Articles | Volume 22, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6625-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6625-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
23 May 2022
Review article |
| 23 May 2022
| 23 May 2022
Atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean
Susann Tegtmeier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Christa Marandino
Biogeochemistry Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
now at: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Birgit Quack
Biogeochemistry Research Division, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Anoop S. Mahajan
Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology, Pune, 411016, India
Related authors
Matthew Toohey, Yue Jia, Sujan Khanal, and Susann Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3821–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3821-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3821-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The climate impact of volcanic eruptions depends in part on how long aerosols spend in the stratosphere. We develop a conceptual model for stratospheric aerosol lifetime in terms of production and decay timescales, as well as a lag between injection and decay. We find residence time depends strongly on injection height in the lower stratosphere. We show that the lifetime of stratospheric aerosol from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption is around 22 months, significantly longer than is commonly reported.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shenglong Zhang, Jiao Chen, Jonathon S. Wright, Sean M. Davis, Jie Gao, Paul Konopka, Ninghui Li, Mengqian Lu, Susann Tegtmeier, Xiaolu Yan, Guang J. Zhang, and Nuanliang Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-543, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-543, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines water vapor changes in the upper atmosphere above the Asian summer monsoon using satellite data and climate models. Three key patterns of variability were identified: year-to-year changes, and two shifting distributions driven by weather and monsoon dynamics. Despite uncertainties, modern models are improving in capturing these processes. This enhances understanding of water vapor’s role in the upper atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, Robin Pilch Kedzierski, and Leopold Haimberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-82, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-82, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is a crucial region where the troposphere transitions into the stratosphere, influencing air mass transport. This study examines temperature trends in the TTL and lower stratosphere using data from weather balloons, satellites, and reanalysis datasets. We found cooling trends in the TTL from 1980–2001, followed by warming from 2002–2023. These shifts are linked to changes in atmospheric circulation and impact water vapor transport into the stratosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Felix Ploeger, and Kaley A. Walker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1433–1447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1433-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1433-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The transport rate of air in the stratosphere has changed in response to human emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. This transport rate can be approximated using measurements of long-lived trace gases. We use observations and model results to derive anomalies and trends in the mean rate of stratospheric air transport. We find that air in the Northern Hemisphere aged by up to 0.3 years per decade relative to air in the Southern Hemisphere over 2004–2017.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, William Randel, Sean Davis, Michael Schwartz, Nathaniel Livesey, and Anne Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12925–12941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas emissions that warm the troposphere also result in stratospheric cooling. The cooling rate is difficult to quantify above 35 km due to a deficit of long-term observational data with high vertical resolution in this region. We use satellite observations from several instruments, including a new temperature product from OSIRIS, to show that the upper stratosphere, from 35–60 km, cooled by 0.5 to 1 K per decade over 2005–2021 and by 0.6 K per decade over 1979–2021.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, and Robin Pilch Kedzierski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7405–7419, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data challenge the idea of an overall cooling trend in the tropical tropopause layer. From 2002 to 2022, a warming trend was observed, diverging from earlier findings. Tropopause height changes indicate dynamic processes alongside radiative effects. Upper-tropospheric warming contrasts with lower-stratosphere temperatures. The study highlights the complex interplay of factors shaping temperature trends.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel Zawada, Kimberlee Dubé, Taran Warnock, Adam Bourassa, Susann Tegtmeier, and Douglas Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1995–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There remain large uncertainties in long-term changes of stratospheric–atmospheric temperatures. We have produced a time series of more than 20 years of satellite-based temperature measurements from the OSIRIS instrument in the upper–middle stratosphere. The dataset is publicly available and intended to be used for a better understanding of changes in stratospheric temperatures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, Patrick E. Sheese, Kaley A. Walker, and William Randel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13283–13300, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a technique for understanding the causes of long-term changes in stratospheric composition. By using N2O as a proxy for stratospheric circulation in the model used to calculated trends, it is possible to separate the effects of dynamics and chemistry on observed trace gas trends. We find that observed HCl increases are due to changes in the stratospheric circulation, as are O3 decreases above 30 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kristof Bognar, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Chris Roth, Taran Warnock, Daniel Zawada, and Doug Degenstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9553–9569, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify recent changes in stratospheric ozone (outside the polar regions) using a combination of three satellite datasets. We find that upper stratospheric ozone have increased significantly since 2000, although the recovery shows an unexpected pause in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with the likely decrease in ozone in the lower stratosphere, this presents an interesting challenge for predicting the future of the ozone layer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Robert D. Kinley, Ignacio Pisso, and Susann Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7631–7646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assessed the potential risks of bromoform released from Asparagopsis farming near Australia for the stratospheric ozone layer by analyzing different cultivation scenarios. We conclude that the intended operation of Asparagopsis seaweed cultivation farms with an annual yield to meet the needs of 50 % of feedlots and cattle in either open-ocean or terrestrial cultures in Australia will not impact the ozone layer under normal operating conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michaela I. Hegglin, Susann Tegtmeier, John Anderson, Adam E. Bourassa, Samuel Brohede, Doug Degenstein, Lucien Froidevaux, Bernd Funke, John Gille, Yasuko Kasai, Erkki T. Kyrölä, Jerry Lumpe, Donal Murtagh, Jessica L. Neu, Kristell Pérot, Ellis E. Remsberg, Alexei Rozanov, Matthew Toohey, Joachim Urban, Thomas von Clarmann, Kaley A. Walker, Hsiang-Jui Wang, Carlo Arosio, Robert Damadeo, Ryan A. Fuller, Gretchen Lingenfelser, Christopher McLinden, Diane Pendlebury, Chris Roth, Niall J. Ryan, Christopher Sioris, Lesley Smith, and Katja Weigel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1855–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An overview of the SPARC Data Initiative is presented, to date the most comprehensive assessment of stratospheric composition measurements spanning 1979–2018. Measurements of 26 chemical constituents obtained from an international suite of space-based limb sounders were compiled into vertically resolved, zonal monthly mean time series. The quality and consistency of these gridded datasets are then evaluated using a climatological validation approach and a range of diagnostics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, and Arne Biastoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cooling-water disinfection at coastal power plants is a known source of atmospheric bromoform. A large source of anthropogenic bromoform is the industrial regions in East Asia. In current bottom-up flux estimates, these anthropogenic emissions are missing, underestimating the global air–sea flux of bromoform. With transport simulations, we show that by including anthropogenic bromoform from cooling-water treatment, the bottom-up flux estimates significantly improve in East and Southeast Asia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathon S. Wright, Xiaoyi Sun, Paul Konopka, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Andrea M. Molod, Susann Tegtmeier, Guang J. Zhang, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8989–9030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High clouds are influential in tropical climate. Although reanalysis cloud fields are essentially model products, they are indirectly constrained by observations and offer global coverage with direct links to advanced water and energy cycle metrics, giving them many useful applications. We describe how high cloud fields are generated in reanalyses, assess their realism and reliability in the tropics, and evaluate how differences in these fields affect other aspects of the reanalysis state.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Birgit Quack, Franziska Ziska, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7103–7123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate emissions of brominated gases from the ocean and their contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. Once in the atmosphere, these gases usually break down in less than 6 months. Their impact on the ozone layer depends on the prevailing atmospheric circulation, since transport to the stratosphere requires uplift. We combine aircraft and ship observations with atmospheric modelling to analyse how, where, and when these gases are transported from the ocean into the stratosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, James Anstey, Sean Davis, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Ioana Ivanciu, Robin Pilch Kedzierski, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Craig Long, James S. Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 753–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer is an important atmospheric region right in between the troposphere and the stratosphere. We evaluate the representation of this layer in reanalyses data sets, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using atmospheric modeling and available observations. The recent reanalyses show realistic temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer. However, where the temperature is lowest, the so-called cold point, the reanalyses are too cold.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, and Birgit Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11089–11103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, 2019
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Birgit Quack, Arne Biastoch, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, Siren Rühs, Stephan Gollasch, and Matej David
Ocean Sci., 15, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In a large-scale analysis, the spread of disinfection by-products from oxidative ballast water treatment is investigated, with a focus on Southeast Asia where major ports are located. Halogenated compounds such as bromoform (CHBr3) are produced in the ballast water and, once emitted into the environment, can participate in ozone depletion. Anthropogenic bromoform is rapidly emitted into the atmosphere and can locally double around large ports. A large-scale impact cannot be found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Hauke Schmidt, Rémi Thiéblemont, Lon Hood, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Slimane Bekki, Makoto Deushi, Patrick Jöckel, Oliver Kirner, Markus Kunze, Marion Marchand, Daniel R. Marsh, Martine Michou, David Plummer, Laura E. Revell, Eugene Rozanov, Andrea Stenke, Yousuke Yamashita, and Kohei Yoshida
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11323–11343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The 11-year solar cycle is an important driver of climate variability. Changes in incoming solar ultraviolet radiation affect atmospheric ozone, which in turn influences atmospheric temperatures. Constraining the impact of the solar cycle on ozone is therefore important for understanding climate variability. This study examines the representation of the solar influence on ozone in numerical models used to simulate past and future climate. We highlight important differences among model datasets.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sean M. Davis, Michaela I. Hegglin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Craig Long, Gloria L. Manney, Eric R. Nash, Gerald L. Potter, Susann Tegtmeier, Tao Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12743–12778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone and water vapor in the stratosphere are important gases that affect surface climate and absorb incoming solar ultraviolet radiation. These gases are represented in reanalyses, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using limited observations. We evaluate reanalysis water vapor and ozone fidelity by intercomparing them, and comparing them to independent observations. Generally reanalyses do a good job at representing ozone, but have problems with water vapor.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cathleen Schlundt, Susann Tegtmeier, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Astrid Bracher, Wee Cheah, Kirstin Krüger, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10837–10854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, oxygenated volatile organic carbon (OVOC) in the ocean and overlaying atmosphere in the western Pacific Ocean has been measured. OVOCs are important for atmospheric chemistry. They are involved in ozone production in the upper troposphere (UT), and they have a climate cooling effect. We showed that phytoplankton was an important source for OVOCs in the surface ocean, and when OVOCs are emitted into the atmosphere, they could reach the UT and might influence ozone formation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Birgit Quack, Helmke Hepach, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Susann Tegtmeier, Matthew Toohey, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6723–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLSs) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise in the west Indian Ocean, we found an important source region of halogenated VSLSs during the Asian summer monsoon. Modeling the transport from the ocean to the stratosphere we found two main pathways, one over the Indian Ocean and one over northern India.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Masatomo Fujiwara, Jonathon S. Wright, Gloria L. Manney, Lesley J. Gray, James Anstey, Thomas Birner, Sean Davis, Edwin P. Gerber, V. Lynn Harvey, Michaela I. Hegglin, Cameron R. Homeyer, John A. Knox, Kirstin Krüger, Alyn Lambert, Craig S. Long, Patrick Martineau, Andrea Molod, Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz, Michelle L. Santee, Susann Tegtmeier, Simon Chabrillat, David G. H. Tan, David R. Jackson, Saroja Polavarapu, Gilbert P. Compo, Rossana Dragani, Wesley Ebisuzaki, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Will McCarty, Kazutoshi Onogi, Steven Pawson, Adrian Simmons, Krzysztof Wargan, Jeffrey S. Whitaker, and Cheng-Zhi Zou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1417–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP), review key concepts and elements of atmospheric reanalysis systems, and summarize the technical details of and differences among 11 of these systems. This work supports scientific studies and intercomparisons of reanalysis products by collecting these background materials and technical details into a single reference. We also address several common misunderstandings and points of confusion regarding reanalyses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Helmke Hepach, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Anja Engel, Astrid Bracher, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Luisa Galgani, Elliot L. Atlas, Johannes Lampel, Udo Frieß, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present surface seawater measurements of bromo- and iodocarbons, which are involved in numerous atmospheric processes such as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, from the highly productive Peruvian upwelling. By combining trace gas measurements, characterization of organic matter and phytoplankton species, and tropospheric modelling, we show that large amounts of iodocarbons produced from the pool of organic matter may contribute strongly to local tropospheric iodine loading.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Rémi Thiéblemont, and Lon Hood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10021–10043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of changes in incoming solar radiation on stratospheric ozone has important impacts on the atmosphere. Understanding this ozone response is crucial for constraining how solar activity affects climate. This study analyses the solar ozone response (SOR) in satellite datasets and shows that there are substantial differences in the magnitude and spatial structure across different records. In particular, the SOR in the new SAGE v7.0 mixing ratio data is smaller than in the previous v6.2.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Hossaini, P. K. Patra, A. A. Leeson, G. Krysztofiak, N. L. Abraham, S. J. Andrews, A. T. Archibald, J. Aschmann, E. L. Atlas, D. A. Belikov, H. Bönisch, L. J. Carpenter, S. Dhomse, M. Dorf, A. Engel, W. Feng, S. Fuhlbrügge, P. T. Griffiths, N. R. P. Harris, R. Hommel, T. Keber, K. Krüger, S. T. Lennartz, S. Maksyutov, H. Mantle, G. P. Mills, B. Miller, S. A. Montzka, F. Moore, M. A. Navarro, D. E. Oram, K. Pfeilsticker, J. A. Pyle, B. Quack, A. D. Robinson, E. Saikawa, A. Saiz-Lopez, S. Sala, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Taguchi, S. Tegtmeier, R. T. Lidster, C. Wilson, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9163–9187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, 2016
Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Helmke Hepach, Qiang Shi, Stefan Raimund, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7569–7585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel estimate for the contribution of oceanic VSLS emissions to the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere during the SHIVA-Sonne cruise in the South China and Sulu seas in 2011. While oceanic emissions of CHBr3 and CH3I showed a significant contribution to their atmospheric abundances, atmospheric CH2Br2 appeared to be largely advected. Convective activity in the region can furthermore lead to low VSLS boundary layer mixing ratios despite high oceanic emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, M. I. Hegglin, J. Anderson, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, L. Smith, T. von Clarmann, and K. A. Walker
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 61–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive intercomparison of CFC-11, CFC-12, HF, and SF6 satellite data was performed as part of the SPARC Data Initiative following a new "top-down" concept of satellite measurement validation and thus providing a global picture of the data characteristics. The comparisons will provide basic information on quality and consistency of the various data sets and will serve as a guide for their use in empirical studies of climate and variability, and in model-measurement comparisons.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, I. Pisso, B. Quack, G. J. M. Velders, X. Yang, and K. Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13647–13663, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
At present, man-made halogens and natural oceanic substances both contribute to the observed ozone depletion. Emissions of the anthropogenic halogens have been reduced, whereas emissions of the natural substances are expected to increase in future climate due to anthropogenic activities affecting oceanic processes. We assess the impact of these oceanic substances on ozone by weighting their emissions with their potential to destroy ozone for current conditions and future projections.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. T. Lennartz, G. Krysztofiak, C. A. Marandino, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, R. Hossaini, K. Krüger, S. A. Montzka, E. Atlas, D. E. Oram, T. Keber, H. Bönisch, and B. Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11753–11772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Marine-produced short-lived trace gases such as halocarbons and DMS significantly impact atmospheric chemistry. To assess this impact on ozone depletion and the radiative budget, it is critical that their marine emissions in atmospheric chemistry models are quantified as accurately as possible. We show that calculating emissions online with an interactive atmosphere improves the agreement with current observations and should be employed regularly in models where marine sources are important.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. Rex, I. Wohltmann, T. Ridder, R. Lehmann, K. Rosenlof, P. Wennberg, D. Weisenstein, J. Notholt, K. Krüger, V. Mohr, and S. Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4827–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, 2014
S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, D. R. Blake, H. Boenisch, A. Engel, H. Hepach, R. Hossaini, M. A. Navarro, S. Raimund, S. Sala, Q. Shi, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11869–11886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, 2013
R. Hossaini, H. Mantle, M. P. Chipperfield, S. A. Montzka, P. Hamer, F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Krüger, S. Tegtmeier, E. Atlas, S. Sala, A. Engel, H. Bönisch, T. Keber, D. Oram, G. Mills, C. Ordóñez, A. Saiz-Lopez, N. Warwick, Q. Liang, W. Feng, F. Moore, B. R. Miller, V. Marécal, N. A. D. Richards, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11819–11838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, 2013
F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S. D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J. H. Butler, L. J. Carpenter, C. E. Jones, N. R. P. Harris, H. Hepach, K. G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R. M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C. E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A. D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace, J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013
C. A. Marandino, S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, C. Zindler, E. L. Atlas, F. Moore, and H. W. Bange
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8427–8437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, 2013
Matthew Toohey, Yue Jia, Sujan Khanal, and Susann Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3821–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3821-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3821-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The climate impact of volcanic eruptions depends in part on how long aerosols spend in the stratosphere. We develop a conceptual model for stratospheric aerosol lifetime in terms of production and decay timescales, as well as a lag between injection and decay. We find residence time depends strongly on injection height in the lower stratosphere. We show that the lifetime of stratospheric aerosol from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption is around 22 months, significantly longer than is commonly reported.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shenglong Zhang, Jiao Chen, Jonathon S. Wright, Sean M. Davis, Jie Gao, Paul Konopka, Ninghui Li, Mengqian Lu, Susann Tegtmeier, Xiaolu Yan, Guang J. Zhang, and Nuanliang Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-543, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-543, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines water vapor changes in the upper atmosphere above the Asian summer monsoon using satellite data and climate models. Three key patterns of variability were identified: year-to-year changes, and two shifting distributions driven by weather and monsoon dynamics. Despite uncertainties, modern models are improving in capturing these processes. This enhances understanding of water vapor’s role in the upper atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zirui Zhang, Kaiming Huang, Fan Yi, Wei Cheng, Fuchao Liu, Jian Zhang, and Yue Jia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3347–3361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3347-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3347-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The height of the convective boundary layer (CBLH) is related to our health due to its crucial role in pollutant dispersion. The variance of vertical velocity from millimeter wave cloud radar (MMCR) can accurately capture the diurnal evolution of the CBLH, due to a small blind range and less impact by the residual layer. The CBLH is affected by radiation, humidity, cloud, and precipitation; thus, the MMCR is suitable for monitoring the CBLH, owing to its observation capability in various weather conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yugo Kanaya, Roberto Sommariva, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Andrea Mazzeo, Theodore K. Koenig, Kaori Kawana, James E. Johnson, Aurélie Colomb, Pierre Tulet, Suzie Molloy, Ian E. Galbally, Rainer Volkamer, Anoop Mahajan, John W. Halfacre, Paul B. Shepson, Julia Schmale, Hélène Angot, Byron Blomquist, Matthew D. Shupe, Detlev Helmig, Junsu Gil, Meehye Lee, Sean C. Coburn, Ivan Ortega, Gao Chen, James Lee, Kenneth C. Aikin, David D. Parrish, John S. Holloway, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilana B. Pollack, Eric J. Williams, Brian M. Lerner, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Teresa Campos, Frank M. Flocke, J. Ryan Spackman, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ralf M. Staebler, Amir A. Aliabadi, Wanmin Gong, Roeland Van Malderen, Anne M. Thompson, Ryan M. Stauffer, Debra E. Kollonige, Juan Carlos Gómez Martin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Katie Read, Matthew Rowlinson, Keiichi Sato, Junichi Kurokawa, Yoko Iwamoto, Fumikazu Taketani, Hisahiro Takashima, Monica Navarro Comas, Marios Panagi, and Martin G. Schultz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-566, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive dataset of tropospheric ozone over oceans/polar regions is presented, including 77 ship/buoy and 48 aircraft campaign observations (1977–2022, 0–5000 m altitude), supplemented by ozonesonde and surface data. Air masses isolated from land for 72+ hours are systematically selected as essentially oceanic. Among the 11 global regions, they show daytime decreases of 10–16% in the tropics, while near-zero depletions are rare, unlike in the Arctic, implying different mechanisms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, Robin Pilch Kedzierski, and Leopold Haimberger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-82, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-82, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is a crucial region where the troposphere transitions into the stratosphere, influencing air mass transport. This study examines temperature trends in the TTL and lower stratosphere using data from weather balloons, satellites, and reanalysis datasets. We found cooling trends in the TTL from 1980–2001, followed by warming from 2002–2023. These shifts are linked to changes in atmospheric circulation and impact water vapor transport into the stratosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Felix Ploeger, and Kaley A. Walker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1433–1447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1433-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1433-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The transport rate of air in the stratosphere has changed in response to human emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. This transport rate can be approximated using measurements of long-lived trace gases. We use observations and model results to derive anomalies and trends in the mean rate of stratospheric air transport. We find that air in the Northern Hemisphere aged by up to 0.3 years per decade relative to air in the Southern Hemisphere over 2004–2017.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, William Randel, Sean Davis, Michael Schwartz, Nathaniel Livesey, and Anne Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12925–12941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gas emissions that warm the troposphere also result in stratospheric cooling. The cooling rate is difficult to quantify above 35 km due to a deficit of long-term observational data with high vertical resolution in this region. We use satellite observations from several instruments, including a new temperature product from OSIRIS, to show that the upper stratosphere, from 35–60 km, cooled by 0.5 to 1 K per decade over 2005–2021 and by 0.6 K per decade over 1979–2021.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa A. Marandino, Martí Galí, Thomas G. Bell, and Rafel Simó
Biogeosciences, 21, 4439–4452, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4439-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4439-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur in the atmosphere and leads to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. DMS emission and quantification of its impacts have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are usually calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in DMS seawater products, which can affect DMS fluxes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sankirna D. Joge, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, Christa A. Marandino, Martí Galí, Thomas G. Bell, Mingxi Yang, and Rafel Simó
Biogeosciences, 21, 4453–4467, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is the largest natural source of sulfur in the atmosphere and leads to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei. DMS emissions and quantification of their impacts have large uncertainties, but a detailed study on the range of emissions and drivers of their uncertainty is missing to date. The emissions are calculated from the seawater DMS concentrations and a flux parameterization. Here we quantify the differences in the effect of flux parameterizations used in models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mona Zolghadrshojaee, Susann Tegtmeier, Sean M. Davis, and Robin Pilch Kedzierski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7405–7419, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite data challenge the idea of an overall cooling trend in the tropical tropopause layer. From 2002 to 2022, a warming trend was observed, diverging from earlier findings. Tropopause height changes indicate dynamic processes alongside radiative effects. Upper-tropospheric warming contrasts with lower-stratosphere temperatures. The study highlights the complex interplay of factors shaping temperature trends.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dennis Booge, Jerry F. Tjiputra, Dirk J. L. Olivié, Birgit Quack, and Kirstin Krüger
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 801–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic bromoform, produced by algae, is an important precursor of atmospheric bromine, highlighting the importance of implementing these emissions in climate models. The simulated mean oceanic concentrations align well with observations, while the mean atmospheric values are lower than the observed ones. Modelled annual mean emissions mostly occur from the sea to the air and are driven by oceanic concentrations, sea surface temperature, and wind speed, which depend on season and location.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bjorn Stevens, Stefan Adami, Tariq Ali, Hartwig Anzt, Zafer Aslan, Sabine Attinger, Jaana Bäck, Johanna Baehr, Peter Bauer, Natacha Bernier, Bob Bishop, Hendryk Bockelmann, Sandrine Bony, Guy Brasseur, David N. Bresch, Sean Breyer, Gilbert Brunet, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Junji Cao, Christelle Castet, Yafang Cheng, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Deborah Coen, Susanne Crewell, Atish Dabholkar, Qing Dai, Francisco Doblas-Reyes, Dale Durran, Ayoub El Gaidi, Charlie Ewen, Eleftheria Exarchou, Veronika Eyring, Florencia Falkinhoff, David Farrell, Piers M. Forster, Ariane Frassoni, Claudia Frauen, Oliver Fuhrer, Shahzad Gani, Edwin Gerber, Debra Goldfarb, Jens Grieger, Nicolas Gruber, Wilco Hazeleger, Rolf Herken, Chris Hewitt, Torsten Hoefler, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Daniela Jacob, Alexandra Jahn, Christian Jakob, Thomas Jung, Christopher Kadow, In-Sik Kang, Sarah Kang, Karthik Kashinath, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, Daniel Klocke, Uta Kloenne, Milan Klöwer, Chihiro Kodama, Stefan Kollet, Tobias Kölling, Jenni Kontkanen, Steve Kopp, Michal Koran, Markku Kulmala, Hanna Lappalainen, Fakhria Latifi, Bryan Lawrence, June Yi Lee, Quentin Lejeun, Christian Lessig, Chao Li, Thomas Lippert, Jürg Luterbacher, Pekka Manninen, Jochem Marotzke, Satoshi Matsouoka, Charlotte Merchant, Peter Messmer, Gero Michel, Kristel Michielsen, Tomoki Miyakawa, Jens Müller, Ramsha Munir, Sandeep Narayanasetti, Ousmane Ndiaye, Carlos Nobre, Achim Oberg, Riko Oki, Tuba Özkan-Haller, Tim Palmer, Stan Posey, Andreas Prein, Odessa Primus, Mike Pritchard, Julie Pullen, Dian Putrasahan, Johannes Quaas, Krishnan Raghavan, Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Markus Rapp, Florian Rauser, Markus Reichstein, Aromar Revi, Sonakshi Saluja, Masaki Satoh, Vera Schemann, Sebastian Schemm, Christina Schnadt Poberaj, Thomas Schulthess, Cath Senior, Jagadish Shukla, Manmeet Singh, Julia Slingo, Adam Sobel, Silvina Solman, Jenna Spitzer, Philip Stier, Thomas Stocker, Sarah Strock, Hang Su, Petteri Taalas, John Taylor, Susann Tegtmeier, Georg Teutsch, Adrian Tompkins, Uwe Ulbrich, Pier-Luigi Vidale, Chien-Ming Wu, Hao Xu, Najibullah Zaki, Laure Zanna, Tianjun Zhou, and Florian Ziemen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2113–2122, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel Zawada, Kimberlee Dubé, Taran Warnock, Adam Bourassa, Susann Tegtmeier, and Douglas Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1995–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There remain large uncertainties in long-term changes of stratospheric–atmospheric temperatures. We have produced a time series of more than 20 years of satellite-based temperature measurements from the OSIRIS instrument in the upper–middle stratosphere. The dataset is publicly available and intended to be used for a better understanding of changes in stratospheric temperatures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, Patrick E. Sheese, Kaley A. Walker, and William Randel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13283–13300, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a technique for understanding the causes of long-term changes in stratospheric composition. By using N2O as a proxy for stratospheric circulation in the model used to calculated trends, it is possible to separate the effects of dynamics and chemistry on observed trace gas trends. We find that observed HCl increases are due to changes in the stratospheric circulation, as are O3 decreases above 30 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences, 20, 1813–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales of up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kristof Bognar, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Chris Roth, Taran Warnock, Daniel Zawada, and Doug Degenstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9553–9569, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify recent changes in stratospheric ozone (outside the polar regions) using a combination of three satellite datasets. We find that upper stratospheric ozone have increased significantly since 2000, although the recovery shows an unexpected pause in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with the likely decrease in ozone in the lower stratosphere, this presents an interesting challenge for predicting the future of the ozone layer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shrivardhan Hulswar, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Thomas G. Bell, Arancha Lana, Swaleha Inamdar, Paul R. Halloran, George Manville, and Anoop Sharad Mahajan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2963–2987, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2963-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2963-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The third climatological estimation of sea surface dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations based on in situ measurements was created (DMS-Rev3). The update includes a much larger input dataset and includes improvements in the data unification, filtering, and smoothing algorithm. The DMS-Rev3 climatology provides more realistic monthly estimates of DMS, and shows significant regional differences compared to past climatologies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Robert D. Kinley, Ignacio Pisso, and Susann Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7631–7646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assessed the potential risks of bromoform released from Asparagopsis farming near Australia for the stratospheric ozone layer by analyzing different cultivation scenarios. We conclude that the intended operation of Asparagopsis seaweed cultivation farms with an annual yield to meet the needs of 50 % of feedlots and cattle in either open-ocean or terrestrial cultures in Australia will not impact the ozone layer under normal operating conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yanan Zhao, Dennis Booge, Christa A. Marandino, Cathleen Schlundt, Astrid Bracher, Elliot L. Atlas, Jonathan Williams, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 19, 701–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present here, for the first time, simultaneously measured dimethylsulfide (DMS) seawater concentrations and DMS atmospheric mole fractions from the Peruvian upwelling region during two cruises in December 2012 and October 2015. Our results indicate low oceanic DMS concentrations and atmospheric DMS molar fractions in surface waters and the atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the Peruvian upwelling region was identified as an insignificant source of DMS emissions during both periods.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anoop S. Mahajan, Mriganka S. Biswas, Steffen Beirle, Thomas Wagner, Anja Schönhardt, Nuria Benavent, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11829–11842, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine plays a vital role in oxidation chemistry over Antarctica, with past observations showing highly elevated levels of iodine oxide (IO) leading to severe depletion of boundary layer ozone. We present IO observations over three summers (2015–2017) at the Indian Antarctic bases of Bharati and Maitri. IO was observed during all campaigns with mixing ratios below 2 pptv, which is lower than the peak levels observed in West Antarctica, showing the differences in regional chemistry and emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anoop S. Mahajan, Qinyi Li, Swaleha Inamdar, Kirpa Ram, Alba Badia, and Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8437–8454, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using a regional model, we show that iodine-catalysed reactions cause large regional changes in the chemical composition in the northern Indian Ocean, with peak changes of up to 25 % in O3, 50 % in nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), 15 % in hydroxyl radicals (OH), 25 % in hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2), and up to a 50 % change in the nitrate radical (NO3). These results show the importance of including iodine chemistry in modelling the atmosphere in this region.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Michael Gauss, Marc von Hobe, and Christa A. Marandino
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2095–2110, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2095-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2095-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a marine emission inventory for the sulphur gases carbonyl sulphide (OCS) and carbon disulphide (CS2), derived from a numerical model of the surface ocean at monthly resolution for the period 2000–2019. Comparison with a database of seaborne observations reveals very good agreement for OCS. Interannual variability in both gases seems to be mainly driven by the amount of chromophoric dissolved organic matter present in surface water.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michaela I. Hegglin, Susann Tegtmeier, John Anderson, Adam E. Bourassa, Samuel Brohede, Doug Degenstein, Lucien Froidevaux, Bernd Funke, John Gille, Yasuko Kasai, Erkki T. Kyrölä, Jerry Lumpe, Donal Murtagh, Jessica L. Neu, Kristell Pérot, Ellis E. Remsberg, Alexei Rozanov, Matthew Toohey, Joachim Urban, Thomas von Clarmann, Kaley A. Walker, Hsiang-Jui Wang, Carlo Arosio, Robert Damadeo, Ryan A. Fuller, Gretchen Lingenfelser, Christopher McLinden, Diane Pendlebury, Chris Roth, Niall J. Ryan, Christopher Sioris, Lesley Smith, and Katja Weigel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1855–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An overview of the SPARC Data Initiative is presented, to date the most comprehensive assessment of stratospheric composition measurements spanning 1979–2018. Measurements of 26 chemical constituents obtained from an international suite of space-based limb sounders were compiled into vertically resolved, zonal monthly mean time series. The quality and consistency of these gridded datasets are then evaluated using a climatological validation approach and a range of diagnostics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Yue Jia, Birgit Quack, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, and Arne Biastoch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cooling-water disinfection at coastal power plants is a known source of atmospheric bromoform. A large source of anthropogenic bromoform is the industrial regions in East Asia. In current bottom-up flux estimates, these anthropogenic emissions are missing, underestimating the global air–sea flux of bromoform. With transport simulations, we show that by including anthropogenic bromoform from cooling-water treatment, the bottom-up flux estimates significantly improve in East and Southeast Asia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Swaleha Inamdar, Liselotte Tinel, Rosie Chance, Lucy J. Carpenter, Prabhakaran Sabu, Racheal Chacko, Sarat C. Tripathy, Anvita U. Kerkar, Alok K. Sinha, Parli Venkateswaran Bhaskar, Amit Sarkar, Rajdeep Roy, Tomás Sherwen, Carlos Cuevas, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Kirpa Ram, and Anoop S. Mahajan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12093–12114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine chemistry is generating a lot of interest because of its impacts on the oxidising capacity of the marine boundary and depletion of ozone. However, one of the challenges has been predicting the right levels of iodine in the models, which depend on parameterisations for emissions from the sea surface. This paper discusses the different parameterisations available and compares them with observations, showing that our current knowledge is still insufficient, especially on a regional scale.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonathon S. Wright, Xiaoyi Sun, Paul Konopka, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Andrea M. Molod, Susann Tegtmeier, Guang J. Zhang, and Xi Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8989–9030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8989-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High clouds are influential in tropical climate. Although reanalysis cloud fields are essentially model products, they are indirectly constrained by observations and offer global coverage with direct links to advanced water and energy cycle metrics, giving them many useful applications. We describe how high cloud fields are generated in reanalyses, assess their realism and reliability in the tropics, and evaluate how differences in these fields affect other aspects of the reanalysis state.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Birgit Quack, Franziska Ziska, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7103–7123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate emissions of brominated gases from the ocean and their contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion. Once in the atmosphere, these gases usually break down in less than 6 months. Their impact on the ozone layer depends on the prevailing atmospheric circulation, since transport to the stratosphere requires uplift. We combine aircraft and ship observations with atmospheric modelling to analyse how, where, and when these gases are transported from the ocean into the stratosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Christa A. Marandino, Marc von Hobe, Meinrat O. Andreae, Kazushi Aranami, Elliot Atlas, Max Berkelhammer, Heinz Bingemer, Dennis Booge, Gregory Cutter, Pau Cortes, Stefanie Kremser, Cliff S. Law, Andrew Marriner, Rafel Simó, Birgit Quack, Günther Uher, Huixiang Xie, and Xiaobin Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 591–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-591-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-591-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfur-containing trace gases in the atmosphere influence atmospheric chemistry and the energy budget of the Earth by forming aerosols. The ocean is an important source of the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and its most important precursor carbon disulfide (CS2). In order to assess global variability of the sea surface concentrations of both gases to calculate their oceanic emissions, we have compiled a database of existing shipborne measurements.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Susann Tegtmeier, James Anstey, Sean Davis, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Ioana Ivanciu, Robin Pilch Kedzierski, Kirstin Krüger, Bernard Legras, Craig Long, James S. Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 753–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical tropopause layer is an important atmospheric region right in between the troposphere and the stratosphere. We evaluate the representation of this layer in reanalyses data sets, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using atmospheric modeling and available observations. The recent reanalyses show realistic temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer. However, where the temperature is lowest, the so-called cold point, the reanalyses are too cold.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yue Jia, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, and Birgit Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11089–11103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11089-2019, 2019
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Marc von Hobe, Dennis Booge, Henry C. Bittig, Tim Fischer, Rafael Gonçalves-Araujo, Kerstin B. Ksionzek, Boris P. Koch, Astrid Bracher, Rüdiger Röttgers, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Ocean Sci., 15, 1071–1090, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1071-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean emits the gases carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2), which affect our climate. The goal of this study was to quantify the rates at which both gases are produced in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP), one of the most productive oceanic regions worldwide. Both gases are produced by reactions triggered by sunlight, but we found that the amount produced depends on different factors. Our results improve numerical models to predict oceanic concentrations of both gases.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Josefine Maas, Susann Tegtmeier, Birgit Quack, Arne Biastoch, Jonathan V. Durgadoo, Siren Rühs, Stephan Gollasch, and Matej David
Ocean Sci., 15, 891–904, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-891-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In a large-scale analysis, the spread of disinfection by-products from oxidative ballast water treatment is investigated, with a focus on Southeast Asia where major ports are located. Halogenated compounds such as bromoform (CHBr3) are produced in the ballast water and, once emitted into the environment, can participate in ozone depletion. Anthropogenic bromoform is rapidly emitted into the atmosphere and can locally double around large ports. A large-scale impact cannot be found.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexander Zavarsky and Christa A. Marandino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1819–1834, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1819-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1819-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wind–wave interaction can suppress gas transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean. Using a global wave model we investigate the impact of this interaction on the global gas transfer of CO2 and DMS. We also investigate the impact on of gas transfer limitation on two commonly used gas transfer velocity parameterizations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Birgit Quack, Irene Stemmler, Franziska Ziska, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11973–11990, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic very short-lived substances, VSLS, contribute to stratospheric halogen loading and ozone depletion. We created bromoform emission inventories with monthly resolution for the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific and modeled the atmospheric transport of bromoform with the particle dispersion model FLEXPART/ERA-Interim. Results underline that the seasonal and regional stratospheric bromine entrainment critically depends on the seasonality and spatial distribution of the VSLS emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Hauke Schmidt, Rémi Thiéblemont, Lon Hood, Hideharu Akiyoshi, Slimane Bekki, Makoto Deushi, Patrick Jöckel, Oliver Kirner, Markus Kunze, Marion Marchand, Daniel R. Marsh, Martine Michou, David Plummer, Laura E. Revell, Eugene Rozanov, Andrea Stenke, Yousuke Yamashita, and Kohei Yoshida
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11323–11343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11323-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The 11-year solar cycle is an important driver of climate variability. Changes in incoming solar ultraviolet radiation affect atmospheric ozone, which in turn influences atmospheric temperatures. Constraining the impact of the solar cycle on ozone is therefore important for understanding climate variability. This study examines the representation of the solar influence on ozone in numerical models used to simulate past and future climate. We highlight important differences among model datasets.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dennis Booge, Cathleen Schlundt, Astrid Bracher, Sonja Endres, Birthe Zäncker, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 15, 649–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our isoprene data from field measurements in the mixed layer from the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean show that the ability of different phytoplankton functional types to produce isoprene seems to be mainly influenced by light, ocean temperature, salinity, and nutrients. By calculating in-field isoprene production rates, we demonstrate that an additional loss is needed to explain the measured isoprene concentration, which is potentially due to degradation or consumption by bacteria.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sean M. Davis, Michaela I. Hegglin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Rossana Dragani, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Craig Long, Gloria L. Manney, Eric R. Nash, Gerald L. Potter, Susann Tegtmeier, Tao Wang, Krzysztof Wargan, and Jonathon S. Wright
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12743–12778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12743-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone and water vapor in the stratosphere are important gases that affect surface climate and absorb incoming solar ultraviolet radiation. These gases are represented in reanalyses, which create a complete picture of the state of Earth's atmosphere using limited observations. We evaluate reanalysis water vapor and ozone fidelity by intercomparing them, and comparing them to independent observations. Generally reanalyses do a good job at representing ozone, but have problems with water vapor.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cathleen Schlundt, Susann Tegtmeier, Sinikka T. Lennartz, Astrid Bracher, Wee Cheah, Kirstin Krüger, Birgit Quack, and Christa A. Marandino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10837–10854, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10837-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, oxygenated volatile organic carbon (OVOC) in the ocean and overlaying atmosphere in the western Pacific Ocean has been measured. OVOCs are important for atmospheric chemistry. They are involved in ozone production in the upper troposphere (UT), and they have a climate cooling effect. We showed that phytoplankton was an important source for OVOCs in the surface ocean, and when OVOCs are emitted into the atmosphere, they could reach the UT and might influence ozone formation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Birgit Quack, Helmke Hepach, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Susann Tegtmeier, Matthew Toohey, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6723–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLSs) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise in the west Indian Ocean, we found an important source region of halogenated VSLSs during the Asian summer monsoon. Modeling the transport from the ocean to the stratosphere we found two main pathways, one over the Indian Ocean and one over northern India.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Masatomo Fujiwara, Jonathon S. Wright, Gloria L. Manney, Lesley J. Gray, James Anstey, Thomas Birner, Sean Davis, Edwin P. Gerber, V. Lynn Harvey, Michaela I. Hegglin, Cameron R. Homeyer, John A. Knox, Kirstin Krüger, Alyn Lambert, Craig S. Long, Patrick Martineau, Andrea Molod, Beatriz M. Monge-Sanz, Michelle L. Santee, Susann Tegtmeier, Simon Chabrillat, David G. H. Tan, David R. Jackson, Saroja Polavarapu, Gilbert P. Compo, Rossana Dragani, Wesley Ebisuzaki, Yayoi Harada, Chiaki Kobayashi, Will McCarty, Kazutoshi Onogi, Steven Pawson, Adrian Simmons, Krzysztof Wargan, Jeffrey S. Whitaker, and Cheng-Zhi Zou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1417–1452, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1417-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP), review key concepts and elements of atmospheric reanalysis systems, and summarize the technical details of and differences among 11 of these systems. This work supports scientific studies and intercomparisons of reanalysis products by collecting these background materials and technical details into a single reference. We also address several common misunderstandings and points of confusion regarding reanalyses.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sinikka T. Lennartz, Christa A. Marandino, Marc von Hobe, Pau Cortes, Birgit Quack, Rafel Simo, Dennis Booge, Andrea Pozzer, Tobias Steinhoff, Damian L. Arevalo-Martinez, Corinna Kloss, Astrid Bracher, Rüdiger Röttgers, Elliot Atlas, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 385–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present new sea surface and marine boundary layer measurements of carbonyl sulfide, the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere, and calculate an oceanic emission estimate. Our results imply that oceanic emissions are very unlikely to account for the missing source in the atmospheric budget that is currently discussed for OCS.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, John M. C. Plane, Carlos A. Cuevas, Anoop S. Mahajan, Jean-François Lamarque, and Douglas E. Kinnison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15593–15604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15593-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15593-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Electronic structure calculations are used to survey possible reactions that HOI and I2 could undergo at night in the lower troposphere, and hence reconcile measurements and models. The reactions NO3 + HOI and I2 + NO3 are included in two models to explore a new nocturnal iodine radical activation mechanism, leading to a reduction of nighttime HOI and I2. This chemistry can have a large impact on NO3 levels in the MBL, and hence upon the nocturnal oxidizing capacity of the marine atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Birgit Quack, Elliot Atlas, Alina Fiehn, Helmke Hepach, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12205–12217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12205-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12205-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents novel observations of the very short lived substances (VSLSs) bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide with high-resolution meteorological measurements and Lagrangian transport in the Peruvian upwelling. With a simple source–loss estimate we identified VSLS abundances below the trade inversion to be significantly influenced by advection of regional sources, underscoring the importance of oceanic upwelling and trade winds on the atmospheric distribution of VSLS emission.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Helmke Hepach, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Anja Engel, Astrid Bracher, Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Luisa Galgani, Elliot L. Atlas, Johannes Lampel, Udo Frieß, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12219–12237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12219-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present surface seawater measurements of bromo- and iodocarbons, which are involved in numerous atmospheric processes such as tropospheric and stratospheric ozone chemistry, from the highly productive Peruvian upwelling. By combining trace gas measurements, characterization of organic matter and phytoplankton species, and tropospheric modelling, we show that large amounts of iodocarbons produced from the pool of organic matter may contribute strongly to local tropospheric iodine loading.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tomás Sherwen, Johan A. Schmidt, Mat J. Evans, Lucy J. Carpenter, Katja Großmann, Sebastian D. Eastham, Daniel J. Jacob, Barbara Dix, Theodore K. Koenig, Roman Sinreich, Ivan Ortega, Rainer Volkamer, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Cristina Prados-Roman, Anoop S. Mahajan, and Carlos Ordóñez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12239–12271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12239-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12239-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a simulation of tropospheric Cl, Br, I chemistry within the GEOS-Chem CTM. We find a decrease in tropospheric ozone burden of 18.6 % and a 8.2 % decrease in global mean OH concentrations. Cl oxidation of some VOCs range from 15 to 27 % of the total loss. Bromine plays a small role in oxidising oVOCs. Surface ozone, ozone sondes, and methane lifetime are in general improved by the inclusion of halogens. We argue that simulated bromine and chlorine represent a lower limit.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dennis Booge, Christa A. Marandino, Cathleen Schlundt, Paul I. Palmer, Michael Schlundt, Elliot L. Atlas, Astrid Bracher, Eric S. Saltzman, and Douglas W. R. Wallace
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11807–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene, a biogenic trace gas, is an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol/cloud condensation nuclei. Here, we use isoprene and related field measurements from three different ocean data sets together with remotely sensed satellite data to model global marine isoprene emissions. Our findings suggest that there is at least one missing oceanic source of isoprene and possibly other unknown factors in the ocean or atmosphere influencing the atmospheric values.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amanda C. Maycock, Katja Matthes, Susann Tegtmeier, Rémi Thiéblemont, and Lon Hood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10021–10043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10021-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of changes in incoming solar radiation on stratospheric ozone has important impacts on the atmosphere. Understanding this ozone response is crucial for constraining how solar activity affects climate. This study analyses the solar ozone response (SOR) in satellite datasets and shows that there are substantial differences in the magnitude and spatial structure across different records. In particular, the SOR in the new SAGE v7.0 mixing ratio data is smaller than in the previous v6.2.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Hossaini, P. K. Patra, A. A. Leeson, G. Krysztofiak, N. L. Abraham, S. J. Andrews, A. T. Archibald, J. Aschmann, E. L. Atlas, D. A. Belikov, H. Bönisch, L. J. Carpenter, S. Dhomse, M. Dorf, A. Engel, W. Feng, S. Fuhlbrügge, P. T. Griffiths, N. R. P. Harris, R. Hommel, T. Keber, K. Krüger, S. T. Lennartz, S. Maksyutov, H. Mantle, G. P. Mills, B. Miller, S. A. Montzka, F. Moore, M. A. Navarro, D. E. Oram, K. Pfeilsticker, J. A. Pyle, B. Quack, A. D. Robinson, E. Saikawa, A. Saiz-Lopez, S. Sala, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Taguchi, S. Tegtmeier, R. T. Lidster, C. Wilson, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9163–9187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9163-2016, 2016
Lothar Stramma, Tim Fischer, Damian S. Grundle, Gerd Krahmann, Hermann W. Bange, and Christa A. Marandino
Ocean Sci., 12, 861–873, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-861-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-861-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Results from a research cruise on R/V Sonne to the eastern tropical Pacific in October 2015 during the 2015–2016 El Niño show the transition of current, hydrographic, and nutrient conditions to El Niño conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific in October 2015. Although in early 2015 the El Niño was strong and in October 2015 showed a clear El Niño influence on the EUC, in the eastern tropical Pacific the measurements only showed developing El Niño water mass distributions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Steffen Fuhlbrügge, Birgit Quack, Susann Tegtmeier, Elliot Atlas, Helmke Hepach, Qiang Shi, Stefan Raimund, and Kirstin Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7569–7585, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7569-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel estimate for the contribution of oceanic VSLS emissions to the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere during the SHIVA-Sonne cruise in the South China and Sulu seas in 2011. While oceanic emissions of CHBr3 and CH3I showed a significant contribution to their atmospheric abundances, atmospheric CH2Br2 appeared to be largely advected. Convective activity in the region can furthermore lead to low VSLS boundary layer mixing ratios despite high oceanic emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, M. I. Hegglin, J. Anderson, B. Funke, J. Gille, A. Jones, L. Smith, T. von Clarmann, and K. A. Walker
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 61–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-61-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive intercomparison of CFC-11, CFC-12, HF, and SF6 satellite data was performed as part of the SPARC Data Initiative following a new "top-down" concept of satellite measurement validation and thus providing a global picture of the data characteristics. The comparisons will provide basic information on quality and consistency of the various data sets and will serve as a guide for their use in empirical studies of climate and variability, and in model-measurement comparisons.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
T. Sherwen, M. J. Evans, L. J. Carpenter, S. J. Andrews, R. T. Lidster, B. Dix, T. K. Koenig, R. Sinreich, I. Ortega, R. Volkamer, A. Saiz-Lopez, C. Prados-Roman, A. S. Mahajan, and C. Ordóñez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 1161–1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1161-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-1161-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with additional iodine emissions, chemistry, and deposition we show that iodine is responsible for ~ 9 % of global ozone loss but has negligible impacts on global OH. Uncertainties are large in the chemistry and emissions and future research is needed in both. Measurements of iodine species (especially HOI) would be useful. We believe iodine chemistry should be considered in future chemistry-climate and in air quality modelling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, I. Pisso, B. Quack, G. J. M. Velders, X. Yang, and K. Krüger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13647–13663, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
At present, man-made halogens and natural oceanic substances both contribute to the observed ozone depletion. Emissions of the anthropogenic halogens have been reduced, whereas emissions of the natural substances are expected to increase in future climate due to anthropogenic activities affecting oceanic processes. We assess the impact of these oceanic substances on ozone by weighting their emissions with their potential to destroy ozone for current conditions and future projections.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
H. Hepach, B. Quack, S. Raimund, T. Fischer, E. L. Atlas, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences, 12, 6369–6387, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6369-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6369-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript covers the first measurements of CHBr3, CH2Br2 and CH3I from the equatorial Atlantic during the Cold Tongue season, identifying this region and season as a source for these compounds. For the first time, we calculated diapycnal fluxes, and showed that the fluxes from below the mixed layer to the surface are not sufficient to balance the mixed layer budget. Hence, we conclude that mixed layer production has to take place despite a pronounced sub-mixed-layer-maximum.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. T. Lennartz, G. Krysztofiak, C. A. Marandino, B.-M. Sinnhuber, S. Tegtmeier, F. Ziska, R. Hossaini, K. Krüger, S. A. Montzka, E. Atlas, D. E. Oram, T. Keber, H. Bönisch, and B. Quack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11753–11772, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Marine-produced short-lived trace gases such as halocarbons and DMS significantly impact atmospheric chemistry. To assess this impact on ozone depletion and the radiative budget, it is critical that their marine emissions in atmospheric chemistry models are quantified as accurately as possible. We show that calculating emissions online with an interactive atmosphere improves the agreement with current observations and should be employed regularly in models where marine sources are important.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
S. Fadnavis, K. Semeniuk, M. G. Schultz, M. Kiefer, A. Mahajan, L. Pozzoli, and S. Sonbawane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11477–11499, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11477-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11477-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The model and MIPAS satellite data show that there are three regions which contribute substantial pollution to the south Asian UTLS: the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), the North American monsoon (NAM) and the West African monsoon (WAM). However, penetration due to ASM convection reaches deeper into the UTLS compared to NAM and WAM outflow. Simulations show that westerly winds drive North American and European pollutants eastward where they can become part of the ASM and lifted to LS.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
I. Stemmler, I. Hense, and B. Quack
Biogeosciences, 12, 1967–1981, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1967-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1967-2015, 2015
T. G. Bell, W. De Bruyn, C. A. Marandino, S. D. Miller, C. S. Law, M. J. Smith, and E. S. Saltzman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1783–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1783-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1783-2015, 2015
C. Prados-Roman, C. A. Cuevas, T. Hay, R. P. Fernandez, A. S. Mahajan, S.-J. Royer, M. Galí, R. Simó, J. Dachs, K. Großmann, D. E. Kinnison, J.-F. Lamarque, and A. Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 583–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-583-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-583-2015, 2015
S. Fadnavis, M. G. Schultz, K. Semeniuk, A. S. Mahajan, L. Pozzoli, S. Sonbawne, S. D. Ghude, M. Kiefer, and E. Eckert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12725–12743, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12725-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12725-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The Asian summer monsoon transports pollutants from local emission sources to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The increasing trend of these pollutants may have climatic impact. This study addresses the impact of convectively lifted Indian and Chinese emissions on the ULTS. Sensitivity experiments with emission changes in particular regions show that Chinese emissions have a greater impact on the concentrations of NOY species than Indian emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
I. Stemmler, I. Hense, B. Quack, and E. Maier-Reimer
Biogeosciences, 11, 4459–4476, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4459-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4459-2014, 2014
S. Fadnavis, K. Semeniuk, M. G. Schultz, A. Mahajan, L. Pozzoli, S. Sonbawane, and M. Kiefer
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-20159-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-20159-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
M. Rex, I. Wohltmann, T. Ridder, R. Lehmann, K. Rosenlof, P. Wennberg, D. Weisenstein, J. Notholt, K. Krüger, V. Mohr, and S. Tegtmeier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4827–4841, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4827-2014, 2014
M. J. Lawler, A. S. Mahajan, A. Saiz-Lopez, and E. S. Saltzman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2669–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2669-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2669-2014, 2014
F. Wang, A. Saiz-Lopez, A. S. Mahajan, J. C. Gómez Martín, D. Armstrong, M. Lemes, T. Hay, and C. Prados-Roman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1323–1335, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1323-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1323-2014, 2014
H. Hepach, B. Quack, F. Ziska, S. Fuhlbrügge, E. L. Atlas, K. Krüger, I. Peeken, and D. W. R. Wallace
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1255–1275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1255-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1255-2014, 2014
S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, D. R. Blake, H. Boenisch, A. Engel, H. Hepach, R. Hossaini, M. A. Navarro, S. Raimund, S. Sala, Q. Shi, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11869–11886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11869-2013, 2013
R. Hossaini, H. Mantle, M. P. Chipperfield, S. A. Montzka, P. Hamer, F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Krüger, S. Tegtmeier, E. Atlas, S. Sala, A. Engel, H. Bönisch, T. Keber, D. Oram, G. Mills, C. Ordóñez, A. Saiz-Lopez, N. Warwick, Q. Liang, W. Feng, F. Moore, B. R. Miller, V. Marécal, N. A. D. Richards, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11819–11838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, 2013
F. Ziska, B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S. D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J. H. Butler, L. J. Carpenter, C. E. Jones, N. R. P. Harris, H. Hepach, K. G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R. M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C. E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A. D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace, J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013
C. A. Marandino, S. Tegtmeier, K. Krüger, C. Zindler, E. L. Atlas, F. Moore, and H. W. Bange
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8427–8437, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8427-2013, 2013
P. D. Hamer, V. Marécal, R. Hossaini, M. Pirre, N. Warwick, M. Chipperfield, A. A. Samah, N. Harris, A. Robinson, B. Quack, A. Engel, K. Krüger, E. Atlas, K. Subramaniam, D. Oram, Emma C. Leedham Elvidge, G. Mills, K. Pfeilsticker, S. Sala, T. Keber, H. Bönisch, L. K. Peng, M. S. M. Nadzir, P. T. Lim, A. Mujahid, A. Anton, H. Schlager, V. Catoire, G. Krysztofiak, S. Fühlbrügge, M. Dorf, and W. T. Sturges
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-20611-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-20611-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
W. Cheah, B. B. Taylor, S. Wiegmann, S. Raimund, G. Krahmann, B. Quack, and A. Bracher
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12115-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-12115-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
S. Fuhlbrügge, K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, H. Hepach, and F. Ziska
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6345–6357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6345-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6345-2013, 2013
C. Zindler, A. Bracher, C. A. Marandino, B. Taylor, E. Torrecilla, A. Kock, and H. W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 10, 3297–3311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3297-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3297-2013, 2013
K. Großmann, U. Frieß, E. Peters, F. Wittrock, J. Lampel, S. Yilmaz, J. Tschritter, R. Sommariva, R. von Glasow, B. Quack, K. Krüger, K. Pfeilsticker, and U. Platt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3363–3378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3363-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3363-2013, 2013
A. S. Mahajan, J. C. Gómez Martín, T. D. Hay, S.-J. Royer, S. Yvon-Lewis, Y. Liu, L. Hu, C. Prados-Roman, C. Ordóñez, J. M. C. Plane, and A. Saiz-Lopez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11609–11617, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11609-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11609-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
The impact of organic nitrates on summer ozone formation in Shanghai, China
Differences in the key volatile organic compound species between their emitted and ambient concentrations in ozone formation
Mechanistic insights into chloroacetic acid production from atmospheric multiphase volatile organic compound–chlorine chemistry
Accurate elucidation of oxidation under heavy ozone pollution: a full suite of radical measurements in the chemically complex atmosphere
Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) from different cumulative-mileage diesel vehicles at various ambient temperatures
Characterization of nitrous acid and its potential effects on secondary pollution in the warm season in Beijing urban areas
Vertical changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and impacts on photochemical ozone formation
Diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in δ(18O) of atmospheric O2 and its application to evaluate natural and anthropogenic changes in oxygen, carbon, and water cycles
Cloud processing of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation products limits sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS) production in the eastern North Atlantic marine boundary layer
Atmospheric carbonyl compounds are crucial in regional ozone heavy pollution: insights from the Chengdu Plain Urban Agglomeration, China
Understanding summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its relation to aerosol pollution: insights from high-resolution measurements and modeling
Measurement report: Exploring the variations in ambient BTEX in urban Europe and their environmental health implications
Seasonal air concentration variability, gas–particle partitioning, precipitation scavenging, and air–water equilibrium of organophosphate esters in southern Canada
Global Ground-based Tropospheric Ozone Measurements: Reference Data and Individual Site Trends (2000–2022) from the TOAR-II/HEGIFTOM Project
Measurement report: Surface exchange fluxes of HONO during the growth process of paddy fields in the Huaihe River Basin, China
Marine emissions and trade winds control the atmospheric nitrous oxide in the Galapagos Islands
Molecular and seasonal characteristics of organic vapors in urban Beijing: insights from Vocus-PTR measurements
The variations in volatile organic compounds based on the policy change for Omicron in the traffic hub of Zhengzhou
On the dynamics of ozone depletion events at Villum Research Station in the High Arctic
VOC sources and impacts at an urban Mediterranean area (Marseille – France)
Measurement report: Long-term measurements of surface ozone and trends in semi-natural sub-Saharan African ecosystems
Characterization of biogenic volatile organic compounds and their oxidation products in a stressed spruce-dominated forest close to a biogas power plant
Reactive chlorine-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing volatile organic compounds impact atmospheric chemistry in the megacity of Delhi during both clean and extremely polluted seasons
Analysis of the day-to-day variability of ozone vertical profiles in the lower troposphere during the 2022 Paris ACROSS campaign
Significant influence of oxygenated volatile organic compounds on atmospheric chemistry analysis: A case study in a typical industrial city in China
Short lifetimes of organic nitrates in a sub-urban temperate forest indicate efficient assimilation of reactive nitrogen by the biosphere
Ozone deposition measurements over wheat fields in the North China Plain: variability and related factors of deposition flux and velocity
Consistency evaluation of tropospheric ozone from ozonesonde and IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) observations: vertical distribution, ozonesonde types, and station–airport distance
CO2 and CO temporal variability over Mexico City from ground-based total column and surface measurements
Investigating carbonyl compounds above the Amazon rainforest using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) with NO+ chemical ionization
Measurement report: In-flight and ground-based measurements of nitrogen oxide emissions from latest-generation jet engines and 100 % sustainable aviation fuel
Measurement report: Sources, sinks, and lifetime of NOx in a suburban temperate forest at night
Measurement report: Urban ammonia and amines in Houston, Texas
Biomass-burning sources control ambient particulate matter, but traffic and industrial sources control volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and secondary-pollutant formation during extreme pollution events in Delhi
Multi-year observations of variable incomplete combustion in the New York megacity
Observations of the vertical distributions of summertime atmospheric pollutants in Nam Co: OH production and source analysis
Spatiotemporal variations in atmospheric CH4 concentrations and enhancements in northern China based on a comprehensive dataset: Ground-based observations, TROPOMI data, inventory data and inversions
Measurement report: Elevated atmospheric ammonia may promote particle pH and HONO formation – insights from the COVID-19 pandemic
Measurement report: Vertical and temporal variability in the near-surface ozone production rate and sensitivity in an urban area in the Pearl River Delta region, China
Elevated oxidized mercury in the free troposphere: analytical advances and application at a remote continental mountaintop site
Using observed urban NOx sinks to constrain VOC reactivity and the ozone and radical budget in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Real-world emission characteristics of VOCs from typical cargo ships and their potential contributions to secondary organic aerosol and O3 under low-sulfur fuel policies
NO3 reactivity during a summer period in a temperate forest below and above the canopy
The role of oceanic ventilation and terrestrial outflow in atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons over the Chinese marginal seas
Concentration and source changes of nitrous acid (HONO) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Beijing
Characteristics and sources of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and O3–NOx–NMVOC relationships in Zhengzhou, China
Measurement report: TURBAN observation campaign combining street-level low-cost air quality sensors and meteorological profile measurements in Prague
Deciphering anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to selected non-methane volatile organic compound emissions in an urban area
Emission characteristics of reactive organic gases (ROGs) from industrial volatile chemical products (VCPs) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China
Measurement report: Enhanced photochemical formation of formic and isocyanic acids in urban regions aloft – insights from tower-based online gradient measurements
Chunmeng Li, Xiaorui Chen, Haichao Wang, Tianyu Zhai, Xuefei Ma, Xinping Yang, Shiyi Chen, Min Zhou, Shengrong Lou, Xin Li, Limin Zeng, and Keding Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3905–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports an observation of organic nitrate (including total peroxy nitrates and total alkyl nitrates) in Shanghai, China, during the summer of 2021, by homemade thermal dissociation cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (TD-CEAS; Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4033–4051, 2021). The distribution of organic nitrates and their effects on local ozone production are analyzed based on field observations in conjunction with model simulations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xudong Zheng and Shaodong Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3807–3820, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3807-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3807-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To reduce uncertainties in identifying the key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ozone (O3) formation from ambient concentrations, this study comprehensively calculates the emitted VOC concentrations during both nighttime and daytime using the nitrate radical, O3, and hydroxyl radical reaction rates and ambient VOC concentrations. Based on the emitted concentrations, isoprene is one of the top three species contributing to O3 formation, which may be overlooked in observed concentrations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mingxue Li, Men Xia, Chunshui Lin, Yifan Jiang, Weihang Sun, Yurun Wang, Yingnan Zhang, Maoxia He, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3753–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3753-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3753-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our field campaigns observed a strong diel pattern of chloroacetic acid as well as a strong correlation between its level and that of reactive chlorine species at a coastal site. Using quantum chemical calculations and box model simulation with an updated Master Chemical Mechanism, we found that the formation pathway of chloroacetic acid involved multiphase processes. Our study enhances understanding of atmospheric organic chlorine chemistry and emphasizes the importance of multiphase reactions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Renzhi Hu, Guoxian Zhang, Haotian Cai, Jingyi Guo, Keding Lu, Xin Li, Shengrong Lou, Zhaofeng Tan, Changjin Hu, Pinhua Xie, and Wenqing Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3011–3028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3011-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3011-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A full suite of radical measurements (OH, HO2, RO2, and kOH) was established to accurately elucidate the limitations of oxidation in a chemically complex atmosphere. Sensitivity tests revealed that the incorporation of complex processes enabled a balance in both radical concentrations and coordinate ratios, effectively addressing the deficiency in the ozone generation mechanism. The full-chain radical detection bridged the gap between the photochemistry and the intensive oxidation level.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shuwen Guo, Xuan Zheng, Xiao He, Lewei Zeng, Liqiang He, Xian Wu, Yifei Dai, Zihao Huang, Ting Chen, Shupei Xiao, Yan You, Sheng Xiang, Shaojun Zhang, Jingkun Jiang, and Ye Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2695–2705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2695-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2695-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We considered two potential influencing factors of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions that are rarely mentioned in the literature: cumulative mileage and ambient temperatures. The results suggest that prolonged use of heavy-duty diesel vehicles and low ambient temperatures leads to reduced engine combustion efficiency, which in turn increases tailpipe emissions significantly.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Junling Li, Chaofan Lian, Mingyuan Liu, Hao Zhang, Yongxin Yan, Yufei Song, Chun Chen, Jiaqi Wang, Haijie Zhang, Yanqin Ren, Yucong Guo, Weigang Wang, Yisheng Xu, Hong Li, Jian Gao, and Maofa Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2551–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2551-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2551-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
As a key source of hydroxyl (OH) radical, nitrous acid (HONO) has attracted much attention for its important role in the atmospheric oxidant capacity (AOC) increase. In this study, we made a comparison of the ambient levels, variation patterns, sources, and formation pathway in the warm season on the basis of continuous intensive observations at an urban site of Beijing. This work highlights the importance of HONO for the AOC in the warm season.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiao-Bing Li, Bin Yuan, Yibo Huangfu, Suxia Yang, Xin Song, Jipeng Qi, Xianjun He, Sihang Wang, Yubin Chen, Qing Yang, Yongxin Song, Yuwen Peng, Guiqian Tang, Jian Gao, Dasa Gu, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2459–2472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2459-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2459-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Online vertical gradient measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone, and NOx were conducted based on a 325 m tall tower in urban Beijing. Vertical changes in the concentrations, compositions, key drivers, and environmental impacts of VOCs were analyzed in this study. We find that VOC species display differentiated vertical variation patterns and distinct roles in contributing to photochemical ozone formation with increasing height in the urban planetary boundary layer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Satoshi Sugawara, and Atsushi Okazaki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1965–1987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1965-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1965-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The 18O/16O ratio of atmospheric oxygen, δatm(18O), is higher than that of ocean water due to isotopic effects during biospheric activities. This is known as the Dole–Morita effect, and its millennial-scale variations are recorded in ice cores. However, small variations of δatm(18O) in the present day have never been detected so far. This paper presents the first observations of diurnal, seasonal, and secular variations in δatm(18O) and applies them to evaluate oxygen, carbon, and water cycles.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Delaney B. Kilgour, Christopher M. Jernigan, Olga Garmash, Sneha Aggarwal, Shengqian Zhou, Claudia Mohr, Matt E. Salter, Joel A. Thornton, Jian Wang, Paul Zieger, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1931–1947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1931-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1931-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We report simultaneous measurements of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) in the eastern North Atlantic. We use an observationally constrained box model to show that cloud loss is the dominant sink of HPMTF in this region over 6 weeks, resulting in large reductions in DMS-derived products that contribute to aerosol formation and growth. Our findings indicate that fast cloud processing of HPMTF must be included in global models to accurately capture the sulfur cycle.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jiemeng Bao, Xin Zhang, Zhenhai Wu, Li Zhou, Jun Qian, Qinwen Tan, Fumo Yang, Junhui Chen, Yunfeng Li, Hefan Liu, Liqun Deng, and Hong Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1899–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1899-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1899-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied carbonyl compounds' role in ozone pollution in the Chengdu Plain Urban Agglomeration, China. During heavy pollution in August 2019, we measured carbonyls at nine sites and analyzed their impact. Areas with higher carbonyl levels, like Chengdu, had worse ozone pollution. While their abundance matters, chemical reactions with other pollutants are the main drivers. Our findings show regional cooperation is vital to reducing ozone pollution effectively.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Baoye Hu, Naihua Chen, Rui Li, Mingqiang Huang, Jinsheng Chen, Youwei Hong, Lingling Xu, Xiaolong Fan, Mengren Li, Lei Tong, Qiuping Zheng, and Yuxiang Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 905–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-905-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Box modeling with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was used to explore summertime peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation and its link to aerosol pollution under high-ozone conditions. The MCM model is effective in the study of PAN photochemical formation and performed better during the clean period than the haze period. Machine learning analysis identified ammonia, nitrate, and fine particulate matter as the top three factors contributing to simulation bias.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiansheng Liu, Xun Zhang, Marvin Dufresne, Tao Wang, Lijie Wu, Rosa Lara, Roger Seco, Marta Monge, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Marie Gohy, Paul Petit, Audrey Chevalier, Marie-Pierre Vagnot, Yann Fortier, Alexia Baudic, Véronique Ghersi, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Valérie Gros, Leïla Simon, Heidi Héllen, Stefan Reimann, Zoé Le Bras, Michelle Jessy Müller, David Beddows, Siqi Hou, Zongbo Shi, Roy M. Harrison, William Bloss, James Dernie, Stéphane Sauvage, Philip K. Hopke, Xiaoli Duan, Taicheng An, Alastair C. Lewis, James R. Hopkins, Eleni Liakakou, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Xiaohu Zhang, Andrés Alastuey, Xavier Querol, and Thérèse Salameh
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 625–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) pollution in urban areas across seven European countries. Analyzing data from 22 monitoring sites, we found traffic and industrial activities significantly impact BTEX levels, with peaks during rush hours. The risk from BTEX exposure remains moderate, especially in high-traffic and industrial zones, highlighting the need for targeted air quality management to protect public health and improve urban air quality.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yuening Li, Faqiang Zhan, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Ying Duan Lei, Jenny Oh, Amina Ben Chaaben, Zhe Lu, Kelsey Lee, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 459–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-459-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-459-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Organophosphate esters are important humanmade trace contaminants. Measuring them in the atmospheric gas phase, particles, precipitation, and surface water in Canada, we explore seasonal concentration variability, gas–particle partitioning, precipitation scavenging, and the air–water equilibrium. Whereas higher summer concentrations and efficient precipitation scavenging conform with expectations, the lack of a relationship between compound volatility and gas–particle partitioning is puzzling.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Roeland Van Malderen, Anne M. Thompson, Debra E. Kollonige, Ryan M. Stauffer, Herman G. J. Smit, Eliane Maillard Barras, Corinne Vigouroux, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Thierry Leblanc, Valérie Thouret, Pawel Wolff, Peter Effertz, David W. Tarasick, Deniz Poyraz, Gérard Ancellet, Marie-Renée De Backer, Stéphanie Evan, Victoria Flood, Matthias M. Frey, James W. Hannigan, José L. Hernandez, Marco Iarlori, Bryan J. Johnson, Nicholas Jones, Rigel Kivi, Emmanuel Mahieu, Glen McConville, Katrin Müller, Tomoo Nagahama, Justus Notholt, Ankie Piters, Natalia Prats, Richard Querel, Dan Smale, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Kimberly Strong, and Ralf Sussmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3736, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3736, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone is an important greenhouse gas and is an air pollutant. The time variability of tropospheric ozone is mainly driven by anthropogenic emissions. In this paper, we study the distribution and time variability of ozone from harmonized ground-based observations from five different measurement techniques. Our findings will provide clear standard references for atmospheric models and evolving tropospheric ozone satellite data for the 2000–2022 period.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fanhao Meng, Baobin Han, Min Qin, Wu Fang, Ke Tang, Dou Shao, Zhitang Liao, Jun Duan, Yan Feng, Yong Huang, Ting Ni, and Pinhua Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14191–14208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive observations of HONO and NOx fluxes were conducted over paddy fields in the Huaihe River Basin. Consecutive peaks in HONO and NO fluxes suggest a potentially enhanced release of HONO and NO due to soil tillage, whereas waterlogged soil may inhibit microbial nitrification processes following irrigation. Notably, biological processes and light-driven NO2 reactions at the surface may serve as sources of HONO and influence the local HONO budget during rotary tillage.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Timur Cinay, Dickon Young, Nazaret Narváez Jimenez, Cristina Vintimilla-Palacios, Ariel Pila Alonso, Paul B. Krummel, William Vizuete, and Andrew R. Babbin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3769, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3769, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the initial 15 months of nitrous oxide measurements from the Galapagos Emissions Monitoring Station. The observed variability in atmospheric mole fractions during this period can be linked to several factors: seasonal variations in trade wind speed and direction across the eastern Pacific, differences in the transport history of air masses sampled, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity in regional marine nitrous oxide emissions from coastal upwelling systems of Peru and Chile.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhaojin An, Rujing Yin, Xinyan Zhao, Xiaoxiao Li, Yuyang Li, Yi Yuan, Junchen Guo, Yiqi Zhao, Xue Li, Dandan Li, Yaowei Li, Dongbin Wang, Chao Yan, Kebin He, Douglas R. Worsnop, Frank N. Keutsch, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13793–13810, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Online Vocus-PTR measurements show the compositions and seasonal variations in organic vapors in urban Beijing. With enhanced sensitivity and mass resolution, various species at a level of sub-parts per trillion (ppt) and organics with multiple oxygens (≥ 3) were observed. The fast photooxidation process in summer leads to an increase in both concentration and proportion of organics with multiple oxygens, while, in other seasons, the variations in them could be influenced by mixed sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bowen Zhang, Dong Zhang, Zhe Dong, Xinshuai Song, Ruiqin Zhang, and Xiao Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13587–13601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To gain insight into the impact of changes due to epidemic control policies, we undertook continuous online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site in Zhengzhou over a 2-month period. This study examines the characteristics of VOCs, their sources, and their temporal evolution. It also assesses the impact of the policy change on VOC pollution during the monitoring period, thus providing a basis for further research on VOC pollution and source control.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jakob Boyd Pernov, Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Lise Lotte Sørensen, and Henrik Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13603–13631, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic ozone depletion events (ODEs) occur every spring and have vast implications for the oxidizing capacity, radiative balance, and mercury oxidation. In this study, we analyze ozone, ODEs, and their connection to meteorological and air mass history variables through statistical analyses, back trajectories, and machine learning (ML) at Villum Research Station. ODEs are favorable under sunny, calm conditions with air masses arriving from northerly wind directions with sea ice contact.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marvin Dufresne, Thérèse Salameh, Thierry Léonardis, Grégory Gille, Alexandre Armengaud, and Stéphane Sauvage
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3576, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3576, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is about the eighteen-months measurement of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) at Marseille, were there was no measurement since early 2000 despite the impact of NMHC on air quality and climate. The traffic related sources are the first contributor to NMHC concentrations in Marseille and shipping strongly contribute to the formation of aerosols. Finally, the lockdown due to the Covid-19 had an impact on NMHC concentrations reaching a fifty percents decreasing for traffic-related sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hagninou Elagnon Venance Donnou, Aristide Barthélémy Akpo, Money Ossohou, Claire Delon, Véronique Yoboué, Dungall Laouali, Marie Ouafo-Leumbe, Pieter Gideon Van Zyl, Ousmane Ndiaye, Eric Gardrat, Maria Dias-Alves, and Corinne Galy-Lacaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13151–13182, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13151-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13151-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone is a secondary air pollutant that is detrimental to human and plant health. A better understanding of its chemical evolution is a challenge for Africa, where it is still undersampled. Out of 14 sites examined (1995–2020), high levels of O3 are reported in southern Africa. The dominant chemical processes leading to O3 formation are identified. A decrease in O3 is observed at Katibougou (Mali) and Banizoumbou (Niger), and an increase is found at Zoétélé (Cameroon) and Skukuza (South Africa).
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Junwei Song, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Ralf Tillmann, Nicolas Brüggemann, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13199–13217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and organic aerosol (OA) particles were measured online in a stressed spruce-dominated forest. OA was mainly attributed to the monoterpene oxidation products. The mixing ratios of BVOCs were higher than the values previously measured in other temperate forests. The results demonstrate that BVOCs are influenced not only by meteorology and biogenic emissions but also by local anthropogenic emissions and subsequent chemical transformation processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sachin Mishra, Vinayak Sinha, Haseeb Hakkim, Arpit Awasthi, Sachin D. Ghude, Vijay Kumar Soni, Narendra Nigam, Baerbel Sinha, and Madhavan N. Rajeevan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13129–13150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified 111 gases using mass spectrometry to understand how seasonal and emission changes lead from clean air in the monsoon season to extremely polluted air in the post-monsoon season in Delhi. Averaged total mass concentrations (260 µg m-3) were > 4 times in polluted periods, driven by biomass burning emissions and reduced atmospheric ventilation. Reactive gaseous nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur compounds hitherto unreported from such a polluted environment were discovered.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gérard Ancellet, Camille Viatte, Anne Boynard, François Ravetta, Jacques Pelon, Cristelle Cailteau-Fischbach, Pascal Genau, Julie Capo, Axel Roy, and Philippe Nédélec
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12963–12983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Characterization of ozone pollution in urban areas benefited from a measurement campaign in summer 2022 in the Paris region. The analysis is based on 21 d of lidar and aircraft observations. The main objective is an analysis of the sensitivity of ozone pollution to the micrometeorological processes in the urban atmospheric boundary layer and the transport of regional pollution. The paper also discusses to what extent satellite observations can track observed ozone plumes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jingwen Dai, Kun Zhang, Yanli Feng, Xin Yi, Rui Li, Jin Xue, Qing Li, Lishu Shi, Jiaqiang Liao, Yanan Yi, Fangting Wang, Liumei Yang, Hui Chen, Ling Huang, Jiani Tan, Yangjun Wang, and Li Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3201, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3201, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important ozone (O3) precursors. However, most of O3 formation analysis based on the box model (OBM) don't include OVOCs constraint To access the interference of OVOCs on O3 simulation, this study conducted field campaign and OBM analysis. The results indicates that no OVOCs constraint in the OBM can lead to overestimate of OVOCs, free radicals, and O3.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simone T. Andersen, Rolf Sander, Patrick Dewald, Laura Wüst, Tobias Seubert, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Alexandre Kukui, Vincent Michoud, Manuela Cirtog, Mathieu Cazaunau, Astrid Bauville, Hichem Bouzidi, Paola Formenti, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Christopher Cantrell, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3437, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3437, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements and modelling of reactive nitrogen gases observed in a suburban temperate forest in Rambouillet, France circa 50 km southwest of Paris in 2022 indicate that the biosphere rapidly scavenges organic nitrates of mixed biogenic and anthropogenic origin, resulting in short lifetimes for e.g. alkyl nitrates and peroxy nitrates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiaoyi Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Weili Lin, Gen Zhang, Jinjian Geng, Li Zhou, Huarong Zhao, Sanxue Ren, Guangsheng Zhou, Jianmin Chen, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12323–12340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) deposition is a key process that removes surface O3, affecting air quality, ecosystems and climate change. We conducted O3 deposition measurement over a wheat canopy using a newly relaxed eddy accumulation flux system. Large variabilities in O3 deposition were detected, mainly determined by crop growth and modulated by various environmental factors. More O3 deposition observations over different surfaces are needed for exploring deposition mechanisms and model optimization.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Honglei Wang, David W. Tarasick, Jane Liu, Herman G. J. Smit, Roeland Van Malderen, Lijuan Shen, Romain Blot, and Tianliang Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11927–11942, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we identify 23 suitable pairs of sites from World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) and In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) datasets (1995 to 2021), compare the average vertical distributions of tropospheric O3 from ozonesonde and aircraft measurements, and analyze the differences based on ozonesonde type and station–airport distance.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Noémie Taquet, Wolfgang Stremme, María Eugenia González del Castillo, Victor Almanza, Alejandro Bezanilla, Olivier Laurent, Carlos Alberti, Frank Hase, Michel Ramonet, Thomas Lauvaux, Ke Che, and Michel Grutter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11823–11848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We characterize the variability in CO and CO2 emissions over Mexico City from long-term time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy solar absorption and surface measurements from 2013 to 2021. Using the average intraday CO growth rate from total columns, the average CO / CO2 ratio and TROPOMI data, we estimate the interannual variability in the CO and CO2 anthropogenic emissions of Mexico City, highlighting the effect of an unprecedented drop in activity due to the COVID-19 lockdown.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Akima Ringsdorf, Achim Edtbauer, Bruna Holanda, Christopher Poehlker, Marta O. Sá, Alessandro Araújo, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11883–11910, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show the average height distribution of separately observed aldehydes and ketones over a day and discuss their rainforest-specific sources and sinks as well as their seasonal changes above the Amazon. Ketones have much longer atmospheric lifetimes than aldehydes and thus different implications for atmospheric chemistry. However, they are commonly observed together, which we overcome by measuring with a NO+ chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the first time in the Amazon rainforest.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Theresa Harlass, Rebecca Dischl, Stefan Kaufmann, Raphael Märkl, Daniel Sauer, Monika Scheibe, Paul Stock, Tiziana Bräuer, Andreas Dörnbrack, Anke Roiger, Hans Schlager, Ulrich Schumann, Magdalena Pühl, Tobias Schripp, Tobias Grein, Linda Bondorf, Charles Renard, Maxime Gauthier, Mark Johnson, Darren Luff, Paul Madden, Peter Swann, Denise Ahrens, Reetu Sallinen, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11807–11822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions from aircraft have a direct impact on our climate. Here, we present airborne and ground-based measurement data of nitrogen oxides that were collected in the exhaust of an Airbus aircraft. We study the impact of burning fossil and sustainable aviation fuel on nitrogen oxide emissions at different engine settings related to combustor temperature, pressure and fuel flow. Further, we compare observations with engine emission models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simone T. Andersen, Max R. McGillen, Chaoyang Xue, Tobias Seubert, Patrick Dewald, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Lucy J. Carpenter, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11603–11618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using measurements of various trace gases in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we were able to gain insight into the sources and sinks of NOx (NO+NO2) with a special focus on their nighttime chemical and physical loss processes. NO was observed as a result of nighttime soil emissions when O3 levels were strongly depleted by deposition. NO oxidation products were not observed at night, indicating that soil and/or foliar surfaces are an efficient sink of reactive N.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lee Tiszenkel, James H. Flynn, and Shan-Hu Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11351–11363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11351-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia and amines are important ingredients for aerosol formation in urban environments, but the measurements of these compounds are extremely challenging. Our observations show that urban ammonia and amines in Houston are emitted from urban sources, and diurnal variations in their concentrations are likely governed by gas-to-particle conversion and emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Arpit Awasthi, Baerbel Sinha, Haseeb Hakkim, Sachin Mishra, Varkrishna Mummidivarapu, Gurmanjot Singh, Sachin D. Ghude, Vijay Kumar Soni, Narendra Nigam, Vinayak Sinha, and Madhavan N. Rajeevan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10279–10304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use 111 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PM10, and PM2.5 in a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to resolve 11 pollution sources validated with chemical fingerprints. Crop residue burning and heating account for ~ 50 % of the PM, while traffic and industrial emissions dominate the gas-phase VOC burden and formation potential of secondary organic aerosols (> 60 %). Non-tailpipe emissions from compressed-natural-gas-fuelled commercial vehicles dominate the transport sector's PM burden.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Luke D. Schiferl, Cong Cao, Bronte Dalton, Andrew Hallward-Driemeier, Ricardo Toledo-Crow, and Róisín Commane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10129–10142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10129-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant and an important indicator of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in cities. Using 4 years of winter and spring observations in New York City, we found that both the magnitude and variability of CO from the metropolitan area are greater than expected. Transportation emissions cannot explain the missing and variable CO, which points to energy from buildings as a likely underappreciated source of urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chengzhi Xing, Cheng Liu, Chunxiang Ye, Jingkai Xue, Hongyu Wu, Xiangguang Ji, Jinping Ou, and Qihou Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10093–10112, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10093-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10093-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We identified the contributions of ozone (O3) and nitrous acid (HONO) to the production rates of hydroxide (OH) in vertical space on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A new insight was offered: the contributions of HONO and O3 to the production rates of OH on the TP are even greater than in lower-altitudes areas. This study enriches the understanding of vertical distribution of atmospheric components and explains the strong atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) on the TP.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pengfei Han, Ning Zeng, Bo Yao, Wen Zhang, Weijun Quan, Pucai Wang, Ting Wang, Minqiang Zhou, Qixiang Cai, Yuzhong Zhang, Ruosi Liang, Wanqi Sun, and Shengxiang Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2162, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas. Northern China contributes a large proportion of CH4 emissions yet large observation gaps are existed. Here we compiled a comprehensive dataset which is publicly available including ground-based, satellite-based, inventory and modeling results, to show the CH4 concentrations, enhancements and spatial-temporal variations. The data can benefit the research community, and policy makers for future observations, atmospheric inversions and policy-making.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xinyuan Zhang, Lingling Wang, Nan Wang, Shuangliang Ma, Shenbo Wang, Ruiqin Zhang, Dong Zhang, Mingkai Wang, and Hongyu Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9885–9898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9885-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of the redox reaction of NO2 with SO2 based on actual atmospheric observations. The particle pH in future China is expected to rise steadily. Consequently, this reaction could become a significant source of HONO in China. Therefore, it is crucial to coordinate the control of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions to avoid a rapid increase in the particle pH.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jun Zhou, Chunsheng Zhang, Aiming Liu, Bin Yuan, Yan Wang, Wenjie Wang, Jie-Ping Zhou, Yixin Hao, Xiao-Bing Li, Xianjun He, Xin Song, Yubin Chen, Suxia Yang, Shuchun Yang, Yanfeng Wu, Bin Jiang, Shan Huang, Junwen Liu, Yuwen Peng, Jipeng Qi, Minhui Deng, Bowen Zhong, Yibo Huangfu, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9805–9826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9805-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9805-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In-depth understanding of the near-ground vertical variability in photochemical ozone (O3) formation is crucial for mitigating O3 pollution. Utilizing a self-built vertical observation system, a direct net photochemical O3 production rate detection system, and an observation-based model, we diagnosed the vertical distributions and formation mechanism of net photochemical O3 production rates and sensitivity in the Pearl River Delta region, one of the most O3-polluted areas in China.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eleanor J. Derry, Tyler R. Elgiar, Taylor Y. Wilmot, Nicholas W. Hoch, Noah S. Hirshorn, Peter Weiss-Penzias, Christopher F. Lee, John C. Lin, A. Gannet Hallar, Rainer Volkamer, Seth N. Lyman, and Lynne E. Gratz
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9615–9643, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9615-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) is a globally distributed neurotoxic pollutant. Atmospheric deposition is the main source of Hg in ecosystems. However, measurement biases hinder understanding of the origins and abundance of the more bioavailable oxidized form. We used an improved, calibrated measurement system to study air mass composition and transport of atmospheric Hg at a remote mountaintop site in the central US. Oxidized Hg originated upwind in the low to middle free troposphere under clean, dry conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Benjamin A. Nault, Katherine R. Travis, James H. Crawford, Donald R. Blake, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Ronald C. Cohen, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Samuel R. Hall, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Kyung-Eun Min, Young Ro Lee, Isobel J. Simpson, Kirk Ullmann, and Armin Wisthaler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9573–9595, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9573-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ozone (O3) is a pollutant formed from the reactions of gases emitted from various sources. In urban areas, the density of human activities can increase the O3 formation rate (P(O3)), thus impacting air quality and health. Observations collected over Seoul, South Korea, are used to constrain P(O3). A high local P(O3) was found; however, local P(O3) was partly reduced due to compounds typically ignored. These observations also provide constraints for unmeasured compounds that will impact P(O3).
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fan Zhang, Binyu Xiao, Zeyu Liu, Yan Zhang, Chongguo Tian, Rui Li, Can Wu, Yali Lei, Si Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Yubao Chen, Yong Han, Min Cui, Cheng Huang, Hongli Wang, Yingjun Chen, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8999–9017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mandatory use of low-sulfur fuel due to global sulfur limit regulations means large uncertainties in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. On-board tests of VOCs from nine cargo ships in China were carried out. Results showed that switching from heavy-fuel oil to diesel increased emission factor VOCs by 48 % on average, enhancing O3 and the secondary organic aerosol formation potential. Thus, implementing a global ultra-low-sulfur oil policy needs to be optimized in the near future.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Patrick Dewald, Tobias Seubert, Simone T. Andersen, Gunther N. T. E. Türk, Jan Schuladen, Max R. McGillen, Cyrielle Denjean, Jean-Claude Etienne, Olivier Garrouste, Marina Jamar, Sergio Harb, Manuela Cirtog, Vincent Michoud, Mathieu Cazaunau, Antonin Bergé, Christopher Cantrell, Sebastien Dusanter, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Alexandre Kukui, Chaoyang Xue, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Jos Lelieveld, and John N. Crowley
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8983–8997, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8983-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the scope of a field campaign in a suburban forest near Paris in the summer of 2022, we measured the reactivity of the nitrate radical NO3 towards biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs; e.g. monoterpenes) mainly below but also above the canopy. NO3 reactivity was the highest during nights with strong temperature inversions and decreased strongly with height. Reactions with BVOCs were the main removal process of NO3 throughout the diel cycle below the canopy.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jian Wang, Lei Xue, Qianyao Ma, Feng Xu, Gaobin Xu, Shibo Yan, Jiawei Zhang, Jianlong Li, Honghai Zhang, Guiling Zhang, and Zhaohui Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8721–8736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8721-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8721-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the distribution and sources of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the lower atmosphere over the marginal seas of China. NMHCs, a subset of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry. Derived from systematic atmospheric sampling in coastal cities and marginal sea regions, this study offers valuable insights into the interaction between land and sea in shaping offshore atmospheric NMHCs.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yusheng Zhang, Feixue Zheng, Zemin Feng, Chaofan Lian, Weigang Wang, Xiaolong Fan, Wei Ma, Zhuohui Lin, Chang Li, Gen Zhang, Chao Yan, Ying Zhang, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Federico Bianch, Tuukka Petäjä, Juha Kangasluoma, Markku Kulmala, and Yongchun Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8569–8587, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8569-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8569-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The nitrous acid (HONO) budget was validated during a COVID-19 lockdown event. The main conclusions are (1) HONO concentrations showed a significant decrease from 0.97 to 0.53 ppb during lockdown; (2) vehicle emissions accounted for 53 % of nighttime sources, with the heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on ground surfaces more important than aerosol; and (3) the dominant daytime source shifted from the homogenous reaction between NO and OH (51 %) to nitrate photolysis (53 %) during lockdown.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dong Zhang, Xiao Li, Minghao Yuan, Yifei Xu, Qixiang Xu, Fangcheng Su, Shenbo Wang, and Ruiqin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8549–8567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8549-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing concentration of O3 precursors and unfavorable meteorological conditions are key factors in the formation of O3 pollution in Zhengzhou. Vehicular exhausts (28 %), solvent usage (27 %), and industrial production (22 %) are identified as the main sources of NMVOCs. Moreover, O3 formation in Zhengzhou is found to be in an anthropogenic volatile organic compound (AVOC)-limited regime. Thus, to reduce O3 formation, a minimum AVOCs / NOx reduction ratio ≥ 3 : 1 is recommended.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Petra Bauerová, Josef Keder, Adriana Šindelářová, Ondřej Vlček, William Patiño, Jaroslav Resler, Pavel Krč, Jan Geletič, Hynek Řezníček, Martin Bureš, Kryštof Eben, Michal Belda, Jelena Radović, Vladimír Fuka, Radek Jareš, and Igor Ezau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1222, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented an observation campaign focused on street-level air quality and vertical meteorological profile measurement in Prague using low-cost sensors and remote sensing devices. Low-cost sensors have undergone long-term field testing, own data correction and drift evaluation procedures. A high level of NO2 pollution was confirmed due to the traffic load in streets, peaks of aerosol pollution appeared more under inversion conditions. The data will be further used for PALM model validation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Arianna Peron, Martin Graus, Marcus Striednig, Christian Lamprecht, Georg Wohlfahrt, and Thomas Karl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7063–7083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7063-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The anthropogenic fraction of non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions associated with biogenic sources (e.g., terpenes) is investigated based on eddy covariance observations. The anthropogenic fraction of terpene emissions is strongly dependent on season. When analyzing volatile chemical product (VCP) emissions in urban environments, we caution that observations from short-term campaigns might over-/underestimate their significance depending on local and seasonal circumstances.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sihang Wang, Bin Yuan, Xianjun He, Ru Cui, Xin Song, Yubin Chen, Caihong Wu, Chaomin Wang, Yibo Huangfu, Xiao-Bing Li, Boguang Wang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7101–7121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of reactive organic gases from industrial volatile chemical product sources are measured. There are large differences among these industrial sources. We show that oxygenated species account for significant contributions to reactive organic gas emissions, especially for industrial sources utilizing water-borne chemicals.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qing Yang, Xiao-Bing Li, Bin Yuan, Xiaoxiao Zhang, Yibo Huangfu, Lei Yang, Xianjun He, Jipeng Qi, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6865–6882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Online vertical gradient measurements of formic and isocyanic acids were made based on a 320 m tower in a megacity. Vertical variations and sources of the two acids were analyzed in this study. We find that formic and isocyanic acids exhibited positive vertical gradients and were mainly contributed by photochemical formations. The formation of formic and isocyanic acids was also significantly enhanced in urban regions aloft.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Adcock, K. E., Fraser, P. J., Hall, B. D., Langenfelds, R. L., Lee, G.,
Montzka, S. A., Oram, D. E., Röckmann, T., Stroh, F., Sturges, W. T.,
Vogel, B., and Laube, J. C.: Aircraft-Based Observations of Ozone-Depleting
Substances in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in and Above the
Asian Summer Monsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033137,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033137, 2021.
Ajayakumar, R. S., Nair, P. R., Girach, I. A., Sunilkumar, S. V., Muhsin,
M., and Chandran, P. R. S.: Dynamical nature of tropospheric ozone over a
tropical location in Peninsular India: Role of transport and water vapor,
Atmos. Environ., 218, 117018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117018, 2019.
Ali, K., Beig, G., Chate, D. M., Momin, G. A., Sahu, S. K., and Safai, P.
D.: Sink mechanism for significantly low level of ozone over the Arabian Sea
during monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011256,
2009.
Aneesh, V. R., Mohankumar, G., and Sampath, S.: Spatial distribution of
atmospheric carbon monoxide over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea: Measurements
during pre-monsoon period of 2006, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 449–455,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0044-8, 2008.
Angot, H., Barret, M., Magand, O., Ramonet, M., and Dommergue, A.: A 2-year record of atmospheric mercury species at a background Southern Hemisphere station on Amsterdam Island, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11461–11473, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11461-2014, 2014.
Annamalai, H., Taguchi, B., McCreary, J. P., Nagura, M., and Miyama, T.:
Systematic errors in south Asian monsoon simulation: importance of
Equatorial Indian Ocean processes, J. Climate, 30, 8159–8178, 2017.
Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605–4620, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4605-2008, 2008.
Arnold, S. R., Spracklen, D. V., Williams, J., Yassaa, N., Sciare, J., Bonsang, B., Gros, V., Peeken, I., Lewis, A. C., Alvain, S., and Moulin, C.: Evaluation of the global oceanic isoprene source and its impacts on marine organic carbon aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1253–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1253-2009, 2009.
Aryasree, S., Nair, P. R., Girach, I. A., and Jacob, S.: Winter time chemical
characteristics of aerosols over the Bay of Bengal: continental
influence, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 14901–14918,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4700-7, 2015.
Asatar, G. I. and Nair, P. R.: Spatial distribution of near-surface CO over
Bay of Bengal during winter: role of transport, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy.,
72, 1241–1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.025, 2010.
ASDC: MOPITT CO gridded daily means (Near and Thermal Infrared Radiances) V008, ASDC [data set], https://www2.acom.ucar.edu/mopitt (last access: 15 June 2020), 2019.
Astrahan P., Herut B., Paytan A., and Rahav E.: The Impact of Dry
Atmospheric Deposition on the Sea-Surface Microlayer in the SE Mediterranean
Sea: An Experimental Approach, Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 222,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00222, 2016.
Aswini, A. R., Hegde, P., Aryasree, S., Girach, I. A., and Nair, P. R.:
Continental outflow of anthropogenic aerosols over Arabian Sea and Indian
Ocean during wintertime: ICARB-2018 campaign, Sci. Total Environ., 712,
135214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135214, 2020.
Ayers, G. P. and Gras, J. L.: Ammonia gas concentration over the Southern
Ocean, Nature, 284, 539–540, 1980.
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Bange, H. W.: New Directions: The importance of the oceanic nitrous oxide
emissions, Atmos. Environ., 40, 198–199, 2006.
Barnes, E. A., Fiore, A. M., and Horowitz, L. W.: Detection of trends in
surface ozone in the presence of climate variability, J. Geophys. Res., 121,
6112–6129, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024397, 2016.
Bates, N. R., Pequignet, A. C., and Sabine, C.: Ocean carboncycling in the Indian Ocean: 1. Spatio-temporal variability of inorganic carbon and air-sea CO2 gas exchange, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002491, 2006.
Bauer, S. E., Tsigaridis, K., and Miller, R.: Significant atmospheric
aerosol pollution caused by world food cultivation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
5394–5400, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068354, 2016.
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., McClain, C. R.,
Sarmiento, J. L., Feldman, G. C., Milligan, A. J., Falkowski, P. G.,
Letelier, R. M., and Boss, E. S.: Climate-driven trends in contemporary
ocean productivity, Nature, 444, 752–755, 2006.
Belikov, D. A., Saitoh, N., Patra, P. K., and Chandra, N.: GOSAT CH4 Vertical Profiles over the Indian Subcontinent: Effect of a Priori and Averaging Kernels for Climate Applications, Remote Sens., 13, 1677,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091677, 2021.
Bengtsson, L.: The global atmospheric water cycle, Environ. Res. Lett., 5,
025002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025002, 2010.
Bergamaschi, P., Houweling, S., Segers, A., Krol, M., Frankenberg, C.,
Scheepmaker, R. A., Dlugokencky, E., Wofsy, S. C., Kort, E. A., Sweeney, C., Schuck, T., Brenninkmeijer, C., Chen, H., Beck, V., and Gerbig, C.: Atmospheric CH4 in the
first decade of the 21st century: Inverse modeling analysis using SCIAMACHY
satellite retrievals and NOAA surface measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 118,
7350–7369, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50480, 2013.
Bhattacharya, S. K., Borole, D. V., Francy, R. J., Allison, C. E., Steele,
L. P., Krummel, P., Langenfelds, R., Masarie, K. A., Tiwari, Y. K., and
Patra, P. K.: Trace gases and CO2 isotope records from Cabo de Rama, India, Curr. Sci. India, 97, 1336–1344, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24109728 (last access: 1 July 2021), 2009.
Biswas, H., Chatterjee, A., Mukhopadhya, S. K., De, T. K., Sen, S., and
Jana, T. K.: Estimation of ammonia exchange at the land-ocean boundary
condition of Sundarban mangrove northeast coast of Bay of Bengal, India,
Atmos. Environ., 39, 4489–4499, 2005.
Blando, J. D. and Turpin, B. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud and fog droplets: a literature evaluation of plausibility, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1623–1632, 2000.
Blunden, J. and Boyer, T. (Eds.): State of the Climate in 2020, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, Si–S475, https://doi.org/10.1175/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.1, 2020.
Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., Richter, A., De Smedt, I., Lorente, A., Beirle, S., van Geffen, J. H. G. M., Zara, M., Peters, E., Van Roozendael, M., Wagner, T., Maasakkers, J. D., van der A, R. J., Nightingale, J., De Rudder, A., Irie, H., Pinardi, G., Lambert, J.-C., and Compernolle, S. C.: Improving algorithms and uncertainty estimates for satellite NO2 retrievals: results from the quality assurance for the essential climate variables (QA4ECV) project, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 6651–6678, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6651-2018, 2018.
Bollasina, M. A., Ming, Y., and Ramaswamy, V.: Anthropogenic Aerosols and the
Weakening of the South Asian Summer Monsoon, Science, 334, 502–505,
2011.
Booge, D., Marandino, C. A., Schlundt, C., Palmer, P. I., Schlundt, M., Atlas, E. L., Bracher, A., Saltzman, E. S., and Wallace, D. W. R.: Can simple models predict large-scale surface ocean isoprene concentrations?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11807–11821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11807-2016, 2016.
Booge, D., Schlundt, C., Bracher, A., Endres, S., Zäncker, B., and Marandino, C. A.: Marine isoprene production and consumption in the mixed layer of the surface ocean – a field study over two oceanic regions, Biogeosciences, 15, 649–667, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-649-2018, 2018.
Bourtsoukidis, E., Ernle, L., Crowley, J. N., Lelieveld, J., Paris, J.-D., Pozzer, A., Walter, D., and Williams, J.: Non-methane hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7209–7232, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7209-2019, 2019.
Bourtsoukidis, E., Pozzer, A., Sattler, T. Matthaios, V.N., Ernle, L.
Edtbauer, A., Fischer, H., Könemann, T., Osipov, S., Paris, J.-D.,
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Stönner, C., Tadic, I., Walter, D., Wang, N.,
Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: The Red Sea Deep Water is a potent source of
atmospheric ethane and propane, Nat. Commun., 11, 447,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14375-0, 2020.
Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noël, S.,
Rozanov, V. V., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A. P. H.: SCIAMACHY: Mission
Objectives and Measurement Modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0127:Smoamm>2.0.Co;2, 1999.
Brooks, S. D., Jickells, T. D., Liss, P. S., Thornton, D. C. O., and Zhang, R.: Biogeochemical Coupling between Ocean and Atmosphere – A Tribute to the
Lifetime Contribution of Robert A. Duce, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 3289–3298,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0305.1, 2019.
Brühl, C., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., and Tost, H.: The role of carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric sulphate aerosol and its impact on climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1239–1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1239-2012, 2012.
Burrows, J. P., Weber, M., Buchwitz, M., Rozanov, V.,
Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., Richter, A., DeBeek, R., Hoogen, R.,
Bramstedt, K., Eichmann, K.-U., Eisinger, M., and Perner, D.: The Global
Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission Concept and First Scientific
Results, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 151–175, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0151:Tgomeg>2.0.Co;2, 1999.
Butler, A. H., Daniel, J. S., Portmann, R. W., Ravishankara, A. R., Young, P. J., Fahey, D. W., and Rosenlof, K. H.: Diverse policy implications for future ozone and surface UV in a changing climate, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 064017, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/6/064017, 2016.
Cai, W., Sullivan, A., and Cowan, T.: Climate change contributes to more
frequent consecutive positive Indian Ocean Dipole events, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L19783, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040163, 2009.
Campbell, J. E., Whelan, M. E., Seibt, U., Smith, S. J., Berry, J. A., and
Hilton, T. W.: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide sources from anthropogenic
activity: Implications for carbon cycle constraints, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
42, 3004–3010, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl063445, 2015.
Carlton, A. G., Wiedinmyer, C., and Kroll, J. H.: A review of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4987–5005, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4987-2009, 2009.
Carmichael, G. R., Ferm, M., Thongboonchoo, N., Woo, J. H., Chan, L. Y.,
Murano, K., Viet, P. H., Mossberg, C., Bala, R., Boonjawat, J., Upatum, P.,
Mohan, M., Adhikary, S. P., Shrestha, A. B., Pinaar, J. J., Brunke, E. B.,
Chen, T., Jie, T., Guoan, D., Peng, L. C., Dhiharto, S., Harjanto, H., Jose,
A. M., Kimani, W., Kirouane, A., Lacaus, J.-P., Richard, S., Barturen, O.,
Cerda, J. C., Athayde, A., Tavares, T., Cotrina, J. S., and Bilici, E.:
Measurements of sulfur dioxide, ozone and ammonia concentration in Asia,
Africa and South America using passive samplers, Atmos. Environ., 37,
1293–1308, 2003.
Carpenter, L. J. and Liss, P. S.: On temperate sources of bromoform and
other reactive organic bromine gases, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20539–20547, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900242, 2000.
Carpenter, L. J., MacDonald, S. M., Shaw, M. D., Kumar, R., Saunders, R. W.,
Parthipan, R., Wilson, J., and Plane, J. M. C.: Atmospheric iodine levels
influenced by sea surface emissions of inorganic iodine, Nat. Geosci., 6, 108–111, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1687, 2013.
Chakraborty, K., Valsala, V., Gupta, G. V. M., and Sarma, V. V. S. S.:
Dominant biological control over upwelling on pCO2 in sea east of Sri Lanka, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 3250–3261, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004446, 2018.
Chang, J.-H.: The Indian Summer Monsoon, Geogr. Rev., 57, 373–396, 1967.
Charlson, R., Lovelock, J., Andreae, M., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic
phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and
climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, https://doi.org/10.1038/326655a0, 1987.
Chen, L., Xu, S., Gao, Z., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Zhan, J., and Li, W.:
Estimation of monthly air-sea CO2 flux in the southern Atlantic and
Indian Ocean using in situ and remotely sensed data, Remote Sens. Environ.,
115, 1935–1941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.03.016, 2011.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and
their distributions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 321–337, 1993.
Chiu, R., Tinel, L., Gonzalez, L., Ciuraru, R., Bernard, F., George, C., and
Volkamer, R.: UV photochemistry of carboxylic acids at the air-sea boundary:
A relevant source of glyoxal and other oxygenated VOC in the marine
atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1079–1087, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071240,
2017.
Ciais, P., Dolman, A. J., Bombelli, A., Duren, R., Peregon, A., Rayner, P. J., Miller, C., Gobron, N., Kinderman, G., Marland, G., Gruber, N., Chevallier, F., Andres, R. J., Balsamo, G., Bopp, L., Bréon, F.-M., Broquet, G., Dargaville, R., Battin, T. J., Borges, A., Bovensmann, H., Buchwitz, M., Butler, J., Canadell, J. G., Cook, R. B., DeFries, R., Engelen, R., Gurney, K. R., Heinze, C., Heimann, M., Held, A., Henry, M., Law, B., Luyssaert, S., Miller, J., Moriyama, T., Moulin, C., Myneni, R. B., Nussli, C., Obersteiner, M., Ojima, D., Pan, Y., Paris, J.-D., Piao, S. L., Poulter, B., Plummer, S., Quegan, S., Raymond, P., Reichstein, M., Rivier, L., Sabine, C., Schimel, D., Tarasova, O., Valentini, R., Wang, R., van der Werf, G., Wickland, D., Williams, M., and Zehner, C.: Current systematic carbon-cycle observations and the need for implementing a policy-relevant carbon observing system, Biogeosciences, 11, 3547–3602, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3547-2014, 2014.
Ciuraru, R., Fine, L., Pinxteren, M. V., D'Anna, B., Herrmann, H., and
George, C.: Unravelling New Processes at Interfaces: Photochemical Isoprene
Production at the Sea Surface, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 13199–13205,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02388, 2015.
Codispoti, L. A.: Interesting times for marine N2O, Science, 327,
1339–1340, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184945, 2010.
Conte, L., Szopa, S., Séférian, R., and Bopp, L.: The oceanic cycle of carbon monoxide and its emissions to the atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 16, 881–902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-881-2019, 2019.
Crippa, M., Oreggioni, G., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Lo Vullo,
E., Solazzo, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J. G. J., and Vignati, E.: Fossil CO2 and GHG emissions of all world countries – 2019 Report, EUR 29849 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, JRC117610, ISBN 978-92-76-11100-9, https://doi.org/10.2760/687800, 2019a.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Lo Vullo, E., Solazzo, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J., and Vignati, E.: EDGAR v5.0 Greenhouse Gas Emissions, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [data set], http://data.europa.eu/89h/488dc3de-f072-4810-ab83-47185158ce2a, 2019b.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., and Oreggioni, G.: EDGAR v5.0 Global Air Pollutant Emissions, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [data set], http://data.europa.eu/89h/377801af-b094-4943-8fdc-f79a7c0c2d19, 2019c.
Crippa, M., Solazzo, E., Huang, G., Guizzardi, D., Koffi, E., Muntean, M.,
Schieberle, C., Friedrich, R., and Janssens-Maenhout, G.: High resolution
temporal profiles in the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research,
Sci. Data, 7, 121, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0462-2, 2020.
Cuevas, C. A., Maffezzoli, N., Corella, J. P., Spolaor, A., Vallelonga, P.,
Kjær, H. A., Simonsen, M., Winstrup, M., Vinther, B., Horvat, C.,
Fernandez, R. P., Kinnison, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Barbante, C., and
Saiz-Lopez, A.: Rapid increase in atmospheric iodine levels in the North
Atlantic since the mid-20th century, Nat. Commun., 9, 1452,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03756-1, 2018.
Da-Allada, C. Y., Gaillard, F., and Kolodziejczyk, N.: Mixed-layer salinity
budget in the tropical Indian Ocean: seasonal cycle based only on
observations, Ocean Dynam., 65, 845–857,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-015-0837-7, 2015.
Daniel, J. S. and Solomon, S.: On the climate forcing of carbon monoxide,
J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13249–13260, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00822, 1998.
David, L. M. and Nair, P. R.: Diurnal and seasonal variability of surface
ozone and NOx at a tropical coastal site: Association with mesoscale
and synoptic meteorological conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D10303,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015076, 2011.
David, L. M. and Nair, P. R.: Tropospheric column O3 and NO2 over
the Indian region observed by Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI): Seasonal
changes and long-term trends, Atmos. Environ., 65, 25–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.033, 2013.
David, L. M., Girach, I. A., and Nair, P. R.: Distribution of ozone and its precursors over Bay of Bengal during winter 2009: role of meteorology, Ann. Geophys., 29, 1613–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1613-2011, 2011.
Davidson, E. A.: The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to
atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860, Nat. Geosci., 2, 659–662,
https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO608, 2009.
Deeter, M. N., Edwards, D. P., Francis, G. L., Gille, J. C., Mao, D., Martínez-Alonso, S., Worden, H. M., Ziskin, D., and Andreae, M. O.: Radiance-based retrieval bias mitigation for the MOPITT instrument: the version 8 product, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4561–4580, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4561-2019, 2019.
De Smedt, I., Pinardi, G., Vigouroux, C., Compernolle, S., Bais, A., Benavent, N., Boersma, F., Chan, K.-L., Donner, S., Eichmann, K.-U., Hedelt, P., Hendrick, F., Irie, H., Kumar, V., Lambert, J.-C., Langerock, B., Lerot, C., Liu, C., Loyola, D., Piters, A., Richter, A., Rivera Cárdenas, C., Romahn, F., Ryan, R. G., Sinha, V., Theys, N., Vlietinck, J., Wagner, T., Wang, T., Yu, H., and Van Roozendael, M.: Comparative assessment of TROPOMI and OMI formaldehyde observations and validation against MAX-DOAS network column measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12561–12593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12561-2021, 2021.
DeVries, T., Le Quéré, C., Andrews, O., Berthet, S., Hauck, J.,
Ilyina, T., Landschützer, P., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Nowicki, M.,
Schwinger, J., and Séférian, R.: Decadal trends in the ocean carbon
sink, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 11646–11651, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900371116, 2019.
Dixit, A., Krishna, L., Bharti, R., and Mahanta, C.: Net Sea–Air CO2 Fluxes and Modeled Partial Pressure of CO2 in Open Ocean of Bay of Bengal, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 12, 2462–2469, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2019.2902253, 2019.
Dong, L. and Zhou, T.: The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature warming
simulated by CMIP5 models during the twentieth century: Competing forcing
roles of GHGs and anthropogenic aerosols, J. Climate, 27, 3348–3362, 2014.
Dong, L., Zhou, T., and Wu, B.: Indian Ocean warming during 1958–2004 simulated by a climate system model and its mechanism, Clim. Dynam., 42, 203–217, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1722-z, 2014.
Du, Q., Zhang, C., Mu, Y., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Song, M., Tian,
D., Liu, P., Liu, J., Xue, C., and Ye, C.: An important missing source of
atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Domestic coal combustion, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
43, 8720–8727, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070075, 2016.
Du, Y. and Xie, S. P.: Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical Indian
Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 35, L08712, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033631, 2008.
Du, Y., Zhang, Y., Feng, M., Wang, T., Zhang, N., and Wijffels, S. E.: Decadal trends of the upper ocean salinity in the tropical Indo–Pacific since mid-1990s, Sci. Rep., 5, 16050, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16050, 2015.
Duflot, V., Tulet, P., Flores, O., Barthe, C., Colomb, A., Deguillaume, L., Vaïtilingom, M., Perring, A., Huffman, A., Hernandez, M. T., Sellegri, K., Robinson, E., O'Connor, D. J., Gomez, O. M., Burnet, F., Bourrianne, T., Strasberg, D., Rocco, M., Bertram, A. K., Chazette, P., Totems, J., Fournel, J., Stamenoff, P., Metzger, J.-M., Chabasset, M., Rousseau, C., Bourrianne, E., Sancelme, M., Delort, A.-M., Wegener, R. E., Chou, C., and Elizondo, P.: Preliminary results from the FARCE 2015 campaign: multidisciplinary study of the forest–gas–aerosol–cloud system on the tropical island of La Réunion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10591–10618, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10591-2019, 2019.
Edtbauer, A., Stönner, C., Pfannerstill, E. Y., Berasategui, M., Walter, D., Crowley, J. N., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: A new marine biogenic emission: methane sulfonamide (MSAM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) measured in air over the Arabian Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6081–6094, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6081-2020, 2020.
Endresen, Ø., Sørgård, E., Sundet, J. K., Dalsøren, S. B.,
Isaksen, I. S. A., Berglen, T. F., and Gravir, G.: Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, 4560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002898, 2003.
Engel, A. and Rigby, M. (Lead Authors), Burkholder, J. B., Fernandez, R. P. Froidevaux, L., Hall, B. D., Hossaini, R., Saito, T., Vollmer, M. K., and Yao, B.: Update on ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and other gases of interest to the Montreal Protocol, chap. 1, in: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2018, Global ozone research and monitoring project, report no. 58, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 978-1-7329317-1-8, 2018.
Ethé, C., Basdevant, C., Sadourny, R., Appu, K. S., Harenduprakash, L.,
Sarode, P. R., and Viswanathan, G.: Air mass motion, temperature, and
humidity over the Arabian Sea and western Indian Ocean during the INDOEX
intensive phase, as obtained from a set of superpressure drifting balloons,
J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001120, 2002.
Exton, D. A., Suggett, D. J., McGenity, T. J., and Steinke, M.:
Chlorophyll-normalized isoprene production in laboratory cultures of marine
microalgae and implications for global models, Limnol. Oceanogr., 58,
1301–1311, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.4.1301, 2013.
Fiehn, A., Quack, B., Hepach, H., Fuhlbrügge, S., Tegtmeier, S., Toohey, M., Atlas, E., and Krüger, K.: Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6723–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6723-2017, 2017.
Fiehn, A., Quack, B., Stemmler, I., Ziska, F., and Krüger, K.: Importance of seasonally resolved oceanic emissions for bromoform delivery from the tropical Indian Ocean and west Pacific to the stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11973–11990, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11973-2018, 2018.
Fiore, A. M., West, J. J., Horowitz, L. W., Naik, V., and Schwarzkopf, M. D.:
Characterizing the tropospheric ozone response to methane emission controls
and the benefits to climate and air quality, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D08307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009162, 2008.
Franke, K., Richter, A., Bovensmann, H., Eyring, V., Jöckel, P., Hoor, P., and Burrows, J. P.: Ship emitted NO2 in the Indian Ocean: comparison of model results with satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7289–7301, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7289-2009, 2009.
Fuge, R. and Johnson, C. C.: Iodine and human health, the role of
environmental geochemistry and diet, a review, Appl. Geochem., 63, 282–302,
2015.
Galí, M., Levasseur, M., Devred, E., Simó, R., and Babin, M.: Sea-surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration from satellite data at global and regional scales, Biogeosciences, 15, 3497–3519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3497-2018, 2018.
Ganguly, N. D. and Tzanis, C.: Study of Stratosphere-troposphere exchange
events of ozone in India and Greece using ozonesonde ascents, Met. Apps, 18,
467–474, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.241, 2011.
Gantt, B., Meskhidze, N., and Kamykowski, D.: A new physically-based quantification of marine isoprene and primary organic aerosol emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4915–4927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4915-2009, 2009.
GDAS: L2 CH4 profile (TIR) v01.20, GDAS [data set], https://data2.gosat.nies.go.jp/GosatDataArchiveService/usr/download/ProductPage/view (last access: 17 August 2021), 2018.
GESAMP: The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean, Rep. Stud. GESAMP, 84, 69, http://www.gesamp.org/publications/the-atmospheric-input-of-chemicals-to-the-ocean (last access: 1 July 2021), 2012.
Ghude, S. D., Beig, G., Kulkarni, P. S., Kanawade, V. P., Fadnavis, S.,
Remedios, J. J., and Kulkarni, S. H.: Regional CO pollution over the
Indian-subcontinent and various transport pathways as observed by MOPITT,
Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 6133–6148, 2011.
Ghude, S. D., Kulkarni, S. H., Jena, C., Pfister, G. G., Beig, G., Fadnavis,
S., and van der A, R. J.: Application of satellite observations for identifying regions of dominant sources of nitrogen oxides over the Indian Subcontinent, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1075–1089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017811,
2013.
Gibb, S. W., Mantouura, R. F. C., and Liss, P. S.: Ocean-atmosphere exchange
and speciation of ammonia and methylamines in the region of the NW Arbian
Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 161–178, 1999.
Girach, I. A. and Nair, P. R.: On the vertical distribution of carbon
monoxide over Bay of Bengal during winter: role of water vapour and vertical
updrafts, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 117, 31–47,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.05.003, 2014a.
Girach, I. A. and Nair, P. R.: Carbon monoxide over Indian region as
observed by MOPITT, Atmos. Environ., 99, 599–609,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.019, 2014b.
Girach, I. A., Ojha, N., Nair, P. R., Pozzer, A., Tiwari, Y. K., Kumar, K. R., and Lelieveld, J.: Variations in O3, CO, and CH4 over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon season: shipborne measurements and model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 257–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-257-2017, 2017.
Girach, I. A., Ojha, N., Nair, P. R., Tiwari, Y. K., and Kumar, K. R.:
Variations of trace gases over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon,
J. Earth Syst. Sci., 127, 15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-017-0915-y, 2018.
Girach, I. A., Nair, P. R., Ojha, N., and Sahu, S. K.: Tropospheric carbon
monoxide over the northern Indian Ocean during winter: Influence of
inter-continental transport, Clim. Dynam., 54, 5049–5064,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05269-4, 2020a.
Girach, I. A., Tripathi, N., Nair, P. R., Sahu, L. K., and Ojha, N.: O3 and CO in the South Asian outflow over the Bay of Bengal: impact of monsoonal dynamics and chemistry, Atmos. Environ., 233, 117610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117610, 2020b.
Glatthor, N., Höpfner, M., Baker, I. T., Berry, J., Campbell, J. E.,
Kawa, S. R., Krysztofiak, G., Leyser, A., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Stiller, G. P.,
Stinecipher, J., and von Clarmann, T.: Tropical sources and sinks of carbonyl
sulfide observed from space, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10082–10090,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066293, 2015.
Goes, J. I., Thoppil, P. G., Gomes, H., and Fasullo, J. T.: Warming of the
Eurasian landmass is making the Arabian Sea more productive, Science, 308, 545–547, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106610, 2005.
Gopika, S., Izumo, T., Vialard, J., Lengaigne, M., Suresh, I., and
Kumar, M. R. R.: Aliasing of the Indian Ocean externally-forced warming spatial pattern by internal climate variability, Clim. Dynam., 54, 1093–1111, 2020.
Gopikrishnan, G. S. and Kuttippurath, J.: A decade of satellite
observations reveal significant increase in atmospheric formaldehyde from
shipping in Indian Ocean, Atmos. Envron., 246, 118095,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118095, 2021.
Graedel, T. E. and Crutzen, P. J.: Atmospheric Change: an Earth System
Perspective, W. H. Freeman, New York, ISBN 9780716723325, 1992.
Gregg, W. W. and Rousseaux, C. S.: Global ocean primary production trends
in the modern ocean color satellite record (1998–2015), Environ. Res. Lett.,
14, 1–9, 2019.
Gschwend, P. M., MacFarlane, J. K., and Newman, K. A.: Volatile halogenated
organic compounds released to seawater from temperate marine macroalgae,
Science, 227, 1033–1035, 1985.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Guieu, C., A., Azhar, M., Aumont, O., Mahowald, N., Levy, M., Ethé, C.,
and Lachkar, Z.: Major impact of dust deposition on the productivity of the
Arabian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6736–6744,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082770, 2019.
Han, W. and McCreary, J. P.: Modelling salinity distributions in the Indian
Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 859–877, 2001.
Han, W., Vialard, J., McPhaden, M. J., Lee, T., Masumoto, Y., Feng, M., and de Ruijter, W. P.: Indian Ocean decadal variability: a review, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1679–1703, 2014.
Han, Z., Su, T., Zhang, Q., Wen, Q., and Feng, G.: Thermodynamic and dynamic
effects of increased moisture sources over the Tropical Indian Ocean
in recent decades, Clim. Dynam., 53, 7081–7096, 2019.
Hanumanthu, S., Vogel, B., Müller, R., Brunamonti, S., Fadnavis, S., Li, D., Ölsner, P., Naja, M., Singh, B. B., Kumar, K. R., Sonbawne, S., Jauhiainen, H., Vömel, H., Luo, B., Jorge, T., Wienhold, F. G., Dirkson, R., and Peter, T.: Strong day-to-day variability of the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) in August 2016 at the Himalayan foothills, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14273–14302, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14273-2020, 2020.
Hastenrath, S. and Polzin, D.: Dynamics of the surface wind field over the
equatorial Indian Ocean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 503–517,
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.79, 2004.
Hay, T., Kreher, K., and Riedel, K.: Bromine explosions and Antarctic ozone,
Water and Atmosphere, 15, 12–13, 2007.
Henze, D. K. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global secondary organic aerosol from
isoprene oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 6–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025976, 2006.
Herut, B., Rahav, E., Tsagaraki, T. M., Giannakourou, A., Tsiola, A., Psarra, S., Lagaria, A., Papageorgiou, N., Mihalopoulos, N., Theodosi, C. N., Violaki, K., Stathopoulou, E., Scoullos, M., Krom, M. D., Stockdale, A., Shi, Z., Berman-Frank, I., Meador, T. B., Tanaka, T., and Paraskevi, P.: The Potential Impact of
Saharan Dust and Polluted Aerosols on Microbial Populations in the East
Mediterranean Sea, an Overview of a Mesocosm Experimental Approach,
Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 226, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00226, 2016.
Hönninger, G.: Halogen Oxide Studies in the Boundary Layer by Multi Axis
Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy and Active Longpath-DOAS,
University of Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00001940, 2002.
Hood, R. R., Urban, E. R., McPhaden, M. J., Su, D., and Raes, E.: The 2nd
International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): Motivating New Exploration
in a Poorly Understood Basin, Limnol. Oceanogr. Bull., 25, 117–124, https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.10149, 2016.
Hood R. R., Beckley, L. E., and Wiggert, J. D.: Biogeochemical and ecological
impacts of boundary currents in the Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 156,
290–325, 2017.
Hossaini, R., Mantle, H., Chipperfield, M. P., Montzka, S. A., Hamer, P., Ziska, F., Quack, B., Krüger, K., Tegtmeier, S., Atlas, E., Sala, S., Engel, A., Bönisch, H., Keber, T., Oram, D., Mills, G., Ordóñez, C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Warwick, N., Liang, Q., Feng, W., Moore, F., Miller, B. R., Marécal, V., Richards, N. A. D., Dorf, M., and Pfeilsticker, K.: Evaluating global emission inventories of biogenic bromocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11819–11838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11819-2013, 2013.
Hsu, N. C., Gautam, R., Sayer, A. M., Bettenhausen, C., Li, C., Jeong, M. J., Tsay, S.-C., and Holben, B. N.: Global and regional trends of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS measurements from 1997 to 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8037–8053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8037-2012, 2012.
Hu, Q. H., Xie, Z. Q., Wang, X. M., Kang, H., He, Q. F., and Zhang, P.:
Secondary organic aerosols over oceans via oxidation of isoprene and
monoterpenes from Arctic to Antarctic, Sci. Rep., 3, 2280, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02280, 2013.
Hu, S. and Sprintall, J.: Observed strengthening of interbasin exchange via
the Indonesian seas due to rainfall intensification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44,
1448–1456, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072494, 2017.
Inamdar, S., Tinel, L., Chance, R., Carpenter, L. J., Sabu, P., Chacko, R., Tripathy, S. C., Kerkar, A. U., Sinha, A. K., Bhaskar, P. V., Sarkar, A., Roy, R., Sherwen, T., Cuevas, C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Ram, K., and Mahajan, A. S.: Estimation of reactive inorganic iodine fluxes in the Indian and Southern Ocean marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12093–12114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, 2020.
Inomata, Y., Hayashi, M., Osada, K., and Iwasaka, Y.: Spatial distributions
of volatile sulfur compounds in surface seawater and overlying atmosphere in
the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, and Southern Ocean,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002518, 2006.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, in: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324 , 2013.
Ito, A., Nishina, K., Ishijima, K., Hashimoto, S., and Inatomi, M.: Emissions of nitrous oxide
(N2O) from soil surfaces and their historical changes in East Asia: a
model-based assessment, Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 5, 55,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-018-0215-4, 2018.
Iyengar, G. R., Prasad, V. S., and Ramesh, K. J.: Circulation characteristic
associated with Inter Tropical Convergence Zone during northern winter,
Curr. Sci., 76, 903–906, 1999.
Jensen, T. G.: Cross-equatorial pathways of salt and tracers from the
northern Indian Ocean: Modelling results, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2111–2128, 2003.
Jickells, T. D., Buitenhuis, E., Altieri, K., Baker, A. R., Capone, D.,
Duce, R. A., Dentener, F., Fennel, K., Kanakidou, M., LaRoche, J., Lee, K., Liss, P., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, J. K., Okin, G., Oschlies, A., Sarin, M., Seitzinger, S., Sharples, J., Singh, A., Suntharalingam, P., Uematsu, M., and Zamora, L. M.: A
reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric
nitrogen inputs on the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 289–305,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005586, 2017.
Jordi, A., Basterretxea, G., Tovar-Sánchez, A., Alastuey, A., and
Querol, X.: Copper aerosols inhibit phytoplankton growth, P. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 109, 21246–21249, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207567110, 2012.
Kavitha, M. and Nair, P. R.: Satellite-retrieved vertical profiles of methane
over the Indian region: impact of synopticscale meteorology, Int. J. Remote
Sens., 40, 5585–5616, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1580791, 2019.
Khemani, L. T., Momin, G. A., and Singh, G.: Variation in trace gases
concentrations in different environments in India, PAGEOPH, 125,
167–181, 1987.
Kornmüller, A.: Review of fundamentals and specific aspects of oxidation
technologies in marine waters, Water Sci. Technol., 55, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.379, 2007.
Kremser, S., Thomason, L. W., von Hobe, M., Hermann, M., Deshler, T.,
Timmreck, C., Toohey, M., Stenke, A., Schwarz, J. P., Weigel, R.,
Fueglistaler, S., Prata, F. J., Vernier, J.-P., Schlager, H., Barnes, J. E.,
Antuña-Marrero, J.-C., Fairlie, D., Palm, M., Mahieu, E., Notholt, J.,
Rex, M., Bingen, C., Vanhellemont, F., Bourassa, A., Plane, J. M. C.,
Klocke, D., Carn, S. A., Clarisse, L., Trickl, T., Neely, R., James, A. D.,
Rieger, L., Wilson, J. C., and Meland, B.: Stratospheric
aerosol – Observations, processes, and impact on climate, Rev. Geophys., 54,
278–335, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000511, 2016.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Jha, B., Rasch, P. J., and Ramanathan, V.: A high
resolution global reanalysis highlighting the winter monsoon, Part I,
Reanalysis fields, Met. Atmos. Phys., 64, 123–150, 1997a.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Jha, B., Rasch, P. J., and Ramanathan, V.: A high
resolution global reanalysis highlighting the winter monsoon, Part II,
transients and passive tracer transports, Met. Atmos. Phys., 64, 151–171,
1997b.
Krishnan, R., Sanjay, J., Gnanaseelan, C., Mujumdar, M., Kulkarni, A., and Chakraborty, S.: Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region,
Springer Singapore, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2, 2020.
Krom, M. D., Shi, Z., Stockdale, A., Berman-Frank, I., Giannakourou, A., Herut, B., Lagaria, A., Papageorgiou, N., Pitta, P., Psarra, S., Rahav, E., Scoullos, M.,
Stathopoulou, E., Tsiola, A., and Tsagaraki, T. M.: Response of the Eastern
Mediterranean Microbial Ecosystem to Dust and Dust Affected by Acid
Processing in the Atmosphere, Frontiers in Marine Science, 3, 133,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00133, 2016.
Krotkov, N. A., McLinden, C. A., Li, C., Lamsal, L. N., Celarier, E. A., Marchenko, S. V., Swartz, W. H., Bucsela, E. J., Joiner, J., Duncan, B. N., Boersma, K. F., Veefkind, J. P., Levelt, P. F., Fioletov, V. E., Dickerson, R. R., He, H., Lu, Z., and Streets, D. G.: Aura OMI observations of regional SO2 and NO2 pollution changes from 2005 to 2015, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4605–4629, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4605-2016, 2016.
Kuai, L., Worden, J. R., Campbell, J. E., Kulawik, S. S., Li, K.-F., Lee,
M., Weidner, R. J., Montzka, S. A., Moore, F. L., Berry, J. A., Baker, I.,
Denning, A. S., Bian, H., Bowman, K. W., Liu, J., and Yung, Y. L.: Estimate
of carbonyl sulfide tropical oceanic surface fluxes using Aura Tropospheric
Emission Spectrometer observations, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 11012–11023,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023493, 2015.
Kumar, K. R., Tiwari, Y.K., Valsala, V., and R. Murtugudde: On understanding
the land–ocean CO2 contrast over the Bay of Bengal: A case study
during 2009 summer monsoon, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21, 5066–5075,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2386-2, 2014.
Kunhikrishnan, T., Lawrence, M. G., von Kuhlmann, R., Richter, A.,
Ladstaetter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Analysis of tropospheric NOx over
Asia using the Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH-MPIC) and
GOME-satellite observations, Atmos. Environ., 38, 581–596, 2004.
Kurokawa, J., Ohara, T., Morikawa, T., Hanayama, S., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Fukui, T., Kawashima, K., and Akimoto, H.: Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 11019–11058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11019-2013, 2013.
Lachkar, Z., Lévy, M., and Smith, S.: Intensification and deepening of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone in response to increase in Indian monsoon wind intensity, Biogeosciences, 15, 159–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-159-2018, 2018.
Ladstätter-Weißenmayer, A., Altmeyer, H., Bruns, M., Richter, A., Rozanov, A., Rozanov, V., Wittrock, F., and Burrows, J. P.: Measurements of O3, NO2 and BrO during the INDOEX campaign using ground based DOAS and GOME satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 283–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-283-2007, 2007.
Lago, V., Wijffels, S. E., Durack, P. J., Church, J. A., Bindoff, N. L., and
Marsland, S. J.: Simulating the role of surface forcing on observed
multidecadal upper-ocean salinity changes, J. Climate, 29, 5575–5588, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0519.1, 2016.
Lal, S. and Lawrence, M. G.: Elevated mixing ratios of surface ozone over
the Arabian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1487–1490, 2001.
Lal, S., Chand, D., Sahu, L. K., Venkataramani, S., Brasseur, G., and
Schultz, M. G.: High levels of ozone and related gases over the Bay of
Bengal during winter and early spring of 2001, Atmos. Environ., 40,
1633–1644, 2006.
Lal, S., Sahu, L. K., and Venkataramani, S.: Impact of trans- port from the
surrounding continental regions on the distributions of ozone and related
trace gases over the Bay of Bengal during February 2003, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D14302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008023, 2007.
Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Srivastava, S., Gupta, S., Mallik, C., Naja, M.,
Sarangi, T., Acharya, Y. B., and Liu, X.: Transport effects on the vertical
distribution of tropospheric ozone over the tropical marine regions
surrounding India, J. Geophys. Res., 118,
1513–1524, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50180, 2013.
Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Chandra, N., Cooper, O. R., Brioude, J., and
Naja, M.: Transport effects on the vertical distribution of tropospheric
ozone over western India, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 10012–10026, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021854, 2014.
Lamb, P. J. and Hastenrath, S.: Climatic Atlas of the Indian Ocean: Surface
Climate and Atmospheric Circulation, The University of Wisconsin
Press, Madison, USA, 1979.
Lana, A., Bell, T. G., Simó, R., Vallina, S. M., Ballabrera-Poy, J.,
Kettle, A. J., Dachs, J., Bopp, L., Saltzman, E. S., Stefels, J., Johnson,
J. E., and Liss, P. S.: An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide
concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 25, GB1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003850, 2011.
Launois, T., Belviso, S., Bopp, L., Fichot, C. G., and Peylin, P.: A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide – Part 1: Assessment of direct marine emissions with an oceanic general circulation and biogeochemistry model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2295–2312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2295-2015, 2015.
Lawrence, M. G.: Export of Air Pollution from Southern Asia and its
Large-Scale Effects, in: Air Pollution. The Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Stohl, A., vol. 4G. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/b94526, 2004.
Lawrence, M. G. and Lelieveld, J.: Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11017–11096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010, 2010.
Lawrence, M. G., Rasch, P. J., von Kuhlmann, R., Williams, J., Fischer, H., de Reus, M., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Schultz, M., Stier, P., Huntrieser, H., Heland, J., Stohl, A., Forster, C., Elbern, H., Jakobs, H., and Dickerson, R. R.: Global chemical weather forecasts for field campaign planning: predictions and observations of large-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOEX, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 267–289, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-267-2003, 2003.
Lee, C.-L. and Brimblecombe, P.: Anthropogenic contributions to global
carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and organosulfides fluxes, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 160, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.005, 2016.
Legrand, M., McConnell, J. R., Preunkert, S., Arienzo, M., Chellman, N.,
Gleason, K., Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., and Carpenter, L. J.: Alpine ice
evidence of a three-fold increase in atmospheric iodine deposition since
1950 in Europe due to increasing oceanic emissions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
115, 12136–12141, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809867115, 2018.
Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J., Ramanathan, V., Andreae, M. O., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Campos, T., Cass, G. R., Dickerson, R. R., Fischer,
H., de Gouw, J. A., Hansel, A., Jefferson, A., Kley, D., de Laat, A. T. J.,
Lal, S., Lawrence, M. G., Lobert, J. M., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., Mitra, A.
P., Novakov, T., Oltmans, S. J., Prather, K. A., Reiner, T., Rodhe, H.,
Scheeren, H. A., Sikka, D., and Williams, J.: The Indian Ocean experiment:
Widespread air pollution from South and Southeast Asia, Science, 291,
1031–1036, 2001.
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: The
contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a
global scale, Nature, 525, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371, 2015.
Lelieveld, J., Bourtsoukidis, E., Brühl, C., Fischer, H., Fuchs, H.,
Harder, H., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Marno, D., Neumaier, M.,Pozzer,
A., Schlager, H., Williams, J., Zahn, A., and Ziereis, H.: The South Asian
monsoon – Pollution pump and purifier, Science, 361, 270–273,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar2501, 2018.
Lelieveld, J., Klingmüller, K., Pozzer, A., Burnett, R. T., Haines, A., and Ramanathan, V.: Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116,
7192–7197, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819989116, 2019.
Lennartz, S. T., Marandino, C. A., von Hobe, M., Cortes, P., Quack, B., Simo, R., Booge, D., Pozzer, A., Steinhoff, T., Arevalo-Martinez, D. L., Kloss, C., Bracher, A., Röttgers, R., Atlas, E., and Krüger, K.: Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 385–402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-385-2017, 2017.
Lennartz, S. T., Marandino, C. A., von Hobe, M., Andreae, M. O., Aranami, K., Atlas, E., Berkelhammer, M., Bingemer, H., Booge, D., Cutter, G., Cortes, P., Kremser, S., Law, C. S., Marriner, A., Simó, R., Quack, B., Uher, G., Xie, H., and Xu, X.: Marine carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2): a compilation of measurements in seawater and the marine boundary layer, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 591–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-591-2020, 2020.
Levelt, P. F., van den Oord, G. H. J., Dobber, M. R., Malkki, A., Huib, V.,
Johan de, V., Stammes, P., Lundell, J. O. V., and Saari, H.: The ozone
monitoring instrument, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1093–1101,
https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2006.872333, 2006.
Li, M., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J.-I., Woo, J.-H., He, K., Lu, Z., Ohara, T., Song, Y., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., Cheng, Y., Hong, C., Huo, H., Jiang, X., Kang, S., Liu, F., Su, H., and Zheng, B.: MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 935–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-935-2017, 2017.
Li, Z., Lau, W. K., Ramanathan, V., Wu, G., Ding, Y., Manoj, M. G., Liu, J.,
Qian, Y., Li, J., Zhou, T., Fan., J., Rosenfeld, D., Ming, Y., Wang, Y.,
Huang, J., Wang, B., Xu, X., Lee, S.-S., Cribb, M., Zhang, F., Yang, X.,
Zhao, C., Takemura, T., Wang, K., Xia, X., Yin, Y., Zhang, H., Guo, J.,
Zhao, P., Sugimoto, N., Babu, S. S., and Brasseur, G. P.: Aerosol and
monsoon climate interactions over Asia, Rev. Geophys., 54, 866–929, 2016.
Liang, Q., Stolarski, R. S., Kawa, S. R., Nielsen, J. E., Douglass, A. R., Rodriguez, J. M., Blake, D. R., Atlas, E. L., and Ott, L. E.: Finding the missing stratospheric Bry: a global modeling study of CHBr3 and CH2Br2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2269–2286, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2269-2010, 2010.
Liu, S. C., McFarland, M., Kley, D., Zafiriou, O., and Huebert, B.: Tropospheric NOx and O3 budgets in the equatorial Pacific, J.
Geophys. Res., 88, 1360–1368, 1983.
Liu, X., Bhartia, P. K., Chance, K., Spurr, R. J. D., and Kurosu, T. P.: Ozone profile retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2521–2537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2521-2010, 2010.
Llovel, W. and Lee, T.: Importance and origin of halosteric contribution to
sea level change in the southeast Indian Ocean during 2005–2013, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 42, 1148–1157, 2015.
Löscher, C. R.: Reviews and syntheses: Trends in primary production in the Bay of Bengal – is it at a tipping point?, Biogeosciences, 18, 4953–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4953-2021, 2021.
Lombardozzi, D., Levis, S., Bonan, G., Hess, P. G., and Sparks, J. P.: The
influence of chronic ozone exposure on global carbon and water cycles, J.
Climate, 28, 292–305, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00223.1, 2015.
Lunt, M. F., Palmer, P. I., Feng, L., Taylor, C. M., Boesch, H., and Parker, R. J.: An increase in methane emissions from tropical Africa between 2010 and 2016 inferred from satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14721–14740, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14721-2019, 2019.
Luo, G. and Yu, F.: A numerical evaluation of global oceanic emissions of α-pinene and isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2007–2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2007-2010, 2010.
Ma, X., Bange, H. W., Eirund, G. K., and Arévalo-Martínez, D. L.:
Nitrous oxide and hydroxylamine measurements in the Southwest Indian Ocean,
J. Mar. Syst., 209, 103062, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.03.003, 2018.
Maas, J., Tegtmeier, S., Jia, Y., Quack, B., Durgadoo, J. V., and Biastoch, A.: Simulations of anthropogenic bromoform indicate high emissions at the coast of East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4103–4121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4103-2021, 2021.
Mahajan, A. S., Plane, J. M. C., Oetjen, H., Mendes, L., Saunders, R. W., Saiz-Lopez, A., Jones, C. E., Carpenter, L. J., and McFiggans, G. B.: Measurement and modelling of tropospheric reactive halogen species over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4611–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4611-2010, 2010.
Mahajan, A. S., De Smedt, I., Biswas, M. S., Ghude, S. D., Fadnavis, S., Roy,
C., and van Roozendael, M.: Inter-annual variations in satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde over India, Atmos. Environ., 116, 194–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.004, 2015a.
Mahajan, A. S., Fadnavis, S., Thomas, M. A., Pozzoli, L., Gupta, S., Royer, S.-J., Saiz-Lopez, A., and Simó, R.: Quantifying the impacts of an updated global dimethyl sulfide
climatology on cloud microphysics and aerosol radiative forcing, J. Geophys.
Res., 120, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022687, 2015b.
Mahajan, A. S., Tinel, L., Hulswar, S., Cuevas, C. A., Wang, S., Ghude, S., Naik, R. K., Mishra, R. K., Sabu, P., Sarkar, A., Anilkumar, N., and Saiz Lopez, A.: Observations of iodine oxide in the Indian Ocean Marine Boundary
Layer: a transect from the tropics to the high latitudes, Atmos. Environ.
X, 1, 100016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100016, 2019a.
Mahajan, A. S., Tinel, L., Sarkar, A., Chance, R., Carpenter, L. J., Hulswar, S., Mali, P., Prakash, S., and Vinayachandran, P. N.: Understanding Iodine Chemistry over the Northern and
Equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 8104–8118,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029063, 2019b.
Mahowald, N. M., Hamilton, D. S., Mackey, K. R. M., Moore, J. K, Baker, A. R., Scanza, R. A., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol trace metal leaching and impacts on
marine microorganisms, Nat. Commun., 9, 2614,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04970-7, 2018.
Mallik, C., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Naja, M., and Ojha, N.: Variability
in ozone and its precursors over the Bay of Bengal during post-monsoon:
Transport and emission effects, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 10190–10209,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50764, 2013.
Mandal, T. K., Khan, A., Ahammed, Y. N., Tanwar, R. S., Parmar, R. S., Zalpuri, K. S., Gupta, P. K., Jain, S. L., Singh, R., Mitra, A. P., Garg, S. C., Suryanarayana, A., Murty, V. S. N., Kumar, M. D., and Shepherd, A. J.: Observations of trace gases and aerosols over the
Indian Ocean during the monsoon transition period, J. Earth Syst. Sci.,
115, 473–484, 2006.
Manö, S. and Andreae, M. O.: Emission of Methyl Bromide from Biomass
Burning, Science, 263, 1255–1257, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5151.1255, 1994.
Marbach, T., Beirle, S., Platt, U., Hoor, P., Wittrock, F., Richter, A., Vrekoussis, M., Grzegorski, M., Burrows, J. P., and Wagner, T.: Satellite measurements of formaldehyde linked to shipping emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8223–8234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8223-2009, 2009.
Martino, M., Mills, G. P., Woeltjen, J., and Liss, P. S.: A new source of
volatile organoiodine compounds in surface seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
36, L01609, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036334, 2009.
Mason, R. P. and Sheu, G.-R.: Role of the ocean in the global mercury
cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 40-41–40-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001440, 2002.
Mehlmann, M., Quack, B., Atlas, E., Hepach, H., and Tegtmeier, S.: Natural
and anthropogenic sources of bromoform and dibromomethane in the
oceanographic and biogeochemical regime of the subtropical North East
Atlantic, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 22, 679–707, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9em00599d, 2020.
Metzl, N.: Decadal increase of oceanic carbon dioxide in Southern Indian
Ocean surface waters (1991–2007), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56, 607–619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.007, 2009.
Mihalopoulos, N., Putaud, J. P., Nguyen, B. C., and Belviso, S.: Annual
variation of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere in the
Southern Indian Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 73–82,
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00048101, 1991.
Mittermeier, R. A., Turner, W. R., Larsen, F. W., Brooks, T. M., and Gascon, C.: Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots.
Biodiversity hotspots, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 3–22,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5, 2011.
Mohan, S. and Bhaskaran, P. K.: Evaluation of CMIP5 climate model projections
for surface wind speed over the Indian Ocean region, Clim. Dynam., 53,
5415–5435, 2019.
Monks, P. S., Carpenter, L. J., Penkett, S. A., Ayers, G. P., Gillett, R.
W., Galbally, I. E., and Meyer, C. P.: Fundamental ozone photochemistry in
the remote marine boundary layer: The SOAPEX experiment, measurement and
theory, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3647–3664, 1998.
Monks, P. S., Archibald, A. T., Colette, A., Cooper, O., Coyle, M., Derwent, R., Fowler, D., Granier, C., Law, K. S., Mills, G. E., Stevenson, D. S., Tarasova, O., Thouret, V., von Schneidemesser, E., Sommariva, R., Wild, O., and Williams, M. L.: Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8889–8973, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8889-2015, 2015.
Moorthy, K. K., Satheesh, S. K., Babu, S. S., and Dutt, C. B. S.: Integrated
Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB): An overview, J.
Earth Syst. Sci., 117, 243–262, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0029-7, 2008.
Mungall, E. L., Abbatt, J. P. D., Wentzell, J. J. B., Lee, A. K. Y.,
Thomas, J. L., Blais, M., Gosselin, M., Miller, L. A., Papakyriakou, T., Willis, M. D., and Liggio, J.: OVOCs in the summertime marine Arctic atmosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 6203–6208, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620571114, 2017.
Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J.,
Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H.: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, ISBN 9781107057991, 2013.
Nair, P. R., David, L. M., Girach, I. A., and George, S. K.: Ozone in the
marine boundary layer of Bay of Bengal during post-winter period: Spatial
pattern and role of meteorology, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4671–4681, 2011.
Naja, M., Chand, D., Sahu, L., and Lal, S.: Trace gases over marine regions
around India, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 33, 95–106, 2004.
Nalini, K., Uma, K. N., Sijikumar, S., Tiwari, Y. K., and Ramachandran, R.:
Satellite- and ground-based measurements of CO2 over the Indian region:
its seasonal dependencies, spatial variability, and model estimates, Int. J.
Remote Sens., 39, 7881–7900, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1479787, 2018.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Jayakumar, D. A., Nair, M., Kumar, M. D., and George, M.
D.: Nitrous oxide in the western Bay of Bengal, Mar. Chem., 47, 269–278,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(94)90025-6, 1994.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Bange, H. W., Gibb, S. W., Goyet, C., Hatton, A. D., and
Upstill-Goddard, R. C.: Biogeochemical ocean-atmosphere transfers in the
Arabian Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 65, 116–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2005.03.005, 2005.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Bange, H. W., Farías, L., Monteiro, P. M. S., Scranton, M. I., and Zhang, J.: Marine hypoxia/anoxia as a source of CH4 and N2O, Biogeosciences, 7, 2159–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2159-2010, 2010a.
Naqvi, S. W. A., Naik, H., D'Souza, W., Narvekar, P. V., Paropkari, A. L.,
and Bange, H. W.: Carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean, in: Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins: A Global Synthesis, edited by: Liu, K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quiñones, R., and Talaue-McManus, L., Springer-Verlag, New York, 180–191, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92735-8, 2010b.
Nayak, R. K., Dadhwal, V. K., Majumdar, A., Patel, N. R., and Dutt, C. B.
S.: Variability of atmospheric CO2 over India and Surrounding Oceans
and control by Surface Fluxes, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XXXVIII-8/W20, 96–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-8-W20-96-2011, 2011.
Nieves, V., Willis, J. K., and Patzert, W. C.: Recent hiatus caused by decadal shift in Indo-Pacific heating, Science, 349, 532–535,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4521, 2015.
Norman, M. and Leck, C.: Distribution of marine boundary layer ammonia over
the Atlantic and Indian Ocean during the Aerosols 99 cruise, J. Geophys.
Res., 110, D16302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005866, 2005.
Nowak, J. B., Parrish, D. D., Neuman, J. A., Holloway, J. S., Cooper, O. R., Ryerson, T. B., Nicks, J. K., Flocke, F., Roberts, J. M., Atlas, E., de Gouw, J. A., Donnelly, S., Dunlea, E., Hübler, G., Huey, L. G., Schauffler, S., Tanner, D. J., Warneke, C., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: Gas-phase chemical characteristics of Asian emission
plumes observed during ITCT 2K2 over the eastern North Pacific Ocean, J.
Geophys. Res., 109, D23S19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004488, 2004.
Oetjen, H.: Measurements of halogen oxides by scattered sunlight
differential optical absorption spectroscopy, University of Bremen, urn:nbn:de:gbv:46-diss000116727, 2009.
Ojha, N., Naja, M., Singh, K. P., Sarangi, T., Kumar, R., Lal, S., Lawrence,
M. G., Butler, T. M., and Chandola, H. C.: Variabilities in ozone at a
semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region: Association with the
meteorology and regional process, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D20301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017716, 2012.
Pacyna, J. M. and Pacyna, E. G.: Anthropogenic sources and global inventory of mercury emissions, in: Mercury: Sources, Measurements, Cycles, and Effects, edited by: Parsons, M. B. and Percival, J. B., Short Course Series, vol. 32, Mineralogical Association of Canada, 2005.
Palmer, P. I. and Shaw, S. L.: Quantifying global marine isoprene fluxes
using MODIS chlorophyll observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022592, 2005.
Pandey, P. C., Khare, N., and Sudhakar, M.: Oceanographic research: Indian
efforts and preliminary results from the Southern Ocean, Current Sci., 90,
978–984, 2006.
Pant, V., Deshpande, C. G., and Kamra, A. K.: The concentration and number
size distribution measurements of the Marine Boundary Layer aerosols over
the Indian Ocean, Atmos. Res., 92, 381–393, 2009.
Pathak, H., Li, C., and Wassmann, R.: Greenhouse gas emissions from Indian rice fields: calibration and upscaling using the DNDC model, Biogeosciences, 2, 113–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-113-2005, 2005.
Paytan, A., Mackey, K. R. M., Chen, Y., Lima, I. D., Doney, S. C., Mahowald, N., Labiosa, R., and Post, A. F.: Toxicity of atmospheric aerosols on marine
phytoplankton, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 4601–4605, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811486106, 2009.
Peters, G. P., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Jackson, R. B., Korsbakken, J. I., Le Quéré, C., and Peregon, A.: Carbon dioxide emissions
continue to grow amidst slowly emerging climate policies, Nat. Clim. Chang.,
10, 3–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0659-6, 2020.
Pfannerstill, E. Y., Wang, N., Edtbauer, A., Bourtsoukidis, E., Crowley, J. N., Dienhart, D., Eger, P. G., Ernle, L., Fischer, H., Hottmann, B., Paris, J.-D., Stönner, C., Tadic, I., Walter, D., Lelieveld, J., and Williams, J.: Shipborne measurements of total OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula and its role in ozone chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11501–11523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11501-2019, 2019.
Phillips, H. E., Tandon, A., Furue, R., Hood, R., Ummenhofer, C. C., Benthuysen, J. A., Menezes, V., Hu, S., Webber, B., Sanchez-Franks, A., Cherian, D., Shroyer, E., Feng, M., Wijesekera, H., Chatterjee, A., Yu, L., Hermes, J., Murtugudde, R., Tozuka, T., Su, D., Singh, A., Centurioni, L., Prakash, S., and Wiggert, J.: Progress in understanding of Indian Ocean circulation, variability, air–sea exchange, and impacts on biogeochemistry, Ocean Sci., 17, 1677–1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1677-2021, 2021.
Pitts, B. J. F. and Pitts, J. N.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower
Atmosphere, Academic Press, California, ISBN 978-0122570605, 2000.
Portmann, R. W., Daniel, J. S., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Stratospheric ozone
depletion due to nitrous oxide: influences of other gases, Philos.
T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 367, 1256–1264. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0377, 2012.
Prasanna Kumar, S., Muraleedharan, P. M., Prasad, T. G., Gauns, M., Ramaiah,
N., de Souza, S. N., Sardesai, S., and Madhupratap, M.: Why is the Bay of
Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea?,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2235, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016013, 2002.
Prather, M. J., Hsu, J., DeLuca, N. M., Jackman, C. H., Oman, L. D.,
Douglass, A. R., Fleming, E. L., Strahan, S. E., Steenrod, S. D., Søvde,
O. A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Froidevaux, L., and Funke, B.: Measuring and
modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability, J.
Geophys. Res., 120, 5693–5705, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023267, 2015.
Quack, B., Atlas, E., Petrick, G., and Wallace, D.: Bromoform and
dibromomethane above the Mauritanian upwelling: Atmospheric distributions
and oceanic emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09312,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007614, 2007.
Quinn, P. K., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E., Upchurch, L. M., and Bates, T.
S.: Small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei made up of sea spray
aerosol, Nat. Geosci., 10, 674–679, 2017.
Raes, E. J., Bodrossy, L., Van de Kamp, J., Holmes, B., Hardman-Mountford,
N., Thompson, P. A., McInnes, A. S., and Waite, A. M.: Reduction of the
Powerful Greenhouse Gas N2O in the South-Eastern Indian Ocean, PLOS
ONE, 11, e0145996, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145996, 2016.
Rahav, E., Belkin, N., Paytan, A., and Herut, B.: Phytoplankton and
Bacterial Response to Desert Dust Deposition in the Coastal Waters of the
Southeastern Mediterranean Sea: A Four-Year In Situ Survey, Atmosphere, 9,
305, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080305, 2018.
Rajak, R. and Chattopadhyay, A.: Short and long-term exposure to ambient air
pollution and impact on health in India: a systematic review, Int. J.
Environ. Health Res., 30, 593–617, https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1612042, 2020.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Mitra, A. P., and Sikka, D.: The Indian
Ocean Experiment and the Asian Brown Cloud, Curr. Sci. India, 83, 947–955,
2002.
Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J. T.,
Washington, W. M., Fu, Q., Sikka, D. R., and Wild, M.: Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 5326–5333, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500656102, 2005.
Randel, W. J., Park, M., Emmons, L., Kinnison, D., Bernath, P., Walker, K.
A., Boone, C., and Pumphrey, H.: Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the
stratosphere, Science, 328, 611–613, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274, 2010.
Rao, R. R. and Sivakumar, R.: Seasonal variability of sea surface salinity
and salt budget of the mixed layer of the north Indian Ocean, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, 3009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000907, 2003.
Raut, N., Sitaula, B. K., Bakken, L. R., Bajracharya, R. M., and
Dörsch, P.: Higher N2O emission by intensified crop production in
South Asia, Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 176–184,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.06.004, 2015.
Ravishankara, A., Daniel, J. S., and Portmann, R. W.: Nitrous oxide
(N2O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st
century, Science, 326, 123–125, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176985, 2009.
Rayman, M. P.: The importance of selenium to human health, Lancet, 356,
233–241, 2000.
Read, K., Mahajan, A., Carpenter, L., Evans, M. J., Faria, B. V. E.,
Heard, D. E., Hopkins, J. R., Lee, J. D., Moller, S. J., Lewis, A. C., Mendes, L., McQuaid, J. B., Oetjen, H., Saiz-Lopez, A., Pilling, M. J., and Plane, J. M. C.:
Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic
Ocean, Nature, 453, 1232–1235, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07035, 2008.
Richter, U. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Production of methyl iodide in the
tropical Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020779, 2004.
Rixen, T., Goyet, C., and Ittekkot, V.: Diatoms and their influence on the biologically mediated uptake of atmospheric CO2 in the Arabian Sea upwelling system, Biogeosciences, 3, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-1-2006, 2006.
Rixen, T., Cowie, G., Gaye, B., Goes, J., do Rosário Gomes, H., Hood, R. R., Lachkar, Z., Schmidt, H., Segschneider, J., and Singh, A.: Reviews and syntheses: Present, past, and future of the oxygen minimum zone in the northern Indian Ocean, Biogeosciences, 17, 6051–6080, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6051-2020, 2020.
Roser, M., Ritchie H., and Ortiz-Ospina, E.: World Population Growth, Our World in Data, http://ourworldindata.org (last access: 1 July 2021), 2013.
Roxy, M. K., Ritika, K., Terray, P., and Masson, S.: The curious case of
Indian Ocean warming, J. Climate, 27, 8501–8509, 2014.
Roxy, M. K., Ritika, K., Terray, P., Murtugudde, R., Ashok, K., Goswami, B. N.: Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient, Nat. Commun., 6, 7423, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8423, 2015.
Roxy, M. K., Modi, A., Murtugudde, R., Valsala, V., Panickal, S., Prasanna Kumar, S., Ravichandran, M., Vichi, M., and Lévy, M.: A reduction in marine primary productivity driven
by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
826–833, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066979, 2016.
Roy, R., Pratihary, A., Narvenkar, G., Mochemadkar, S., Gauns, M., and
Naqvi, S. W. A.: The relationship between volatile halocarbons and
phytoplankton pigments during a Trichodesmium bloom in the coastal eastern
Arabian Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 95, 110–118,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.08.025, 2011.
S5P Data Hub: Sentinel-5P Pre-Operations Data Hub, ESA [data set], https://s5phub.copernicus.eu/, last access: 20 April 2021.
Saha, A., Ghosh, S., Sahana, A. S., and Rao, E. P.: Failure of CMIP5 climate
models in simulating post-1950 decreasing trend of Indian monsoon, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 41, 7323–7330, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061573, 2014.
Sahu, L. K., Lal, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Distributions of O3, CO and
hydrocarbons over the Bay of Bengal: a study to assess the role of transport
from southern India and marine regions during September–October 2002, Atmos.
Environ., 40, 4633–4645, 2006.
Sahu, L. K., Lal, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Impact of monsoon circulations
on oceanic emissions of light alkenes over Bay of Bengal, Global Biogeochem.
Cy., 24, GB4028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003766, 2010.
Sahu, L. K., Lal, S., and Venkataramani, S.: Seasonality in the latitudinal
distributions of NMHCs over the Bay of Bengal, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2356–2366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.021, 2011.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Fernandez, R. P., Ordóñez, C., Kinnison, D. E., Gómez Martín, J. C., Lamarque, J.-F., and Tilmes, S.: Iodine chemistry in the troposphere and its effect on ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 13119–13143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13119-2014, 2014.
Saiz-Lopez, A., Baidar, S., Cuevas, C. A., Koenig, T. K., Fernandez, R. P.,
Dix, B., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J., Rodriguez-Lloveras, X., Campos, T.
L., and Volkamer, R.: Injection of iodine to the stratosphere, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 42, 6852–6859, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064796, 2015.
Sardessai, S., Ramaiah, N., Prasanna Kumar, S., and de Sousa, S. N.:
Influence of environmental forcings on the seasonality of dissolved oxygen
and nutrients in the Bay of Bengal, J. Marine Res., 65, 301–316, 2007.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Swathi, P. S., Kumar, M. D., Prasannakumar, S.,
Bhattathiri, P. M. A., Madhupratap, M., Ramaswamy, V., Sarin, M. M., Gauns,
M., Ramaiah, N., Sardessai, S., and de Sousa, S. N.: Carbon budget in the
Eastern and Central Arabian Sea: an Indian JGOFS synthesis, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001978, 2003.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Kumar, N. A., Prasad, V. R., Venkataramana, V.,
Appalanaidu, S., Sridevi, B., Kumar, B. S. K., Bharati, M. D., Subbaiah, C.
V., Acharyya, T., Rao, G. D., Viswanadham, R., Gawade, L., Manjary, D. T.,
Kumar, P. P., Rajeev, K., Reddy, N. P. C., Sarma, V. V., Kumar, M. D.,
Sadhuram, Y., and Murty, T. V. R.: High CO2 emissions from the tropical
Godavari estuary (India) associated with monsoon river discharges, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 38, L08601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl046928, 2011.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Lenton, A., Law, R. M., Metzl, N., Patra, P. K., Doney, S., Lima, I. D., Dlugokencky, E., Ramonet, M., and Valsala, V.: Sea–air CO2 fluxes in the Indian Ocean between 1990 and 2009, Biogeosciences, 10, 7035–7052, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7035-2013, 2013.
Savoie, D. L. and Prospero, J. M.: Comparison of oceanic and continental
sources of non-sea-salt sulphate over the Pacific Ocean, Nature, 339,
685–687, 1989.
Sciare, J., Mihalopoulos, N., Dentener, F. J., and Sciare, L.: Interannual
variability of atmospheric dimethylsulfide in the southern Indian Ocean. J.
Geophys. Res., 105, 26369–26377, 2000.
Schott, F. and McCreary, J. P.: The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean,
Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 1–123, 2001.
Schott, F. A., Xie, S.-P., and McCreary, J. P.: Indian Ocean circulation and
climate variability, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245,
2009.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From
Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd edn., John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0471720186, 2006.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S.,
Jaeglé, L., and Jaffe, D.: Chemical cycling and deposition of
atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D02308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007450, 2007.
Sharma, S. K., Singh, A. K., Saud, T., Mandal, T. K., Saxena, M., Singh, S., Ghosh, S. K., and Raha, S.: Measurement of ambient NH3 over Bay of Bengal during W_ICARB Campaign, Ann. Geophys., 30, 371–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-371-2012, 2012.
Shaw, S. L., Chisholm, S. W., and Prinn, R. G.: Isoprene production by
Prochlorococcus, a marine cyanobacterium, and other phytoplankton, Mar.
Chem., 80, 227–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00101-9, 2003.
Shechner, M. and Tas, E.: Ozone Formation Induced by the Impact of Reactive
Bromine and Iodine Species on Photochemistry in a Polluted Marine
Environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 14030–14037,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02860, 2017.
Simpson, M. D. and Raman, S.: Role of the land plume in the transport of
ozone over the ocean during INDOEX (1999), Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 111,
133–152, 2004.
Singh, A. and Ramesh, R.: Environmental controls on new and primary
production in the northern Indian ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 131, 138–145,
2015.
Singh, D., Ghosh, S., Roxy, M. K., and McDermid, S.: Indian summer monsoon:
extreme events, historical changes, and role of anthropogenic forcings,
Wiley Interdisc. Rev. Clim. Change, 10, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.571, 2019.
Singh, H. B., Kanakidou, M., Crutzen, P. J., and Jacob, D. J.: High
concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the
global troposphere, Nature, 378, 50–54, 1995.
Singh, K., Panda, J., Osuri, K. K., and Vissa, N. K.: Progress in tropical
cyclone predictability and present status in the North Indian Ocean region, in: Tropical Cyclone Dynamics, Prediction, and Detection, edited by: Lupo, A. R., Intech Open, London, UK, https://doi.org/10.5772/64333, 2016.
Singh, K., Panda, J., and Kant, S.: A study on variability in rainfall over
India contributed by cyclonic disturbances in warming climate scenario, Int.
J. Climatology, 40, 3208–3221, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6392, 2019.
SOCAT: SOCAT Version 2019, SOCAT [data set], https://www.socat.info/index.php/data-access/ (last access: 12 May 2020), 2019.
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Carbone, F., Cinnirella, S., Mannarino, V., Landis, M., Ebinghaus, R., Weigelt, A., Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., Martin, L., Munthe, J., Wängberg, I., Artaxo, P., Morais, F., Barbosa, H. D. M. J., Brito, J., Cairns, W., Barbante, C., Diéguez, M. D. C., Garcia, P. E., Dommergue, A., Angot, H., Magand, O., Skov, H., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Read, K. A., Neves, L. M., Gawlik, B. M., Sena, F., Mashyanov, N., Obolkin, V., Wip, D., Feng, X. B., Zhang, H., Fu, X., Ramachandran, R., Cossa, D., Knoery, J., Marusczak, N., Nerentorp, M., and Norstrom, C.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11915–11935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016, 2016.
Sreeush, M. G., Saran, R., Valsala, V., Pentakota, S., Prasad, K. V. S. R., and Murtugudde, R.: Variability, trend and controlling factors of Ocean
acidification over Western Arabian Sea upwelling region, Mar. Chem., 209, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.12.002, 2019.
Srivastava, S., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Gupta, S., and Acharya, Y. B.:
Vertical distribution of ozone in the lower troposphere over the Bay of
Bengal and the Arabian Sea during ICARB-2006: Effects of continental
outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D13301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015298, 2011.
Srivastava, S., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Gupta, S., and Sheel, V.:
Surface distributions of O3, CO and hydrocarbons over the Bay of Bengal
and the Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon season, Atmos. Environ., 47,
459–467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.023, 2012a.
Srivastava, S., Lal, S., Venkataramani, S., Guha, I., and Bala Subrahamanyam,
D.: Airborne measurements of O3, CO, CH4 and NMHCs over the Bay of
Bengal during winter, Atmos. Environ., 59, 597–609,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.054, 2012b.
Stemmler, I., Hense, I., and Quack, B.: Marine sources of bromoform in the global open ocean – global patterns and emissions, Biogeosciences, 12, 1967–1981, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1967-2015, 2015.
Streets, D. G., Hao, J., Wu, Y., Jiang, J., Chan, M., Tian, H., and Feng,
X.: Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China, Atmos. Environ., 39,
7789–7806, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.029, 2005.
Sudheesh, V., Gupta, G. V. M., Sudharma, K. V., Naik, H., Shenoy, D. M.,
Sudhakar, M., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Upwelling intensity modulates N2O
concentrations over the western Indian shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 121,
8551–8565, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jc012166, 2016.
Suntharalingam, P., Kettle, A. J., Montzka, S. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Global
3-D model analysis of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide:
Implications for terrestrial vegetation uptake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034332, 2008.
Suntharalingam, P., Zamora, L. M., Bange, H. W., Bikkina, S., Buitenhuis,
E., Kanakidou, M., Lamarque, J.-F., Landolfi, A., Resplandy, L., Sarin, M.
M., Seitzinger, S., and Singh, A.: Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs and impacts
on oceanic N2O fluxes in the northern Indian Ocean: The need for an
integrated observation and modelling approach, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 166, 104–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.007, 2019.
Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M., Loza, C. L.,
Kwan, A. J., Hersey, S. P., Flagan, R. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J.
H.: Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation
from isoprene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6640–6645, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107, 2010.
Tadic, I., Crowley, J. N., Dienhart, D., Eger, P., Harder, H., Hottmann, B., Martinez, M., Parchatka, U., Paris, J.-D., Pozzer, A., Rohloff, R., Schuladen, J., Shenolikar, J., Tauer, S., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Net ozone production and its relationship to nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the marine boundary layer around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6769–6787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6769-2020, 2020.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., and Sabine, C.: Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II., 56, 554–577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009, 2009.
Tegtmeier, S., Atlas, E., Quack, B., Ziska, F., and Krüger, K.: Variability and past long-term changes of brominated very short-lived substances at the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7103–7123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7103-2020, 2020.
Tian, H., Chen, G., Lu, C., Xu, X., Ren, W., Zhang, B., Banger, K., Tao, B., Pan, S., Liu, M., Zhang, C., Bruhwiler, L., and Wofsy, S.: Global methane and nitrous oxide emissions from terrestrial ecosystems due to multiple environmental changes, Ecosyst. Health, 1, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1890/EHS14-0015.1, 2015.
Toihir, A. M., Sivakumar, V., Mbatha, N., Sangeetha, S. K., Bencherif, H., Brunke, E.-G., and Labuschagne, C.: Studies on CO variation and trends over South Africa and the Indian Ocean using TES satellite data, S. Afr. J. Sci., 111, 9–10, https://doi.org/10.17159/SAJS.2015/20140174, 2015.
Tokarczyk, R. and Moore, R. M.: Production of volatile organohalo- gens by
phytoplankton cultures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 285–288,
https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00009, 1994.
Tomsche, L., Pozzer, A., Ojha, N., Parchatka, U., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Upper tropospheric CH4 and CO affected by the South Asian summer monsoon during the Oxidation Mechanism Observations mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1915–1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1915-2019, 2019.
Tournadre, J.: Anthropogenic pressure on the open ocean: The growth of ship
traffic revealed by altimeter data analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
7924–7932, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061786, 2014.
Tripathi, N., Sahu, L. K., Singh, A., Yadav, R., Patel, A., Patel, K.,
Patel, A., and Patel, K.: Elevated levels of biogenic nonmethane
hydrocarbons in the marine boundary layer of the Arabian Sea during the
intermonsoon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, e2020JD032869, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032869, 2020.
UN-Environment: Global Mercury Assessment 2018. UN-Environment
Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, 59 pp., ISBN 978-92-807-3744-8, 2019.
Valsala, V. and Maksyutov, S.: Interannual variability of the air–sea
CO2 flux in the north Indian Ocean, Ocean Dynam., 63, 165–178,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0588-7, 2013.
Valsala, V. and Murtugudde, R.: Mesoscale and Intraseasonal Air-Sea
CO2 C2 Exchanges in the Western Arabian Sea during Boreal Summer,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 103, 101–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.06.001, 2015.
Valsala, V., Maksyutov, S., and Murtugudde, R. G.: A window for carbon uptake in the southern subtropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L17605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052857, 2012.
Valsala, V., Sreeush, M. G., and Chakraborty, K.: IOD impacts on
Indian the Ocean Carbon Cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2020JC016485,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016485, 2020.
Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., Whitburn, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D.,
Clerbaux, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Industrial and agricultural ammonia point
sources exposed, Nature, 564, 99–103, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0747-1, 2018.
Verreyken, B., Amelynck, C., Schoon, N., Müller, J.-F., Brioude, J., Kumps, N., Hermans, C., Metzger, J.-M., Colomb, A., and Stavrakou, T.: Measurement report: Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at the remote high-altitude Maïdo observatory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12965–12988, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12965-2021, 2021.
Verver, G. H. L., Sikka, D. R., Lobert, J. M., Stossmeister, G., and
Zachariasse, M.: Overview of the meteorological conditions and atmospheric
transport processes during INDOEX 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28399–28413,
2001.
Wai, K. M., Wu, S., Kumar, A., and Liao, H.: Seasonal variability and long-term evolution of tropospheric composition in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4859–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4859-2014, 2014.
Waliser, D. E. and Gautier, C.: A Satellite-derived Climatology of the ITCZ,
J. Climate, 6, 2162–2174,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<2162:ASDCOT>2.0.CO;2, 1993.
Wang, R., Balkanski, Y., Bopp, L., Aumont, O., Boucher, O., Ciais, P.,
Gehlen, M., Peñuelas, J., Ethé, C., Hauglustaine, D., Li, B., Liu,
J., Zhou, F., and Tao, S.: Influence of anthropogenic aerosol deposition on the relationship between oceanic productivity and warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10745–10754, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066753, 2015.
Wang, S., Kinnison, D., Montzka, S. A., Apel, E. C., Hornbrook, R. S., Hills, A. J., Blake, D. R., Barletta, B., Meinardi, S., Sweeney, C., Moore, F., Long, M., Saiz-Lopez, A., Fernandez, R. P., Tilmes, S., Emmons, L. K., and Lamarque, J.: Ocean biogeochemistry control on the marine emissions of brominated very short-lived ozone-depleting substances: a machine-learning approach, J. Geophys. Res., 124, 12319–12339, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031288, 2019.
Warneck, P.: The relative importance of various pathways for the oxidation
of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in sunlit continental fair weather
clouds, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5471–5483, 1999.
Watts, S. F.: The mass budgets of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon
disulfide and hydrogen sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34, 761–779, 2000.
Williams, J., Fischer, H., Wong, S., Crutzen, P. J., Scheele, M. P., and
Lelieveld, J.: Near equatorial CO and O3 profiles over the Indian Ocean
during the winter monsoon: High O3 levels in the middle troposphere and
interhemispheric exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001126, 2002.
Williams, J., Custer, T., Riede, H., Sander, R., Jöckel, P., Hoor, P.,
Pozzer, A., Wong-Zehnpfennig, S., Hosaynali-Beygi, Z., Fischer, H., Gros,
V., Colomb, A., Bonsang, B., Yassaa, N., Peeken, I., Atlas, E. L., Waluda,
C. M., van Aardenne, J. A., and Lelieveld, J.: Assessing the effect of marine
isoprene and ship emissions on ozone, using modeling and measurements from
the South Atlantic Ocean, Environ. Chem., 7, 171–182, https://doi.org/10.1071/EN09154,
2010.
Wurl, O., Wurl, E., Miller, L., Johnson, K., and Vagle, S.: Formation and global distribution of sea-surface microlayers, Biogeosciences, 8, 121–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-121-2011, 2011.
Yamamoto, H., Yokouchi, Y., Otsuki, A., and Itoh, H.: Depth profiles of
volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in seawater in the Bay of Bengal,
Chemosphere, 45, 371–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00541-5,
2001.
Yang, J., Zhao, W., Wei, L., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., Hu, W., Wu, L., Li, X., Pavuluri, C. M., Pan, X., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, C.-Q., Kawamura, K., and Fu, P.: Molecular and spatial distributions of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in marine aerosols from the South China Sea to the eastern Indian Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6841–6860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6841-2020, 2020.
Yao, S. L., Huang, G., Wu, R.-G., Qu, X., and Chen, D.: Inhomogeneous warming of the tropical Indian Ocean in the CMIP5 model simulations during 1900–2005
and associated mechanisms, Clim. Dynam., 46, 619–636, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2602-5, 2016.
Ye, H., Sheng, J., Tang, D., Morozov, E., Kalhoro, M. A., Wang, S., and Xu,
H.: Examining the Impact of Tropical Cyclones on Air-Sea CO2 Exchanges
in the Bay of Bengal Based on Satellite Data and In Situ Observations, J.
Geophys. Res., 124, 555–576, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014533, 2019.
Yoder, J. A., McClain, C. R., Feldman, G. C., and Esaias, W. E.: Annual
cycles of phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations in the global ocean: A
satellite view, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.1029/93gb02358, 1993.
Yoshida, Y., Ota, Y., Eguchi, N., Kikuchi, N., Nobuta, K., Tran, H., Morino, I., and Yokota, T.: Retrieval algorithm for CO2 and CH4 column abundances from short-wavelength infrared spectral observations by the Greenhouse gases observing satellite, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 717–734, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-717-2011, 2011.
Zavarsky, A., Goddijn-Murphy, L., Steinhoff, T., and Marandino, C. A.:
Bubble-Mediated Gas Transfer and Gas Transfer Suppression of DMS and
CO2, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 6624–6647, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd028071, 2018a.
Zavarsky, A., Booge, D., Fiehn, A., Krüger, K., Atlas, E., and
Marandino, C.: The Influence of Air-Sea Fluxes on Atmospheric Aerosols
During the Summer Monsoon Over the Tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 418–426, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076410, 2018b.
Zheng, B., Tong, D., Li, M., Liu, F., Hong, C., Geng, G., Li, H., Li, X., Peng, L., Qi, J., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Zheng, Y., He, K., and Zhang, Q.: Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14095–14111, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14095-2018, 2018.
Zhou, M., Langerock, B., Vigouroux, C., Sha, M. K., Ramonet, M., Delmotte, M., Mahieu, E., Bader, W., Hermans, C., Kumps, N., Metzger, J.-M., Duflot, V., Wang, Z., Palm, M., and De Mazière, M.: Atmospheric CO and CH4 time series and seasonal variations on Reunion Island from ground-based in situ and FTIR (NDACC and TCCON) measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13881–13901, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13881-2018, 2018.
Zhou, S., Gonzalez, L., Leithead, A., Finewax, Z., Thalman, R., Vlasenko, A., Vagle, S., Miller, L. A., Li, S.-M., Bureekul, S., Furutani, H., Uematsu, M., Volkamer, R., and Abbatt, J.: Formation of gas-phase carbonyls from heterogeneous oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the air–water interface and of the sea surface microlayer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1371–1384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1371-2014, 2014.
Ziska, F., Quack, B., Abrahamsson, K., Archer, S. D., Atlas, E., Bell, T., Butler, J. H., Carpenter, L. J., Jones, C. E., Harris, N. R. P., Hepach, H., Heumann, K. G., Hughes, C., Kuss, J., Krüger, K., Liss, P., Moore, R. M., Orlikowska, A., Raimund, S., Reeves, C. E., Reifenhäuser, W., Robinson, A. D., Schall, C., Tanhua, T., Tegtmeier, S., Turner, S., Wang, L., Wallace, D., Williams, J., Yamamoto, H., Yvon-Lewis, S., and Yokouchi, Y.: Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915–8934, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013, 2013.
Zou, L. W. and Zhou, T. J.: Near future (2016–2040) summer precipitation changes over China as projected by a regional climate model (RCM) under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario: comparison between RCM downscaling and the driving GCM, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 806–818, 2013.
Download
- Article
(24840 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
In the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, intense anthropogenic pollution from Southeast Asia mixes with pristine oceanic air. During the winter monsoon, high pollution levels are regularly observed over the entire northern Indian Ocean, while during the summer monsoon, clean air dominates. Here, we review current progress in detecting and understanding atmospheric gas-phase composition over the Indian Ocean and its impacts on the upper atmosphere, oceanic biogeochemistry, and marine ecosystems.
In the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, intense anthropogenic pollution from Southeast Asia...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint