Articles | Volume 26, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4823-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4823-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Mechanistic investigations of the formation of multifunctional products from the multi-generation ●OH oxidation of styrene
Long Chen
State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an, 710061, China
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an, 710061, China
Yu Huang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an, 710061, China
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an, 710061, China
Yonggang Xue
State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an, 710061, China
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an, 710061, China
Long Cui
State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an, 710061, China
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Xi'an, 710061, China
Zhihui Jia
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
Related authors
Long Chen, Yu Huang, Yonggang Xue, Zhihui Jia, and Wenliang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14529–14546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantum chemical methods are applied to gain insight into the oligomerization reaction mechanisms and kinetics of distinct stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI) reactions with hydroperoxide esters, where calculations show that SCI addition reactions with hydroperoxide esters proceed through the successive insertion of SCIs to form oligomers that involve SCIs as the repeating unit. The saturated vapor pressure of the formed oligomers decreases monotonically with the increasing number of SCIs.
Long Chen, Yu Huang, Yonggang Xue, Zhihui Jia, and Wenliang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3693–3711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3693-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3693-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantum chemical methods are applied to gain insight into the detailed mechanisms of OH-initiated oxidation of distinct HHPs. The dominant pathway is H-abstraction from the -OOH group in the initiation reactions of the OH radical with HOCH2OOH and HOC(CH3)2OOH. H-abstraction from -CH group is competitive with that from the -OOH group in the reaction of the OH radical with HOCH(CH3)OOH. The barrier of H-abstraction from the -OOH group is slightly increased as the methyl group number increases.
Tafeng Hu, Niu jin, Yingpan Song, Feng Wu, Jing Duan, Yuqing Zhu, Hong Huang, Yu Huang, Junji Cao, and Daizhou Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5822, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5822, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The dissolution behavior and climate impact of atmospheric calcium dust are governed by its size-resolved mineralogy. Our analysis of Asian dust reveals that a significant fraction of water-soluble calcium originates from calcite and gypsum present as soluble coatings on other dust particles. This specific mixing state facilitates rapid dissolution during atmospheric processing and constrains the role of Asian dust in atmospheric acid neutralization and the mitigation of ocean acidification.
Long Chen, Yu Huang, Yonggang Xue, Zhihui Jia, and Wenliang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14529–14546, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14529-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14529-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantum chemical methods are applied to gain insight into the oligomerization reaction mechanisms and kinetics of distinct stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI) reactions with hydroperoxide esters, where calculations show that SCI addition reactions with hydroperoxide esters proceed through the successive insertion of SCIs to form oligomers that involve SCIs as the repeating unit. The saturated vapor pressure of the formed oligomers decreases monotonically with the increasing number of SCIs.
Meng Wang, Yusen Duan, Wei Xu, Qiyuan Wang, Zhuozhi Zhang, Qi Yuan, Xinwei Li, Shuwen Han, Haijie Tong, Juntao Huo, Jia Chen, Shan Gao, Zhongbiao Wu, Long Cui, Yu Huang, Guangli Xiu, Junji Cao, Qingyan Fu, and Shun-cheng Lee
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12789–12802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12789-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we report the long-term measurement of organic carbon (OC) and elementary carbon (EC) in PM2.5 with hourly time resolution conducted at a regional site in Shanghai from 2016 to 2020. The results from this study provide critical information about the long-term trend of carbonaceous aerosol, in particular secondary OC, in one of the largest megacities in the world and are helpful for developing pollution control measures from a long-term planning perspective.
Long Chen, Yu Huang, Yonggang Xue, Zhihui Jia, and Wenliang Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3693–3711, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3693-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3693-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Quantum chemical methods are applied to gain insight into the detailed mechanisms of OH-initiated oxidation of distinct HHPs. The dominant pathway is H-abstraction from the -OOH group in the initiation reactions of the OH radical with HOCH2OOH and HOC(CH3)2OOH. H-abstraction from -CH group is competitive with that from the -OOH group in the reaction of the OH radical with HOCH(CH3)OOH. The barrier of H-abstraction from the -OOH group is slightly increased as the methyl group number increases.
Cited articles
Alecu, I. M., Zheng, J., Zhao, Y., and Truhlar, D. G.: Computational thermochemistry: scale factor databases and scale factors for vibrational frequencies obtained from electronic model chemistries, J. Chem. Theory Comput., 6, 2872–2887, https://doi.org/10.1021/ct100326h, 2010.
Arathala, P. and Musah, R. A.: Atmospheric chemistry of chloroprene initiated by OH radicals: combined Ab initio/DFT calculations and kinetics analysis, J. Phys. Chem. A, 128, 8983–8995, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c05428, 2024.
Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds, Chem. Rev., 103, 4605–4638, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0206420, 2003.
Bianchi, F., Kurtén, T., Riva, M., Mohr, C., Rissanen, M. P., Roldin, P., Berndt, T., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Junninen, H., Jokinen, T., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Thornton, J. A., Donahue, N., Kjaergaard, H. G., and Ehn, M.: Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) from gas-phase autoxidation involving peroxy radicals: a key contributor to atmospheric aerosol, Chem. Rev., 119, 3472–3509, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00395, 2019.
Bloss, C., Wagner, V., Jenkin, M. E., Volkamer, R., Bloss, W. J., Lee, J. D., Heard, D. E., Wirtz, K., Martin-Reviejo, M., Rea, G., Wenger, J. C., and Pilling, M. J.: Development of a detailed chemical mechanism (MCMv3.1) for the atmospheric oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 641–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-641-2005, 2005.
Boyd, A. A., Flaud, P. M., Daugey, N., and Lesclaux, R.: Rate constants for RO2 + HO2 reactions measured under a large excess of HO2, J. Phys. Chem. A, 107, 818–821, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp026581r, 2003.
Cabrera-Perez, D., Taraborrelli, D., Sander, R., and Pozzer, A.: Global atmospheric budget of simple monocyclic aromatic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 6931–6947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6931-2016, 2016.
Canneaux, S., Bohr, F., and Henon, E.: KiSThelP: a program to predict thermodynamic properties and rate constants from quantum chemistry results, J. Comput. Chem., 35, 82–93, https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.23470, 2013.
Chen, L., Huang, Y., Xue, Y., Jia, Z., and Wang, W.: Atmospheric oxidation of 1-butene initiated by OH radical: Implications for ozone and nitrous acid formations, Atmos. Environ., 244, 118010–118021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118010, 2021.
Cho, J., Roueintan, M., and Li, Z.: Kinetic and dynamic investigations of OH reaction with styrene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118, 9460–9470, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501380j, 2014.
Donahue, N. M., Kroll, J. H., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: A two-dimensional volatility basis set – Part 2: Diagnostics of organic-aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 615–634, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-615-2012, 2012.
Eckart, C.: The penetration of a potential barrier by electrons, Phys. Rev., 35, 1303–1309, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.35.1303, 1930.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Clean Air Act: Title I-Air Pollution Prevention and Control. U.S., ISBN: 978-0314835024, 1990.
Fernández-Ramos, A., Ellingson, B. A., Meana-Pañeda, R., Marques, J. M. C., and Truhlar, D. G.: Symmetry numbers and chemical reaction rates, Theor. Chem. Acc., 118, 813–826, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-007-0328-0, 2007.
Forstner, H. J. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons: molecular composition, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1345–1358, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9605376, 1997.
Frisch, M. J., Trucks, G. W., Schlegel, H. B., Scuseria, G. E., Robb, M. A., Cheeseman, J. R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Petersson, G. A., Nakatsuji, H., Li, X., Caricato, M., Marenich, A. V., Bloino, J., Janesko, B. G., Gomperts, R., Mennucci, B., Hratchian, H. P., Ortiz, J. V., Izmaylov, A. F., Sonnenberg, J. L., Williams-Young, D., Ding, F., Lipparini, F., Egidi, F., Goings, J., Peng, B., Petrone, A., Henderson, T., Ranasinghe, D., Zakrzewski, V. G., Gao, J., Rega, N., Zheng, G., Liang, W., Hada, M., Ehara, M., Toyota, K., Fukuda, R., Hasegawa, J., Ishida, M., Nakajima, T., Honda, Y., Kitao, O., Nakai, H., Vreven, T., Throssell, K., Montgomery, J. A., Peralta, J. J. E., Ogliaro, F., Bearpark, M. J., Heyd, J. J., Brothers, E. N., Kudin, K. N., Staroverov, V. N., Keith, T. A., Kobayashi, R., Normand, J., Raghavachari, K., Rendell, A. P., Burant, J. C., Iyengar, S. S., Tomasi, J., Cossi, M., Millam, J. M., Klene, M., Adamo, C., Cammi, R., Ochterski, J. W., Martin, R. L., Morokuma, K., Farkas, O., Foresman, J. B., and Fox, D. J.: Gaussian 16, Revision B.01, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, https://www.gaussian.com (last access: 20 June 2025), 2016.
Fu, Z., Xie, H. B., Elm, J., Guo, X., Fu, Z., and Chen, J.: Formation of low-volatile products and unexpected high formaldehyde yield from the atmospheric oxidation of methylsiloxanes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 7136–7145, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01090, 2020.
Fu, Z., Ma, F., Liu, Y., Yan, C., Huang, D., Chen, J., Elm, J., Li, Y., Ding, A., Pichelstorfer, L., Xie, H. B., Nie, W., Francisco, J. S., and Zhou, P.: An overlooked oxidation mechanism of toluene: computational predictions and experimental validations, Chem. Sci., 14, 13050–13059, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SC03638C, 2023.
Fu, Z., Guo, S., Xie, H. B., Zhou, P., Boy, M., Yao, M., and Hu, M.: A near-explicit reaction mechanism of chlorine-initiated limonene: implications for health risks associated with the concurrent use of cleaning agents and disinfectants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 19762–19773, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c04388, 2024.
Fukui, K.: The path of chemical reactions – the IRC approach, Accounts Chem. Res., 14, 363–368, https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00072a001, 1981.
Garmash, O., Rissanen, M. P., Pullinen, I., Schmitt, S., Kausiala, O., Tillmann, R., Zhao, D., Percival, C., Bannan, T. J., Priestley, M., Hallquist, Å. M., Kleist, E., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Hallquist, M., Berndt, T., McFiggans, G., Wildt, J., Mentel, T. F., and Ehn, M.: Multi-generation OH oxidation as a source for highly oxygenated organic molecules from aromatics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 515–537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-515-2020, 2020.
Gilbert, R. G. and Smith, S. C.: Theory of unimolecular and recombination reactions, Blackwell Scientific, Carlton, Australia, ISBN: 978-0632027491, 1990.
Glowacki, D. R., Liang, C. H., Morley, C., Pilling, M. J., and Robertson, S. H.: MESMER: an open-source master equation solver for multi-energy well reactions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 9545–9560, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3051033, 2012.
Holbrook, K. A., Pilling, M. J., Robertson, S. H., and Robinson, P. J.: Unimolecular reactions, 2nd edn., Wiley, New York, ISBN: 978-0471922681, 1996.
Huang, Y., Su, T., Wang, L., Wang, N., Xue, Y., Dai, W., Lee, S. C., Cao, J., and Ho, S. S. H.: Evaluation and characterization of volatile air toxics indoors in a heavy polluted city of northwestern China in wintertime, Sci. Total Environ., 662, 470–480, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.250, 2019.
Iuga, C., Galano, A., and Vivier-Bunge, A.: Theoretical investigation of the OH-initiated oxidation of benzaldehyde in the troposphere, Chem. Phys. Chem., 9, 1453–1459, https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200800144, 2008.
Iyer, S., Kumar, A., Savolainen, A., Barua, S., Daub, C., Pichelstorfer, L., Roldin, P., Garmash, O., Seal, P., Kurtén, T., and Rissanen, M.: Molecular rearrangement of bicyclic peroxy radicals is a key route to aerosol from aromatics, Nat. Commun., 14, 4984–4991, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40675-2, 2023.
Ji, Y., Zhao, J., Terazono, H., Misawa, K., Levitt, N. P., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Peng, J., Wang, Y., Duan, L., Pan, B., Zhang, F., Feng, X., An, T., Marrero-Ortiz, W., Secrest, J., Zhang, A. L., Shibuya, K., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Reassessing the atmospheric oxidation mechanism of toluene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 8169–8174, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705463114, 2017.
Koppmann, R.: Volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 978-1405131155, 2008.
Li, M., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B., Tong, D., Lei, Y., Liu, F., Hong, C., Kang, S., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Bo, Y., Su, H., Cheng, Y., and He, K.: Persistent growth of anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions in China during 1990–2017: drivers, speciation and ozone formation potential, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8897–8913, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8897-2019, 2019.
Lu, T.: Molclus program, Version 1.9.3., http://www.keinsci.com/research/molclus.html (last access: 21 May 2024), 2019.
Ma, F., Guo, X., Xia, D., Xie, H. B., Wang, Y., Elm, J., Chen, J., and Niu, J.: Atmospheric chemistry of allylic radicals from isoprene: a successive cyclization-driven autoxidation mechanism, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 4399–4409, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07925, 2021.
Møller, K. H., Otkjær, R. V., Hyttinen, N., Kurtén, T., and Kjaergaard, H. G.: Cost-effective implementation of multiconformer transition state theory for peroxy radical hydrogen shift reactions, J. Phys. Chem. A, 120, 10072–10087, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09370, 2016.
Møller, K. H., Berndt, T., and Kjaergaard, H. G.: Atmospheric autoxidation of amines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 11087–11099, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03937, 2020.
Molteni, U., Bianchi, F., Klein, F., El Haddad, I., Frege, C., Rossi, M. J., Dommen, J., and Baltensperger, U.: Formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules from aromatic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1909–1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1909-2018, 2018.
Neese, F.: Software update: the ORCA program system – version 6.0, Wires Comput. Mol. Sci., 15, e70019, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.70019, 2025.
Nie, W., Yan, C., Huang, D. D., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Qiao, X., Guo, Y., Tian, L., Zheng, P., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Qi, X., Sun, P., Wang, J., Zheng, F., Li, X., Yin, R., Dallenbach, K. R., Bianchi, F., Petäjä, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Schervish, M., Wang, S., Qiao, L., Wang, Q., Zhou, M., Wang, H., Yu, C., Yao, D., Guo, H., Ye, P., Lee, S., Li, Y. J., Liu, Y., Chi, X., Kerminen, V. M., Ehn, M., Donahue, N. M., Wang, T., Huang, C., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D, Jiang, J., and Ding, A.: Secondary organic aerosol formed by condensing anthropogenic vapours over China's megacities, Nat. Geosci., 15, 255–261, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00922-5, 2022.
Orlando, J. J. and Tyndall, G. S.: Laboratory studies of organic peroxy radical chemistry: an overview with emphasis on recent issues of atmospheric significance, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6294–6317, https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35166H, 2012.
Pankow, J. F. and Asher, W. E.: SIMPO L.1: SIMPOL.1: a simple group contribution method for predicting vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of multifunctional organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2773–2796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2773-2008, 2008.
Pasik, D., Frandsen, B. N., Meder, M., Iyer, S., Kurtén, T., and Myllys, N.: Gas-phase oxidation of atmospherically relevant unsaturated hydrocarbons by acyl peroxy radicals, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 146, 13427–13437, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c02523, 2024.
Sebbar, N., Bozzelli, J. W., and Bockhorn, H.: Thermochemistry and reaction paths in the oxidation reaction of benzoyl radical: C6H5C⚫(=O), J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 11897–11914, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp2078067, 2011.
Shen, H., Vereecken, L., Kang, S., Pullinen, I., Fuchs, H., Zhao, D., and Mentel, T. F.: Unexpected significance of a minor reaction pathway in daytime formation of biogenic highly oxygenated organic compounds, Sci. Adv., 8, eabp8702, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abp8702, 2022.
Sun, J., Wu, F., Hu, B., Tang, G., Zhang, J., and Wang, Y.: VOC characteristics, emissions and contributions to SOA formation during hazy episodes, Atmos. Environ., 141, 560–570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.060, 2016.
Tajuelo, M., Rodríguez, D., Baeza-Romero, M. T., Díaz-de-Mera, Y., Aranda, A., and Rodríguez, A.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from styrene photolysis and photooxidation with hydroxyl radicals, Chemosphere, 231, 276–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.136, 2019a.
Tajuelo, M., Rodríguez, A., Baeza-Romero, M. T., Aranda, A., Díaz-de-Mera, Y., and Rodríguez, D.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from α-methylstyrene atmospheric degradation: Role of NOx level, relative humidity and inorganic seed aerosol, Atmos. Res., 230, 104631–104640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104631, 2019b.
Tajuelo, M., Bravo, I., Rodríguez, A., Aranda, A., Díaz-de-Mera, Y., and Rodríguez, D.: Atmospheric sink of styrene, α-methylstyrene, trans-β-methylstyrene and indene: Rate constants and mechanisms of Cl atom-initiated degradation, Atmos. Environ., 200, 78–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.059, 2019c.
Vereecken, L., Glowacki, D. R., and Pilling, M. J.: Theoretical chemical kinetics in tropospheric chemistry: methodologies and applications, Chem. Rev., 115, 4063–4114, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500488p, 2015.
Wang, H., Ji, Y., Gao, Y., Li, G., and An, T.: Theoretical model on the formation possibility of secondary organic aerosol from OH initialed oxidation reaction of styrene in the presence of , Atmos. Environ., 101, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.042, 2015.
Wang, L., Wu, R., and Xu, C.: Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of benzene. Fates of alkoxy radical intermediates and revised mechanism, J. Phys. Chem. A, 117, 14163–14168, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp4101762, 2013.
Wang, M., Chen, D., Xiao, M., Ye, Q., Stolzenburg, D., Hofbauer, V., Ye, P., Vogel, A. L., Mauldin, R. L., Amorim, A., Baccarini, A., Baumgartner, B., Brilke, S., Dada, L., Dias, A., Duplissy, J., Finkenzeller, H., Garmash, O., He, X. C., Hoyle, C. R., Kim, C., Kvashnin, A., Lehtipalo, K., Fischer, L., Molteni, U., Petäjä, T., Pospisilova, V., Quéléver, L. L. J., Rissanen, M., Simon, M., Tauber, C., Tomé, A., Wagner, A. C., Weitz, L., Volkamer, R., Winkler, P. M., Kirkby, J., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., Baltensperger, U., Dommen, J., El-Haddad, I., and Donahue, N. M.: Photo-oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons produces low-volatility organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 7911–7921, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02100, 2020a.
Wang, S. and Li, H.: NO3-initiated gas-phase formation of nitrated phenolic compounds in polluted atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 2899–2907, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08041, 2021.
Wang, S., Wu, R., Berndt, T., Ehn, M., and Wang, L.: Formation of highly oxidized radicals and multifunctional products from the atmospheric oxidation of alkylbenzene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 8442–8449, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02374, 2017.
Wang, S., Newland, M. J., Deng, W., Rickard, A. R., Hamilton, J. F., Muñoz, A., Ródenas, M., Vázquez, M. M., Wang, L., and Wang, X.: Aromatic photo-oxidation, a new source of atmospheric acidity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 7798–7806, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00526, 2020b.
Wu, R., Pan, S., Li, Y., and Wang, L.: Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of toluene, J. Phys. Chem. A, 118, 4533–4547, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp500077f, 2014.
Wu, X., Huang, C., Niu, S., and Zhang, F.: New theoretical insights into the reaction kinetics of toluene and hydroxyl radicals, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 22, 22279–22288, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CP02984J, 2020.
Wu, X., Hou, Q., Huang, J., Chai, J., and Zhang, F.: Exploring the OH-initiated reactions of styrene in the atmosphere and the role of van der Waals complex, Chemosphere, 282, 131004–131012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131004, 2021.
Xu, C. and Wang, L.: Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of phenol initiated by OH radical, J. Phys. Chem. A, 117, 2358–2364, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp308856b, 2013.
Xu, L., Møller, K. H., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., and Wennberg, P. O.: New insights into the radical chemistry and product distribution in the OH-initiated oxidation of benzene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 13467–13477, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04780, 2020.
Yan, Y., Cabrera-Perez, D., Lin, J., Pozzer, A., Hu, L., Millet, D. B., Porter, W. C., and Lelieveld, J.: Global tropospheric effects of aromatic chemistry with the SAPRC-11 mechanism implemented in GEOS-Chem version 9-02, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 111–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-111-2019, 2019.
Yang, F., Deng, F., Pan, Y., Zhang, Y., Tang, C., and Huang, Z.: Kinetics of hydrogen abstraction and addition reactions of 3-hexene by OH radicals, J. Phys. Chem. A, 121, 1877–1889, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11499, 2017.
Yu, S., Jia, L., Xu, Y., and Pan, Y.: Formation of extremely low-volatility organic compounds from styrene ozonolysis: Implication for nucleation, Chemosphere, 305, 135459–135467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135459, 2022a.
Yu, S., Jia, L., Xu, Y., and Pan, Y.: Molecular composition of secondary organic aerosol from styrene under different NOx and humidity conditions, Atmos. Res., 266, 105950–10604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105950, 2022b.
Zaytsev, A., Koss, A. R., Breitenlechner, M., Krechmer, J. E., Nihill, K. J., Lim, C. Y., Rowe, J. C., Cox, J. L., Moss, J., Roscioli, J. R., Canagaratna, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Kroll, J. H., and Keutsch, F. N.: Mechanistic study of the formation of ring-retaining and ring-opening products from the oxidation of aromatic compounds under urban atmospheric conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15117–15129, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15117-2019, 2019.
Zhang, H., Wang, J., Dong, B., Xu, F., Liu, H., Zhang, Q., Zong, W., and Shi, X.: New mechanism for the participation of aromatic oxidation products in atmospheric nucleation, Sci. Total Environ., 917, 170487–170494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170487, 2024.
Zhang, R. M., Truhlar, D. G., and Xu, X.: Kinetics of the toluene reaction with OH radical, Research, 2019, 5373785, https://doi.org/10.34133/2019/5373785, 2019.
Zhao, H., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Q., Li, Y., and Huang, Z.: A theoretical study of H-abstractions of benzaldehyde by H, O3(P), 3O2, OH, HO2, and CH3 radicals: Ab initio rate coefficients and their uncertainty quantification, J. Phys. Chem. A, 126, 7523–7533, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02384, 2022.
Zhao, Y. and Truhlar, D. G.: The M06 suite of density functionals for main group thermochemistry, thermochemical kinetics, noncovalent interactions, excited states, and transition elements: two new functionals and systematic testing of four M06-class functionals and 12 other functionals, Theor. Chem. Acc., 120, 215–241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-007-0310-x, 2008.
Short summary
The formation mechanisms of multifunctional products from the multi-generation ·OH oxidation of styrene in the absence and presence of NOx are studied using the quantum chemistry methods. The calculations show that the major closed-shell C7- and C8-products are benzaldehyde, multifunctional hydroperoxides and organic nitrates.
The formation mechanisms of multifunctional products from the multi-generation ·OH oxidation of...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint