Articles | Volume 26, issue 16
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11991-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-11991-2026
Research article
 | 
24 Aug 2026
Research article |  | 24 Aug 2026

Importance of hydrated aerosol particles for aerosol–fog relationships in the Italian Po Valley

Almuth Neuberger, Rahul Ranjan, Hao Ding, Fredrik Mattsson, Lea Haberstock, Darrel Baumgardner, Stefano Decesari, Annica M. L. Ekman, Dagen D. Hughes, Claudia Mohr, Marco Paglione, Ilona Riipinen, Matteo Rinaldi, and Paul Zieger

Data sets

Aerosol chemical composition measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po Valley, Italy, February-April 2022 Fredrik Mattsson et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-spams-1

Aerosol particle number size distribution measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po valley, Italy, February-April 2022 Almuth Neuberger et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-dmps1-1

Equivalent black carbon concentration measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po valley, Italy, February -- April 2022 Almuth Neuberger et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-maap2-1

Meteorological parameters measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po Valley, Italy, February -- April 2022 Marco Paglione et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-meteorological-1

The fog and aerosol size distribution measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po valley, Italy, February-April 2022 Almuth Neuberger et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-droplet-size-1

Cloud condensation nuclei concentrations measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po valley, Italy, February-April 2022 Almuth Neuberger et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-ccn-concentrations-1

Large-eddy simulation outputs of radiation fog events during the FAIRARI campaign, Po Valley, Italy, February 2022 Hao Ding et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-les1-1

Interstitial equivalent black carbon concentration measured during the FAIRARI campaign, Po valley, Italy, February⁠-May 2022 Marco Paglione et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-ebc-pm25-1

Air liquid water Content (LWC) during the FAIRARI campaign, Po valley, Italy, February-April 2022 Marco Paglione et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-lwc-1

Interstitial aerosol chemical composition measured by HR-TOF-AMS during the FAIRARI campaign, Po Valley, Italy, Feb.–⁠May 2022 Matteo Rinaldi et al. https://doi.org/10.17043/fairari-2021-2022-aerosol-chemical-pm25-1

Model code and software

SU-air/publication-FAIRARI-Neuberger2026: Routines used in Neuberger et al. (2026) P. Zieger https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21967941

Download
Short summary
We studied how particles from air pollution that absorb water but do not yet form fog droplets influence fog and visibility in northern Italy’s Po Valley. Using detailed field observations and computer modeling, we found that these “hydrated” particles can explain many low-visibility events. Recognizing their role helps improve forecasts of fog, air quality, and climate effects in polluted regions.
Share
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint