Articles | Volume 20, issue 16
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9997–10014, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9997-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9997–10014, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9997-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article 27 Aug 2020
Research article | 27 Aug 2020
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxy- and nitro-PAHs in ambient air of the Arctic town Longyearbyen, Svalbard
Tatiana Drotikova et al.
Related authors
Tatiana Drotikova, Alena Dekhtyareva, Roland Kallenborn, and Alexandre Albinet
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-193, 2021
Preprint under review for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
86 PACs, the toxic compounds mainly emitted after combustion of fossil fuels, were measured during 8 months in the urban air of Longyearbyen (78° N, 15° E), the most populated settlement in Svalbard, the European Arctic. Contrary to a stereotype of the pristine Arctic conditions with very low human activities, considerable PAC concentrations were detected, with the spring levels comparable to the European. Air pollution was caused by local snowmobile driving in spring and shipping in summer.
Tatiana Drotikova, Alena Dekhtyareva, Roland Kallenborn, and Alexandre Albinet
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-193, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-193, 2021
Preprint under review for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
86 PACs, the toxic compounds mainly emitted after combustion of fossil fuels, were measured during 8 months in the urban air of Longyearbyen (78° N, 15° E), the most populated settlement in Svalbard, the European Arctic. Contrary to a stereotype of the pristine Arctic conditions with very low human activities, considerable PAC concentrations were detected, with the spring levels comparable to the European. Air pollution was caused by local snowmobile driving in spring and shipping in summer.
Laura Röhler, Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pawel Rostkowski, Roland Kallenborn, and Martin Schlabach
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1697–1716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1697-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1697-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A novel non-destructive, sulfuric-acid-free clean-up method for high-volume air samples was developed and evaluated with organic chemicals covering a wide range of polarities (logP 2–11). This method, providing quantitative results of comparable quality to traditional methods, was combined with newly developed data treatment strategies for simultaneous suspect and non-target screening. The application to air samples from southern Norway revealed 90 new potential chemicals of emerging concern.
Laura Röhler, Martin Schlabach, Peter Haglund, Knut Breivik, Roland Kallenborn, and Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9031–9049, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9031-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9031-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new clean-up method for the SUS and NTS of organic contaminants was applied to high-volume Arctic air samples. A large number of known and new potential organic chemicals of emerging Arctic concern were identified and prioritised with GC×GC-LRMS; 60 % of the identified contaminants (not yet detected in Arctic samples) do not meet currently accepted criteria for LRATP into polar environments. Without our empirical confirmation, they would not be considered potential Arctic contaminants.
Henrik Grythe, Susana Lopez-Aparicio, Matthias Vogt, Dam Vo Thanh, Claudia Hak, Anne Karine Halse, Paul Hamer, and Gabriela Sousa Santos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10217–10237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10217-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10217-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions from residential wood combustion are a major contributor to human exposure to air pollution. In this study, we develop a highly detailed and scalable emission inventory for Norway applicable also to local air quality studies. Emissions are based on novel highly detailed input data that offer unprecedented spatial (and temporal) resolution. We also show that the emissions presented improve model accuracy and we highlight that the principles are applicable in other sectors and countries.
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Spatiotemporal variation, sources, and secondary transformation potential of volatile organic compounds in Xi'an, China
Identifying and quantifying source contributions of air quality contaminants during unconventional shale gas extraction
Observed decreases in on-road CO2 concentrations in Beijing during COVID-19 restrictions
Investigation of several proxies to estimate sulfuric acid concentration under volcanic plume conditions
Measurement report: Exploring NH3 behavior in urban and suburban Beijing: comparison and implications
Atmospheric organic vapors in two European pine forests measured by a Vocus PTR-TOF: insights into monoterpene and sesquiterpene oxidation processes
Speciation of VOC emissions related to offshore North Sea oil and gas production
Halogen activation in the plume of Masaya volcano: field observations and box model investigations
Decoupling of urban CO2 and air pollutant emission reductions during the European SARS-CoV-2 lockdown
Atmospheric VOC measurements at a High Arctic site: characteristics and source apportionment
Evaluating the sensitivity of radical chemistry and ozone formation to ambient VOCs and NOx in Beijing
Global trends and European emissions of tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6) and octafluoropropane (C3F8)
Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in ambient air – Part 1: Combining a novel sample clean-up method with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography
Low-NO atmospheric oxidation pathways in a polluted megacity
Seasonal variation and origins of volatile organic compounds observed during 2 years at a western Mediterranean remote background site (Ersa, Cape Corsica)
Ambient nitro-aromatic compounds – biomass burning versus secondary formation in rural China
Secular change in atmospheric Ar∕N2 and its implications for ocean heat uptake and Brewer–Dobson circulation
Pan-European rural monitoring network shows dominance of NH3 gas and NH4NO3 aerosol in inorganic atmospheric pollution load
Measurement report: Changing characteristics of atmospheric CH4 in the Tibetan Plateau: records from 1994 to 2019 at the Mount Waliguan station
Isotopic compositions of atmospheric total gaseous mercury in ten Chinese cities and implications for land surface emissions
Soil–atmosphere exchange flux of total gaseous mercury (TGM) at subtropical and temperate forest catchments
Measurement report: Long-term variations in carbon monoxide at a background station in China's Yangtze River Delta region
UK surface NO2 levels dropped by 42 % during the COVID-19 lockdown: impact on surface O3
Airborne measurements of fire emission factors for African biomass burning sampled during the MOYA campaign
Surface–atmosphere fluxes of volatile organic compounds in Beijing
Elevated levels of OH observed in haze events during wintertime in central Beijing
Measurement report: Important contributions of oxygenated compounds to emissions and chemistry of volatile organic compounds in urban air
Characterisation of African biomass burning plumes and impacts on the atmospheric composition over the south-west Indian Ocean
Measurement report: Aircraft observations of ozone, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds over Hebei Province, China
A measurement and model study on ozone characteristics in marine air at a remote island station and its interaction with urban ozone air quality in Shanghai, China
Measurements of higher alkanes using NO+ chemical ionization in PTR-ToF-MS: important contributions of higher alkanes to secondary organic aerosols in China
Long-term variations in ozone levels in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over Beijing: observations and model simulations
Variability in gaseous elemental mercury at Villum Research Station, Station Nord, in North Greenland from 1999 to 2017
Role of the dew water on the ground surface in HONO distribution: a case measurement in Melpitz
Where there is smoke there is mercury: Assessing boreal forest fire mercury emissions using aircraft and highlighting uncertainties associated with upscaling emissions estimates
Emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds from warm and oligotrophic seawater in the Eastern Mediterranean
Impact of the South Asian monsoon outflow on atmospheric hydroperoxides in the upper troposphere
Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) fingerprints of major urban and agricultural emission sources for use in source apportionment studies
Estimation of reactive inorganic iodine fluxes in the Indian and Southern Ocean marine boundary layer
Observations of atmospheric 14CO2 at Anmyeondo GAW station, South Korea: implications for fossil fuel CO2 and emission ratios
Sources of nitrous acid (HONO) in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere of the North China Plain: insights from the Mount Tai Observatory
Measurement report: Short-term variation in ammonia concentrations in an urban area increased by mist evaporation and emissions from a forest canopy with bird droppings
Sources and sinks driving sulfuric acid concentrations in contrasting environments: implications on proxy calculations
Characterizing the spatiotemporal nitrogen stable isotopic composition of ammonia in vehicle plumes
Total OH reactivity over the Amazon rainforest: variability with temperature, wind, rain, altitude, time of day, season, and an overall budget closure
Assessing contributions of natural surface and anthropogenic emissions to atmospheric mercury in a fast-developing region of eastern China from 2015 to 2018
Measurements of carbonyl compounds around the Arabian Peninsula: overview and model comparison
Retrieving tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities around the city of Beijing and estimating NOx emissions based on car MAX-DOAS measurements
Measurement report: Statistical modelling of long-term trends of atmospheric inorganic gaseous species within proximity of the pollution hotspot in South Africa
Global-scale distribution of ozone in the remote troposphere from the ATom and HIPPO airborne field missions
Mengdi Song, Xin Li, Suding Yang, Xuena Yu, Songxiu Zhou, Yiming Yang, Shiyi Chen, Huabin Dong, Keren Liao, Qi Chen, Keding Lu, Ningning Zhang, Junji Cao, Limin Zeng, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4939–4958, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4939-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Due to their lower diffusion capacities and higher conversion capacities, urban areas in Xi’an experienced severe ozone pollution in the summer. In this study, a campaign of comprehensive field observations and VOC grid sampling was conducted in Xi’an from 20 June to 20 July 2019. We found that Xi'an has a strong local emission source of VOCs, and vehicle exhaust was the primary VOC source. In addition, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenated VOCs played a dominant role in secondary transformations.
Nur H. Orak, Matthew Reeder, and Natalie J. Pekney
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4729–4739, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4729-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4729-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the effect of unconventional natural gas development activities on local air quality. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to collect high-time-resolution ambient concentrations of compounds emitted from well pad activity on Marcellus Shale during various phases of operation such that the relative air quality effect of each phase of development can be investigated.
Di Liu, Wanqi Sun, Ning Zeng, Pengfei Han, Bo Yao, Zhiqiang Liu, Pucai Wang, Ke Zheng, Han Mei, and Qixiang Cai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4599–4614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4599-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4599-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It is difficult to directly observe the COVID-19 signals in CO2 due to the strong weather induced variations. Here, we determined the on-road CO2 concentration declines in Beijing using mobile observatory data before (BC), during (DC) and after COVID-19 (AC). We chose trips with the most similar weather and calculated the enhancement, the difference between on-road and the city “background”. We showed a clear on-road CO2 decrease in DC, which is consistent with the emissions reductions in DC.
Clémence Rose, Matti P. Rissanen, Siddharth Iyer, Jonathan Duplissy, Chao Yan, John B. Nowak, Aurélie Colomb, Régis Dupuy, Xu-Cheng He, Janne Lampilahti, Yee Jun Tham, Daniela Wimmer, Jean-Marc Metzger, Pierre Tulet, Jérôme Brioude, Céline Planche, Markku Kulmala, and Karine Sellegri
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4541–4560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4541-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4541-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is commonly accepted as a key precursor for atmospheric new particle formation. However, direct measurements of [H2SO4] remain challenging, motivating the development of proxies. Using data collected in two different volcanic plumes, we show, under these specific conditions, the good performance of a proxy from the literature and also highlight the benefit of the newly developed proxies for the prediction of the highest [H2SO4] values.
Ziru Lan, Weili Lin, Weiwei Pu, and Zhiqiang Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4561–4573, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Haze related to particulate matter has become a big problem in eastern China, and ammonia (NH3) plays an important role in secondary particulate matter formation. In this work, variations in the NH3 mixing ratio showed that the contributions of NH3 sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas were quite different, although the areas were under the influence of similar weather systems. This study furthers the understanding of the behavior of NH3 in a megacity environment.
Haiyan Li, Manjula R. Canagaratna, Matthieu Riva, Pekka Rantala, Yanjun Zhang, Steven Thomas, Liine Heikkinen, Pierre-Marie Flaud, Eric Villenave, Emilie Perraudin, Douglas Worsnop, Markku Kulmala, Mikael Ehn, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4123–4147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4123-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4123-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we performed binPMF analysis on the complex mass spectra acquired with the Vocus PTR-TOF in two European pine forests and identified various primary emission sources and secondary oxidation processes of atmospheric organic vapors, i.e., terpenes and their oxidation products, with varying oxidation degrees. Further insights were gained regarding monoterpene and sesquiterpene reactions based on the interpretation results.
Shona E. Wilde, Pamela A. Dominutti, Grant Allen, Stephen J. Andrews, Prudence Bateson, Stephane J.-B. Bauguitte, Ralph R. Burton, Ioana Colfescu, James France, James R. Hopkins, Langwen Huang, Anna E. Jones, Tom Lachlan-Cope, James D. Lee, Alastair C. Lewis, Stephen D. Mobbs, Alexandra Weiss, Stuart Young, and Ruth M. Purvis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3741–3762, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3741-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use airborne measurements to evaluate the speciation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from offshore oil and gas (O&G) installations in the North Sea. The composition of emissions varied across regions associated with either gas, condensate or oil extraction, demonstrating that VOC emissions are not uniform across the whole O&G sector. We compare our results to VOC source profiles in the UK emissions inventory, showing these emissions are not currently fully characterized.
Julian Rüdiger, Alexandra Gutmann, Nicole Bobrowski, Marcello Liotta, J. Maarten de Moor, Rolf Sander, Florian Dinger, Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, Martha Ibarra, Armando Saballos, María Martínez, Elvis Mendoza, Arnoldo Ferrufino, John Stix, Juan Valdés, Jonathan M. Castro, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3371–3393, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3371-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3371-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative approach to study halogen chemistry in the plume of Masaya volcano in Nicaragua. An unique data set was collected using multiple techniques, including drones. These data enabled us to determine the fraction of activation of the respective halogens at various plume ages, where in-mixing of ambient air causes chemical reactions. An atmospheric chemistry box model was employed to further examine the field results and help our understanding of volcanic plume chemistry.
Christian Lamprecht, Martin Graus, Marcus Striednig, Michael Stichaner, and Thomas Karl
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3091–3102, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3091-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3091-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The first European SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) wave and associated lockdown provided a unique sensitivity experiment to study air pollution. We find significantly different emission trajectories between classical air pollution and climate gases (e.g., carbon dioxide). The analysis suggests that European policies, shifting residential, public, and commercial energy demand towards cleaner combustion, have helped to improve air quality more than expected.
Jakob B. Pernov, Rossana Bossi, Thibaut Lebourgeois, Jacob K. Nøjgaard, Rupert Holzinger, Jens L. Hjorth, and Henrik Skov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2895–2916, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2895-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2895-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important constituent in the Arctic atmosphere due to their effect on aerosol and ozone formation. However, an understanding of their sources is lacking. This research presents a multiseason high-time-resolution dataset of VOCs in the Arctic and details their temporal characteristics and source apportionment. Four sources were identified: biomass burning, marine cryosphere, background, and Arctic haze.
Lisa K. Whalley, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Thomas J. Bannan, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, Bin Ouyang, Roderic L. Jones, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, William J. Bloss, Tuan Vu, Simone Kotthaus, Sue Grimmond, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how emission controls will impact ozone, an understanding of the sources and sinks of OH and the chemical cycling between peroxy radicals is needed. This paper presents measurements of OH, HO2 and total RO2 taken in central Beijing. The radical observations are compared to a detailed chemistry model, which shows that under low NO conditions, there is a missing OH source. Under high NOx conditions, the model under-predicts RO2 and impacts our ability to model ozone.
Daniel Say, Alistair J. Manning, Luke M. Western, Dickon Young, Adam Wisher, Matthew Rigby, Stefan Reimann, Martin K. Vollmer, Michela Maione, Jgor Arduini, Paul B. Krummel, Jens Mühle, Christina M. Harth, Brendan Evans, Ray F. Weiss, Ronald G. Prinn, and Simon O'Doherty
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2149–2164, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2149-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are potent greenhouse gases with exceedingly long lifetimes. We used atmospheric measurements from a global monitoring network to track the accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere. In the case of the two most abundant PFCs, recent measurements indicate that global emissions are increasing. In Europe, we used a model to estimate regional PFC emissions. Our results show that there was no significant decline in northwest European PFC emissions between 2010 and 2019.
Laura Röhler, Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pawel Rostkowski, Roland Kallenborn, and Martin Schlabach
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1697–1716, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1697-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1697-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A novel non-destructive, sulfuric-acid-free clean-up method for high-volume air samples was developed and evaluated with organic chemicals covering a wide range of polarities (logP 2–11). This method, providing quantitative results of comparable quality to traditional methods, was combined with newly developed data treatment strategies for simultaneous suspect and non-target screening. The application to air samples from southern Norway revealed 90 new potential chemicals of emerging concern.
Mike J. Newland, Daniel J. Bryant, Rachel E. Dunmore, Thomas J. Bannan, W. Joe F. Acton, Ben Langford, James R. Hopkins, Freya A. Squires, William Dixon, William S. Drysdale, Peter D. Ivatt, Mathew J. Evans, Peter M. Edwards, Lisa K. Whalley, Dwayne E. Heard, Eloise J. Slater, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, Archit Mehra, Stephen D. Worrall, Asan Bacak, Hugh Coe, Carl J. Percival, C. Nicholas Hewitt, James D. Lee, Tianqu Cui, Jason D. Surratt, Xinming Wang, Alastair C. Lewis, Andrew R. Rickard, and Jacqueline F. Hamilton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1613–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1613-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1613-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We report the formation of secondary pollutants in the urban megacity of Beijing that are typically associated with remote regions such as rainforests. This is caused by extremely low levels of nitric oxide (NO), typically expected to be high in urban areas, observed in the afternoon. This work has significant implications for how we understand atmospheric chemistry in the urban environment and thus for how to implement effective policies to improve urban air quality.
Cécile Debevec, Stéphane Sauvage, Valérie Gros, Thérèse Salameh, Jean Sciare, François Dulac, and Nadine Locoge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1449–1484, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1449-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1449-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a better characterization of the seasonal variations in VOC sources impacting the western Mediterranean region, based on a comprehensive chemical composition measured over 25 months at a representative receptor site (Ersa) and by determining factors controlling their temporal variations. Some insights into dominant drivers for VOC concentration variations in Europe are also provided, built on comparisons of Ersa observations with the concomitant ones of 17 European sites.
Christian Mark Garcia Salvador, Rongzhi Tang, Michael Priestley, Linjie Li, Epameinondas Tsiligiannis, Michael Le Breton, Wenfei Zhu, Limin Zeng, Hui Wang, Ying Yu, Min Hu, Song Guo, and Mattias Hallquist
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1389–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-frequency online measurement of gas- and particle-phase nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) at a rural site in China, heavily influenced by biomass burning events, enabled the analysis of the production pathway of NACs, including an explanation of strong persistence in the daytime. The contribution of secondary processes was significant, even during the dominant wintertime influence of primary emissions, suggesting the important role of regional secondary chemistry, i.e. photochemical smog.
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Satoshi Sugawara, Yasunori Tohjima, Daisuke Goto, Kentaro Ishijima, Yosuke Niwa, Nobuyuki Aoki, and Shohei Murayama
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1357–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The surface Ar / N2 ratio showed not only secular increasing trends, but also interannual variations in phase with the global ocean heat content (OHC). Sensitivity test by using a two-dimensional model indicated that the secular trend in the Ar / N2 ratio is modified by the gravitational separation in the stratosphere. The analytical results imply that the surface Ar/N2 ratio is an important tracer for detecting spatiotemporally integrated changes in OHC and stratospheric circulation.
Y. Sim Tang, Chris R. Flechard, Ulrich Dämmgen, Sonja Vidic, Vesna Djuricic, Marta Mitosinkova, Hilde T. Uggerud, Maria J. Sanz, Ivan Simmons, Ulrike Dragosits, Eiko Nemitz, Marsailidh Twigg, Netty van Dijk, Yannick Fauvel, Francisco Sanz, Martin Ferm, Cinzia Perrino, Maria Catrambone, David Leaver, Christine F. Braban, J. Neil Cape, Mathew R. Heal, and Mark A. Sutton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 875–914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-875-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-875-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The DELTA® approach provided speciated, monthly data on reactive gases (NH3, HNO3, SO2, HCl) and aerosols (NH4+, NO3−, SO42−, Cl−, Na+) across Europe (2006–2010). Differences in spatial and temporal concentrations and patterns between geographic regions and four ecosystem types were captured. NH3 and NH4NO3 were dominant components, highlighting their growing relative importance in ecosystem impacts (acidification, eutrophication) and human health effects (NH3 as a precursor to PM2.5) in Europe.
Shuo Liu, Shuangxi Fang, Peng Liu, Miao Liang, Minrui Guo, and Zhaozhong Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 393–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed 26-year CH4 measurements at Mount Waliguan in the Tibetan Plateau, China. The CH4 increased ~ 133 parts per billion (ppb) with a rate of 5.1 ± 0.1 ppb yr-1 from 1994 to 2019. Major source regions were identified in northeast and southwest. The influence of human activities is more and more serious, and northern India has possibly become a stronger contributor than city regions were in the past. It has become urgent to control CH4 emissions in the Tibetan Plateau.
Xuewu Fu, Chen Liu, Hui Zhang, Yue Xu, Hui Zhang, Jun Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Gan Zhang, Hai Guo, Xun Wang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-981, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-981, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Jun Zhou, Zhangwei Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, Charles T. Driscoll, and Che-Jen Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16117–16133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) emissions from natural resources have a large uncertainty, which is mainly derived from the forest. A long-term and multiplot (10) study of soil–air fluxes at subtropical and temperate forests was conducted. Forest soils are an important atmospheric Hg source, especially for subtropical forests. The compensation points imply that the atmospheric Hg concentration plays a critical role in inhibiting Hg emissions from the forest floor. Climate change can enhance soil Hg emissions.
Yijing Chen, Qianli Ma, Weili Lin, Xiaobin Xu, Jie Yao, and Wei Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15969–15982, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15969-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15969-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
CO is one of the major air pollutants. Our study showed that the long-term CO levels at a background station in one of the most developed areas of China decreased significantly and verified that this downward trend was attributed to the decrease in anthropogenic emissions, which indicated that the adopted pollution control policies were effective. Also, this decrease has an implication for the atmospheric chemistry considering the negative correlation between CO levels and OH radical's lifetime.
James D. Lee, Will S. Drysdale, Doug P. Finch, Shona E. Wilde, and Paul I. Palmer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15743–15759, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15743-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15743-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Efforts to prevent the COVID-19 virus spreading across the globe have included travel restrictions and the closure of workplaces, leading to a significant drop in emissions of primary air pollutants. This provides for a unique opportunity to examine how air pollutant concentrations respond to an abrupt and prolonged reduction. We examine how NO2 and O3 have been affected at several urban measurement sites in the UK. We look at the change in NO2 compared to previous years and the effect on O3.
Patrick A. Barker, Grant Allen, Martin Gallagher, Joseph R. Pitt, Rebecca E. Fisher, Thomas Bannan, Euan G. Nisbet, Stéphane J.-B. Bauguitte, Dominika Pasternak, Samuel Cliff, Marina B. Schimpf, Archit Mehra, Keith N. Bower, James D. Lee, Hugh Coe, and Carl J. Percival
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15443–15459, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15443-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15443-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Africa is estimated to account for approximately 52 % of global biomass burning (BB) carbon emissions. Despite this, there has been little previous in situ study of African BB emissions. This work presents BB emission factors for various atmospheric trace gases sampled from an aircraft in two distinct areas of Africa (Senegal and Uganda). Intracontinental variability in biomass burning methane emission is identified, which is attributed to difference in the specific fuel mixtures burnt.
W. Joe F. Acton, Zhonghui Huang, Brian Davison, Will S. Drysdale, Pingqing Fu, Michael Hollaway, Ben Langford, James Lee, Yanhui Liu, Stefan Metzger, Neil Mullinger, Eiko Nemitz, Claire E. Reeves, Freya A. Squires, Adam R. Vaughan, Xinming Wang, Zhaoyi Wang, Oliver Wild, Qiang Zhang, Yanli Zhang, and C. Nicholas Hewitt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15101–15125, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15101-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15101-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air quality in Beijing is of concern to both policy makers and the general public. In order to address concerns about air quality it is vital that the sources of atmospheric pollutants are understood. This work presents the first top-down measurement of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in Beijing. These measurements are used to evaluate the emissions inventory and assess the impact of VOC emission from the city centre on atmospheric chemistry.
Eloise J. Slater, Lisa K. Whalley, Robert Woodward-Massey, Chunxiang Ye, James D. Lee, Freya Squires, James R. Hopkins, Rachel E. Dunmore, Marvin Shaw, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Alastair C. Lewis, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa Kramer, William Bloss, Tuan Vu, Yele Sun, Weiqi Xu, Siyao Yue, Lujie Ren, W. Joe F. Acton, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Xinming Wang, Pingqing Fu, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14847–14871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14847-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper details atmospheric chemistry in a megacity (Beijing), focussing on radicals which mediate the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and particles. Highly polluted conditions were experienced, including the highest ever levels of nitric oxide (NO), with simultaneous radical measurements. Radical concentrations were large during "haze" events, demonstrating active photochemistry. Modelling showed that our understanding of the chemistry at high NOx levels is incomplete.
Caihong Wu, Chaomin Wang, Sihang Wang, Wenjie Wang, Bin Yuan, Jipeng Qi, Baolin Wang, Hongli Wang, Chen Wang, Wei Song, Xinming Wang, Weiwei Hu, Shengrong Lou, Chenshuo Ye, Yuwen Peng, Zelong Wang, Yibo Huangfu, Yan Xie, Manni Zhu, Junyu Zheng, Xuemei Wang, Bin Jiang, Zhanyi Zhang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14769–14785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14769-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14769-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on measurements from an online mass spectrometer, we quantify volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations from numerous ions of the mass spectrometer, using information from laboratory-obtained calibration results. We find that most VOC concentrations are from oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). We further show that these OVOCs also contribute significantly to OH reactivity. Our results suggest the important role of OVOCs in VOC emissions and chemistry in urban air.
Bert Verreyken, Crist Amelynck, Jérôme Brioude, Jean-François Müller, Niels Schoon, Nicolas Kumps, Aurélie Colomb, Jean-Marc Metzger, Christopher F. Lee, Theodore K. Koenig, Rainer Volkamer, and Trissevgeni Stavrakou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14821–14845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14821-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14821-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning (BB) plumes arriving at the Maïdo observatory located in the south-west Indian Ocean during August 2018 and August 2019 are studied using trace gas measurements, Lagrangian transport models and the CAMS near-real-time atmospheric composition service. We investigate (i) secondary production of volatile organic compounds during transport, (ii) efficacy of the CAMS model to reproduce the chemical makeup of BB plumes and (iii) the impact of BB on the remote marine boundary layer.
Sarah E. Benish, Hao He, Xinrong Ren, Sandra J. Roberts, Ross J. Salawitch, Zhanqing Li, Fei Wang, Yuying Wang, Fang Zhang, Min Shao, Sihua Lu, and Russell R. Dickerson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14523–14545, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne observations of ozone and related pollutants show smog was pervasive in spring 2016 over Hebei Province, China. We find high amounts of ozone precursors throughout and even above the PBL, continuing to generate ozone at high rates to be potentially transported downwind. Concentrations even in the rural areas of this highly industrialized province promote widespread ozone production, and we show that to improve air quality over Hebei both NOx and VOCs should be targeted.
Yixuan Gu, Fengxia Yan, Jianming Xu, Yuanhao Qu, Wei Gao, Fangfang He, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14361–14375, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14361-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14361-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High levels and statistically insignificant changes of ozone are detected at a remote monitoring site on Sheshan Island in Shanghai, China, from 2012 to 2017; 6-year observations suggest regional transport exerted minimum influence on the offshore oceanic air in September and October. Both city plumes and oceanic air inflows could contribute to ozone enhancements in Shanghai, and the latter are found to lead to 20–30 % increases in urban ozone concentrations based on WRF-Chem simulations.
Chaomin Wang, Bin Yuan, Caihong Wu, Sihang Wang, Jipeng Qi, Baolin Wang, Zelong Wang, Weiwei Hu, Wei Chen, Chenshuo Ye, Wenjie Wang, Yele Sun, Chen Wang, Shan Huang, Wei Song, Xinming Wang, Suxia Yang, Shenyang Zhang, Wanyun Xu, Nan Ma, Zhanyi Zhang, Bin Jiang, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Xuemei Wang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14123–14138, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We utilized a novel online mass spectrometry method to measure the total concentration of higher alkanes at each carbon number at two different sites in China, allowing us to take into account SOA contributions from all isomers for higher alkanes. We found that higher alkanes account for significant fractions of SOA formation at the two sites. The contributions are comparable to or even higher than single-ring aromatics, the most-recognized SOA precursors in urban air.
Yuli Zhang, Mengchu Tao, Jinqiang Zhang, Yi Liu, Hongbin Chen, Zhaonan Cai, and Paul Konopka
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13343–13354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13343-2020, 2020
Henrik Skov, Jens Hjorth, Claus Nordstrøm, Bjarne Jensen, Christel Christoffersen, Maria Bech Poulsen, Jesper Baldtzer Liisberg, David Beddows, Manuel Dall'Osto, and Jesper Heile Christensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13253–13265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13253-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13253-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is toxic in all its forms. It bioaccumulates in food webs, is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and atmospheric transport is an important source for this element in the Arctic. Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury have been carried out at the Villum Research Station at Station Nord in northern Greenland since 1999. The measurements are compared with model results from the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model. In this way, the dynamics of mercury are investigated.
Yangang Ren, Bastian Stieger, Gerald Spindler, Benoit Grosselin, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Thomas Tuch, Alfred Wiedensohler, and Hartmut Herrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13069–13089, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13069-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13069-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present HONO measurements from the TROPOS research site in Melpitz, Germany. Investigations of HONO sources and sinks revealed the nighttime formation by heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO followed by a significant surface deposition at night. The evaporation of dew was identified as the main HONO source in the morning. In the following, dew measurements with a self-made dew collector were performed to estimate the amount of evaporated HONO from dew in the atmospheric HONO distribution.
David S. McLagan, Geoff W. Stupple, Andrea Darlington, Katherine Hayden, and Alexandra Steffen
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1119, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
An assessment of mercury emissions from a burning boreal forest was made by flying an aircraft through its plume to collect in-situ gas and particulate measurements. Direct data show that in plume gaseous elemental mercury concentrations reach up to 2.4x background for this fire and up to 5.6x when using a correlation with CO data. These unique data are applied to a series of known empirical emissions estimates and used to highlight current uncertainties in the literature.
Chen Dayan, Erick Fredj, Pawel K. Misztal, Maor Gabay, Alex B. Guenther, and Eran Tas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12741–12759, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12741-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12741-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds from both marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, a global warming hot spot. We focused on isoprene and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which are well recognized for their effect on climate and strong impact on photochemical pollution by the former. We found high emissions of isoprene and a strong decadal decrease in the emission of DMS which can both be attributed to the strong increase in seawater temperature.
Bettina Hottmann, Sascha Hafermann, Laura Tomsche, Daniel Marno, Monica Martinez, Hartwig Harder, Andrea Pozzer, Marco Neumaier, Andreas Zahn, Birger Bohn, Greta Stratmann, Helmut Ziereis, Jos Lelieveld, and Horst Fischer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12655–12673, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12655-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12655-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During OMO we observed enhanced mixing ratios of hydroperoxides (ROOH) in the Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) relative to the background. The observed mixing ratios are higher than steady-state calculations and EMAC simulations, especially in the AMA, indicating atmospheric transport of ROOH. Uncertainties in the scavenging efficiencies likely cause deviations from EMAC. Longitudinal gradients indicate a pool of ROOH towards the center of the AMA associated with upwind convection over India.
Ashish Kumar, Vinayak Sinha, Muhammed Shabin, Haseeb Hakkim, Bernard Bonsang, and Valerie Gros
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12133–12152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12133-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12133-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Source apportionment studies require information on the chemical fingerprints of pollution sources to correctly quantify source contributions to ambient composition. These chemical fingerprints vary from region to region, depending on fuel composition and combustion conditions, and are poorly constrained over developing regions such as South Asia. This work characterises the chemical fingerprints of urban and agricultural sources using 49 non-methane hydrocarbons and their environmental impacts.
Swaleha Inamdar, Liselotte Tinel, Rosie Chance, Lucy J. Carpenter, Prabhakaran Sabu, Racheal Chacko, Sarat C. Tripathy, Anvita U. Kerkar, Alok K. Sinha, Parli Venkateswaran Bhaskar, Amit Sarkar, Rajdeep Roy, Tomás Sherwen, Carlos Cuevas, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Kirpa Ram, and Anoop S. Mahajan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12093–12114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12093-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Iodine chemistry is generating a lot of interest because of its impacts on the oxidising capacity of the marine boundary and depletion of ozone. However, one of the challenges has been predicting the right levels of iodine in the models, which depend on parameterisations for emissions from the sea surface. This paper discusses the different parameterisations available and compares them with observations, showing that our current knowledge is still insufficient, especially on a regional scale.
Haeyoung Lee, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Jocelyn C. Turnbull, Sepyo Lee, Scott J. Lehman, John B. Miller, Gabrielle Pétron, Jeong-Sik Lim, Gang-Woong Lee, Sang-Sam Lee, and Young-San Park
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12033–12045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12033-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12033-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To understand South Korea's CO2 emissions and sinks as well as those of the surrounding region, we used flask-air samples collected for 2 years at Anmyeondo (36.53° N, 126.32° E; 46 m a.s.l.), South Korea, for analysis of observed 14C in atmospheric CO2 as a tracer of fossil fuel CO2 contribution (Cff). Here, we showed our observation result of 14C and Cff. SF6 and CO can be good proxies of Cff in this study, and the ratio of CO to Cff was compared to a bottom-up inventory.
Ying Jiang, Likun Xue, Rongrong Gu, Mengwei Jia, Yingnan Zhang, Liang Wen, Penggang Zheng, Tianshu Chen, Hongyong Li, Ye Shan, Yong Zhao, Zhaoxin Guo, Yujian Bi, Hengde Liu, Aijun Ding, Qingzhu Zhang, and Wenxing Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12115–12131, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12115-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12115-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the characteristics and sources of HONO in the upper boundary layer and lower free troposphere in the North China Plain, based on the field measurements at Mount Tai. Higher-than-expected levels and broad daytime peaks of HONO were observed. Without presence of ground surfaces, aerosol surface plays a key role in the heterogeneous HONO formation at high altitudes. Models without additional HONO sources largely
underestimatedthe oxidation processes in the elevation atmospheres.
Kazuo Osada
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11941–11954, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11941-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11941-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Various sources and meteorological conditions affect the short-term variation in NH3 concentrations in the urban atmosphere. An analysis of 2 years of hourly data suggests that mist evaporation and stomata exchange of tree leaves after the effects of bird droppings engenders a rapid increase in NH3 concentrations. Emissions from urban tree canopies are a new mode of passing reactive nitrogen that has never before been described as an important source in the literature.
Lubna Dada, Ilona Ylivinkka, Rima Baalbaki, Chang Li, Yishuo Guo, Chao Yan, Lei Yao, Nina Sarnela, Tuija Jokinen, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Rujing Yin, Chenjuan Deng, Biwu Chu, Tuomo Nieminen, Yonghong Wang, Zhuohui Lin, Roseline C. Thakur, Jenni Kontkanen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Mikko Sipilä, Tareq Hussein, Pauli Paasonen, Federico Bianchi, Imre Salma, Tamás Weidinger, Michael Pikridas, Jean Sciare, Jingkun Jiang, Yongchun Liu, Tuukka Petäjä, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and Markku Kulmala
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11747–11766, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11747-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11747-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We rely on sulfuric acid measurements in four contrasting environments, Hyytiälä, Finland; Agia Marina, Cyprus; Budapest, Hungary; and Beijing, China, representing semi-pristine boreal forest, rural environment in the Mediterranean area, urban environment, and heavily polluted megacity, respectively, in order to define the sources and sinks of sulfuric acid in these environments and to derive a new sulfuric acid proxy to be utilized in locations and during periods when it is not measured.
Wendell W. Walters, Linlin Song, Jiajue Chai, Yunting Fang, Nadia Colombi, and Meredith G. Hastings
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11551–11567, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11551-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This article details new field observations of the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of ammonia emitted from vehicles conducted in the US and China. Vehicle emissions of ammonia may be a significant source to urban regions with important human health and environmental implications. Our measurements have indicated a consistent isotopic signature from vehicle ammonia emissions. The nitrogen isotopic composition of ammonia may be a useful tool for tracking vehicle emissions.
Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Nina G. Reijrink, Achim Edtbauer, Akima Ringsdorf, Nora Zannoni, Alessandro Araújo, Florian Ditas, Bruna A. Holanda, Marta O. Sá, Anywhere Tsokanku, David Walter, Stefan Wolff, Jošt V. Lavrič, Christopher Pöhlker, Matthias Sörgel, and Jonathan Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-752, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ACP
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical forests are globally significant for atmospheric chemistry. However, the mixture of reactive organic gases emitted by this ecosystem is poorly understood. By comprehensive observations at an Amazon forest site, we show that oxygenated species were previously underestimated in their contribution to the tropical forest reactant mix. Our results show rain and temperature effects, and have implications for models and the understanding of ozone and particle formation above tropical forests.
Xiaofei Qin, Leiming Zhang, Guochen Wang, Xiaohao Wang, Qingyan Fu, Jian Xu, Hao Li, Jia Chen, Qianbiao Zhao, Yanfen Lin, Juntao Huo, Fengwen Wang, Kan Huang, and Congrui Deng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10985–10996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10985-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10985-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The uncertainties in mercury emissions are much larger from natural sources than anthropogenic sources. A method was developed to quantify the contributions of natural surface emissions to ambient GEM based on PMF modeling. The annual GEM concentration in eastern China showed a decreasing trend from 2015 to 2018, while the relative contribution of natural surface emissions increased significantly from 41 % in 2015 to 57 % in 2018, gradually surpassing those from anthropogenic sources.
Nijing Wang, Achim Edtbauer, Christof Stönner, Andrea Pozzer, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Lisa Ernle, Dirk Dienhart, Bettina Hottmann, Horst Fischer, Jan Schuladen, John N. Crowley, Jean-Daniel Paris, Jos Lelieveld, and Jonathan Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10807–10829, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10807-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10807-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonyl compounds were measured on a ship travelling around the Arabian Peninsula in summer 2017, crossing both highly polluted and extremely clean regions of the marine boundary layer. We investigated the sources and sinks of carbonyls. The results from a global model showed a significant model underestimation for acetaldehyde, a molecule that can influence regional air chemistry. By adding a diurnal oceanic source, the model estimation was highly improved.
Xinghong Cheng, Jianzhong Ma, Junli Jin, Junrang Guo, Yuelin Liu, Jida Peng, Xiaodan Ma, Minglong Qian, Qiang Xia, and Peng Yan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10757–10774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10757-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10757-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out 19 city-circle-around Car MAX-DOAS experiments on the 6th Ring Road of Beijing in Jan, Sep, and Oct 2014. The tropospheric VCDs of NO2 are retrieved and their temporal and spatial distributions are investigated. Then the NOx emission rates in urban Beijing are estimated using the measured NO2 VCDs together with the refined wind fields, NO2-to-NOx ratios, and NO2 lifetimes simulated by the LAPS-WRF-CMAQ model system, and results are compared with the MEIC inventory in 2012.
Jan-Stefan Swartz, Pieter G. van Zyl, Johan P. Beukes, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Avishkar Ramandh, and Jacobus J. Pienaar
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10637–10665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10637-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10637-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Statistical modelling of interdependencies between local, regional and global parameters on long-term trends of atmospheric SO2, NO2 and O2 within proximity of the pollution hotspot in South Africa indicated that changes in meteorological conditions and/or variances in source influences contributed to temporal variability. The impact of increased anthropogenic activities and energy demand was evident, while the El Niño–Southern Oscillation made a significant contribution to O3 levels.
Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Kenneth C. Aikin, Teresa Campos, Hannah Clark, Róisín Commane, Bruce Daube, Glenn W. Diskin, James W. Elkins, Ru-Shan Gao, Audrey Gaudel, Eric J. Hintsa, Bryan J. Johnson, Rigel Kivi, Kathryn McKain, Fred L. Moore, David D. Parrish, Richard Querel, Eric Ray, Ricardo Sánchez, Colm Sweeney, David W. Tarasick, Anne M. Thompson, Valérie Thouret, Jacquelyn C. Witte, Steve C. Wofsy, and Thomas B. Ryerson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10611–10635, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10611-2020, 2020
Cited articles
Ahmed, T. M., Bergvall, C., and Westerholm, R.: Emissions of particulate
associated oxygenated and native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from
vehicles powered by ethanol/gasoline fuel blends, Fuel, 214, 381–385,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.059, 2018.
Alam, M. S., Delgado-Saborit, J. M., Stark, C., and Harrison, R. M.: Using
atmospheric measurements of PAH and quinone compounds at roadside and urban
background sites to assess sources and reactivity, Atmos. Environ., 77,
24–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.068, 2013.
Alam, M. S., Delgado-Saborit, J. M., Stark, C., and Harrison, R. M.: Investigating PAH relative reactivity using congener profiles, quinone measurements and back trajectories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2467–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2467-2014, 2014.
Alam, M. S., Keyte, I. J., Yin, J., Stark, C., Jones, A. M., and Harrison,
R. M.: Diurnal variability of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC)
concentrations: Relationship with meteorological conditions and inferred
sources, Atmos. Environ., 122, 427–438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.050, 2015.
Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Viilenave, E.:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs
in ambient air of the Marseilles area (South of France): Concentrations and
sources, Sci. Total Environ., 384, 280–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.028, 2007.
Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., Villenave, E., and
Jaffrezo, J. L.: Nitrated and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the ambient air of two French alpine valleys. Part 1:
Concentrations, sources and gas/particle partitioning, Atmos. Environ., 42,
43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.009, 2008.
Albinet, A., Tomaz, S., and Lestremau, F.: A really quick easy cheap
effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure for the analysis
of particle-bound PAHs in ambient air and emission samples, Sci. Total
Environ., 450–451, 31–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.068, 2013.
Albinet, A., Nalin, F., Tomaz, S., Beaumont, J., and Lestremau, F.: A simple
QuEChERS-like extraction approach for molecular chemical characterization of
organic aerosols: application to nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives
(NPAH and OPAH) quantified by GC–NICIMS, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 406,
3131–3148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-7760-5, 2014.
Armitage, J. M., Quinn, C. L., and Wania, F.: Global climate change and
contaminants-an overview of opportunities and priorities for modelling the
potential implications for long-term human exposure to organic compounds in
the Arctic, J. Environ. Monitor., 13, 1532–1546, https://doi.org/10.1039/c1em10131e, 2011.
Balmer, J. and Muir, D.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in: AMAP
Assessment 2016: Chemicals of emerging Arctic concern, edited by: Hung, H.,
Letcher, R., and Yu, Y., Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP),
Oslo, Norway, 219–238, 2017.
Barrie, L. A., Gregor, D., Hargrave, B., Lake, R., Muir, D., Shearer, R.,
Tracey, B., and Bidleman, T.: Arctic contaminants: Sources, occurrence and
pathways, Sci. Total Environ., 122, 1–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(92)90245-n, 1992.
Bøckman, R.: Fremtidens energiutfordringer på Svalbard (in
Norwegian), Longyearbyen Lokalstyre, Norway, 10 pp., available at: https://www.uit.no (last access: 28 January 2020), 2019.
Bore, R. R., Andreassen, I., Kristiansen, J. E., and Modig, I.: Dette er Svalbard 2012. Hva tallene forteller, Statistics Norway, Oslo, Norway, 24 pp., 2012 (in Norwegian).
Bradley, R. S., Keimig, F. T., and Diaz, H. F.: Climatology of surface-based
inversions in the North American Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15699,
https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD01451, 1992.
Brorström-Lundén, E., Remberger, M., Kaj, L., Hansson, K., Palm
Cousins, A., and Andersson, H.: Results from the Swedish national screening
programme 2008, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg,
Sweden, 69 pp., 2010.
Brubaker, W. W. and Hites, R. A.: OH reaction kinetics of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
dibenzofurans, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 915–921, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9721199, 1998.
Ciccioli, P., Cecinato, A., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Zacchei, P., Miguel, A. H., and De Castro Vasconcellos, P.: Formation and transport of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene of photochemical origin in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19567–19581, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jd02118, 1996.
Czech, H., Stengel, B., Adam, T., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., and Zimmermann,
R.: A chemometric investigation of aromatic emission profiles from a marine
engine in comparison with residential wood combustion and road traffic:
Implications for source apportionment inside and outside sulphur emission
control areas, Atmos. Environ., 167, 212–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.022, 2017.
Dekhtyareva, A., Edvardsen, K., Holmén, K., Hermansen, O., and Hansson,
H. C.: Influence of local and regional air pollution on atmospheric
measurements in Ny-Ålesund, Int. J. Sust.
Dev. Plan., 11, 578–587, https://doi.org/10.2495/sdp-v11-n4-578-587, 2016.
DieselNet: EU emission standards for heavy-duty truck and bus engines: available at: https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/, last access: 5 June 2020.
Durant, J. L., Busby Jr., W. F., Lafleur, A. L., Penman, B. W., and Crespi,
C. L.: Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols,
Mutat. Res.-Genet. Tox., 371, 123–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1218(96)90103-2, 1996.
EU Directive 2004/107/EC: Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament
and the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury,
nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, in: Official
Journal of the European Union, 2005.
Fiedler, H., Kallenborn, R., Boer, J. D., and Sydnes, L. K.: The Stockholm
Convention: A tool for the global regulation of persistent organic
pollutants, Chem. Int., 41, 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1515/ci-2019-0202, 2019.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts Jr., J. N.: Chemistry of the upper and
lower atmosphere: theory, experiments, and applications, Elsevier, 1999.
Franklin, J. A., Atkinson, R., Howard, P. H., Orlando, J. J., Seigneur, C., Wallington, T. J., and Zetzsch, C.: Quantitative determination of persistence in air, in: Evaluation of persistence and long-range transport of chemicals in the environment, edited by: Klečka, G. M., Mackay, D., Boethling, R. S., Calamari, D., Cowan-Ellsberry, C., Eisenreich, S., Franklin, J., Grady Jr., C. P. L., Graham, D. G., Hansen, B., Howard, P. H., Jones, K. C., Kannan, K., Larson, R. J., Macdonald, R. W., McKone, T., Muir, D., Parkerton, T., Thibodeaux, L., van de Meent, D., Wallington, T., and Zetzsch, C., SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, USA, 7–62, 2000.
Friedman, C. L. and Selin, N. E.: Long-range atmospheric transport of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a global 3-D model analysis including
evaluation of Arctic sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 9501–9510,
https://10.1021/es301904d, 2012.
Friedman, C. L., Zhang, Y., and Selin, N. E.: Climate change and emissions
impacts on atmospheric PAH transport to the Arctic, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
48, 429–437, https://doi.org/10.1021/es403098w, 2014.
Fu, P., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., and Barrie, L. A.: Isoprene, monoterpene,
and sesquiterpene oxidation products in the high Arctic aerosols during late
winter to early summer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4022–4028, https://doi.org/10.1021/es803669a, 2009.
Galarneau, E.: Source specificity and atmospheric processing of airborne
PAHs: Implications for source apportionment, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8139–8149,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.025, 2008.
Gerald Liu, Z., Berg, D. R., Vasys, V. N., Dettmann, M. E., Zielinska, B.,
and Schauer, J. J.: Analysis of C1, C2, and C10 through C33 particle-phase
and semi-volatile organic compound emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines,
Atmos. Environ., 44, 1108–1115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.11.036, 2010.
Governor of Svalbard: Heavy fuel oil ban in the protected areas of Svalbard, available at: https://www.sysselmannen.no/en/heavy-fuel-oil-ban-in-the-protected-areas/
(last access: 5 June 2020), 2014.
Gregoris, E., Barbaro, E., Morabito, E., Toscano, G., Donateo, A., Cesari,
D., Contini, D., and Gambaro, A.: Impact of maritime traffic on polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and particulate matter in Venice air,
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23, 6951–6959,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5811-x, 2016.
Guan, C., Cheung, C. S., Li, X., and Huang, Z.: Effects of oxygenated fuels
on the particle-phase compounds emitted from a diesel engine, Atmos.
Pollut. Res., 8, 209–220, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.08.005, 2017.
Hayakawa, K., Murahashi, T., Akutsu, K., Kanda, T., Tang, N., Kakimoto, H.,
Toriba, A., and Kizu, R.: Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne and automobile exhaust
particulates, Polycycl. Aromat. Comp., 20, 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406630008034784, 2000.
Heeb, N. V., Schmid, P., Kohler, M., Gujer, E., Zennegg, M., Wenger, D.,
Wichser, A., Ulrich, A., Gfeller, U., Honegger, P., Zeyer, K., Emmenegger,
L., Petermann, J.-L., Czerwinski, J., Mosimann, T., Kasper, M., and Mayer,
A.: Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: conversion of
PAHs versus formation of nitro-PAHs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3773–3779,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es7026949, 2008.
Holmes, D., Moody, P., Dine, D., and Trueman, L.: Research methods for the
biosciences, Third ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom,
2017.
Hsu, W. T., Liu, M. C., Hung, P. C., Chang, S. H., and Chang, M. B.: PAH
emissions from coal combustion and waste incineration, J. Hazard. Mater.,
318, 32–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.038, 2016.
Hu, H., Tian, M., Zhang, L., Yang, F., Peng, C., Chen, Y., Shi, G., Yao, X.,
Jiang, C., and Wang, J.: Sources and gas-particle partitioning of
atmospheric parent, oxygenated, and nitrated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in a humid city in southwest China, Atmos. Environ., 206, 1–10,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.041, 2019.
Hu, S., Herner, J. D., Robertson, W., Kobayashi, R., Chang, M. C. O., Huang,
S.-M., Zielinska, B., Kado, N., Collins, J. F., Rieger, P., Huai, T., and
Ayala, A.: Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
nitro-PAHs from heavy-duty diesel vehicles with DPF and SCR, J.
Air Waste Manage., 63, 984–996, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2013.795202, 2013.
Huang, B., Liu, M., Bi, X., Chaemfa, C., Ren, Z., Wang, X., Sheng, G., and
Fu, J.: Phase distribution, sources and risk assessment of PAHs, NPAHs and
OPAHs in a rural site of Pearl River Delta region, China, Atmos. Pollut.
Res., 5, 210–218, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.026, 2014.
Huang, C., Hu, Q., Wang, H., Qiao, L., Jing, S. a., Wang, H., Zhou, M., Zhu,
S., Ma, Y., Lou, S., Li, L., Tao, S., Li, Y., and Lou, D.: Emission factors
of particulate and gaseous compounds from a large cargo vessel operated
under real-world conditions, Environ. Pollut., 242, 667–674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.036, 2018.
Huang, L., Bohac, S. V., Chernyak, S. M., and Batterman, S. A.: Effects of
fuels, engine load and exhaust after-treatment on diesel engine SVOC
emissions and development of SVOC profiles for receptor modeling, Atmos.
Environ., 102, 228–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.046, 2015.
Huang, W., Huang, B., Bi, X., Lin, Q., Liu, M., Ren, Z., Zhang, G., Wang,
X., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.: Emission of PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs from
residential honeycomb coal briquette combustion, Energ. Fuel., 28,
636–642, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef401901d, 2014.
IARC: Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes.
1-Nitropyrene, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to
Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 2014.
Jörundsdóttir, H. Ó., Jensen, S., Hylland, K., Holth, T. F.,
Gunnlaugsdóttir, H., Svavarsson, J., Ólafsdóttir, Á.,
El-Taliawy, H., Rigét, F., Strand, J., Nyberg, E., Bignert, A., Hoydal,
K. S., and Halldórsson, H. P.: Pristine Arctic: background mapping of
PAHs, PAH metabolites and inorganic trace elements in the North-Atlantic
Arctic and sub-Arctic coastal environment, Sci. Total Environ., 493,
719–728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.030,
2014.
Katsoyiannis, A. and Breivik, K.: Model-based evaluation of the use of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons molecular diagnostic ratios as a source
identification tool, Environ. Pollut., 184, 488–494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.028, 2014.
Kavouras, I. G., Koutrakis, P., Tsapakis, M., Lagoudaki, E., Stephanou, E.
G., Von Baer, D., and Oyola, P.: Source apportionment of urban particulate
aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using multivariate
methods, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2288–2294, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001540z, 2001.
Keyte, I. J., Harrison, R. M., and Lammel, G.: Chemical reactivity and
long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a
review, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 9333–9391, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60147A, 2013.
Keyte, I. J., Albinet, A., and Harrison, R. M.: On-road traffic emissions of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxy- and nitro- derivative
compounds measured in road tunnel environments, Sci. Total Environ., 566–567, 1131–1142,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.152, 2016.
Khalek, I. A., Blanks, M. G., Merritt, P. M., and Zielinska, B.: Regulated
and unregulated emissions from modern 2010 emissions-compliant heavy-duty
on-highway diesel engines, J. Air Waste Manage., 65, 987–1001, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2015.1051606, 2015.
Kim, K.-H., Jahan, S. A., Kabir, E., and Brown, R. J. C.: A review of
airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health
effects, Environ. Int., 60, 71–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019, 2013.
Klonecki, A.: Seasonal changes in the transport of pollutants into the
Arctic troposphere-model study, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8367, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002199, 2003.
Kojima, Y., Inazu, K., Hisamatsu, Y., Okochi, H., Baba, T., and Nagoya, T.: Influence of secondary formation on atmospheric occurrences of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particles, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2873–2880, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.048, 2010.
Kotchenruther, R. A.: The effects of marine vessel fuel sulfur regulations
on ambient PM2.5 at coastal and near coastal monitoring sites in the U.S,
Atmos. Environ., 151, 52–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.012, 2017.
Kuo, C.-Y., Chien, P.-S., Kuo, W.-C., Wei, C.-T., and Rau, J.-Y.: Comparison
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions on gasoline- and
diesel-dominated routes, Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 5749–5761, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2981-6, 2013.
Kystdatahuset: Longyearbyen port traffic for 2018: available at: https://kystdatahuset.no/
(last access: 5 June 2020), 2018.
Lammel, G.: Long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons is worldwide problem – results from measurements at remote
sites and modelling, Acta Chim. Slov., 729–735, https://doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2015.1387, 2015.
Lammel, G., Kitanovski, Z., Kukucka, P., Novak, J., Arangio, A. M., Codling,
G. P., Filippi, A., Hovorka, J., Kuta, J., Leoni, C., Pribylova, P., Prokes,
R., Sanka, O., Shahpoury, P., Tong, H. J., and Wietzoreck, M.: Oxygenated
and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air-levels, phase
partitioning, mass size distributions, and inhalation bioaccessibility,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 2615–2625, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06820, 2020.
Li, J., Li, X., Li, M., Lu, S., Yan, J., Xie, W., Liu, C., and Qi, Z.:
Influence of air pollution control devices on the polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon distribution in flue gas from an ultralow-emission coal-fired
power plant, Energ. Fuel., 30, 9572–9579, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01381, 2016.
Li, J., Chen, H., Li, Z., Wang, P., Fan, X., He, W., and Zhang, J.: Analysis
of low-level temperature inversions and their effects on aerosols in the
lower atmosphere, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1235–1250, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-9018-9, 2019.
Lin, Y., Qiu, X., Ma, Y., Ma, J., Zheng, M., and Shao, M.: Concentrations
and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in the atmosphere of North China, and the
transformation from PAHs to NPAHs, Environ. Pollut., 196, 164–170,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.005, 2015.
Liu, Z. G., Wall, J. C., Ottinger, N. A., and McGuffin, D.: Mitigation of
PAH and Nitro-PAH emissions from nonroad diesel engines, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 49, 3662–3671, https://doi.org/10.1021/es505434r,
2015.
Lohmann, R. and Lammel, G.: Adsorptive and absorptive contributions to the
gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: state of
knowledge and recommended parametrization for modeling, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 38, 3793–3803, https://doi.org/10.1021/es035337q,
2004.
Lundgjerdingen, K. S.: Teknisk rapport Longyearbyen Energiverket (in
Norwegian), Applica Test & Certification AS, Longyearbyen, Norway,
Available by request from Longyearbyen Lokalstyre, 23, 2017.
Macdonal, R. W., Barrie, L. A., Bidleman, T. F., Diamond, M. L., Gregor, D.
J., Semkin, R. G., Strachan, W. M., Li, Y. F., Wania, F., Alaee, M.,
Alexeeva, L. B., Backus, S. M., Bailey, R., Bewers, J. M., Gobeil, C.,
Halsall, C. J., Harner, T., Hoff, J. T., Jantunen, L. M., Lockhart, W. L.,
Mackay, D., Muir, D. C., Pudykiewicz, J., Reimer, K. J., Smith, J. N., and
Stern, G. A.: Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in
understanding sources, occurrence and pathways, Sci. Total Environ., 254,
93–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00434-4, 2000.
Macdonald, C., Lockhart, L., and Gilman, A.: Effects of oil and gas activity
on the environment and human health, in: Assessment 2007: Oil and gas
activities in the Arctic – effect and potential effects, Arctic Monitoring
and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, 5, 1–164, 2010.
Marshall, C., Uguna, J., Large, D. J., Meredith, W., Jochmann, M., Friis,
B., Vane, C., Spiro, B. F., Snape, C. E., and Orheim, A.: Geochemistry and
petrology of palaeocene coals from Spitzbergen – Part 2: Maturity
variations and implications for local and regional burial models, Int. J.
Coal Geol., 143, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.03.013, 2015.
Muñoz, M., Haag, R., Honegger, P., Zeyer, K., Mohn, J., Comte, P.,
Czerwinski, J., and Heeb, N. V.: Co-formation and co-release of genotoxic
PAHs, alkyl-PAHs and soot nanoparticles from gasoline direct injection
vehicles, Atmos. Environ., 178, 242–254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.050, 2018.
Noda, N. and Makino, H.: Influence of operating temperature on performance
of electrostatic precipitator for pulverized coal combustion boiler, Adv.
Powder Technol., 21, 495–499, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2010.04.012, 2010.
Nyström, R., Sadiktsis, I., Ahmed, T. M., Westerholm, R., Koegler, J.
H., Blomberg, A., Sandström, T., and Boman, C.: Physical and chemical
properties of RME biodiesel exhaust particles without engine modifications,
Fuel, 186, 261–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.062,
2016.
Onduka, T., Ojima, D., Kakuno, A., Ito, K., Koyama, J., and Fujii, K.:
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment: acute
toxicities for organisms at three trophic levels, Jpn. J. Environ. Toxicol.,
15, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.11403/jset.15.1, 2012.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change: Ontario Ambient Air
Quality Criteria, available at: https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontarios-ambient-air-quality-criteria-sorted-contaminant-name (last access: 5 June 2020),
2016.
Peng, N., Li, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, T., and Gai, C.: Emission, distribution and
toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during municipal solid
waste (MSW) and coal co-combustion, Sci. Total Environ., 565, 1201–1207,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.188, 2016.
Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., de Hoog, J., Deutsch, F., Roekens, E.,
Bleux, N., Berghmans, P., and Van Grieken, R.: Seasonal and site-specific
variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their
relation with anthropogenic activities, Atmos. Environ., 40, 771–785,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.011, 2006.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and Vangrieken, R.: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos.
Environ., 42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008a.
Ravindra, K., Wauters, E., and Van Grieken, R.: Variation in particulate
PAHs levels and their relation with the transboundary movement of the air
masses, Sci. Total Environ., 396, 100–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.018, 2008b.
Reynaud, S. and Deschaux, P.: The effects of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons on the immune system of fish: A review, Aquat. Toxicol., 77,
229–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.10.018, 2006.
Ringuet, J., Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., and Villenave,
E.: Diurnal/nocturnal concentrations and sources of particulate-bound PAHs,
OPAHs and NPAHs at traffic and suburban sites in the region of Paris
(France), Sci. Total Environ., 437, 297–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.072, 2012.
Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit,
B. R.: Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped
automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27,
636–651, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00041a007, 1993.
Schmale, J., Arnold, S. R., Law, K. S., Thorp, T., Anenberg, S., Simpson, W.
R., Mao, J., and Pratt, K. A.: Local Arctic air pollution: A neglected but
serious problem, Earth's Future, 6, 1385–1412, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ef000952, 2018.
Shahpoury, P., Lammel, G., Albinet, A., Sofuoglu, A., Dumanoglu, Y.,
Sofuoglu, S. C., Wagner, Z., and Zdimal, V.: Evaluation of a conceptual model
for gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using
poly-parameter linear free energy relationships, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
50, 12312–12319, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02158, 2016.
Shahpoury, P., Kitanovski, Z., and Lammel, G.: Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13495–13510, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13495-2018, 2018.
Sharma, M. and McBean, E. A.: Atmospheric PAH deposition: deposition
velocities and washout ratios, J. Environ. Eng., 128, 186–195, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:2(186), 2002.
Škrdlíková, L., Landlová, L., Klánová, J., and
Lammel, G.: Wet deposition and scavenging efficiency of gaseous and
particulate phase polycyclic aromatic compounds at a central European
suburban site, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4305–4312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.04.072, 2011.
Statistics Norway: Registered vehicles, by region, statistical variable per year, data for
2018, available at: https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/11823/ (last access: 5 June 2020), 2018.
Tobiszewski, M. and Namieśnik, J.: PAH diagnostic ratios for the
identification of pollution emission sources, Environ. Pollut., 162,
110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025, 2012.
Tomaz, S., Shahpoury, P., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Lammel, G., Perraudin, E.,
Villenave, E., and Albinet, A.: One-year study of polycyclic aromatic
compounds at an urban site in Grenoble (France): Seasonal variations,
gas/particle partitioning and cancer risk estimation, Sci. Total Environ.,
565, 1071–1083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.137,
2016.
UK Air DEFRA: The air quality strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK
Air, 1, 56 pp., available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69336/pb12654-air-quality-strategy-vol1-070712.pdf (last access: 5 June 2020), 2007.
UNECE: The 1998 Aarhus protocol on persistent organic pollutants (POPs),
49 pp., availble at:
https://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/pops_h1.html (last access: 5 June 2020), 1998.
US EPA: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Gulf Coastline: available at: https://archive.epa.gov/emergency/bpspill/web/html/pahs.html#:~:text=Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are,commonly called 'weathered oil' (last access: 5 June 2020),
2011.
Volvo trucks: Volvo D13 Engine family: available at: https://www.volvotrucks.us/-/media/vtna/files/shared/powertrain/revised4147_101-volvo_d13_engine-brochure_low-res.pdf, last access: 5 June 2020.
Wang, G., Ma, Z., Deng, J., Li, Z., Duan, L., Zhang, Q., Hao, J., and Jiang,
J.: Characteristics of particulate matter from four coal–fired power plants
with low–low temperature electrostatic precipitator in China, Sci. Total
Environ., 662, 455–461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.080, 2019.
Wang, K., Shen, Y., Zhang, S., Ye, Y., Shen, Q., Hu, J., and Wang, X.:
Application of spatial analysis and multivariate analysis techniques in
distribution and source study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the
topsoil of Beijing, China, Environ. Geol., 56, 1041–1050, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1204-5, 2009.
Wang, R., Liu, G., and Zhang, J.: Variations of emission characterization of
PAHs emitted from different utility boilers of coal-fired power plants and
risk assessment related to atmospheric PAHs, Sci. Total Environ., 538,
180–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.043, 2015.
Weinbruch, S., Benker, N., Kandler, K., Schutze, K., Kling, K., Berlinger,
B., Thomassen, Y., Drotikova, T., and Kallenborn, R.: Source identification
of individual soot agglomerates in Arctic air by transmission electron
microscopy, Atmos. Environ., 172, 47–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.10.033, 2018.
WHO: Environmental health criteria 229. Selected nitro- and
nitro-oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, World Health Organization, 2003.
Willis, M. D., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Processes controlling
the composition and abundance of Arctic aerosol, Rev. Geophys., 56, 621–671, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018rg000602, 2018.
Wingfors, H.: Characterisation and determination of profiles of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden, 35,
6361–6369, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00389-2, 2001.
Wu, D., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Kong, S., Fu, X., Deng, H., Shao, G., and Wu,
G.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 at
a coal-based industrial city: Implication for PAH control at industrial
agglomeration regions, China, Atmos. Res., 149, 217–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.012, 2014.
Yang, H.-H., Lee, W.-J., Chen, S.-J., and Lai, S.-O.: PAH emission from
various industrial stacks, J. Hazard. Mater., 60, 159–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(98)00089-2, 1998.
Yu, Y., Katsoyiannis, A., Bohlin-Nizzetto, P., Brorström-Lundén, E.,
Ma, J., Zhao, Y., Wu, Z., Tych, W., Mindham, D., Sverko, E., Barresi, E.,
Dryfhout-Clark, H., Fellin, P., and Hung, H.: Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons not declining in Arctic air despite global emission reduction,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 2375–2382, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05353, 2019.
Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette,
D., and Sylvestre, S.: PAHs in the Fraser river basin: a critical appraisal
of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Org. Geochem.,
33, 489–515, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(02)00002-5,
2002.
Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Cui, M., Feng, Y., Yang, X., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Gao,
H., Tian, C., Matthias, V., and Liu, H.: Emission factors and environmental
implication of organic pollutants in PM emitted from various vessels in
China, Atmos. Environ., 200, 302–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.006, 2019.
Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Sun, L., Yang, Z., Lin, Y., Chen, Y., and
Mao, H.: Characterization of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and their derivatives (nitro-and oxy-PAHs) emissions from two ship engines
under different operating conditions, Chemosphere, 225, 43–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.022, 2019.
Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Chang, J., Peng, S., Hong, N., Hu, J., Lv, J., Wang,
T., and Mao, H.: Emission characteristics and temporal variation of PAHs and
their derivatives from an ocean-going cargo vessel, Chemosphere, 249,
126194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126194,
2020.
Zhao, T., Yang, L., Huang, Q., Zhang, W., Duan, S., Gao, H., and Wang, W.:
PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated-PAHs
(NPAHs) emitted by gasoline vehicles: Characterization and health risk
assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 727, 138631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138631, 2020.
Zheng, L., Ou, J., Liu, M., Chen, Y., Tang, Q., and Hu, Y.: Seasonal and
spatial variations of PM10-bounded PAHs in a coal mining city, China:
Distributions, sources, and health risks, Ecotox. Environ. Safe., 169,
470–478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.063, 2019.
Short summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not declining in Arctic air despite reductions in global emissions. We studied PAHs and oxy- and nitro-PAHs in gas and particulate phases of Arctic aerosol, collected in autumn 2018 in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. PAHs were found at comparable levels as at other background Scandinavian and European air sampling stations. Statistical analysis confirmed that a coal-fired power plant and vehicle and marine traffic are the main local contributors of PAHs.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are not declining in Arctic air despite reductions in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint