Articles | Volume 24, issue 19
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11157-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11157-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Oct 2024
Research article |
| 07 Oct 2024
| 07 Oct 2024
A novel method for detecting tropopause structures based on the bi-Gaussian function
Kun Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230037, China
State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230037, China
Xuebin Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230037, China
Shengcheng Cui
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230037, China
Ningquan Weng
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230037, China
Yinbo Huang
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230037, China
Yingjian Wang
State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230037, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Zhi Qiao, Shengcheng Cui, Huiqiang Xu, Xiaoqing Wu, Xiaodan Liu, Zihan Zhang, Mengying Zhai, Yue Pan, Tao Luo, and Xuebin Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1463, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1463, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We gave first insight into the diel characteristics of the marine aerosol, especially during the day night transition period, to better understand which and how meteorological elements affect the marine aerosol. Overall, wind speeds and sea surface temperature indeed play critical roles in the regulation of aerosol production and diffusion processes, while the sea-air temperature difference is found to be the most vital factor related to the variations of marine aerosol distributions.
Qike Yang, Xiaoqing Wu, Xiaodan Hu, Zhiyuan Wang, Chun Qing, Tao Luo, Pengfei Wu, Xianmei Qian, and Yiming Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6339–6355, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6339-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6339-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The AMPS-forecasted Richardson number was first comprehensively validated over the Antarctic continent. Some potential underlying reasons for the discrepancies between the forecasts and observations were analyzed. The underlying physical processes of triggering atmospheric turbulence in Antarctica were investigated. Our results suggest that the estimated Richardson number by the AMPS is reasonable and the turbulence conditions in Antarctica are well revealed.
Mingxuan Wu, Xiaohong Liu, Hongbin Yu, Hailong Wang, Yang Shi, Kang Yang, Anton Darmenov, Chenglai Wu, Zhien Wang, Tao Luo, Yan Feng, and Ziming Ke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13835–13855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13835-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The spatiotemporal distributions of dust aerosol simulated by global climate models (GCMs) are highly uncertain. In this study, we evaluate dust extinction profiles, optical depth, and surface concentrations simulated in three GCMs and one reanalysis against multiple satellite retrievals and surface observations to gain process-level understanding. Our results highlight the importance of correctly representing dust emission, dry/wet deposition, and size distribution in GCMs.
Cited articles
Alappattu, D. P. and Kunhikrishnan, P. K.: First observations of turbulence parameters in the troposphere over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea using radiosonde, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D06105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012916, 2010.
Alexander, P., de la Torre, A., Llamedo, P., Hierro, R., Schmidt, T., Haser, A., and Wickert, J.: A method to improve the determination of wave perturbations close to the tropopause by using a digital filter, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1777–1784, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1777-2011, 2011.
Anel, J. A., Antuna, J. C., de la Torre, L., Nieto, R., and Gimeno, L.: Global statistics of multiple tropopauses from the IGRA database, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl029224, 2007.
Bai, Z., Bian, J., and Chen, H.: Variation in the tropopause transition layer over China through analyzing high vertical resolution radiosonde data, Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 10, 114–121, 2017.
Bethan, S., Vaughan, G., and Reid, S. J.: A comparison of ozone and thermal tropopause heights and the impact of tropopause definition on quantifying the ozone content of the troposphere, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 929–944, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253207, 1996.
Bian, J.: Recent advances in the study of atmospheric vertical structure in upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Adv. Earth Sci., 24, 262–262, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2009.03.005, 2009.
Bian, J., Li, D., Bai, Z., Li, Q., Lyu, D., and Zhou, X.: Transport of Asian surface pollutants to the global stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region during the Asian summer monsoon, Natl. Sci. Rev., 7, 516–533, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa005, 2020.
Birner, T.: Fine-scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D04104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006301, 2006.
Boothe, A. C. and Homeyer, C. R.: Global large-scale stratosphere-troposphere exchange in modern reanalyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5537–5559, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5537-2017, 2017.
Chen, X. L., Ma, Y. M., Kelder, H., Su, Z., and Yang, K.: On the behaviour of the tropopause folding events over the Tibetan Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5113–5122, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5113-2011, 2011.
Chen, H., Bian, J., and Lv, D.: Advances and prospects in the study of stratosphere-tropopause exchange, Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 813–820, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2006.05.10, 2006.
Danielsen, E. F., Hipskind, R. S., Gaines, S. E., Sachse, G. W., Gregory, G. L., and Hill, G. F.: 3-dimensional analysis of potential vorticity associated with tropopause folds and observed variations of ozone and carbon-monoxied, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 92, 2103–2111, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD02p02103, 1987.
Feng, S., Fu, Y., and Xiao, Q.: Trends in the global tropopause thickness revealed by radiosondes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl053460, 2012.
Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A. E., Dunkerton, T. J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Mote, P. W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008rg000267, 2009.
Gamelin, B. L., Carvalho, L. M. V., and Jones, C.: Evaluating the influence of deep convection on tropopause thermodynamics and lower stratospheric water vapor: A RELAMPAGO case study using the WRF model, Atmos. Res., 267, 105986, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105986, 2022.
Gettelman, A. and Forster, P.: A Climatology of the tropical tropopause layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 911–924, 2002a.
Gettelman, A. and Forster, P. M. D.: A climatology of the tropical tropopause layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn, 80, 911–924, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.911, 2002b.
Gettelman, A. and Wang, T.: Structural diagnostics of the tropopause inversion layer and its evolution, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 46–62, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021846, 2015.
Gettelman, A., Hoor, P., Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Hegglin, M. I., and Birner, T.: The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011rg000355, 2011.
Guo, J., Miao, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Li, Z., Zhang, W., He, J., Lou, M., Yan, Y., Bian, L., and Zhai, P.: The climatology of planetary boundary layer height in China derived from radiosonde and reanalysis data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13309–13319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13309-2016, 2016.
Han, T., Ping, J., and Zhang, S.: Global features and trends of the tropopause derived from GPS/CHAMP RO data, Sci. China-Phys., 54, 365–374, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-010-4217-5, 2011.
He, S. and Wang, H.: Linkage between the East Asian January temperature extremes and the preceding Arctic Oscillation, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 1026–1032, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4399, 2016.
Highwood, E. J. and Hoskins, B. J.: The tropical tropopause, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1579–1604, https://doi.org/10.1256/smsqj.54910, 1998.
Hoerling, M. P., Schaack, T. K., and Lenzen, A. J.: Global objective tropopause analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1816–1831, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1816:Gota>2.0.Co;2, 1991.
Hoffmann, L. and Spang, R.: An assessment of tropopause characteristics of the ERA5 and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4019–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4019-2022, 2022.
Hoffmann, L., Xue, X., and Alexander, M. J.: A global view of stratospheric gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 416–434, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd018658, 2013.
Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403–439, https://doi.org/10.1029/95rg02097, 1995.
Homeyer, C. R., Bowman, K. P., and Pan, L. L.: Extratropical tropopause transition layer characteristics from high-resolution sounding data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D13108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013664, 2010.
Homeyer, C. R., Pan, L. L., and Barth, M. C.: Transport from convective overshooting of the extratropical tropopause and the role of large-scale lower stratosphere stability, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 2220–2240, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020931, 2014a.
Homeyer, C. R., Pan, L. L., Dorsi, S. W., Avallone, L. M., Weinheimer, A. J., O'Brien, A. S., DiGangi, J. P., Zondlo, M. A., Ryerson, T. B., Diskin, G. S., and Campos, T. L.: Convective transport of water vapor into the lower stratosphere observed during double-tropopause events, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 10941–10958, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021485, 2014b.
Johnston, B. and Xie, F.: Characterizing Extratropical Tropopause Bimodality and its Relationship to the Occurrence of Double Tropopauses Using COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation Observations, Remote Sens., 12, 1109, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071109, 2020.
Khan, A., Jin, S., and IEEE: Tropopause variations on Tibet from COSMIC GPS Radio Occulation observations, 36th IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA, 10–15 July 2016, WOS:000388114603259, 3978–3981, https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2016.7730034, 2016.
Kley, D., Stone, E. J., Henderson, W. R., Drummond, J. W., Harrop, W. J., Schmeltekopf, A. L., Thompson, T. L., and Winkler, R. H.: In-situ measurements of the mixing-ratio of water-vapor in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2513–2524, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<2513:Smotmr>2.0.Co;2, 1979.
Koch, S. E., Jamison, B. D., Lu, C. G., Smith, T. L., Tollerud, E. I., Girz, C., Wang, N., Lane, T. P., Shapiro, M. A., Parrish, D. D., and Cooper, O. R.: Turbulence and gravity waves within an upper-level front, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3885–3908, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas3574.1, 2005.
Li, D., Vogel, B., Müller, R., Bian, J., Günther, G., Ploeger, F., Li, Q., Zhang, J., Bai, Z., Vömel, H., and Riese, M.: Dehydration and low ozone in the tropopause layer over the Asian monsoon caused by tropical cyclones: Lagrangian transport calculations using ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4133–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4133-2020, 2020.
Li, W., Yuan, Y.-B., Chai, Y.-J., Liou, Y.-A., Ou, J.-K., and Zhong, S.-M.: Characteristics of the global thermal tropopause derived from multiple radio occultation measurements, Atmos. Res., 185, 142–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.09.013, 2017.
Liu, C. and Barnes, E.: Synoptic formation of double tropopauses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 693–707, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027941, 2018.
Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhuo, H., and Wu, G.: Two types of summertime heating over Asian large-scale orography and excitation of potential-vorticity forcing, II. Sensible heating over Tibetan-Iranian Plateau, Sci. China Earth Sci., 60, 733–744, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9016-3, 2017.
Liu, Z., Bai, W., Sun, Y., Xia, J., Tan, G., Cheng, C., Du, Q., Wang, X., Zhao, D., Tian, Y., Meng, X., Liu, C., Cai, Y., and Wang, D.: Comparison of RO tropopause height based on different tropopause determination methods, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-379, 2019.
Liu, Z., Sun, Y., Bai, W., Xia, J., Tan, G., Cheng, C., Du, Q., Wang, X., Zhao, D., Tian, Y., Meng, X., Liu, C., Cai, Y., and Wang, D.: Comparison of RO tropopause height based on different tropopause determination methods, Adv. Space Res., 67, 845–857, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.10.023, 2021.
Ma, D., Bian, J., Li, D., Bai, Z., Li, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Zheng, X., Hurst, D. F., and Vomel, H.: Mixing characteristics within the tropopause transition layer over the Asian summer monsoon region based on ozone and water vapor sounding data, Atmos. Res., 271, 106093, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106093, 2022.
Ma, Y., Zhong, L., Jia, L., and Menenti, M.: Land-atmosphere interactions and effects on the climate of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions, Remote Sens., 15, 286, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010286, 2023.
Maddox, E. M. and Mullendore, G. L.: Determination of best tropopause definition for convective transport studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 3433–3446, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0032.1, 2018.
Meng, L., Liu, J., Tarasick, D. W., Randel, W. J., Steiner, A. K., Wilhelmsen, H., Wang, L., and Haimberger, L.: Continuous rise of the tropopause in the Northern Hemisphere over 1980–2020, Sci. Adv., 7, eabi8065, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi8065, 2021.
Palmen, E.: On the distribution of temperature and wind in the upper westerlies, J. Meterorol., 5, 20–27, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0020:Otdota>2.0.Co;2, 1948.
Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Gary, B. L., Mahoney, M. J., and Hintsa, E. J.: Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: A trace gas perspective, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D23103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004982, 2004.
Pan, L. L., Honomichl, S. B., Bui, T. V., Thornberry, T., Rollins, A., Hintsa, E., and Jensen, E. J.: Lapse rate or cold point: The tropical tropopause identified by in situ trace gas measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 10756–10763, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079573, 2018.
Pan, L. L., Paulik, L. C., Honomichl, S. B., Munchak, L. A., Bian, J., Selkirk, H. B., and Voemel, H.: Identification of the tropical tropopause transition layer using the ozone-water vapor relationship, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 3586–3599, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd020558, 2014.
Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., and Livesey, N. J.: Transport pathways of carbon monoxide in the Asian summer monsoon diagnosed from Model of Ozone and Related Tracers (MOZART), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D08303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010621, 2009.
Parracho, A. C., Marques, C. A. F., and Castanheira, J. M.: Where do the air masses between double tropopauses come from?, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14, 1349–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-1349-2014, 2014.
Peevey, T. R., Gille, J. C., Homeyer, C. R., and Manney, G. L.: The double tropopause and its dynamical relationship to the tropopause inversion layer in storm track regions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 10194–10212, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021808, 2014.
Randel, W. and Park, M.: Diagnosing observed stratospheric water vapor relationships to the cold point tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 7018–7033, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030648, 2019.
Randel, W. J. and Park, M.: Deep convective influence on the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone and associated tracer variability observed with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D12314, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006490, 2006.
Randel, W. J., Seidel, D. J., and Pan, L. L.: Observational characteristics of double tropopauses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D07309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007904, 2007a.
Randel, W. J., Wu, F., and Forster, P.: The extratropical tropopause inversion layer: Global observations with GPS data, and a radiative forcing mechanism, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 4489–4496, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2412.1, 2007b.
RavindraBabu, S., Raj, S. T. A., Basha, G., and Ratnam, M. V.: Recent trends in the UTLS temperature and tropical tropopause parameters over tropical South Indian region, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 197, 105164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.105164, 2020.
Reed, R. J.: A study of a characteristic type of upper-level frontogenesis, J. Meterorol., 12, 226–237, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1955)012<0226:Asoact>2.0.Co;2, 1955.
Reichler, T., Dameris, M., and Sausen, R.: Determining the tropopause height from gridded data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2042, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018240, 2003.
Rieckh, T., Scherllin-Pirscher, B., Ladstädter, F., and Foelsche, U.: Characteristics of tropopause parameters as observed with GPS radio occultation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3947–3958, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3947-2014, 2014.
Rosenlof, K. H.: How water enters the stratosphere, Science, 302, 1691–1692, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092703, 2003.
Rosenlof, K. H. and Reid, G. C.: Trends in the temperature and water vapor content of the tropical lower stratosphere: Sea surface connection, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D06107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009109, 2008.
Santer, B. D., Wehner, M. F., Wigley, T. M. L., Sausen, R., Meehl, G. A., Taylor, K. E., Ammann, C., Arblaster, J., Washington, W. M., Boyle, J. S., and Bruggemann, W.: Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes, Science, 301, 479–483, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084123, 2003a.
Santer, B. D., Sausen, R., Wigley, T. M. L., Boyle, J. S., AchutaRao, K., Doutriaux, C., Hansen, J. E., Meehl, G. A., Roeckner, E., Ruedy, R., Schmidt, G., and Taylor, K. E.: Behavior of tropopause height and atmospheric temperature in models, reanalyses, and observations: Decadal changes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, ACL 1-1–ACL 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002258, 2003b.
Sausen, R. and Santer, B. D.: Use of changes in tropopause height to detect human influences on climate, Meteorol. Z., 12, 131–136, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2003/0012-0131, 2003.
Schmidt, T., Wickert, J., Beyerle, G., and Reigber, C.: Tropical tropopause parameters derived from GPS radio occultation measurements with CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D13105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004566, 2004.
Schmidt, T., Beyerle, G., Heise, S., Wickert, J., and Rothacher, M.: A climatology of multiple tropopauses derived from GPS radio occultations with CHAMP and SAC-C, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024600, 2006.
Seidel, D. J. and Randel, W. J.: Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D21101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007363, 2006.
Seidel, D. J., Ross, R. J., Angell, J. K., and Reid, G. C.: Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 7857–7878, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900837, 2001.
Shangguan, M., Wang, W., and Jin, S.: Variability of temperature and ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere from multi-satellite observations and reanalysis data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6659–6679, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6659-2019, 2019.
Shepherd, T. G.: Issues in stratosphere-troposphere coupling, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 769–792, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.769, 2002.
Sun, N., Fu, Y., Zhong, L., Zhao, C., and Li, R.: The impact of convective overshooting on the thermal structure over the Tibetan Plateau in summer based on TRMM, COSMIC, Radiosonde, and Reanalysis Data, J. Clim., 34, 8047–8063, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0849.1, 2021.
Tang, C., Li, X., Li, J., Dai, C., Deng, L., and Wei, H.: Distribution and trends of the cold-point tropopause over China from 1979 to 2014 based on radiosonde dataset, Atmos. Res., 193, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.008, 2017.
Thompson, A. M., Stauffer, R. M., Wargan, K., Witte, J. C., Kollonige, D. E., and Ziemke, J. R.: Regional and seasonal trends in tropical ozone From SHADOZ profiles: Reference for models and satellite products, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034691, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034691, 2021.
Thuburn, J. and Craig, G. C.: On the temperature structure of the tropical substratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, ACL10-11-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000448, 2002.
Tian, H., Tian, W., Luo, J., Zhang, J., and Zhang, M.: Climatology of cross-tropopause mass exchange over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 3999–4014, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4970, 2017.
Tinney, E. N., Homeyer, C. R., Elizalde, L., Hurst, D. F., Thompson, A. M., Stauffer, R. M., Vomel, H., and Selkirk, H. B.: A modern approach to a stability-based definition of the tropopause, Mon. Weather Rev., 150, 3151–3174, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-22-0174.1, 2022.
Wang, W., Matthes, K., Schmidt, T., and Neef, L.: Recent variability of the tropical tropopause inversion layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6308–6313, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058350, 2013.
Wirth, V.: Thermal versus dynamical tropopause in upper-tropospheric balanced flow anomalies, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 299–317, https://doi.org/10.1256/smsqj.56214, 2000.
WMO: Meteorology: A three-dimensional science: second session of the commission for aerology, WMO Bull., 4, 134–138, 1957.
Woo, S.-H., Kim, B.-M., and Kug, J.-S.: Temperature variation over East Asia during the lifecycle of weak stratospheric polar vortex, J. Clim., 28, 5857–5872, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00790.1, 2015.
Wu, G., Zhuo, H., Wang, Z., and Liu, Y.: Two types of summertime heating over the Asian large-scale orography and excitation of potential-vorticity forcing I. Over Tibetan Plateau, Sci. China Earth Sci., 59, 1996–2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5328-2, 2016.
Xia, P., Shan, Y., Ye, S., and Jiang, W.: Identification of tropopause height with atmospheric refractivity, J. Atmos. Sci., 78, 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0009.1, 2021.
Xian, T. and Fu, Y.: Characteristics of tropopause-penetrating convection determined by TRMM and COSMIC GPS radio occultationmeasurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 7006–7024, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022633, 2015.
Xian, T. and Fu, Y.: A hiatus in the tropopause layer change, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 4972–4980, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5130, 2017.
Xian, T. and Homeyer, C. R.: Global tropopause altitudes in radiosondes and reanalyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5661–5678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5661-2019, 2019.
Xie, F., Tian, W., Zhou, X., Zhang, J., Xia, Y., and Lu, J.: Increase in lower stratospheric water vapor in the past 100 years related to tropical Atlantic Warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090539, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl090539, 2020.
Xu, X., Gao, P., and Zhang, X.: Global multiple tropopause features derived from COSMIC radio occultation data during 2007 to 2012, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 8515–8534, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021620, 2014.
Xu, X., Dong, L., Zhao, Y., and Wang, Y.: Effect of the Asian Water Tower over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the characteristics of atmospheric water circulation, Chin. Sci. Bull., 64, 2830–2841, 2019.
Yang, J. and Lv, D.: Simulation of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Effecting on the Distribution of Ozone over Eastern Asia, Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 579–588, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.528072, 2004.
Zeng, X., Xue, X., Dou, X., Liang, C., and Jia, M.: COSMIC GPS observations of topographic gravity waves in the stratosphere around the Tibetan Plateau, Sci. China Earth Sci., 60, 188–197, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-0065-6, 2017.
Short summary
In order to deeply understand the formation mechanisms and evolution processes associated with vertical tropopause structures, this study proposes a new method for identifying the multiple characteristic parameters of vertical tropopause structures by fitting temperature profiles using the bi-Gaussian function. The identification results from the bi-Gaussian method are more reasonable and more consistent with the evolution process of atmospheric thermal stratifications.
In order to deeply understand the formation mechanisms and evolution processes associated with...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint