Articles | Volume 25, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-923-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-923-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Opinion
| Highlight paper
| 
24 Jan 2025
Opinion | Highlight paper |
| 24 Jan 2025
| 24 Jan 2025
Opinion: Understanding the impacts of agriculture and food systems on atmospheric chemistry is instrumental to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Lina Luo
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Biao Luo
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Related authors
Anam M. Khan, Olivia E. Clifton, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Nathan Booth, Philip Cheung, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christian Hogrefe, Christopher D. Holmes, Laszlo Horvath, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Perez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Donna Schwede, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamas Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, Leiming Zhang, and Paul C. Stoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3038, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation removes tropospheric ozone through stomatal uptake, and accurately modeling the stomatal uptake of ozone is important for modeling dry deposition and air quality. We evaluated the stomatal component of ozone dry deposition modeled by atmospheric chemistry models at six sites. We find that models and observation-based estimates agree at times during the growing season at all sites, but some models overestimated the stomatal component during the dry summers at a seasonally dry site.
Tiangang Yuan, Amos P. K. Tai, Tzung-May Fu, Aoxing Zhang, David H. Y. Yung, Jin Wu, and Sien Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1557, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilizes a regional climate-air quality coupled model to first investigate the complex interaction between irrigation, climate, and air quality in China. We found that large-scale irrigation practices reducing summertime surface ozone while raising second inorganic aerosol concentration via complicated physical and chemical processes. Our results emphasize the importance to make a tradeoff between air pollution control and sustainable agricultural development.
Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, and Timothy Lam
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3733–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model in R (TEMIR), which simulates plant carbon and pollutant uptake and predicts their response to varying atmospheric conditions. This model is designed to couple with an atmospheric chemistry model so that questions related to plant–atmosphere interactions, such as the effects of climate change, rising CO2, and ozone pollution on forest carbon uptake, can be addressed. The model has been well validated with both ground and satellite observations.
Jia Mao, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Tiangang Yuan, Kong T. Chau, and Zhaozhong Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 345–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone (O3) is well-known for posing great threats to both human health and agriculture worldwide. However, a multidecadal assessment of the impacts of O3 on public health and agriculture in China is lacking without sufficient O3 observations. We used a hybrid approach combining a chemical transport model and machine learning to provide a robust dataset of O3 concentrations over the past 4 decades in China, thereby filling the gap in the long-term O3 trend and impact assessment in China.
Maria Val Martin, Elena Blanc-Betes, Ka Ming Fung, Euripides P. Kantzas, Ilsa B. Kantola, Isabella Chiaravalloti, Lyla L. Taylor, Louisa K. Emmons, William R. Wieder, Noah J. Planavsky, Michael D. Masters, Evan H. DeLucia, Amos P. K. Tai, and David J. Beerling
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5783–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5783-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5783-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a CO2 removal strategy that involves applying crushed rocks (e.g., basalt) to agricultural soils. However, unintended processes within the N cycle due to soil pH changes may affect the climate benefits of C sequestration. ERW could drive changes in soil emissions of non-CO2 GHGs (N2O) and trace gases (NO and NH3) that may affect air quality. We present a new improved N cycling scheme for the land model (CLM5) to evaluate ERW effects on soil gas N emissions.
Olivia E. Clifton, Donna Schwede, Christian Hogrefe, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Philip Cheung, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christopher D. Holmes, László Horváth, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Pérez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamás Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9911–9961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A primary sink of air pollutants is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across the models used to simulate atmospheric chemistry. Here, we introduce an effort to examine dry deposition schemes from atmospheric chemistry models. We provide our approach’s rationale, document the schemes, and describe datasets used to drive and evaluate the schemes. We also launch the analysis of results by evaluating against observations and identifying the processes leading to model–model differences.
Joey C. Y. Lam, Amos P. K. Tai, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2323–2342, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new component within an atmospheric chemistry model to better simulate plant ecophysiological processes relevant for ozone air quality. We showed that it reduces simulated biases in plant uptake of ozone in prior models. The new model enables us to explore how future climatic changes affect air quality via affecting plants, examine ozone–vegetation interactions and feedbacks, and evaluate the impacts of changing atmospheric chemistry and climate on vegetation productivity.
Yuxuan Wang, Nan Lin, Wei Li, Alex Guenther, Joey C. Y. Lam, Amos P. K. Tai, Mark J. Potosnak, and Roger Seco
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14189–14208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14189-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14189-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drought can cause large changes in biogenic isoprene emissions. In situ field observations of isoprene emissions during droughts are confined by spatial coverage and, thus, provide limited constraints. We derived a drought stress factor based on satellite HCHO data for MEGAN2.1 in the GEOS-Chem model using water stress and temperature. This factor reduces the overestimation of isoprene emissions during severe droughts and improves the simulated O3 and organic aerosol responses to droughts.
Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate.
Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai
Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year.
Jiachen Zhu, Amos P. K. Tai, and Steve Hung Lam Yim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 765–782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-765-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-765-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study assessed O3 damage to plant and the subsequent effects on meteorology and air quality in China, whereby O3, meteorology, and vegetation can co-evolve with each other. We provided comprehensive understanding about how O3–vegetation impacts adversely affect plant growth and crop production, and contribute to global warming and severe O3 air pollution in China. Our findings clearly pinpoint the need to consider the O3 damage effects in both air quality studies and climate change studies.
Xueying Liu, Amos P. K. Tai, and Ka Ming Fung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17743–17758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17743-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17743-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
With the rising food need, more intense agricultural activities will cause substantial perturbations to the nitrogen cycle, aggravating surface air pollution and imposing stress on terrestrial ecosystems. We studied how these ecosystem changes may modify biosphere–atmosphere exchanges, and further exert secondary effects on air quality, and demonstrated a link between agricultural activities and ozone air quality via the modulation of vegetation and soil biogeochemistry by nitrogen deposition.
Felix Leung, Karina Williams, Stephen Sitch, Amos P. K. Tai, Andy Wiltshire, Jemma Gornall, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Timothy Arkebauer, and David Scoby
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6201–6213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone (O3) is detrimental to plant productivity and crop yield. Currently, the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) includes a representation of crops (JULES-crop). The parameters for O3 damage in soybean in JULES-crop were calibrated against photosynthesis measurements from the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (SoyFACE). The result shows good performance for yield, and it helps contribute to understanding of the impacts of climate and air pollution on food security.
Lang Wang, Amos P. K. Tai, Chi-Yung Tam, Mehliyar Sadiq, Peng Wang, and Kevin K. W. Cheung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11349–11369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11349-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11349-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of future land use and land cover change (LULCC) on surface ozone air quality worldwide and find that LULCC can significantly influence ozone in North America and Europe via modifying surface energy balance, boundary-layer meteorology, and regional circulation. The strength of such “biogeophysical effects” of LULCC is strongly dependent on forest type and generally greater than the “biogeochemical effects” via changing deposition and emission fluxes alone.
Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jeffrey A. Geddes, Amos P. K. Tai, and Sam J. Silva
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14365–14385, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14365-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14365-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Dry deposition is an important, but highly uncertain, sink for surface ozone. Several popular parameterizations exist to model this process, which vary with respect to how they depend on land cover and environmental variables. Here, we predict ozone dry deposition globally over 30 years, comparing four different approaches. We find that the choice of dry deposition parameterization affects the distribution, seasonal means, long-term trends, and interannual variability of surface ozone.
Shan S. Zhou, Amos P. K. Tai, Shihan Sun, Mehliyar Sadiq, Colette L. Heald, and Jeffrey A. Geddes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14133–14148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14133-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14133-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone pollution harms vegetation. As plants play key roles shaping air quality, the plant damage may further worsen air pollution. We use various computer models to examine such feedback effects, and find that ozone-induced decline in leaf density can lead to much higher ozone levels in forested regions, mostly due to the reduced ability of leaves to absorb pollutants. This study highlights the importance of considering the two-way interactions between plants and air pollution.
Danny M. Leung, Amos P. K. Tai, Loretta J. Mickley, Jonathan M. Moch, Aaron van Donkelaar, Lu Shen, and Randall V. Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6733–6748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6733-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6733-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates how large-scale weather systems control fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality in China. We show that winter monsoons, onshore winds and frontal rains can drive daily PM2.5 variability in different regions of China. We further project future PM2.5 concentration change by 2050s due to climate change, and verify that climate change has little benefit on future PM2.5 in Beijing, implying cutting down emissions is necessary to mitigate pollutions in megacities of China.
Yuanhong Zhao, Lin Zhang, Amos P. K. Tai, Youfan Chen, and Yuepeng Pan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9781–9796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9781-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9781-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Human activities have substantially enhanced atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen, inducing complex environmental consequences. This study presents a first quantitative investigation of how anthropogenic nitrogen deposition could impact surface ozone air quality through surface–atmosphere exchange processes. We find important surface ozone changes driven by nitrogen deposition, which can be comparable with those due to historical climate and land use changes.
Mehliyar Sadiq, Amos P. K. Tai, Danica Lombardozzi, and Maria Val Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3055–3066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3055-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3055-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone harms vegetation, which can influence not only climate but also ozone air quality itself. We implement a scheme for ozone damage on vegetation into an Earth system model, so that for the first time simulated vegetation and ozone can coevolve in a fully coupled simulation. With ozone–vegetation coupling, simulated ozone is found to be significantly higher by up to 6 ppbv. Reduced dry deposition and enhanced isoprene emission contribute to most of these increases.
Yu Fu, Amos P. K. Tai, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10369–10383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10369-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10369-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of climate change would partly counteract the emission-driven increase in PM2.5 in winter in most of eastern China, but exacerbate PM2.5 pollution in summer in North China Plain. Land cover and land use change might partially offset the increase in summertime PM2.5 but further enhance wintertime PM2.5 in the model by modifying the dry deposition of various PM2.5 precursors and biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, which also act as important factors in modulating air quality.
L. Shen, L. J. Mickley, and A. P. K. Tai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10925–10938, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10925-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10925-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we have examined the effect of polar jet and Bermuda High on ozone air quality in the eastern United States. In the Midwest and northeast, the poleward shift of jet wind leads to reduced polar jet frequency, resulting in increased ozone there. In the southeast, the influence of Bermuda High on ozone variability depends on the location of its west edge. Westward movement increases the ozone only when the JJA Bermuda High west edge is located west of 85.4°W.
Y. Fu and A. P. K. Tai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10093–10106, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10093-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10093-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Historical land cover and land use change alone between 1980 and 2010 could lead to reduced summertime surface ozone by up to 4ppbv in East Asia. Climate change alone could lead to an increase in summertime ozone by 2-10ppbv in most of East Asia. Land cover change could offset part of the climate effect and lead to a previously unknown public health benefit. The sensitivity of surface ozone to land cover change is more dependent on dry deposition than isoprene emission in most of East Asia.
P. Achakulwisut, L. J. Mickley, L. T. Murray, A. P. K. Tai, J. O. Kaplan, and B. Alexander
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7977–7998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7977-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7977-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The atmosphere’s oxidative capacity determines the lifetime of many trace gases important to climate, chemistry, and human health. Yet uncertainties remain about its past variations, its controlling factors, and the radiative forcing of short-lived species it influences. To reduce these uncertainties, we must better quantify the natural emissions and chemical reaction mechanisms of organic compounds in the atmosphere, which play a role in governing the oxidative capacity.
Anam M. Khan, Olivia E. Clifton, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Nathan Booth, Philip Cheung, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christian Hogrefe, Christopher D. Holmes, Laszlo Horvath, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Perez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Donna Schwede, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamas Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, Leiming Zhang, and Paul C. Stoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3038, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation removes tropospheric ozone through stomatal uptake, and accurately modeling the stomatal uptake of ozone is important for modeling dry deposition and air quality. We evaluated the stomatal component of ozone dry deposition modeled by atmospheric chemistry models at six sites. We find that models and observation-based estimates agree at times during the growing season at all sites, but some models overestimated the stomatal component during the dry summers at a seasonally dry site.
Tiangang Yuan, Amos P. K. Tai, Tzung-May Fu, Aoxing Zhang, David H. Y. Yung, Jin Wu, and Sien Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1557, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilizes a regional climate-air quality coupled model to first investigate the complex interaction between irrigation, climate, and air quality in China. We found that large-scale irrigation practices reducing summertime surface ozone while raising second inorganic aerosol concentration via complicated physical and chemical processes. Our results emphasize the importance to make a tradeoff between air pollution control and sustainable agricultural development.
Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, and Timothy Lam
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3733–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-3733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model in R (TEMIR), which simulates plant carbon and pollutant uptake and predicts their response to varying atmospheric conditions. This model is designed to couple with an atmospheric chemistry model so that questions related to plant–atmosphere interactions, such as the effects of climate change, rising CO2, and ozone pollution on forest carbon uptake, can be addressed. The model has been well validated with both ground and satellite observations.
Jia Mao, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Tiangang Yuan, Kong T. Chau, and Zhaozhong Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 345–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone (O3) is well-known for posing great threats to both human health and agriculture worldwide. However, a multidecadal assessment of the impacts of O3 on public health and agriculture in China is lacking without sufficient O3 observations. We used a hybrid approach combining a chemical transport model and machine learning to provide a robust dataset of O3 concentrations over the past 4 decades in China, thereby filling the gap in the long-term O3 trend and impact assessment in China.
Maria Val Martin, Elena Blanc-Betes, Ka Ming Fung, Euripides P. Kantzas, Ilsa B. Kantola, Isabella Chiaravalloti, Lyla L. Taylor, Louisa K. Emmons, William R. Wieder, Noah J. Planavsky, Michael D. Masters, Evan H. DeLucia, Amos P. K. Tai, and David J. Beerling
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5783–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5783-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5783-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a CO2 removal strategy that involves applying crushed rocks (e.g., basalt) to agricultural soils. However, unintended processes within the N cycle due to soil pH changes may affect the climate benefits of C sequestration. ERW could drive changes in soil emissions of non-CO2 GHGs (N2O) and trace gases (NO and NH3) that may affect air quality. We present a new improved N cycling scheme for the land model (CLM5) to evaluate ERW effects on soil gas N emissions.
Olivia E. Clifton, Donna Schwede, Christian Hogrefe, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Philip Cheung, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christopher D. Holmes, László Horváth, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Pérez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamás Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9911–9961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A primary sink of air pollutants is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across the models used to simulate atmospheric chemistry. Here, we introduce an effort to examine dry deposition schemes from atmospheric chemistry models. We provide our approach’s rationale, document the schemes, and describe datasets used to drive and evaluate the schemes. We also launch the analysis of results by evaluating against observations and identifying the processes leading to model–model differences.
Joey C. Y. Lam, Amos P. K. Tai, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2323–2342, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new component within an atmospheric chemistry model to better simulate plant ecophysiological processes relevant for ozone air quality. We showed that it reduces simulated biases in plant uptake of ozone in prior models. The new model enables us to explore how future climatic changes affect air quality via affecting plants, examine ozone–vegetation interactions and feedbacks, and evaluate the impacts of changing atmospheric chemistry and climate on vegetation productivity.
Yuxuan Wang, Nan Lin, Wei Li, Alex Guenther, Joey C. Y. Lam, Amos P. K. Tai, Mark J. Potosnak, and Roger Seco
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14189–14208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14189-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14189-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drought can cause large changes in biogenic isoprene emissions. In situ field observations of isoprene emissions during droughts are confined by spatial coverage and, thus, provide limited constraints. We derived a drought stress factor based on satellite HCHO data for MEGAN2.1 in the GEOS-Chem model using water stress and temperature. This factor reduces the overestimation of isoprene emissions during severe droughts and improves the simulated O3 and organic aerosol responses to droughts.
Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate.
Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai
Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year.
Jiachen Zhu, Amos P. K. Tai, and Steve Hung Lam Yim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 765–782, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-765-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-765-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study assessed O3 damage to plant and the subsequent effects on meteorology and air quality in China, whereby O3, meteorology, and vegetation can co-evolve with each other. We provided comprehensive understanding about how O3–vegetation impacts adversely affect plant growth and crop production, and contribute to global warming and severe O3 air pollution in China. Our findings clearly pinpoint the need to consider the O3 damage effects in both air quality studies and climate change studies.
Xueying Liu, Amos P. K. Tai, and Ka Ming Fung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17743–17758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17743-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17743-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
With the rising food need, more intense agricultural activities will cause substantial perturbations to the nitrogen cycle, aggravating surface air pollution and imposing stress on terrestrial ecosystems. We studied how these ecosystem changes may modify biosphere–atmosphere exchanges, and further exert secondary effects on air quality, and demonstrated a link between agricultural activities and ozone air quality via the modulation of vegetation and soil biogeochemistry by nitrogen deposition.
Felix Leung, Karina Williams, Stephen Sitch, Amos P. K. Tai, Andy Wiltshire, Jemma Gornall, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Timothy Arkebauer, and David Scoby
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6201–6213, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone (O3) is detrimental to plant productivity and crop yield. Currently, the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) includes a representation of crops (JULES-crop). The parameters for O3 damage in soybean in JULES-crop were calibrated against photosynthesis measurements from the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (SoyFACE). The result shows good performance for yield, and it helps contribute to understanding of the impacts of climate and air pollution on food security.
Lang Wang, Amos P. K. Tai, Chi-Yung Tam, Mehliyar Sadiq, Peng Wang, and Kevin K. W. Cheung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11349–11369, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11349-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11349-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effects of future land use and land cover change (LULCC) on surface ozone air quality worldwide and find that LULCC can significantly influence ozone in North America and Europe via modifying surface energy balance, boundary-layer meteorology, and regional circulation. The strength of such “biogeophysical effects” of LULCC is strongly dependent on forest type and generally greater than the “biogeochemical effects” via changing deposition and emission fluxes alone.
Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jeffrey A. Geddes, Amos P. K. Tai, and Sam J. Silva
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14365–14385, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14365-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14365-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Dry deposition is an important, but highly uncertain, sink for surface ozone. Several popular parameterizations exist to model this process, which vary with respect to how they depend on land cover and environmental variables. Here, we predict ozone dry deposition globally over 30 years, comparing four different approaches. We find that the choice of dry deposition parameterization affects the distribution, seasonal means, long-term trends, and interannual variability of surface ozone.
Shan S. Zhou, Amos P. K. Tai, Shihan Sun, Mehliyar Sadiq, Colette L. Heald, and Jeffrey A. Geddes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14133–14148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14133-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14133-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone pollution harms vegetation. As plants play key roles shaping air quality, the plant damage may further worsen air pollution. We use various computer models to examine such feedback effects, and find that ozone-induced decline in leaf density can lead to much higher ozone levels in forested regions, mostly due to the reduced ability of leaves to absorb pollutants. This study highlights the importance of considering the two-way interactions between plants and air pollution.
Danny M. Leung, Amos P. K. Tai, Loretta J. Mickley, Jonathan M. Moch, Aaron van Donkelaar, Lu Shen, and Randall V. Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6733–6748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6733-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6733-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates how large-scale weather systems control fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality in China. We show that winter monsoons, onshore winds and frontal rains can drive daily PM2.5 variability in different regions of China. We further project future PM2.5 concentration change by 2050s due to climate change, and verify that climate change has little benefit on future PM2.5 in Beijing, implying cutting down emissions is necessary to mitigate pollutions in megacities of China.
Yuanhong Zhao, Lin Zhang, Amos P. K. Tai, Youfan Chen, and Yuepeng Pan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9781–9796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9781-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9781-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Human activities have substantially enhanced atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen, inducing complex environmental consequences. This study presents a first quantitative investigation of how anthropogenic nitrogen deposition could impact surface ozone air quality through surface–atmosphere exchange processes. We find important surface ozone changes driven by nitrogen deposition, which can be comparable with those due to historical climate and land use changes.
Mehliyar Sadiq, Amos P. K. Tai, Danica Lombardozzi, and Maria Val Martin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3055–3066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3055-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3055-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone harms vegetation, which can influence not only climate but also ozone air quality itself. We implement a scheme for ozone damage on vegetation into an Earth system model, so that for the first time simulated vegetation and ozone can coevolve in a fully coupled simulation. With ozone–vegetation coupling, simulated ozone is found to be significantly higher by up to 6 ppbv. Reduced dry deposition and enhanced isoprene emission contribute to most of these increases.
Yu Fu, Amos P. K. Tai, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 10369–10383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10369-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10369-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of climate change would partly counteract the emission-driven increase in PM2.5 in winter in most of eastern China, but exacerbate PM2.5 pollution in summer in North China Plain. Land cover and land use change might partially offset the increase in summertime PM2.5 but further enhance wintertime PM2.5 in the model by modifying the dry deposition of various PM2.5 precursors and biogenic volatile organic compound emissions, which also act as important factors in modulating air quality.
L. Shen, L. J. Mickley, and A. P. K. Tai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10925–10938, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10925-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10925-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we have examined the effect of polar jet and Bermuda High on ozone air quality in the eastern United States. In the Midwest and northeast, the poleward shift of jet wind leads to reduced polar jet frequency, resulting in increased ozone there. In the southeast, the influence of Bermuda High on ozone variability depends on the location of its west edge. Westward movement increases the ozone only when the JJA Bermuda High west edge is located west of 85.4°W.
Y. Fu and A. P. K. Tai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10093–10106, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10093-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10093-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Historical land cover and land use change alone between 1980 and 2010 could lead to reduced summertime surface ozone by up to 4ppbv in East Asia. Climate change alone could lead to an increase in summertime ozone by 2-10ppbv in most of East Asia. Land cover change could offset part of the climate effect and lead to a previously unknown public health benefit. The sensitivity of surface ozone to land cover change is more dependent on dry deposition than isoprene emission in most of East Asia.
P. Achakulwisut, L. J. Mickley, L. T. Murray, A. P. K. Tai, J. O. Kaplan, and B. Alexander
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7977–7998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7977-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7977-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The atmosphere’s oxidative capacity determines the lifetime of many trace gases important to climate, chemistry, and human health. Yet uncertainties remain about its past variations, its controlling factors, and the radiative forcing of short-lived species it influences. To reduce these uncertainties, we must better quantify the natural emissions and chemical reaction mechanisms of organic compounds in the atmosphere, which play a role in governing the oxidative capacity.
Related subject area
Subject: Climate and Earth System | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
The long-term impact of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions on urban ozone patterns over central Europe: contributions from urban and rural vegetation
Examining ENSO-related variability in tropical tropospheric ozone in the RAQMS-Aura chemical reanalysis
Global assessment of climatic responses to ozone–vegetation interactions
Recommendations on benchmarks for chemical transport model applications in China – Part 2: Ozone and Uncertainty Analysis
Impacts of irrigation on ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality: Implications for emission control strategies for intensively irrigated regions in China
Opinion: A research roadmap for exploring atmospheric methane removal via iron salt aerosol
An inverse model to correct for the effects of post-depositional processing on ice-core nitrate and its isotopes: model framework and applications at Summit, Greenland, and Dome C, Antarctica
The carbon sink in China as seen from GOSAT with a regional inversion system based on the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) and ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS)
Marina Liaskoni, Peter Huszár, Lukáš Bartík, Alvaro Patricio Prieto Perez, Jan Karlický, and Kateřina Šindelářová
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13541–13569, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13541-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13541-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of biogenic emissions of hydrocarbons from vegetation on ozone, as well as on overall oxidative capacity of air, is analyzed for central European cities for a present-day period using a chemistry transport model. Moreover, the analysis evaluates the partial role of urban vegetation in impacting all biogenic emissions. We found substantial increases in ozone due to these emissions, and about 10% of this increase is attributable to vegetation within urban areas.
Maggie Bruckner, R. Bradley Pierce, and Allen Lenzen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10921–10945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10921-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10921-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze interannual variability in tropical tropospheric ozone by applying composite analysis, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, and multiple linear regression to the Real-time Air Quality Modeling System (RAQMS) Aura chemical reanalysis. We find that variability in biomass burning emissions contributes to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability in tropical tropospheric ozone, though the dominant driver is convection.
Xinyi Zhou, Xu Yue, Chenguang Tian, and Xiaofei Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9923–9937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
With a climate–vegetation–chemistry coupled model, we explore global climatic responses to the ozone–vegetation interactions of the present day. We find strong warming and drying effects due to the ozone-induced inhibition on plant stomatal conductance, especially over polluted regions such as the eastern US and China. These climatic perturbations further enhance surface ozone by decreasing dry deposition but reduce aerosol optical depth by increasing cloudiness and the drought tendency.
Ling Huang, Xinxin Zhang, Chris Emery, Qing Mu, Greg Yarwood, Hehe Zhai, Zhixu Sun, Shuhui Xue, Yangjun Wang, Joshua S. Fu, and Li Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2199, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Serious air pollution problems have occurred in many regions of China for the past decade and chemical transport models (CTMs) are being applied more frequently to address diverse scientific and regulatory compliance associated with deteriorated air quality in China. We provided benchmarks for model performance evaluation of CTM applications in China to demonstrate model robustness.
Tiangang Yuan, Amos P. K. Tai, Tzung-May Fu, Aoxing Zhang, David H. Y. Yung, Jin Wu, and Sien Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1557, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study utilizes a regional climate-air quality coupled model to first investigate the complex interaction between irrigation, climate, and air quality in China. We found that large-scale irrigation practices reducing summertime surface ozone while raising second inorganic aerosol concentration via complicated physical and chemical processes. Our results emphasize the importance to make a tradeoff between air pollution control and sustainable agricultural development.
Katrine A. Gorham, Sam Abernethy, Tyler R. Jones, Peter Hess, Natalie M. Mahowald, Daphne Meidan, Matthew S. Johnson, Maarten M. J. W. van Herpen, Yangyang Xu, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Thomas Röckmann, Chloe A. Brashear, Erika Reinhardt, and David Mann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5659–5670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5659-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid reduction in atmospheric methane is needed to slow the rate of global warming. Reducing anthropogenic methane emissions is a top priority. However, atmospheric methane is also impacted by rising natural emissions and changing sinks. Studies of possible atmospheric methane removal approaches, such as iron salt aerosols to increase the chlorine radical sink, benefit from a roadmapped approach to understand if there may be viable and socially acceptable ways to decrease future risk.
Zhuang Jiang, Becky Alexander, Joel Savarino, and Lei Geng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4895–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4895-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4895-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice-core nitrate could track the past atmospheric NOx and oxidant level, but its interpretation is hampered by the post-depositional processing. In this work, an inverse model was developed and tested against two polar sites and was shown to well reproduce the observed nitrate signals in snow and atmosphere, suggesting that the model can properly correct for the effect of post-depositional processing. This model offers a very useful tool for future studies on ice-core nitrate records.
Xingxia Kou, Zhen Peng, Meigen Zhang, Fei Hu, Xiao Han, Ziming Li, and Lili Lei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6719–6741, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6719-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6719-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A CMAQ EnSRF-based regional inversion system was extended to resolve satellite retrievals into biogenic source–sink changes. The size of the assimilated biosphere sink in China inferred from GOSAT was −0.47 Pg C yr−1. The biosphere flux at the provincial scale was re-estimated following the refined description in the regional inversion.
Cited articles
Akiyama, H., Yan, X., and Yagi, K.: Evaluation of effectiveness of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers as mitigation options for N2O and NO emissions from agricultural soils: meta-analysis: MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR N2O AND NO EMISSIONS, Global Change Biol., 16, 1837–1846, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02031.x, 2009.
Alexandratos, N. and Bruinsma, J.: World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision (No. 12-03), ESA Working Paper, World Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy, https://www.fao.org/4/ap106e/ap106e.pdf (last access: 19 December 2024), 2012.
Ansari, A. S. and Pandis, S. N.: Response of Inorganic PM to Precursor Concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2706–2714, https://doi.org/10.1021/es971130j, 1998.
Bai, Z., Fan, X., Jin, X., Zhao, Z., Wu, Y., Oenema, O., Velthof, G., Hu, C., and Ma, L.: Relocate 10 billion livestock to reduce harmful nitrogen pollution exposure for 90 % of China's population, Nat. Food, 3, 152–160, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00453-z, 2022.
Balasubramanian, S., McFarland, D. M., Koloutsou-Vakakis, S., Fu, K., Menon, R., Lehmann, C., and Rood, M. J.: Effect of grid resolution and spatial representation of NH3 emissions from fertilizer application on predictions of NH3 and PM2.5 concentrations in the United States Corn Belt, Environ. Res. Commun., 2, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab6c01, 2020.
Balasubramanian, S., Domingo, N. G. G., Hunt, N. D., Gittlin, M., Colgan, K. K., Marshall, J. D., Robinson, A. L., Azevedo, I. M. L., Thakrar, S. K., Clark, M. A., Tessum, C. W., Adams, P. J., Pandis, S. N., and Hill, J. D.: The food we eat, the air we breathe: a review of the fine particulate matter-induced air quality health impacts of the global food system, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 103004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac065f, 2021.
Bauer, S. E., Tsigaridis, K., and Miller, R.: Significant atmospheric aerosol pollution caused by world food cultivation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5394–5400, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068354, 2016.
Bobbink, R., Hicks, K., Galloway, J., Spranger, T., Alkemade, R., Ashmore, M., Bustamante, M., Cinderby, S., Davidson, E., Dentener, F., Emmett, B., Erisman, J. W., Fenn, M., Gilliam, F., Nordin, A., Pardo, L., and De Vries, W.: Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 20, 30–59, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1140.1, 2010.
Bouwman, A. F., Lee, D. S., Asman, W. A. H., Dentener, F. J., Van Der Hoek, K. W., and Olivier, J. G. J.: A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 561–587, https://doi.org/10.1029/97gb02266, 1997.
Brundtland, G. H.: Our Common Future – Call for Action, Environ. Conserv., 14, 291–294, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900016805, 1987.
Bruulsema, T., Lemunyon, J., and Herz, B.: Know your fertilizer rights, Crops and Soils, 42, 13–18, 2009.
Butterbach-Bahl, K., Baggs, E. M., Dannenmann, M., Kiese, R., and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 368, 20130122, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0122, 2013.
Chen, Y., Shen, H., Shih, J.-S., Russell, A. G., Shao, S., Hu, Y., Odman, M. T., Nenes, A., Pavur, G. K., Zou, Y., Chen, Z., Smith, R. A., Burtraw, D., and Driscoll, C. T.: Greater Contribution From Agricultural Sources to Future Reactive Nitrogen Deposition in the United States, Earth's Future, 8, e2019EF001453, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001453, 2020.
Chen, Y., Hall, J., van Wees, D., Andela, N., Hantson, S., Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., Morton, D. C., and Randerson, J. T.: Multi-decadal trends and variability in burned area from the fifth version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED5), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5227–5259, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5227-2023, 2023.
Council, S.: Action Plan for Continuous Improvement of Air Quality, https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/202312/08/content_WS65724f25c6d0868f4e8e1fcb.html/ (last access: 19 December 2024), 2023.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Dentener, F., van Aardenne, J. A., Monni, S., Doering, U., Olivier, J. G. J., Pagliari, V., and Janssens-Maenhout, G.: Gridded emissions of air pollutants for the period 1970–2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1987–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018, 2018.
Crippa, M., Solazzo, E., Guizzardi, D., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Tubiello, F. N., and Leip, A.: Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, Nat. Food, 2, 198–209, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00225-9, 2021.
Crippa, M., Solazzo, E., Guizzardi, D., Van Dingenen, R., and Leip, A.: Air pollutant emissions from global food systems are responsible for environmental impacts, crop losses and mortality, Nat. Food, 3, 942–956, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00615-7, 2022a.
Crippa, M., Solazzo, E., Guizzardi, D., Van Dingenen, R., and Leip, A.: Air pollutant emissions from global food systems are responsible for environmental impacts, crop losses and mortality, Nat. Food, 3, 942–956, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00615-7, 2022b.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Butler, T., Keating, T., Wu, R., Kaminski, J., Kuenen, J., Kurokawa, J., Chatani, S., Morikawa, T., Pouliot, G., Racine, J., Moran, M. D., Klimont, Z., Manseau, P. M., Mashayekhi, R., Henderson, B. H., Smith, S. J., Suchyta, H., Muntean, M., Solazzo, E., Banja, M., Schaaf, E., Pagani, F., Woo, J.-H., Kim, J., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Pisoni, E., Zhang, J., Niemi, D., Sassi, M., Ansari, T., and Foley, K.: The HTAP_v3 emission mosaic: merging regional and global monthly emissions (2000–2018) to support air quality modelling and policies, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, 2023.
Cusworth, D. H., Mickley, L. J., Sulprizio, M. P., Liu, T., Marlier, M. E., DeFries, R. S., Guttikunda, S. K., and Gupta, P.: Quantifying the influence of agricultural fires in northwest India on urban air pollution in Delhi, India, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 044018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab303, 2018.
Davidson, E. A., Suddick, E. C., Rice, C. W., and Prokopy, L. S.: More Food, Low Pollution (Mo Fo Lo Po): A Grand Challenge for the 21st Century, J. Environ. Qual., 44, 305–311, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.02.0078, 2015.
Del Grosso, S. J., Ojima, D. S., Parton, W. J., Stehfest, E., Heistemann, M., DeAngelo, B., and Rose, S.: Global scale DAYCENT model analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation strategies for cropped soils, Global Planet. Change, 67, 44–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.12.006, 2009.
Del Grosso, S. J., Ogle, S. M., Nevison, C., Gurung, R., Parton, W. J., Wagner-Riddle, C., Smith, W., Winiwarter, W., Grant, B., Tenuta, M., Marx, E., Spencer, S., and Williams, S.: A gap in nitrous oxide emission reporting complicates long-term climate mitigation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2200354119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200354119, 2022.
Deng, J., Nie, W., Huang, X., Ding, A., Qin, B., and Fu, C.: Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen Deposition from 2010 to 2021 in Lake Taihu and the Effects on Phytoplankton, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 8075–8084, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c09434, 2023.
Deng, O., Huang, S., Wang, C., Wei, Y., Xia, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Xiao, W., He, T., Wu, X., Pradhan, M., and Gu, B.: Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollution Control Benefits the Coastal Environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 449–458, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c07546, 2024a.
Deng, O., Wang, S., Ran, J., Huang, S., Zhang, X., Duan, J., Zhang, L., Xia, Y., Reis, S., Xu, J., Xu, J., de Vries, W., Sutton, M. A., and Gu, B.: Managing urban development could halve nitrogen pollution in China, Nat. Commun., 15, 401, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44685-y, 2024b.
Domingo, N. G. G., Balasubramanian, S., Thakrar, S. K., Clark, M. A., Adams, P. J., Marshall, J. D., Muller, N. Z., Pandis, S. N., Polasky, S., Robinson, A. L., Tessum, C. W., Tilman, D., Tschofen, P., and Hill, J. D.: Air quality–related health damages of food, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2013637118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013637118, 2021.
Doney, S. C.: The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry, Science, 328, 1512–1516, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185198, 2010.
EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/2016/2284/introduction/ (last access: 19 December 2024), 2016.
FAO: The future of food and agriculture – Alternative pathways to 2050, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 224, https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/2c6bd7b4-181e-4117-a90d-32a1bda8b27c/content/ (last access: 19 December 2024), 2018.
FAO: Pathways towards lower emissions A global assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options from livestock agrifood systems, Rome, https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9029en, 2023.
FAO: Fertilizers by Nutrient, https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/ESB (last access: 19 December 2024), 2024.
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O'Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., Balzer, C., Bennett, E. M., Carpenter, S. R., Hill, J., Monfreda, C., Polasky, S., Rockstrom, J., Sheehan, J., Siebert, S., Tilman, D., and Zaks, D. P. M.: Solutions for a cultivated planet, Nature, 478, 337–342, https://doi.org/10.1038/Nature10452, 2011.
Fowler, D., Coyle, M., Skiba, U., Sutton, M. A., Cape, J. N., Reis, S., Sheppard, L. J., Jenkins, A., Grizzetti, B., Galloway, J. N., Vitousek, P., Leach, A., Bouwman, A. F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Amann, M., and Voss, M.: The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond. B, 368, 20130164, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0164, 2013.
Freney, J. R., Simpson, J. R., and Denmead, O. T.: AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION, Ecol. Bull., 291–302, 1981.
Fu, X., Wang, S. X., Xing, J., Zhang, X. Y., Wang, T., and Hao, J. M.: Increasing Ammonia Concentrations Reduce the Effectiveness of Particle Pollution Control Achieved via SO2 and NOX Emissions Reduction in East China, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 4, 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00143, 2017.
Galloway, J. N., Leach, A. M., Bleeker, A., and Erisman, J. W.: A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle, Phil. T. R. Soc. B, 368, 20130120, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0120, 2013.
GBD: Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Lancet, 393, 1958–1972, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8, 2019.
Geddes, J. A., Pusede, S. E., and Wong, A. Y. H.: Changes in the Relative Importance of Biogenic Isoprene and Soil NOx Emissions on Ozone Concentrations in Nonattainment Areas of the United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036361, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036361, 2022.
Gordon, J. N. D., Bilsback, K. R., Fiddler, M. N., Pokhrel, R. P., Fischer, E. V., Pierce, J. R., and Bililign, S.: The Effects of Trash, Residential Biofuel, and Open Biomass Burning Emissions on Local and Transported PM(2.5) and Its Attributed Mortality in Africa, Geohealth, 7, e2022GH000673, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GH000673, 2023.
Griffis, T. J., Chen, Z., Baker, J. M., Wood, J. D., Millet, D. B., Lee, X., Venterea, R. T., and Turner, P. A.: Nitrous oxide emissions are enhanced in a warmer and wetter world, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 12081–12085, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704552114, 2017.
Gu, B., Song, Y., Yu, C., and Ju, X.: Overcoming socioeconomic barriers to reduce agricultural ammonia emission in China, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 27, 25813–25817, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09154-9, 2020.
Gu, B., Zhang, L., Van Dingenen, R., Vieno, M., Van Grinsven, H. J. M., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Wang, S., Ren, C., Rao, S., Holland, M., Winiwarter, W., Chen, D., Xu, J., and Sutton, M. A.: Abating ammonia is more cost-effective than nitrogen oxides for mitigating PM2.5 air pollution, Science, 374, 758–762, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf8623, 2021.
Gu, B., Zhang, X., Lam, S. K., Yu, Y., Van Grinsven, H. J. M., Zhang, S., Wang, X., Bodirsky, B. L., Wang, S., Duan, J., Ren, C., Bouwman, L., De Vries, W., Xu, J., Sutton, M. A., and Chen, D.: Cost-effective mitigation of nitrogen pollution from global croplands, Nature, 613, 77–84, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05481-8, 2023.
Guo, H., Otjes, R., Schlag, P., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Effectiveness of ammonia reduction on control of fine particle nitrate, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12241–12256, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12241-2018, 2018.
Guo, J. H., Liu, X. J., Zhang, Y., Shen, J. L., Han, W. X., Zhang, W. F., Christie, P., Goulding, K. W. T., Vitousek, P. M., and Zhang, F. S.: Significant Acidification in Major Chinese Croplands, Science, 327, 1008–1010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182570, 2010.
Guo, Y., He, P., Searchinger, T. D., Chen, Y., Springmann, M., Zhou, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, L., and Mauzerall, D. L.: Environmental and human health trade-offs in potential Chinese dietary shifts, One Earth, 5, 268–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.02.002, 2022.
Hall, J. V., Zibtsev, S. V., Giglio, L., Skakun, S., Myroniuk, V., Zhuravel, O., Goldammer, J. G., and Kussul, N.: Environmental and political implications of underestimated cropland burning in Ukraine, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 064019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abfc04, 2021.
Han, X., Zhu, L., Liu, M., Song, Y., and Zhang, M.: Numerical analysis of agricultural emissions impacts on PM2.5 in China using a high-resolution ammonia emission inventory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9979–9996, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9979-2020, 2020.
Herrero, M., Havlik, P., Valin, H., Notenbaert, A., Rufino, M. C., Thornton, P. K., Blummel, M., Weiss, F., Grace, D., and Obersteiner, M.: Biomass use, production, feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 20888–20893, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308149110, 2013.
Hill, J., Goodkind, A., Tessum, C., Thakrar, S., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., Smith, T., Hunt, N., Mullins, K., Clark, M., and Marshall, J.: Air-quality-related health damages of maize, Nat. Sustain., 2, 397–403, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0261-y, 2019.
Holcomb, J. C., Sullivan, D. M., Horneck, D. A., and Clough, G. H.: Effect of Irrigation Rate on Ammonia Volatilization, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 2341–2347, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0446, 2011.
Holt, J., Selin, N. E., and Solomon, S.: Changes in Inorganic Fine Particulate Matter Sensitivities to Precursors Due to Large-Scale US Emissions Reductions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 4834–4841, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00008, 2015.
Hou, Y., Velthof, G. L., and Oenema, O.: Mitigation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions from manure management chains: a meta-analysis and integrated assessment, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 1293–1312, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12767, 2015.
Houlton, B. Z., Almaraz, M., Aneja, V., Austin, A. T., Bai, E., Cassman, K. G., Compton, J. E., Davidson, E. A., Erisman, J. W., Galloway, J. N., Gu, B., Yao, G., Martinelli, L. A., Scow, K., Schlesinger, W. H., Tomich, T. P., Wang, C., and Zhang, X.: A World of Cobenefits: Solving the Global Nitrogen Challenge, Earth's Fut., 7, 865–872, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001222, 2019.
Huang, L., Fang, J., Liao, J., Yarwood, G., Chen, H., Wang, Y., and Li, L.: Insights into soil NO emissions and the contribution to surface ozone formation in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14919–14932, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14919-2023, 2023.
Huang, T. B., Zhu, X., Zhong, Q. R., Yun, X., Meng, W. J., Li, B. G., Ma, J. M., Zeng, E. Y., and Tao, S.: Spatial and Temporal Trends in Global Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from 1960 to 2014, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 7992–8000, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02235, 2017.
Huang, X., Song, Y., Li, M., Li, J., Huo, Q., Cai, X., Zhu, T., Hu, M., and Zhang, H.: A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory in China, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, 2011GB004161, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004161, 2012.
Hudman, R. C., Moore, N. E., Mebust, A. K., Martin, R. V., Russell, A. R., Valin, L. C., and Cohen, R. C.: Steps towards a mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7779–7795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7779-2012, 2012.
Jickells, T. and Moore, C. M.: The Importance of Atmospheric Deposition for Ocean Productivity, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evolut. System., 46, 481–501, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054118, 2015.
Jickells, T. D., Buitenhuis, E., Altieri, K., Baker, A. R., Capone, D., Duce, R. A., Dentener, F., Fennel, K., Kanakidou, M., LaRoche, J., Lee, K., Liss, P., Middelburg, J. J., Moore, J. K., Okin, G., Oschlies, A., Sarin, M., Seitzinger, S., Sharples, J., Singh, A., Suntharalingam, P., Uematsu, M., and Zamora, L. M.: A reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 31, 289–305, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005586, 2017.
Jin, S., Zhang, B., Wu, B., Han, D., Hu, Y., Ren, C., Zhang, C., Wei, X., Wu, Y., Mol, A. P. J., Reis, S., Gu, B., and Chen, J.: Decoupling livestock and crop production at the household level in China, Nat. Sustain., 4, 48–55, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00596-0, 2020.
Kim, J., Jeong, U., Ahn, M. H., Kim, J. H., Park, R. J., Lee, H., Song, C. H., Choi, Y. S., Lee, K. H., Yoo, J. M., Jeong, M. J., Park, S. K., Lee, K. M., Song, C. K., Kim, S. W., Kim, Y. J., Kim, S. W., Kim, M., Go, S., Liu, X., Chance, K., Chan Miller, C., Al-Saadi, J., Veihelmann, B., Bhartia, P. K., Torres, O., Abad, G. G., Haffner, D. P., Ko, D. H., Lee, S. H., Woo, J. H., Chong, H., Park, S. S., Nicks, D., Choi, W. J., Moon, K. J., Cho, A., Yoon, J., Kim, S. K., Hong, H., Lee, K., Lee, H., Lee, S., Choi, M., Veefkind, P., Levelt, P. F., Edwards, D. P., Kang, M., Eo, M., Bak, J., Baek, K., Kwon, H. A., Yang, J., Park, J., Han, K. M., Kim, B. R., Shin, H. W., Choi, H., Lee, E., Chong, J., Cha, Y., Koo, J. H., Irie, H., Hayashida, S., Kasai, Y., Kanaya, Y., Liu, C., Lin, J., Crawford, J. H., Carmichael, G. R., Newchurch, M. J., Lefer, B. L., Herman, J. R., Swap, R. J., Lau, A. K. H., Kurosu, T. P., Jaross, G., Ahlers, B., Dobber, M., McElroy, C. T., and Choi, Y.: New Era of Air Quality Monitoring from Space: Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E1–E22, https://doi.org/10.1175/Bams-D-18-0013.1, 2020.
Korontzi, S., McCarty, J., Loboda, T., Kumar, S., and Justice, C.: Global distribution of agricultural fires in croplands from 3 years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002529, 2006.
Lan, R., Eastham, S. D., Liu, T., Norford, L. K., and Barrett, S. R. H.: Air quality impacts of crop residue burning in India and mitigation alternatives, Nat Commun, 13, 6537, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34093-z, 2022.
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale, Nature, 525, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371, 2015.
Li, C., Aber, J., Stange, F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., and Papen, H.: A process-oriented model of N2O and NO emissions from forest soils: 1. Model development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 4369–4384, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900949, 2000.
Li, M., Jia, N., Lenzen, M., Malik, A., Wei, L., Jin, Y., and Raubenheimer, D.: Global food-miles account for nearly 20 % of total food-systems emissions, Nat. Food, 3, 445–453, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00531-w, 2022.
Li, Y., Schichtel, B. A., Walker, J. T., Schwede, D. B., Chen, X., Lehmann, C. M. B., Puchalski, M. A., Gay, D. A., and Collett, J. L.: Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 5874–5879, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525736113, 2016.
Li, Y., Zhong, H., Shan, Y., Hang, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, Y., and Hubacek, K.: Changes in global food consumption increase GHG emissions despite efficiency gains along global supply chains, Nat. Food, 4, 483–495, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00768-z, 2023.
Lin, M. and Begho, T.: Crop residue burning in South Asia: A review of the scale, effect, and solutions with a focus on reducing reactive nitrogen losses, J. Environ. Manage., 314, 115104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115104, 2022.
Liu, L.: Urbanization is reshaping food production in China, Nature, 621, 42, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02753-9, 2023.
Liu, L., Zhang, X., Xu, W., Liu, X., Li, Y., Lu, X., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, W.: Temporal characteristics of atmospheric ammonia and nitrogen dioxide over China based on emission data, satellite observations and atmospheric transport modeling since 1980, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9365–9378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9365-2017, 2017.
Liu, L., Zhang, X., Xu, W., Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Wei, J., Lu, X., Wang, S., Zhang, W., Zhao, L., Wang, Z., and Wu, X.: Fall of oxidized while rise of reduced reactive nitrogen deposition in China, J. Clean. Produc., 272, 122875, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122875, 2020.
Liu, L., Xu, W., Lu, X., Zhong, B., Guo, Y., Lu, X., Zhao, Y., He, W., Wang, S., Zhang, X., Liu, X., and Vitousek, P.: Exploring global changes in agricultural ammonia emissions and their contribution to nitrogen deposition since 1980, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, e2121998119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121998119, 2022.
Liu, L., Xu, W., Wen, Z., Liu, P., Xu, H., Liu, S., Lu, X., Zhong, B., Guo, Y., Lu, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Vitousek, P. M., and Liu, X.: Modeling global oceanic nitrogen deposition from food systems and its mitigation potential by reducing overuse of fertilizers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 120, e2221459120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2221459120, 2023.
Liu, X., Tai, A. P. K., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Shaddick, G., Yan, X., and Lam, H. M.: Dietary shifts can reduce premature deaths related to particulate matter pollution in China, Nat. Food, 2, 997–1004, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00430-6, 2021a.
Liu, X., Tai, A. P. K., and Fung, K. M.: Responses of surface ozone to future agricultural ammonia emissions and subsequent nitrogen deposition through terrestrial ecosystem changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17743–17758, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17743-2021, 2021b.
Liu, Z. H., Rieder, H. E., Schmidt, C., Mayer, M., Guo, Y. X., Winiwarter, W., and Zhang, L.: Optimal reactive nitrogen control pathways identified for cost-effective PM2.5 mitigation in Europe, Nat. Commun., 14, 4246, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39900-9, 2023a.
Liu, Z. H., Zhou, M., Chen, Y. F., Chen, D., Pan, Y. P., Song, T., Ji, D. S., Chen, Q., and Zhang, L.: The nonlinear response of fine particulate matter pollution to ammonia emission reductions in North China, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 034014, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abdf86, 2021b.
Lopez Barrera, E. and Hertel, T.: Solutions to the double burden of malnutrition also generate health and environmental benefits, Nat. Food, 4, 616–624, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00798-7, 2023.
Lu, M., Yang, Y. H., Luo, Y. Q., Fang, C. M., Zhou, X. H., Chen, J. K., Yang, X., and Li, B.: Responses of ecosystem nitrogen cycle to nitrogen addition: a meta-analysis, New Phytol., 189, 1040–1050, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03563.x, 2011.
Lu, X., Vitousek, P. M., Mao, Q., Gilliam, F. S., Luo, Y., Turner, B. L., Zhou, G., and Mo, J.: Nitrogen deposition accelerates soil carbon sequestration in tropical forests, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2020790118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020790118, 2021a.
Lu, X., Ye, X., Zhou, M., Zhao, Y., Weng, H., Kong, H., Li, K., Gao, M., Zheng, B., Lin, J., Zhou, F., Zhang, Q., Wu, D., Zhang, L., and Zhang, Y.: The underappreciated role of agricultural soil nitrogen oxide emissions in ozone pollution regulation in North China, Nat. Commun., 12, 5021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25147-9, 2021b.
Luo, L., Ran, L., Rasool, Q. Z., and Cohan, D. S.: Integrated Modeling of U.S. Agricultural Soil Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen and Associated Impacts on Air Pollution, Health, and Climate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 9265–9276, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08660, 2022.
Luo, L., Cohan, D. S., Masiello, C. A., Lychuk, T. E., and Gao, X.: Agroecosystem modeling of reactive nitrogen emissions from U.S. agricultural soils with carbon amendments, Biochar, 5, 72, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00271-5, 2023.
Luo, Z., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., Van Damme, M., Coheur, P.-F., and Clarisse, L.: Estimating global ammonia (NH3) emissions based on IASI observations from 2008 to 2018, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10375–10388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10375-2022, 2022.
Ma, R., Zou, J., Han, Z., Yu, K., Wu, S., Li, Z., Liu, S., Niu, S., Horwath, W. R., and Zhu-Barker, X.: Global soil-derived ammonia emissions from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application: A refinement based on regional and crop-specific emission factors, Glob. Change Biol., 27, 855–867, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15437, 2021.
McDuffie, E. E., Smith, S. J., O'Rourke, P., Tibrewal, K., Venkataraman, C., Marais, E. A., Zheng, B., Crippa, M., Brauer, M., and Martin, R. V.: A global anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants from sector- and fuel-specific sources (1970–2017): an application of the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3413–3442, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3413-2020, 2020.
Misselbrook, T. H., Van Der Weerden, T. J., Pain, B. F., Jarvis, S. C., Chambers, B. J., Smith, K. A., Phillips, V. R., and Demmers, T. G. M.: Ammonia emission factors for UK agriculture, Atmos. Environ., 34, 871–880, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00350-7, 2000.
Miyazaki, K., Eskes, H., Sudo, K., Boersma, K. F., Bowman, K., and Kanaya, Y.: Decadal changes in global surface NOx emissions from multi-constituent satellite data assimilation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 807–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-807-2017, 2017.
Nelson, A. J., Lichiheb, N., Koloutsou-Vakakis, S., Rood, M. J., Heuer, M., Myles, L., Joo, E., Miller, J., and Bernacchi, C.: Ammonia flux measurements above a corn canopy using relaxed eddy accumulation and a flux gradient system, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 264, 104–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.10.003, 2019.
Nematian, M., Ng'ombe, J. N., and Keske, C.: Sustaining agricultural economies: regional economic impacts of biochar production from waste orchard biomass in California's Central Valley, Environ. Develop. Sustain., 26, 30701–30721, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03984-6, 2023.
Oswald, R., Behrendt, T., Ermel, M., Wu, D., Su, H., Cheng, Y., Breuninger, C., Moravek, A., Mougin, E., Delon, C., Loubet, B., Pommerening-Röser, A., Sörgel, M., Pöschl, U., Hoffmann, T., Andreae, M. O., Meixner, F. X., and Trebs, I.: HONO Emissions from Soil Bacteria as a Major Source of Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen, Science, 341, 1233–1235, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242266, 2013.
Pan, S.-Y., He, K.-H., Lin, K.-T., Fan, C., and Chang, C.-T.: Addressing nitrogenous gases from croplands toward low-emission agriculture, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 5, 43, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-022-00265-3, 2022.
Pilegaard, K.: Processes regulating nitric oxide emissions from soils, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 368, 20130126, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0126, 2013.
Pinder, R. W., Adams, P. J., and Pandis, S. N.: Ammonia emission controls as a cost-effective strategy for reducing atmospheric particulate matter in the eastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 380–386, https://doi.org/10.1021/es060379a, 2007.
Pozzer, A., Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., de Meij, A., and Lelieveld, J.: Impact of agricultural emission reductions on fine-particulate matter and public health, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 12813–12826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12813-2017, 2017.
Qiao, C., Liu, L., Hu, S., Compton, J. E., Greaver, T. L., and Li, Q.: How inhibiting nitrification affects nitrogen cycle and reduces environmental impacts of anthropogenic nitrogen input, Global Change Biol., 21, 1249–1257, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12802, 2015.
Quinn Thomas, R., Canham, C. D., Weathers, K. C., and Goodale, C. L.: Increased tree carbon storage in response to nitrogen deposition in the US, Nat. Geosci., 3, 13–17, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo721, 2010.
Reddington, C. L., Conibear, L., Robinson, S., Knote, C., Arnold, S. R., and Spracklen, D. V.: Air Pollution From Forest and Vegetation Fires in Southeast Asia Disproportionately Impacts the Poor, Geohealth, 5, e2021GH000418, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gh000418, 2021.
Ren, C., Zhang, X., Reis, S., and Gu, B.: Socioeconomic barriers of nitrogen management for agricultural and environmental sustainability, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 333, 107950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107950, 2022.
Richardson, K., Steffen, W., Lucht, W., Bendtsen, J., Cornell, S. E., Donges, J. F., Drüke, M., Fetzer, I., Bala, G., von Bloh, W., Feulner, G., Fiedler, S., Gerten, D., Gleeson, T., Hofmann, M., Huiskamp, W., Kummu, M., Mohan, C., Nogués-Bravo, D., Petri, S., Porkka, M., Rahmstorf, S., Schaphoff, S., Thonicke, K., Tobian, A., Virkki, V., Wang-Erlandsson, L., Weber, L., and Rockström, J.: Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries, Sci. Adv., 9, eadh2458, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458, 2023.
Romer, P. S., Duffey, K. C., Wooldridge, P. J., Edgerton, E., Baumann, K., Feiner, P. A., Miller, D. O., Brune, W. H., Koss, A. R., de Gouw, J. A., Misztal, P. K., Goldstein, A. H., and Cohen, R. C.: Effects of temperature-dependent NOx emissions on continental ozone production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2601–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2601-2018, 2018.
Sha, T., Ma, X., Zhang, H., Janechek, N., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., García, L. C., Jenerette, G. D., and Wang, J.: Impacts of Soil NOx Emission on O3 Air Quality in Rural California, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 7113–7122, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06834, 2021.
Shafiee-Jood, M. and Cai, X.: Reducing Food Loss and Waste to Enhance Food Security and Environmental Sustainability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 8432–8443, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01993, 2016.
Shen, H., Chen, Y., Hu, Y., Ran, L., Lam, S. K., Pavur, G. K., Zhou, F., Pleim, J. E., and Russell, A. G.: Intense Warming Will Significantly Increase Cropland Ammonia Volatilization Threatening Food Security and Ecosystem Health, One Earth, 3, 126–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.015, 2020.
Simkin, S. M., Allen, E. B., Bowman, W. D., Clark, C. M., Belnap, J., Brooks, M. L., Cade, B. S., Collins, S. L., Geiser, L. H., Gilliam, F. S., Jovan, S. E., Pardo, L. H., Schulz, B. K., Stevens, C. J., Suding, K. N., Throop, H. L., and Waller, D. M.: Conditional vulnerability of plant diversity to atmospheric nitrogen deposition across the United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 4086–4091, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515241113, 2016.
Song, S., Nenes, A., Gao, M., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Shao, J., Ye, D., Xu, W., Lei, L., Sun, Y., Liu, B., Wang, S., and McElroy, M. B.: Thermodynamic Modeling Suggests Declines in Water Uptake and Acidity of Inorganic Aerosols in Beijing Winter Haze Events during 2014/2015–2018/2019, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 6, 752–760, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00621, 2019.
Springmann, M., Van Dingenen, R., Vandyck, T., Latka, C., Witzke, P., and Leip, A.: The global and regional air quality impacts of dietary change, Nat. Commun., 14, 6227 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41789-3, 2023.
Tai, A. P. K. and Martin, M. V.: Impacts of ozone air pollution and temperature extremes on crop yields: Spatial variability, adaptation and implications for future food security, Atmos. Environ., 169, 11–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.002, 2017.
Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V., and Heald, C. L.: Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 817–821, https://doi.org/10.1038/Nclimate2317, 2014.
Tan, J., Fu, J. S., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Ammonia emission abatement does not fully control reduced forms of nitrogen deposition, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 9771–9775, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920068117, 2020.
Thakrar, S. K., Balasubramanian, S., Adams, P. J., Azevedo, I. M. L., Muller, N. Z., Pandis, S. N., Polasky, S., Pope, C. A., Robinson, A. L., Apte, J. S., Tessum, C. W., Marshall, J. D., and Hill, J. D.: Reducing Mortality from Air Pollution in the United States by Targeting Specific Emission Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 7, 639–645, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00424, 2020.
Thomas, R. Q., Canham, C. D., Weathers, K. C., and Goodale, C. L.: Increased tree carbon storage in response to nitrogen deposition in the US, Nat. Geosci., 3, 13–17, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo721, 2010.
Thunis, P., Clappier, A., Beekmann, M., Putaud, J. P., Cuvelier, C., Madrazo, J., and de Meij, A.: Non-linear response of PM2.5 to changes in NOx and NH3 emissions in the Po basin (Italy): consequences for air quality plans, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9309–9327, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9309-2021, 2021.
Tschofen, P., Azevedo, I. L., and Muller, N. Z.: Fine particulate matter damages and value added in the US economy, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 19857–19862, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905030116, 2019.
Uwizeye, A., de Boer, I. J. M., Opio, C. I., Schulte, R. P. O., Falcucci, A., Tempio, G., Teillard, F., Casu, F., Rulli, M., Galloway, J. N., Leip, A., Erisman, J. W., Robinson, T. P., Steinfeld, H., and Gerber, P. J.: Nitrogen emissions along global livestock supply chains, Nat. Food, 1, 437–446, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0113-y, 2020.
van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T. T., Chen, Y., Rogers, B. M., Mu, M., van Marle, M. J. E., Morton, D. C., Collatz, G. J., Yokelson, R. J., and Kasibhatla, P. S.: Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 697–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017, 2017.
Vigan, A., Hassouna, M., Guingand, N., Brame, C., Edouard, N., Eglin, T., Espagnol, S., Eugène, M., Génermont, S., Lagadec, S., Lorinquer, E., Loyon, L., Ponchant, P., and Robin, P.: Development of a Database to Collect Emission Values for Livestock Systems, J. Environ. Qual., 48, 1899–1906, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2019.01.0007, 2019.
Vira, J., Hess, P., Melkonian, J., and Wieder, W. R.: An improved mechanistic model for ammonia volatilization in Earth system models: Flow of Agricultural Nitrogen version 2 (FANv2), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4459–4490, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4459-2020, 2020.
Wagner-Riddle, C., Congreves, K. A., Abalos, D., Berg, A. A., Brown, S. E., Ambadan, J. T., Gao, X., and Tenuta, M.: Globally important nitrous oxide emissions from croplands induced by freeze–thaw cycles, Nat. Geosci., 10, 279–283, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2907, 2017.
Wang, Y., Fu, X., Wu, D., Wang, M., Lu, K., Mu, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., and Wang, T.: Agricultural Fertilization Aggravates Air Pollution by Stimulating Soil Nitrous Acid Emissions at High Soil Moisture, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 14556–14566, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04134, 2021.
Wang, Y., Fu, X., Wang, T., Ma, J., Gao, H., Wang, X., and Pu, W.: Large Contribution of Nitrous Acid to Soil-Emitted Reactive Oxidized Nitrogen and Its Effect on Air Quality, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 3516–3526, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07793, 2023.
Webb, J., Menzi, H., Pain, B. F., Misselbrook, T. H., Dammgen, U., Hendriks, H., and Dohler, H.: Managing ammonia emissions from livestock production in Europe, Environ. Pollut., 135, 399–406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.013, 2005.
Wrage-Mönnig, N., Horn, M. A., Well, R., Müller, C., Velthof, G., and Oenema, O.: The role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide revisited, Soil Biol. Biochem., 123, A3–A16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.03.020, 2018.
Yan, X., Ying, Y., Li, K., Zhang, Q., and Wang, K.: A review of mitigation technologies and management strategies for greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions in livestock production, J. Environ. Manage, 352, 120028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120028, 2024.
Yang, Y., Liu, L., Liu, P., Ding, J., Xu, H., and Liu, S.: Improved global agricultural crop- and animal-specific ammonia emissions during 1961–2018, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 344, 108289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108289, 2023.
Yang, Y., Liu, L., Zhou, W., Guan, K., Tang, J., Kim, T., Grant, R. F., Peng, B., Zhu, P., Li, Z., Griffis, T. J., and Jin, Z.: Distinct driving mechanisms of non-growing season N2O emissions call for spatial-specific mitigation strategies in the US Midwest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 324, 109108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109108, 2022.
Yang, Y. Y., Liu, L., Liu, P., Ding, J., Xu, H., and Liu, S.: Improved global agricultural crop- and animal-specific ammonia emissions during 1961–2018, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 344, 108289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108289, 2023.
Zhang, C. H., Guo, H. R., Huang, H., Ma, T. Y., Song, W., Chen, C. J., and Liu, X. Y.: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and its responses to anthropogenic emissions in a global hotspot region, Atmos. Res., 248, 105137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105137, 2021.
Zhang, Q., Li, Y. A., Wang, M. R., Wang, K., Meng, F. L., Liu, L., Zhao, Y. H., Ma, L., Zhu, Q. C., Xu, W., and Zhang, F. S.: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition: A review of quantification methods and its spatial pattern derived from the global monitoring networks, Ecotox Environ. Safe, 216, 112180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112180, 2021.
Zhang, T., Wooster, M., de Jong, M., and Xu, W.: How Well Does the `Small Fire Boost' Methodology Used within the GFED4.1s Fire Emissions Database Represent the Timing, Location and Magnitude of Agricultural Burning?, Remote Sens., 10, 823, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060823, 2018.
Zhang, T., de Jong, M. C., Wooster, M. J., Xu, W., and Wang, L.: Trends in eastern China agricultural fire emissions derived from a combination of geostationary (Himawari) and polar (VIIRS) orbiter fire radiative power products, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10687–10705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10687-2020, 2020.
Zhang, X., Davidson, E. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Searchinger, T. D., Dumas, P., and Shen, Y.: Managing nitrogen for sustainable development, Nature, 528, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15743, 2015.
Zhang, X., Gu, B., van Grinsven, H., Lam, S. K., Liang, X., Bai, M., and Chen, D.: Societal benefits of halving agricultural ammonia emissions in China far exceed the abatement costs, Nat. Commun., 11, 4357, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18196-z, 2020.
Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Liu, X., Xu, W., Pan, Y., and Duan, L.: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to China: A model analysis on nitrogen budget and critical load exceedance, Atmos. Environ., 153, 32–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.018, 2017a.
Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Tai, A. P. K., Chen, Y., and Pan, Y.: Responses of surface ozone air quality to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition in the Northern Hemisphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9781–9796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9781-2017, 2017b.
Zoogman, P., Liu, X., Suleiman, R. M., Pennington, W. F., Flittner, D. E., Al-Saadi, J. A., Hilton, B. B., Nicks, D. K., Newchurch, M. J., Carr, J. L., Janz, S. J., Andraschko, M. R., Arola, A., Baker, B. D., Canova, B. P., Chan Miller, C., Cohen, R. C., Davis, J. E., Dussault, M. E., Edwards, D. P., Fishman, J., Ghulam, A., González Abad, G., Grutter, M., Herman, J. R., Houck, J., Jacob, D. J., Joiner, J., Kerridge, B. J., Kim, J., Krotkov, N. A., Lamsal, L., Li, C., Lindfors, A., Martin, R. V., McElroy, C. T., McLinden, C., Natraj, V., Neil, D. O., Nowlan, C. R., O'Sullivan, E. J., Palmer, P. I., Pierce, R. B., Pippin, M. R., Saiz-Lopez, A., Spurr, R. J. D., Szykman, J. J., Torres, O., Veefkind, J. P., Veihelmann, B., Wang, H., Wang, J., and Chance, K.: Tropospheric emissions: Monitoring of pollution (TEMPO), J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 186, 17–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.05.008, 2017.
Executive editor
Agriculture and food systems significantly affect atmospheric composition, air quality and ecosystems and their relative influence is growing due to the regulations of traditional industrial emissions and due to increasing food demand and changes in dietary choices. This opinion piece discusses not just the direct emissions of reactive nitrogen compounds, but also related pre- and post-stages, including fertilizer production, food processing and transport. The authors give valuable recommendations for future societally and environmentally responsible regulations of the food systems to meet global sustainability goals.
Agriculture and food systems significantly affect atmospheric composition, air quality and...
Short summary
We discuss our current understanding of and knowledge gaps in how agriculture and food systems affect air quality and how agricultural emissions can be mitigated. We argue that scientists need to address these gaps, especially as the importance of fossil fuel emissions is fading. This will help guide food-system transformation in economically viable, socially inclusive, and environmentally responsible ways and is essential to help society achieve sustainable development.
We discuss our current understanding of and knowledge gaps in how agriculture and food systems...
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint