Articles | Volume 26, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11991-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11991-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Aug 2026
Research article |
| 24 Aug 2026
| 24 Aug 2026
Importance of hydrated aerosol particles for aerosol–fog relationships in the Italian Po Valley
Almuth Neuberger
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
Rahul Ranjan
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
Hao Ding
Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
Fredrik Mattsson
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
Lea Haberstock
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
Darrel Baumgardner
Droplet Measurement Technologies, LLC, Longmont, USA
Stefano Decesari
Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
Annica M. L. Ekman
Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
Dagen D. Hughes
Droplet Measurement Technologies, LLC, Longmont, USA
Claudia Mohr
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
now at: Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
now at: Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Marco Paglione
Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
Ilona Riipinen
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
Matteo Rinaldi
Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
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Short summary
We studied how particles from air pollution that absorb water but do not yet form fog droplets influence fog and visibility in northern Italy’s Po Valley. Using detailed field observations and computer modeling, we found that these “hydrated” particles can explain many low-visibility events. Recognizing their role helps improve forecasts of fog, air quality, and climate effects in polluted regions.
We studied how particles from air pollution that absorb water but do not yet form fog droplets...
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