Deardorff, J.: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a
three-dimensional model, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 18, 495–527,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119502, 1980.
Del Genio, A. D. and Wu, J.: The role of entrainment in the diurnal cycle of
continental convection, J. Climate, 23, 2722–2738, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3340.1, 2010.
Endo, S., Fridlind, A. M., Lin, W., Vogelmann, A. M., Toto, T., Ackerman, A.
S., McFarquhar, G. M., Jackson, R. C., Jonsson, H. H., and Liu, Y.: RACORO
continental boundary layer cloud investigations: 2. Large-eddy simulations
of cumulus clouds and evaluation with in situ and ground-based
observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 5993–6014, 2015.
Fan, J., Wang, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Liu, X.: Review of Aerosol–Cloud
Interactions: Mechanisms, Significance, and Challenges, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 4221–4252, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0037.1, 2016.
Freud, E., Rosenfeld, D., Andreae, M. O., Costa, A. A., and Artaxo, P.: Robust relations between CCN and the vertical evolution of cloud drop size distribution in deep convective clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1661–1675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1661-2008, 2008.
Freud, E., Rosenfeld, D., and Kulkarni, J. R.: Resolving both entrainment-mixing and number of activated CCN in deep convective clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12887–12900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12887-2011, 2011.
Gao, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Mei, F., Wang, J., Zhu, L., and Yan, S.:
Contrasting Scale Dependence of Entrainment-Mixing Mechanisms in
Stratocumulus Clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL086970, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl086970, 2020.
Gao, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Yum, S. S., Zhu, J., Zhu, L., Desai, N., Ma, Y., and Wu, S.: Comprehensive quantification of height dependence of entrainment mixing between stratiform cloud top and environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11225–11241, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11225-2021, 2021.
Gao, Z., Liu, Y., Li, X., and Lu, C.: Investigation of Turbulent
Entrainment-Mixing Processes with a New Particle-Resolved Direct Numerical
Simulation Model, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 2194–2214, 2018.
Gerber, H. E., Frick, G. M., Jensen, J. B., and Hudson, J. G.: Entrainment,
mixing, and microphysics in trade-wind cumulus, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn.,
86A, 87–106, 2008.
Grabowski, W. W.: Indirect impact of atmospheric aerosols in idealized
simulations of convective-radiative quasi equilibrium, J. Climate, 19,
4664–4682, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3857.1, 2006.
Grabowski, W. W.: Representation of turbulent mixing and buoyancy reversal
in bulk cloud models, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3666–3680, 2007.
Grabowski, W. W. and Morrison, H.: Indirect Impact of Atmospheric Aerosols
in Idealized Simulations of Convective–Radiative Quasi Equilibrium. Part
II: Double-Moment Microphysics, J. Climate, 24, 1897–1912, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3647.1, 2011.
Gustafson, W. I., Vogelmann, A. M., Li, Z., Cheng, X., Dumas, K. K., Endo,
S., Johnson, K. L., Krishna, B., Fairless, T., and Xiao, H.: The Large-Eddy
Simulation (LES) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Symbiotic
Simulation and Observation (LASSO) Activity for Continental Shallow
Convection, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E462–E479, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0065.1, 2020.
Gustafson, W. I., Vogelmann, A. M., Cheng, X., Endo, S., Johnson, K. L., Krishna, B., Li, Z., Toto, T., and Xiao, H.: LASSO data bundles, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement user facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1342961, 2017.
Hacker, J. P., Jimenez, P. A., Dudhia, J., Haupt, S. E., Ruiz-Arias, J. A.,
Gueymard, C. A., Thompson, G., Eidhammer, T., and Deng, A.: WRF-Solar:
Description and Clear-Sky Assessment of an Augmented NWP Model for Solar
Power Prediction, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 1249–1264, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00279.1, 2016.
Haman, K. E., Malinowski, S. P., Kurowski, M. J., Gerber, H., and Brenguier,
J.-L.: Small scale mixing processes at the top of a marine stratocumulus – a
case study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 213–226, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.5, 2007.
Haupt, S. E., Kosovic, B., Jensen, T., Lee, J., Jimenez, P., Lazo, J.,
Cowie, J., McCandless, T., Pearson, J., and Weiner, G.: The SunCast?
solar-power forecasting system: the results of the public-private-academic
partnership to advance solar power forecasting, National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Research Applications Laboratory,
Weather Systems and Assessment Program (US), Boulder (CO), https://doi.org/10.5065/D6N58JR2, 2016.
Hoffmann, F. and Feingold, G.: Entrainment and mixing in stratocumulus:
Effects of a new explicit subgrid-scale scheme for large-eddy simulations
with particle-based microphysics, J. Atmos. SCi., 76, 1955–1973, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0318.1, 2019.
Jarecka, D., Grabowski, W. W., and Pawlowska, H.: Modeling of Subgrid-Scale
Mixing in Large-Eddy Simulation of Shallow Convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2125–2133, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2929.1, 2009.
Jarecka, D., Grabowski, W. W., Morrison, H., and Pawlowska, H.: Homogeneity
of the subgrid-scale turbulent mixing in large-eddy simulation of shallow
convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2751–2767, 2013.
Jensen, J. B., Austin, P. H., Baker, M. B., and Blyth, A. M.: Turbulent
mixing, spectral evolution and dynamics in a warm cumulus cloud, J. Atmos.
Sci., 42, 173–192, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0173:TMSEAD>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Kim, B.-G., Miller, M. A., Schwartz, S. E., Liu, Y., and Min, Q.: The role
of adiabaticity in the aerosol first indirect effect, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D05210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008961, 2008.
Lasher-Trapp, S. G., Cooper, W. A., and Blyth, A. M.: Broadening of droplet
size distributions from entrainment and mixing in a cumulus cloud, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 195–220, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.199, 2005.
Lehmann, K., Siebert, H., and Shaw, R. A.: Homogeneous and inhomogeneous
mixing in cumulus clouds: dependence on local turbulence structure, J.
Atmos. Sci., 66, 3641–3659, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3012.1, 2009.
Li, Z., Li, C., Chen, H., Tsay, S. C., Holben, B., Huang, J., Li, B.,
Maring, H., Qian, Y., and Shi, G.: East Asian studies of tropospheric
aerosols and their impact on regional climate (EAST-AIRC): An overview,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D00K34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015257, 2011.
Lu, C., Liu, Y., and Niu, S.: Examination of turbulent entrainment-mixing
mechanisms using a combined approach, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20207,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015944, 2011.
Lu, C., Liu, Y., Niu, S., Krueger, S., and Wagner, T.: Exploring
parameterization for turbulent entrainment-mixing processes in clouds,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 185–194, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018464, 2013.
Lu, C., Liu, Y., Niu, S., and Endo, S.: Scale dependence of
entrainment-mixing mechanisms in cumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 13877–13890, 2014.
Lu, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, G. J., Wu, X., Endo, S., Cao, L., Li, Y., and Guo,
X.: Improving parameterization of entrainment rate for shallow convection
with aircraft measurements and large eddy simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 73,
761–773, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0050.1, 2016.
Luo, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Bian, J., Gao, W., Li, J., Xu, X., Gao, S., Yang,
S., and Guo, X.: Parameterizations of Entrainment-Mixing Mechanisms and
Their Effects on Cloud Droplet Spectral Width Based on Numerical
Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD032972, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032972, 2020.
Morrison, H. and Grabowski, W. W.: Modeling supersaturation and
subgrid-scale mixing with two-moment bulk warm microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci.,
65, 792–812, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2374.1, 2008.
Paluch, I. R. and Baumgardner, D. G.: Entrainment and fine-scale mixing in a
continental convective cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 261–278,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0261:EAFSMI>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Peng, Y., Lohmann, U., Leaitch, R., Banic, C., and Couture, M.: The cloud
albedo-cloud droplet effective radius relationship for clean and polluted
clouds from RACE and FIRE.ACE, J. Geophys. Res., 107, AAC 1-1–AAC 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000281, 2002.
Slawinska, J., Grabowski, W. W., Pawlowska, H., and Wyszogrodzki, A. A.:
Optical properties of shallow convective clouds diagnosed from a
bulk-microphysics large-eddy simulation, J. Climate, 21, 1639–1647, 2008.
Slawinska, J., Grabowski, W. W., Pawlowska, H., and Morrison, H.: Droplet
activation and mixing in large-eddy simulation of a shallow cumulus field,
J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 444–462, 2012.
Tao, C. and Xie, S.: Constrained Variational Analysis (60VARANARUC). 2004-01-01 to 2012-04-30, Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility, Lamont, OK, ARM Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1647300, 2004.
Tao, C. and Xie, S.: Constrained Variational Analysis (60VARANARAP). 2012-05-01 to 2019-08-31, Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility, Lamont, OK, ARM Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1647174, 2012.
Thompson, G. and Eidhammer, T.: A study of aerosol impacts on clouds and
precipitation development in a large winter cyclone, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3636–3658, 2014.
Wang, H. and Feingold, G.: Modeling mesoscale cellular structures and
drizzle in marine stratocumulus. Part I: Impact of drizzle on the formation
and evolution of open cells, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3237–3256, 2009.
Wang, M., Ghan, S., Ovchinnikov, M., Liu, X., Easter, R., Kassianov, E., Qian, Y., and Morrison, H.: Aerosol indirect effects in a multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5431–5455, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5431-2011, 2011.
Wang, Y., Niu, S., Lv, J., Lu, C., Xu, X., Wang, Y., Ding, J., Zhang, H.,
Wang, T., and Kang, B.: A new method for distinguishing unactivated
particles in cloud condensation nuclei measurements: Implications for
aerosol indirect effect evaluation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46,
14185–14194, 2019.
Wang, Y., Zhao, C., McFarquhar, G. M., Wu, W., Reeves, M., and Li, J.:
Dispersion of Droplet Size Distributions in Supercooled Non-precipitating
Stratocumulus from Aircraft Observations Obtained during the Southern Ocean
Cloud Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033720, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033720, 2021.
Wood, R.: Review: Stratocumulus Clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 140,
2373–2423, 2012.
Xu, X., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Gao, W., Wang, Y., Cheng, Y., Luo, S., and Van
Weverberg, K.: Effects of cloud liquid-phase microphysical processes in
mixed-phase cumuli over the Tibetan Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD033371, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033371, 2020.
Xu, X., Sun, C., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, G. J., and Chen, Q.: Factors
affecting entrainment rate in deep convective clouds and parameterizations,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034881, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034881, 2021.
Yang, B., Wang, M., Zhang, G. J., Guo, Z., Huang, A., Zhang, Y., and Qian,
Y.: Linking Deep and Shallow Convective Mass Fluxes via an Assumed
Entrainment Distribution in CAM5-CLUBB: Parameterization and Simulated
Precipitation Variability, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 13, e2020MS002357, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002357, 2021.
Yang, F., Shaw, R., and Xue, H.: Conditions for super-adiabatic droplet growth after entrainment mixing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9421–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9421-2016, 2016.
Yum, S.: Cloud droplet spectral broadening in warm clouds: An observational
and model study, Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree, University of Nevada,
Reno, Nevada, USA, 191 pp.,
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhDT........19Y (last access: 20 April 2022), 1998.
Zhang, M. H., Lin, J. L., Cederwall, R. T., Yio, J. J., and Xie, S. C.:
Objective analysis of ARM IOP data: Method and sensitivity, Mon. Weather
Rev., 129, 295–311, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0295:OAOAID>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Zheng, Y. and Rosenfeld, D.: Linear relation between convective cloud base
height and updrafts and application to satellite retrievals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6485–6491, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064809, 2015.
Zhu, L., Lu, C., Yan, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, G. J., Mei, F., Zhu, B., Fast, J.
D., Matthews, A., and Pekour, M. S.: A New Approach for Simultaneous
Estimation of Entrainment and Detrainment Rates in Non-Precipitating
Shallow Cumulus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093817, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl093817, 2021.
