Articles | Volume 24, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10055-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10055-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Sep 2024
Research article |
| 12 Sep 2024
| 12 Sep 2024
Relative humidity over ice as a key variable for Northern Hemisphere midlatitude tropopause inversion layers
Daniel Köhler
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
now at: Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Peter Spichtinger
Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Related authors
Tuomas Naakka, Daniel Köhler, Kalle Nordling, Petri Räisänen, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Risto Makkonen, Joonas Merikanto, Bjørn H. Samset, Victoria A. Sinclair, Jennie L. Thomas, and Annica M. L. Ekman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8127–8145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8127-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8127-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of warmer sea surface temperatures and decreasing sea ice cover on polar climates have been studied using four climate models with identical prescribed changes in sea surface temperatures and sea ice cover. The models predict similar changes in air temperature and precipitation in the polar regions in a warmer climate with less sea ice. However, the models disagree on how the atmospheric circulation, i.e. the large-scale winds, will change with warmer temperatures and less sea ice.
Daniel Köhler, Petri Räisänen, Tuomas Naakka, Kalle Nordling, and Victoria A. Sinclair
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 669–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-669-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-669-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study the impacts of globally increasing sea surface temperatures and sea ice loss on the atmosphere in wintertime. In future climates, the jet stream shifts southward over the North Atlantic and extends further over Europe. Increasing sea surface temperatures drives these changes. The region of high activity of low-pressure systems is projected to move east towards Europe. Future increasing sea surface temperatures and sea ice loss contribute with similar magnitude to the eastward shift.
Sara Tahvonen, Daniel Köhler, Petri Räisänen, and Victoria Anne Sinclair
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2212, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rossby wave breaking (RWB) influences weather at a large scale and can contribute to extreme weather events, but it is not known if climate change will have an effect on where and how often RWB occurs. We investigate how extreme sea ice loss and warming of the sea surface effect RWB. Our results show that sea surface temperatures significantly change local RWB frequencies and the closely related upper atmospheric jet streams, but that sea ice changes have no noticeable effect.
Tuomas Naakka, Daniel Köhler, Kalle Nordling, Petri Räisänen, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Risto Makkonen, Joonas Merikanto, Bjørn H. Samset, Victoria A. Sinclair, Jennie L. Thomas, and Annica M. L. Ekman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8127–8145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8127-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8127-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of warmer sea surface temperatures and decreasing sea ice cover on polar climates have been studied using four climate models with identical prescribed changes in sea surface temperatures and sea ice cover. The models predict similar changes in air temperature and precipitation in the polar regions in a warmer climate with less sea ice. However, the models disagree on how the atmospheric circulation, i.e. the large-scale winds, will change with warmer temperatures and less sea ice.
Helena Zoe Schuh, Philipp Reutter, Stefan Niebler, and Peter Spichtinger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2498, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2498, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied ice-supersaturated regions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where high humidity can lead to cloud and contrail formation. Using data from 2010 to 2020, we found these regions to have fractal characteristics by applying an area-perimeter method. The fractal dimension follows a seasonal cycle. Our results can help improve climate models and have possible implications on contrail mitigation.
Daniel Köhler, Petri Räisänen, Tuomas Naakka, Kalle Nordling, and Victoria A. Sinclair
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 669–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-669-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-669-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study the impacts of globally increasing sea surface temperatures and sea ice loss on the atmosphere in wintertime. In future climates, the jet stream shifts southward over the North Atlantic and extends further over Europe. Increasing sea surface temperatures drives these changes. The region of high activity of low-pressure systems is projected to move east towards Europe. Future increasing sea surface temperatures and sea ice loss contribute with similar magnitude to the eastward shift.
Philipp Reutter and Peter Spichtinger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2474, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2474, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new technique to determine the tropopause based on the gradient of relative humidity over ice. This reflects the character of the tropopause as a transport barrier very well, both in individual vertical profiles and in the long-term average. The results of the investigations using radio sondes are also supported by theoretical considerations.
Sara Tahvonen, Daniel Köhler, Petri Räisänen, and Victoria Anne Sinclair
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2212, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rossby wave breaking (RWB) influences weather at a large scale and can contribute to extreme weather events, but it is not known if climate change will have an effect on where and how often RWB occurs. We investigate how extreme sea ice loss and warming of the sea surface effect RWB. Our results show that sea surface temperatures significantly change local RWB frequencies and the closely related upper atmospheric jet streams, but that sea ice changes have no noticeable effect.
Tim Lüttmer, Peter Spichtinger, and Axel Seifert
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4505–4529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4505-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4505-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate ice formation pathways in idealized convective clouds using a novel microphysics scheme that distinguishes between five ice classes each with their own unique formation mechanism. Ice crystals from rime splintering form the lowermost layer of ice crystals around the updraft core. The majority of ice crystals in the anvil of the convective cloud stems from frozen droplets. Ice stemming from homogeneous and deposition nucleation was only relevant in the overshoot.
Tim Lüttmer, Annette Miltenberger, and Peter Spichtinger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-185, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-185, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate ice formation pathways in a warm conveyor belt case study. We employ a multi-phase microphysics scheme that distinguishes between ice from different nucleation processes. Ice crystals in the cirrus outflow mostly stem from in-situ formation. Hence they were formed directly from the vapor phase. Sedimentational redistribution modulates cirrus properties and leads to a disagreement between cirrus origin classifications based on thermodynamic history and nucleation processes.
Alena Kosareva, Stamen Dolaptchiev, Peter Spichtinger, and Ulrich Achatz
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-193, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for GMD
Short summary
Short summary
This study improves how we predict ice formation in clouds by accounting for variable ice sizes and different weather conditions. Using simulations, we developed a more accurate method that works efficiently, making it suitable for application in weather and climate prediction models. The new approach is numerically verified and provides precise predictions of ice formation events and reliable estimates of key parameters.
Hans-Christoph Lachnitt, Peter Hoor, Daniel Kunkel, Martina Bramberger, Andreas Dörnbrack, Stefan Müller, Philipp Reutter, Andreas Giez, Thorsten Kaluza, and Markus Rapp
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 355–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analysis of high-resolution airborne measurements during a flight of the DEEPWAVE 2014 campaign in New Zealand. The focus of this flight was to study the effects of enhanced mountain wave activity over the Southern Alps. We discuss changes in the upstream and downstream distributions of N2O and CO and show that these changes are related to turbulence-induced trace gas fluxes which have persistent effects on the trace gas composition in the lower stratosphere.
Stefan Niebler, Annette Miltenberger, Bertil Schmidt, and Peter Spichtinger
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 113–137, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-113-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-113-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use machine learning to create a network that detects and classifies four types of synoptic-scale weather fronts from ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis data. We present an application of our method, showing its use case in a scientific context. Additionally, our results show that multiple sources of training data are necessary to perform well on different regions, implying differences within those regions. Qualitative evaluation shows that the results are physically plausible.
Manuel Baumgartner, Christian Rolf, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Julia Schneider, Tobias Schorr, Ottmar Möhler, Peter Spichtinger, and Martina Krämer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 65–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An important mechanism for the appearance of ice particles in the upper troposphere at low temperatures is homogeneous nucleation. This process is commonly described by the
Koop line, predicting the humidity at freezing. However, laboratory measurements suggest that the freezing humidities are above the Koop line, motivating the present study to investigate the influence of different physical parameterizations on the homogeneous freezing with the help of a detailed numerical model.
Ralf Weigel, Christoph Mahnke, Manuel Baumgartner, Martina Krämer, Peter Spichtinger, Nicole Spelten, Armin Afchine, Christian Rolf, Silvia Viciani, Francesco D'Amato, Holger Tost, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13455–13481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In July and August 2017, the StratoClim mission took place in Nepal with eight flights of the M-55 Geophysica at up to 20 km in the Asian monsoon anticyclone. New particle formation (NPF) next to cloud ice was detected in situ by abundant nucleation-mode aerosols (> 6 nm) along with ice particles (> 3 µm). NPF was observed mainly below the tropopause, down to 15 % being non-volatile residues. Observed intra-cloud NPF indicates its importance for the composition in the tropical tropopause layer.
Manuel Baumgartner, Ralf Weigel, Allan H. Harvey, Felix Plöger, Ulrich Achatz, and Peter Spichtinger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15585–15616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15585-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15585-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The potential temperature is routinely used in atmospheric science. We review its derivation and suggest a new potential temperature, based on a temperature-dependent parameterization of the dry air's specific heat capacity. Moreover, we compare the new potential temperature to the common one and discuss the differences which become more important at higher altitudes. Finally, we indicate some consequences of using the new potential temperature in typical applications.
Martina Krämer, Christian Rolf, Nicole Spelten, Armin Afchine, David Fahey, Eric Jensen, Sergey Khaykin, Thomas Kuhn, Paul Lawson, Alexey Lykov, Laura L. Pan, Martin Riese, Andrew Rollins, Fred Stroh, Troy Thornberry, Veronika Wolf, Sarah Woods, Peter Spichtinger, Johannes Quaas, and Odran Sourdeval
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12569–12608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the representations of cirrus clouds in climate predictions, extended knowledge of their properties and geographical distribution is required. This study presents extensive airborne in situ and satellite remote sensing climatologies of cirrus and humidity, which serve as a guide to cirrus clouds. Further, exemplary radiative characteristics of cirrus types and also in situ observations of tropical tropopause layer cirrus and humidity in the Asian monsoon anticyclone are shown.
Cited articles
Baumgartner, M., Weigel, R., Harvey, A. H., Plöger, F., Achatz, U., and Spichtinger, P.: Reappraising the appropriate calculation of a common meteorological quantity: potential temperature, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15585–15616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15585-2020, 2020. a
Bethan, S., Vaughan, G., and Reid, S.: A comparison of ozone and thermal tropopause heights and the impact of tropopause definition on quantifying the ozone content of the troposphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 929–944, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253207, 1996. a
Birner, T.: Fine‐scale structure of the extratropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006301, 2006. a, b, c
Birner, T.: Residual Circulation and Tropopause Structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2582–2600, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3287.1, 2010. a
Birner, T., Dörnbrack, A., and Schumann, U.: How sharp is the tropopause at midlatitudes?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 45-1–45-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015142, 2002. a, b, c, d
Durran, D. R. and Klemp, J. B.: On the Effects of Moisture on the Brunt-Väisälä Frequency, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2152:OTEOMO>2.0.CO;2, 1982. a
DWD: Radiosonde data, DWD [data set], https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_germany/radiosondes/high_resolution/historical/, last access: 5 September 2024. a
Erler, A. R. and Wirth, V.: The Static Stability of the Tropopause Region in Adiabatic Baroclinic Life Cycle Experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1178–1193, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3694.1, 2011. a
Fusina, F. and Spichtinger, P.: Cirrus clouds triggered by radiation, a multiscale phenomenon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5179–5190, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5179-2010, 2010. a, b, c
Gettelman, A. and Wang, T.: Structural diagnostics of the tropopause inversion layer and its evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 46–62, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021846, 2015. a, b
Gettelman, A., Hoor, P., Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Hegglin, M. I., and Birner, T.: The Extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000355, 2011. a, b, c
Gierens, K., Schumann, U., Helten, M., Smit, H., and Marenco, A.: A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements, Ann. Geophys., 17, 1218–1226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1218-7, 1999. a
Grise, K. M., Thompson, D. W. J., and Birner, T.: A Global Survey of Static Stability in the Stratosphere and Upper Troposphere, J. Climate, 23, 2275–2292, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3369.1, 2010. a
Hantel, M.: Einführung Theoretische Meteorologie, Vol. 1, Springer Spektrum, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1st Edn., ISBN 978-3-8274-3055-7, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8274-3056-4, 2013. a
Hegglin, M. I., Boone, C., Manney, G. L., and Walker, K. A.: A global view of the extratropical tropopause transition layer from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer O3, H2O, and CO, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D00B11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009984, 2009. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz‐Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. a, b, c
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2023. a
Highwood, E. J. and Hoskins, B. J.: The tropical tropopause, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1579–1604, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712454911, 1998. a
Hoerling, M. P., Schaack, T. K., and Lenzen, A. J.: Global Objective Tropopause Analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1816–1831, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1816:GOTA>2.0.CO;2, 1991. a
Hoffmann, L. and Spang, R.: An assessment of tropopause characteristics of the ERA5 and ERA-Interim meteorological reanalyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4019–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4019-2022, 2022. a
Hoinka, K.: The tropopause: discovery, definition and demarcation, Meteorol. Z., 6, 281–303, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/6/1997/281, 1997. a
Hoinka, K.: Statistics of the global tropopause pressure, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 3303–3325, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<3303:SOTGTP>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a
Hoskins, B. J. and James, I. N.: Fluid Dynamics of the Midlatitude Atmosphere, Wiley, 1st Edn., ISBN 978-0-470-83369-8, 978-1-118-52600-2, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118526002, 2014. a
Köhler, D.: Code for “The extratropical tropopause inversion layer and its correlation with relative humidity”, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10604349, 2024. a, b
Kunz, A., Konopka, P., Müller, R., Pan, L. L., Schiller, C., and Rohrer, F.: High static stability in the mixing layer above the extratropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 114, D16305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011840, 2009. a
Kunz, A., Konopka, P., Mueller, R., and Pan, L. L.: Dynamical tropopause based on isentropic potential vorticity gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D01110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014343, 2011. a, b
Maddox, E. M. and Mullendore, G. L.: Determination of Best Tropopause Definition for Convective Transport Studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 3433–3446, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0032.1, 2018. a, b
Miloshevich, L. M., Paukkunen, A., Vömel, H., and Oltmans, S. J.: Development and Validation of a Time-Lag Correction for Vaisala Radiosonde Humidity Measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 1305–1327, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1305:DAVOAT>2.0.CO;2, 2004. a
Miloshevich, L. M., Vömel, H., Whiteman, D. N., and Leblanc, T.: Accuracy assessment and correction of Vaisala RS92 radiosonde water vapor measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D11305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011565, 2009. a
Mullendore, G., Durran, D., and Holton, J.: Cross-tropopause tracer transport in midlatitude convection, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005059, 2005. a
Murphy, D. M. and Koop, T.: Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 1539–1565, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.94, 2005. a
Niebler, S., Miltenberger, A., Schmidt, B., and Spichtinger, P.: Automated detection and classification of synoptic-scale fronts from atmospheric data grids, Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 113–137, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-113-2022, 2022. a
Pan, L., Randel, W., Gary, B., Mahoney, M., and Hintsa, E.: Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: A trace gas perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004982, 2004. a
Peters, J. M., Mulholland, J. P., and Chavas, D. R.: Generalized Lapse Rate Formulas for Use in Entraining CAPE Calculations, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 815–836, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0118.1, 2022. a
Randel, W. J. and Wu, F.: The Polar Summer Tropopause Inversion Layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2572–2581, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3430.1, 2010. a
Reichler, T., Dameris, M., and Sausen, R.: Determining the tropopause height from gridded data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2042, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018240, 2003. a
Reutter, P., Neis, P., Rohs, S., and Sauvage, B.: Ice supersaturated regions: properties and validation of ERA-Interim reanalysis with IAGOS in situ water vapour measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 787–804, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-787-2020, 2020. a
Schmidt, T., Cammas, J.-P., Smit, H. G. J., Heise, S., Wickert, J., and Haser, A.: Observational characteristics of the tropopause inversion layer derived from CHAMP/GRACE radio occultations and MOZAIC aircraft data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D24304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014284, 2010. a
Sonntag, D.: Important new values of the physical constants of 1986, vapour pressure formulations based on the ITS-90, and psychrometer formulae, Z. Meteorol., 40, 340–344, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/3/1994/51, 1990. a
Taszarek, M., Allen, J. T., Marchio, M., and Brooks, H. E.: Global climatology and trends in convective environments from ERA5 and rawinsonde data, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 35, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00190-x, 2021. a
Tinney, E. N., Homeyer, C. R., Elizalde, L., Hurst, D. F., Thompson, A. M., Stauffer, R. M., Vömel, H., and Selkirk, H. B.: A Modern Approach to a Stability-Based Definition of the Tropopause, Mon. Weather Rev., 150, 3151–3174, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-22-0174.1, 2022. a, b, c
Wernli, H. and Schwierz, C.: Surface Cyclones in the ERA-40 Dataset (1958–2001). Part I: Novel Identification Method and Global Climatology, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2486–2507, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3766.1, 2006. a
Wirth, V. and Szabo, T.: Sharpness of the extratropical tropopause in baroclinic life cycle experiments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028369, 2007. a, b
Xu, H., Guo, J., Tong, B., Zhang, J., Chen, T., Guo, X., Zhang, J., and Chen, W.: Characterizing the near-global cloud vertical structures over land using high-resolution radiosonde measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15011–15038, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15011-2023, 2023. a
Short summary
In this work, the influence of humidity on the properties of the tropopause is studied. The tropopause is the interface between the troposphere and the stratosphere and represents a barrier for the transport of air masses between the troposphere and the stratosphere. We consider not only the tropopause itself, but also a layer around it called the tropopause inversion layer (TIL). It is shown that the moister the underlying atmosphere is, the more this layer acts as a barrier.
In this work, the influence of humidity on the properties of the tropopause is studied. The...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint