nobuta, K., Tran, H., Morino, I., and Yokota, T.: Retrieval algorithm for CO2 and CH4 column abundances from short-wavelength infrared spectral observations by the Greenhouse gases observing satellite, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 717–734, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-717-2011, 2011.
Zavarsky, A., Goddijn-Murphy, L., Steinhoff, T., and Marandino, C. A.:
Bubble-Mediated Gas Transfer and Gas Transfer Suppression of DMS and
CO2, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 6624–6647, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd028071, 2018a.
Zavarsky, A., Booge, D., Fiehn, A., Krüger, K., Atlas, E., and
Marandino, C.: The Influence of Air-Sea Fluxes on Atmospheric Aerosols
During the Summer Monsoon Over the Tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 418–426, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076410, 2018b.
Zheng, B., Tong, D., Li, M., Liu, F., Hong, C., Geng, G., Li, H., Li, X., Peng, L., Qi, J., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Zheng, Y., He, K., and Zhang, Q.: Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14095–14111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14095-2018, 2018.
Zhou, M., Langerock, B., Vigouroux, C., Sha, M. K., Ramonet, M., Delmotte, M., Mahieu, E., Bader, W., Hermans, C., Kumps, N., Metzger, J.-M., Duflot, V., Wang, Z., Palm, M., and De Mazière, M.: Atmospheric CO and CH4 time series and seasonal variations on Reunion Island from ground-based in situ and FTIR (NDACC and TCCON) measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13881–13901, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13881-2018, 2018.
Zhou, S., Gonzalez, L., Leithead, A., Finewax, Z., Thalman, R., Vlasenko, A., Vagle, S., Miller, L. A., Li, S.-M., Bureekul, S., Furutani, H., Uematsu, M., Volkamer, R., and Abbatt, J.: Formation of gas-phase carbonyls from heterogeneous oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the air–water interface and of the sea surface microlayer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1371–1384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1371-2014, 2014.
Ziska, F., Quack, B., Abrahamsson, K., Archer, S. D., Atlas, E., Bell, T., Butler, J. H., Carpenter, L. J., Jones, C. E., Harris, N. R. P., Hepach, H., Heumann, K. G., Hughes, C., Kuss, J., Krüger, K., Liss, P., Moore, R. M., Orlikowska, A., Raimund, S., Reeves, C. E., Reifenhäuser, W., Robinson, A. D., Schall, C., Tanhua, T., Tegtmeier, S., Turner, S., Wang, L., Wallace, D., Williams, J., Yamamoto, H., Yvon-Lewis, S., and Yokouchi, Y.: Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013.
Zou, L. W. and Zhou, T. J.: Near future (2016–2040) summer precipitation changes over China as projected by a regional climate model (RCM) under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario: comparison between RCM downscaling and the driving GCM, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 806–818, 2013.
Download
- Article
(24840 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
In the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, intense anthropogenic pollution from Southeast Asia mixes with pristine oceanic air. During the winter monsoon, high pollution levels are regularly observed over the entire northern Indian Ocean, while during the summer monsoon, clean air dominates. Here, we review current progress in detecting and understanding atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean and its impacts on the upper atmosphere, oceanic biogeochemistry, and marine ecosystems.
In the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, intense anthropogenic pollution from Southeast Asia...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint