Review of Ryoo et al. (2026) “Origin of Low Ozone above Western North America: An

Investigation of Sources and Trends”

Summary:

The authors use observations, model simulations, and reanalyses to diagnose increasing low-end (< 33^rd percentile) ozone amounts over Western North America (WNA) from 1994-2021, even though regional emissions over WNA have decreased. Source Receptor Relationships (SRR) derived from FLEXPART and ERA5 backwards trajectories indicate a strong influence of the tropical Pacific and SE Asia for WNA lower-tropospheric low ozone amounts. Trends in SRR were fairly weak except for the UTLS which demonstrates a growing impact of aircraft emissions and lightning NOx on “background” ozone increases over WNA. Furthermore, large positive trends in ozone production from the GMI model simulation over SE Asia are identified as contributing to low ozone amount increases over WNA. The authors are able to leverage their datasets and analyses to describe both dynamical/transport and chemical changes and their effects on WNA ozone amounts.

General Comments and Recommendation:

This is a well-motivated and executed analysis, the writing quality is excellent, and this will end up being one of the shortest reviews I have ever submitted. I recommend publication after just a few technical items and suggestions listed below.

Line-by-line/Technical Comments:

• Figure 1c: The two different vertical axes are confusing so I suggest just using one
• Line 98: Delete “particle dispersion model”
• Check the reference list. I found at least one in the text that does not appear in the references
• All relevant figures: I suggest instead using dots to denote p-values above05, so you are not obscuring the values for your high confidence results
• Line 460: Did I miss something or am I correct that MLS data do not appear anywhere in this paper?

The authors present an interesting and comprehensive analysis of sources and trends over western North America using a combination of source-receptor relationships, emissions information, and chemical model simulations. The manuscript addresses an important scientific question and provides valuable insights into the processes influencing ozone over the region. Overall, the study is well organized, clearly written, and fits well within the scope of ACP.

The comments below are intended primarily to improve the clarity of the interpretation and presentation.

Figure 2.

1. For clarity, I suggest showing the same regional boxes in all panels. In addition, the figure could be improved to better highlight the spatial characteristics of the SRR fields. The map panels are highly compressed and important features are difficult to discern. I suggest increasing the map size and adding latitude/longitude grid lines or labeled latitude ticks. In addition, the PDFs occupy a substantial fraction of the figure and may be more effectively presented in a separate figure. This would allow the spatial patterns and source-region contrasts to be displayed more clearly.
2. The term “latitudinal PDF” need to be revised. The presented PDFs appear to represent the distribution of SRR values for different source regions, rather than those as a function of latitude. Although the selected regions occupy different latitude bands, the PDFs are calculated over predefined geographic boxes with noticeably different longitudinal extents.
3. The statement "aligned specifically with the southern regions of East Asia and the tropical Pacific f 2a; SRR is higher in the red and gray boxed regions " does not appear to be fully supported by Fig. 2a. In particular, the PDF peaks for SE Asia are not clearly distinguishable from those of NE Asia or Siberia. While the Tropical Pacific exhibits a broader SRR distribution peaking at the highest SRR value, the SE Asia PDF does not obviously show either a uniquely high peak or a broader spread compared to the other source regions.
4. The statement “Conversely, elevated O₃ concentrations are primarily associated with air masses transiting through NE Asia” appears stronger than what is supported by Fig. 2c. Although the NE Asia PDF exhibits a relatively higher peak, the difference does not appear sufficiently large. In addition, the Tropical Pacific shows a broad SRR distribution with a pronounced long tail, but SRR maps also do not clearly indicate a dominant contribution from any single source region. More generally, the contrast between Figs. 2a and 2c seems to reflect differences between maritime transport pathways and continental source influences. The relationship between lower-tropospheric O₃ over WNA and Asian continental source regions is certainly important. However, it may be difficult to directly infer this linkage from the backward trajectory results shown in Fig. 2. the Tropical/North Pacific region appears to be more directly connected to WNA than the Asian continent itself. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to first identify the Pacific regions that exert the strongest influence on WNA O₃ and then investigate the upstream source regions contributing to those Pacific air masses. Such an approach may provide a more robust framework for assessing the influence of Asian outflow on WNA ozone (0-3 km).
5. The seasonal results presented in Fig. S4 appear to contain additional information. It would be useful to briefly summarize the major seasonal differences in the main manuscript,

Figure 3

The discussion of the increasing trend in the 8–13 km layer is interesting and well-motivated. Given that this layer overlaps with the UTLS region, it may also be worthwhile to briefly mention the potential role of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange (STE), even if a detailed assessment is beyond the scope of the present study.

Data availability

The OMI total ozone data including discussion of data quality are available 460 from https://ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/.

I believe the dataset referenced here is Ziemke's tropospheric ozone product rather than total ozone. Since this satellite dataset is not directly used, I do not think it is necessary to provide the data source here.