Articles | Volume 25, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8959-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Aug 2025
Research article |
| 15 Aug 2025
| 15 Aug 2025
The spatiotemporal evolution of atmospheric boundary layers over a thermally heterogeneous landscape
Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Invited contribution by Mary Rose Mangan, recipient of the EGU Atmospheric Sciences Outstanding Student and PhD candidate Presentation Award 2022.
Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Bart J. H. van Stratum
Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Marie Lothon
Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 14 avenue Edouard Belin 31400, Toulouse, France
Guylaine Canut-Rocafort
Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM)/Météo-France, 42 ave. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse, France
Oscar K. Hartogensis
Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Luiz A. T. Machado, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Santiago Botía, Hella van Asperen, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Paulo Artaxo, Achim Edtbauer, Rosaria R. Ferreira, Marco A. Franco, Hartwig Harder, Sam P. Jones, Cléo Q. Dias-Júnior, Guido G. Haytzmann, Carlos A. Quesada, Shujiro Komiya, Jost Lavric, Jos Lelieveld, Ingeborg Levin, Anke Nölscher, Eva Pfannerstill, Mira L. Pöhlker, Ulrich Pöschl, Akima Ringsdorf, Luciana Rizzo, Ana M. Yáñez-Serrano, Susan Trumbore, Wanda I. D. Valenti, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Walter, Jonathan Williams, Stefan Wolff, and Christopher Pöhlker
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Kim A. P. Faassen, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Raquel González-Armas, Bert G. Heusinkveld, Ivan Mammarella, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
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Jérémy Gueffier, François Gheusi, Marie Lothon, Véronique Pont, Alban Philibert, Fabienne Lohou, Solène Derrien, Yannick Bezombes, Gilles Athier, Yves Meyerfeld, Antoine Vial, and Emmanuel Leclerc
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This study investigates the link between weather regime and atmospheric composition at a Pyrenean observatory. Five years of meteorological data were synchronized on a daily basis and then, using a clustering method, separated into six groups of observation days, with most showing marked characteristics of different weather regimes (fair and disturbed weather, winter windstorms, foehn). Statistical differences in gas and particle concentrations appeared between the groups and are discussed.
Cheikh Dione, Martial Haeffelin, Frédéric Burnet, Christine Lac, Guylaine Canut, Julien Delanoë, Jean-Charles Dupont, Susana Jorquera, Pauline Martinet, Jean-François Ribaud, and Felipe Toledo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15711–15731, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15711-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15711-2023, 2023
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This paper documents the role of thermodynamics and turbulence in the fog life cycle over southwestern France. It is based on a unique dataset collected during the SOFOG3D field campaign in autumn and winter 2019–2020. The paper gives a threshold for turbulence driving the different phases of the fog life cycle and the role of advection in the night-time dissipation of fog. The results can be operationalised to nowcast fog and improve short-range forecasts in numerical weather prediction models.
Robbert P. J. Moonen, Getachew A. Adnew, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, David J. Bonell Fontas, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5787–5810, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5787-2023, 2023
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Isotope fluxes allow for net ecosystem gas exchange fluxes to be partitioned into sub-components like plant assimilation, respiration and transpiration, which can help us better understand the environmental drivers of each partial flux. We share the results of a field campaign isotope fluxes were derived using a combination of laser spectroscopy and eddy covariance. We found lag times and high frequency signal loss in the isotope fluxes we derived and present methods to correct for both.
Leonie Villiger, Marina Dütsch, Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Patrick Chazette, Pierre Coutris, Julien Delanoë, Cyrille Flamant, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Martin Werner, and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14643–14672, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, 2023
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This study evaluates three numerical simulations performed with an isotope-enabled weather forecast model and investigates the coupling between shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds and atmospheric circulations on different scales. We show that the simulations reproduce key characteristics of shallow trade-wind clouds as observed during the field experiment EUREC4A and that the spatial distribution of stable-water-vapour isotopes is shaped by the overturning circulation associated with these clouds.
Kim A. P. Faassen, Linh N. T. Nguyen, Eadin R. Broekema, Bert A. M. Kers, Ivan Mammarella, Timo Vesala, Penelope A. Pickers, Andrew C. Manning, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Harro A. J. Meijer, Wouter Peters, and Ingrid T. Luijkx
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The exchange ratio (ER) between atmospheric O2 and CO2 provides a useful tracer for separately estimating photosynthesis and respiration processes in the forest carbon balance. This is highly relevant to better understand the expected biosphere sink, which determines future atmospheric CO2 levels. We therefore measured O2, CO2, and their ER above a boreal forest in Finland and investigated their diurnal behaviour for a representative day, and we show the most suitable way to determine the ER.
Micael Amore Cecchini, Marco de Bruine, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Paulo Artaxo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11867–11888, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11867-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11867-2022, 2022
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Shallow clouds (vertical extent up to 3 km height) are ubiquitous throughout the Amazon and are responsible for redistributing the solar heat and moisture vertically and horizontally. They are a key component of the water cycle because they can grow past the shallow phase to contribute significantly to the precipitation formation. However, they need favourable environmental conditions to grow. In this study, we analyse how changing wind patterns affect the development of such shallow clouds.
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Oscar Hartogensis, Francisco Suárez, Ariadna Huerta-Viso, Imme Benedict, Alberto de la Fuente, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3709–3729, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3709-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3709-2022, 2022
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This research brings a multi-scale temporal analysis of evaporation in a saline lake of the Atacama Desert. Our findings reveal that evaporation is controlled differently depending on the timescale. Evaporation is controlled sub-diurnally by wind speed, regulated seasonally by radiation and modulated interannually by ENSO. Our research extends our understanding of evaporation, contributing to improving the climate change assessment and efficiency of water management in arid regions.
Ruben B. Schulte, Margreet C. van Zanten, Bart J. H. van Stratum, and Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 8241–8257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8241-2022, 2022
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We present a fine-scale simulation framework, utilizing large-eddy simulations, to assess NH3 measurements influenced by boundary-layer dynamics and turbulent dispersion of a nearby emission source. The minimum required distance from an emission source differs for concentration and flux measurements, from 0.5–3.0 km and 0.75–4.5 km, respectively. The simulation framework presented here proves to be a powerful and versatile tool for future NH3 research at high spatio-temporal resolutions.
Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Julien Delanoë, Pierre Coutris, Jean-Claude Etienne, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Thierry André, Hubert Bellec, Alexandre Baron, Jean-François Bourdinot, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Aurélien Bourdon, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Christophe Caudoux, Patrick Chazette, Michel Cluzeau, Céline Cornet, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Dominique Duchanoy, Cyrille Flamant, Benjamin Fildier, Christophe Gourbeyre, Laurent Guiraud, Tetyana Jiang, Claude Lainard, Christophe Le Gac, Christian Lendroit, Julien Lernould, Thierry Perrin, Frédéric Pouvesle, Pascal Richard, Nicolas Rochetin, Kevin Salaün, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Guillaume Seurat, Bjorn Stevens, Julien Totems, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Gilles Vergez, Jessica Vial, Leonie Villiger, and Raphaela Vogel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2021–2064, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2021-2022, 2022
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The French ATR42 research aircraft participated in the EUREC4A international field campaign that took place in 2020 over the tropical Atlantic, east of Barbados. We present the extensive instrumentation of the aircraft, the research flights and the different measurements. We show that the ATR measurements of humidity, wind, aerosols and cloudiness in the lower atmosphere are robust and consistent with each other. They will make it possible to advance understanding of cloud–climate interactions.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
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The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Marie Lothon, Jean-Claude Etienne, Pascal Richard, Sandrine Bony, Julien Lernoult, Hubert Bellec, Gilles Vergez, Thierry Perrin, Julien Delanoë, Tetyana Jiang, Frédéric Pouvesle, Claude Lainard, Michel Cluzeau, Laurent Guiraud, Patrice Medina, and Theotime Charoy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3379–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3379-2021, 2021
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During the EUREC4A field experiment that took place over the tropical Atlantic Ocean east of Barbados, the French ATR 42 environment research aircraft of SAFIRE aimed to characterize the shallow cloud properties near cloud base and the turbulent structure of the subcloud layer. The high-frequency measurements of wind, temperature and humidity as well as their translation in terms of turbulent fluctuations, turbulent moments and characteristic length scales of turbulence are presented.
Carlos Román-Cascón, Marie Lothon, Fabienne Lohou, Oscar Hartogensis, Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano, David Pino, Carlos Yagüe, and Eric R. Pardyjak
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3939–3967, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3939-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3939-2021, 2021
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The type of vegetation (or land cover) and its status influence the heat and water transfers between the surface and the air, affecting the processes that develop in the atmosphere at different (but connected) spatiotemporal scales. In this work, we investigate how these transfers are affected by the way the surface is represented in a widely used weather model. The results encourage including realistic high-resolution and updated land cover databases in models to improve their predictions.
Robin Stoffer, Caspar M. van Leeuwen, Damian Podareanu, Valeriu Codreanu, Menno A. Veerman, Martin Janssens, Oscar K. Hartogensis, and Chiel C. van Heerwaarden
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3769–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3769-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3769-2021, 2021
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Turbulent flows are often simulated with the large-eddy simulation (LES) technique, which requires subgrid models to account for the smallest scales. Current subgrid models often require strong simplifying assumptions. We therefore developed a subgrid model based on artificial neural networks, which requires fewer assumptions. Our data-driven SGS model showed high potential in accurately representing the smallest scales but still introduced instability when incorporated into an actual LES.
Felipe Lobos-Roco, Oscar Hartogensis, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Alberto de la Fuente, Ricardo Muñoz, José Rutllant, and Francisco Suárez
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9125–9150, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9125-2021, 2021
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We investigate the influence of regional atmospheric circulation on the evaporation of a saline lake in the Altiplano region of the Atacama Desert through a field experiment and regional modeling. Our results show that evaporation is controlled by two regimes: (1) in the morning by local conditions with low evaporation rates and low wind speed and (2) in the afternoon with high evaporation rates and high wind speed. Afternoon winds are connected to the regional Pacific Ocean–Andes flow.
Maurin Zouzoua, Fabienne Lohou, Paul Assamoi, Marie Lothon, Véronique Yoboue, Cheikh Dione, Norbert Kalthoff, Bianca Adler, Karmen Babić, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, and Solène Derrien
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2027–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2027-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2027-2021, 2021
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Based on a field experiment conducted in June and July 2016, we analyzed the daytime breakup of continental low-level stratiform clouds over southern West Africa in order to provide complementary guidance for model evaluation during the monsoon season. Those clouds exhibit weaker temperature and moisture jumps at the top compared to marine stratiform clouds. Their lifetime and the transition towards shallow convective clouds during daytime hours depend on their coupling with the surface.
Cited articles
Aguirre-Correa, F., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Ronda, R., Lobos-Roco, F., Suárez, F., and Hartogensis, O.: Midday Boundary-Layer Collapse in the Altiplano Desert: The Combined Effect of Advection and Subsidence, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 187, 643–671, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-023-00790-5, 2023. a
Avissar, R. and Schmidt, T.: An Evaluation of the Scale at which Ground-Surface Heat Flux Patchiness Affects the Convective Boundary Layer Using Large-Eddy Simulations, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2666–2689, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2666:AEOTSA>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a, b, c
Beyrich, F. and Mengelkamp, H.-T.: Evaporation over a Heterogeneous Land Surface: EVA_GRIPS and the LITFASS-2003 Experiment – An Overview, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 121, 5–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9079-z, 2006. a
Boone, A., Bellvert, J., Best, M., Brooke, J., Canut-Rocafort, G., Cuxart, J., Hartogensis, O., Le Moigne, P., Miró, J. R., Polcher, J., Price, J., Quintana Seguí, P., and Wooster, M.: Updates on the International Land Surface Interactions with the Atmophere over the Iberian Semi-Arid Environment (LIAISE) Field Campaign, GEWEX News, 31, 17–21, 2021. a
Boone, A., Bellvert, J., Best, M., Brooke, J. K., Canut-Rocafort, G., Cuxart, J., Hartogensis, O., Le Moigne, P., Miró, J. R., Polcher, J., Price, J., Seguí, P. Q., Bech, J., Bezombes, Y., Branch, O., Cristóbal, J., Dassas, K., Fanise, P., Gibert, F., Goulas, Y., Groh, J., Hanus, J., Hmimina, G., Jarlan, L., Kim, E., Dantec, V. L., Page, M. L., Lohou, F., Lothon, M., Mangan, M. R., Martí, B., Martínez-Villagrasa, D., McGregor, J., Kerr-Munslow, A., Ouaadi, N., Philibert, A., Quiros-Vargas, J., Rascher, U., Siegmann, B., Udina, M., Vial, A., Wrenger, B., Wulfmeyer, V., and Zribi, M.: The Land Surface Interactions with the Atmosphere over the Iberian Semi-Arid Environment (LIAISE) field campaign, Journal of the European Meteorological Society, 2, 100007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemets.2025.100007, 2025. a
Bou-Zeid, E., Anderson, W., Katul, G. G., and Mahrt, L.: The Persistent Challenge of Surface Heterogeneity in Boundary-Layer Meteorology: A Review, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 177, 227–245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00551-8, 2020. a, b, c
Brilouet, P.-E., Lothon, M., Etienne, J.-C., Richard, P., Bony, S., Lernoult, J., Bellec, H., Vergez, G., Perrin, T., Delanoë, J., Jiang, T., Pouvesle, F., Lainard, C., Cluzeau, M., Guiraud, L., Medina, P., and Charoy, T.: The EUREC4A turbulence dataset derived from the SAFIRE ATR 42 aircraft, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3379–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3379-2021, 2021. a
Brunsell, N. A., Mechem, D. B., and Anderson, M. C.: Surface heterogeneity impacts on boundary layer dynamics via energy balance partitioning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3403–3416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3403-2011, 2011. a
Butterworth, B. J., Desai, A. R., Townsend, P. A., Petty, G. W., Andresen, C. G., Bertram, T. H., Kruger, E. L., Mineau, J. K., Olson, E. R., Paleri, S., Pertzborn, R. A., Pettersen, C., Stoy, P. C., Thom, J. E., Vermeuel, M. P., Wagner, T. J., Wright, D. B., Zheng, T., Metzger, S., Schwartz, M. D., Iglinski, T. J., Mauder, M., Speidel, J., Vogelmann, H., Wanner, L., Augustine, T. J., Brown, W. O. J., Oncley, S. P., Buban, M., Lee, T. R., Cleary, P., Durden, D. J., Florian, C. R., Lantz, K., Riihimaki, L. D., Sedlar, J., Meyers, T. P., Plummer, D. M., Guzman, E. R., Smith, E. N., Sühring, M., Turner, D. D., Wang, Z., White, L. D., and Wilczak, J. M.: Connecting Land–Atmosphere Interactions to Surface Heterogeneity in CHEESEHEAD19, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E421–E445, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0346.1, 2021. a
Canut, G.: LIAISE_LA-CENDROSA_CNRM_TETHERED-BALLOON-TURB_L2, Aeris [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/528, 2023. a
de Roode, S. R., Duynkerke, P. G., and Jonker, H. J. J.: Large-Eddy Simulation: How Large is Large Enough?, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 403–421, 2004. a
Garratt, J. R.: The internal boundary layer – A review, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 50, 171–203, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120524, 1990. a
Garrouste, O. and Canut, G.: LIAISE_LA-CENDROSA_CNRM_RS_L2, Aeris [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/322, 2022. a
Hechtel, L. M., Stull, R. B., and Moeng, C.-H.: The Effects of Nonhomogeneous Surface Fluxes on the Convective Boundary Layer: A Case Study Using Large-Eddy Simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1721–1741, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1721:TEONSF>2.0.CO;2, 1990. a, b, c
Hoinka, K. P. and Castro, M. D.: The Iberian Peninsula thermal low, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1491–1511, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.189, 2003. a
Huang, H.-Y. and Margulis, S. A.: On the impact of surface heterogeneity on a realistic convective boundary layer, Water Resour. Res., 45, W04425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007175, 2009. a, b, c, d
Huang, J., Lee, X., and Patton, E. G.: Dissimilarity of Scalar Transport in the Convective Boundary Layer in Inhomogeneous Landscapes, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 130, 327–345, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-009-9356-8, 2009. a
Jiménez, M. A., Grau, A., Martínez-Villagrasa, D., and Cuxart, J.: Characterization of the marine-air intrusion Marinada in the eastern Ebro sub-basin, Int. J. Climatol., 43, 7682–7699, 2023. a
Jonker, H. J. J., Duynkerke, P. G., and Cuijpers, J. W. M.: Mesoscale Fluctuations in Scalars Generated by Boundary Layer Convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 801–808, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0801:MFISGB>2.0.CO;2, 1999. a
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Liu, G., Sun, J., and Yin, L.: Turbulence Characteristics of the Shear-Free Convective Boundary Layer Driven by Heterogeneous Surface Heating, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 140, 57–71, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9591-7, 2011. a
Lothon, M. and Canut, G.: SAFIRE ATR42: Turbulence Data 25 Hz, Aeris [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/365, 2022. a
Lunel, T., Boone, A. A., and Le Moigne, P.: Irrigation strongly influences near-surface conditions and induces breeze circulation: Observational and model-based evidence, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 150, 2798–2819, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4736, 2024a. a, b
Lunel, T., Jimenez, M. A., Cuxart, J., Martinez-Villagrasa, D., Boone, A., and Le Moigne, P.: The marinada fall wind in the eastern Ebro sub-basin: physical mechanisms and role of the sea, orography and irrigation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7637–7666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7637-2024, 2024b. a
Mahrt, L.: Surface Heterogeneity and Vertical Structure of the Boundary Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 96, 33–62, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002482332477, 2000. a, b, c
Mangan, M. R., Oldroyd, H. J., Paw U, K. T., Clay, J. M., Drake, S. A., Kelley, J., and Suvočarev, K.: Integrated Quadrant Analysis: A New Method for Analyzing Turbulent Coherent Structures, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 184, 45–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-022-00694-w, 2022a. a
Mangan, M. R., Hartogensis, O., Boone, A., Branch, O., Canut, G., Cuxart, J., de Boar, H., Le Page, M., Martinez Villagrasa, D., Miro, J. R., Price, J., and Quintana, P.: LIAISE_FLUX-MAPS_WUR_SurfaceFluxes_L1, Aeris [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/391, 2022b. a
Mangan, M. R., Hartogensis, O., Branch, O., Martinez Villagrasa, D., Boone, A., Canut, G., Cuxart, J., de Boar, H., Le Page, M., Miro, J. R., and Price, J.: LIAISE_UNIFIED-EC_WUR_30min_L1, Aeris [data set], https://doi.org/10.25326/390, 2022c. a
Mangan, M. R., Hartogensis, O., Boone, A., Branch, O., Canut, G., Cuxart, J., de Boer, H. J., Le Page, M., Martínez-Villagrasa, D., Miró, J. R., Price, J., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: The surface-boundary layer connection across spatial scales of irrigation-driven thermal heterogeneity: An integrated data and modeling study of the LIAISE field campaign, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 335, 109452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109452, 2023a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m
Mangan, M. R., Hartogensis, O., van Heerwaarden, C., and Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J.: Evapotranspiration controls across spatial scales of heterogeneity, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 149, 2696–2718, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4527, 2023b. a, b, c
Mangan, M. R., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., van Stratum, B., and Hartogensis, O.: LIAISE LES - Prescribed Surface Fluxes Case, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13379335, 2024. a
Maronga, B., Moene, A. F., van Dinther, D., Raasch, S., Bosveld, F. C., and Gioli, B.: Derivation of Structure Parameters of Temperature and Humidity in the Convective Boundary Layer from Large-Eddy Simulations and Implications for the Interpretation of Scintillometer Observations, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 148, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9801-6, 2013. a, b
Ouwersloot, H. G., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., van Heerwaarden, C. C., Ganzeveld, L. N., Krol, M. C., and Lelieveld, J.: On the segregation of chemical species in a clear boundary layer over heterogeneous land surfaces, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10681–10704, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10681-2011, 2011. a
Philibert, A., Lothon, M., Amestoy, J., Meslin, P.-Y., Derrien, S., Bezombes, Y., Campistron, B., Lohou, F., Vial, A., Canut-Rocafort, G., Reuder, J., and Brooke, J. K.: CALOTRITON: a convective boundary layer height estimation algorithm from ultra-high-frequency (UHF) wind profiler data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1679–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1679-2024, 2024. a
Pino, D., Jonker, H. J. J., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., and Dosio, A.: Role of Shear and the Inversion Strength During Sunset Turbulence Over Land: Characteristic Length Scales, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 121, 537–556, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9080-6, 2006. a, b
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Short summary
Using observations and high-resolution turbulence modeling, we examine the influence of irrigation-driven surface heterogeneity on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). We use a multi-scale approach for characterizing surface heterogeneity to explore how its influence on the ABL within a grid cell would change with higher-resolution models. We find that the height of the ABL is variable across short distances and that the surface heterogeneity is felt least strongly in the middle of the ABL.
Using observations and high-resolution turbulence modeling, we examine the influence of...
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