Articles | Volume 23, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jun 2023
Research article |
| 06 Jun 2023
| 06 Jun 2023
Variations in global zonal wind from 18 to 100 km due to solar activity and the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation during 2002–2019
Institute of Electromagnetic Wave, School of Physics, Henan Normal
University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Jiyao Xu
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
Physics Department, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
20064, USA
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Vania F. Andrioli
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
Heliophysics, Planetary Science and Aeronomy Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
Related authors
Shuai Liu, Guoying Jiang, Bingxian Luo, Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, and Wen Yi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Disruptions of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation modulate the migrating diurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. During the events, wavelengths and phases of the tide remain unchanged, but its amplitude strengthens. The enhancement of water vapor radiative heating, ozone radiative heating and latent heating may contribute to the amplification of the tide amplitude. These features provide insights into the dynamical coupling of troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Cristiano M. Wrasse, José V. Bageston, Wei Yuan, Xiao Liu, Weijun Liu, Ying Wen, Hui Li, and Zhengkuan Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores intense CGWs based on ground – based and multi – satellite observations over Southern Brazil, revealing significant airglow perturbations and strong momentum release. Triggered by deep convections and enabled by weaker wind field, these CGWs reached the mesopause and thermosphere. Consistent detections via OI and OH airglow emissions confirm their vertical propagation, while asymmetric thermosphere propagation is linked to Doppler-induced wavelength changes.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, Yangkun Liu, and Vania F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10143–10157, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Disagreement in long-term trends in the high-latitude mesosphere temperature should be elucidated using one coherent measurement over a long period. Using SABER measurements at high latitudes and binning the data based on yaw cycle, we focus on long-term trends in the mean temperature and mesopause in the high-latitude mesosphere–lower-thermosphere region, which has been rarely studied via observations but is more sensitive to dynamic changes.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Hanli Liu, Wei Yuan, Weijun Liu, Yajun Zhu, and Xiao Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8343–8361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption not only triggered broad-spectrum atmospheric waves but also generated unusual tsunamis which can generate atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Multiple strong atmospheric waves were observed in the far-field area of the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption in the upper atmosphere by a ground-based airglow imager network. AGWs caused by tsunamis can propagate to the mesopause region; there is a good match between atmospheric waves and tsunamis.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Hanli Liu, Xiao Liu, and Wei Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12077–12091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use ground-based airglow network observations, reanalysis data, and satellite observations to explore the propagation process of concentric gravity waves (CGWs) excited by a typhoon between the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. We find that CGWs in the mesosphere are generated directly by the typhoon but the CGW observed in the thermosphere may be excited by CGW dissipation in the mesosphere, rather than directly excited by a typhoon and propagated to the thermosphere.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, You Yu, Paulo P. Batista, Vania F. Andrioli, Zhengkuan Liu, Tao Yuan, Chi Wang, Ziming Zou, Guozhu Li, and James M. Russell III
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5643–5661, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the gradient balance wind theory and the SABER observations, a dataset of monthly mean zonal wind has been developed at heights of 18–100 km and latitudes of 50° Sndash;50° N from 2002 to 2019. The dataset agrees with the zonal wind from models (MERRA2, UARP, HWM14) and observations by meteor radar and lidar at seven stations. The dataset can be used to study seasonal and interannual variations and can serve as a background for wave studies of tides and planetary waves.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, and Hanli Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14437–14456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large wind shears in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are recognized as a common phenomenon. Simulation and ground-based observations show that the main contributor of large wind shears is gravity waves. We present a method of deriving wind shears induced by gravity waves according to the linear theory and using the global temperature observations by SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry). Our results agree well with observations and model simulations.
Shuai Liu, Guoying Jiang, Bingxian Luo, Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, and Wen Yi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2610, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Disruptions of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation modulate the migrating diurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. During the events, wavelengths and phases of the tide remain unchanged, but its amplitude strengthens. The enhancement of water vapor radiative heating, ozone radiative heating and latent heating may contribute to the amplification of the tide amplitude. These features provide insights into the dynamical coupling of troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Cristiano M. Wrasse, José V. Bageston, Wei Yuan, Xiao Liu, Weijun Liu, Ying Wen, Hui Li, and Zhengkuan Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1417, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores intense CGWs based on ground – based and multi – satellite observations over Southern Brazil, revealing significant airglow perturbations and strong momentum release. Triggered by deep convections and enabled by weaker wind field, these CGWs reached the mesopause and thermosphere. Consistent detections via OI and OH airglow emissions confirm their vertical propagation, while asymmetric thermosphere propagation is linked to Doppler-induced wavelength changes.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, Yangkun Liu, and Vania F. Andrioli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10143–10157, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10143-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Disagreement in long-term trends in the high-latitude mesosphere temperature should be elucidated using one coherent measurement over a long period. Using SABER measurements at high latitudes and binning the data based on yaw cycle, we focus on long-term trends in the mean temperature and mesopause in the high-latitude mesosphere–lower-thermosphere region, which has been rarely studied via observations but is more sensitive to dynamic changes.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Hanli Liu, Wei Yuan, Weijun Liu, Yajun Zhu, and Xiao Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8343–8361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption not only triggered broad-spectrum atmospheric waves but also generated unusual tsunamis which can generate atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Multiple strong atmospheric waves were observed in the far-field area of the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption in the upper atmosphere by a ground-based airglow imager network. AGWs caused by tsunamis can propagate to the mesopause region; there is a good match between atmospheric waves and tsunamis.
Gunter Stober, Sharon L. Vadas, Erich Becker, Alan Liu, Alexander Kozlovsky, Diego Janches, Zishun Qiao, Witali Krochin, Guochun Shi, Wen Yi, Jie Zeng, Peter Brown, Denis Vida, Neil Hindley, Christoph Jacobi, Damian Murphy, Ricardo Buriti, Vania Andrioli, Paulo Batista, John Marino, Scott Palo, Denise Thorsen, Masaki Tsutsumi, Njål Gulbrandsen, Satonori Nozawa, Mark Lester, Kathrin Baumgarten, Johan Kero, Evgenia Belova, Nicholas Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Na Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4851–4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4851-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha‘apai volcano exploded in a vigorous eruption, causing many atmospheric phenomena reaching from the surface up to space. In this study, we investigate how the mesospheric winds were affected by the volcanogenic gravity waves and estimated their propagation direction and speed. The interplay between model and observations permits us to gain new insights into the vertical coupling through atmospheric gravity waves.
Pedro Alves Fontes, Marcio Tadeu de Assis Honorato Muella, Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende, Vânia Fátima Andrioli, Paulo Roberto Fagundes, Valdir Gil Pillat, Paulo Prado Batista, and Alexander Jose Carrasco
Ann. Geophys., 41, 209–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-209-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-209-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the terrestrial ionosphere, sporadic (metallic) layers are formed. The formation of these layers are related to the action of atmospheric waves. These waves, also named tides, are due to the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere. We investigated the role of the tides with 8 h period in the formation of the sporadic layers. The study was conducted using ionosonde and meteor radar data, as well as computing simulations. The 8 h tides intensified the density of the sporadic layers.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Hanli Liu, Xiao Liu, and Wei Yuan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12077–12091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use ground-based airglow network observations, reanalysis data, and satellite observations to explore the propagation process of concentric gravity waves (CGWs) excited by a typhoon between the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. We find that CGWs in the mesosphere are generated directly by the typhoon but the CGW observed in the thermosphere may be excited by CGW dissipation in the mesosphere, rather than directly excited by a typhoon and propagated to the thermosphere.
Yetao Cen, Chengyun Yang, Tao Li, James M. Russell III, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7861–7874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The MLT DW1 amplitude is suppressed during El Niño winters in both satellite observation and SD-WACCM simulations. The suppressed Hough mode (1, 1) in the tropopause region propagates vertically to the MLT region, leading to decreased DW1 amplitude. The latitudinal zonal wind shear anomalies during El Niño winters would narrow the waveguide and prevent the vertical propagation of DW1. The gravity wave drag excited by ENSO-induced anomalous convection could also modulate the MLT DW1 amplitude.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, You Yu, Paulo P. Batista, Vania F. Andrioli, Zhengkuan Liu, Tao Yuan, Chi Wang, Ziming Zou, Guozhu Li, and James M. Russell III
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5643–5661, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the gradient balance wind theory and the SABER observations, a dataset of monthly mean zonal wind has been developed at heights of 18–100 km and latitudes of 50° Sndash;50° N from 2002 to 2019. The dataset agrees with the zonal wind from models (MERRA2, UARP, HWM14) and observations by meteor radar and lidar at seven stations. The dataset can be used to study seasonal and interannual variations and can serve as a background for wave studies of tides and planetary waves.
Zhaohai He, Jiyao Xu, Ilan Roth, Chi Wang, and Lei Dai
Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2021-4, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We presented sharp descent in proton fluxes is accompanied by the corresponding depression of SYM-H index, with a one-to-one correspondence, regardless of the storm intensity in our previous work [Xu et al., 2019]. This paper is a further study of the possible mechanisms, and to quantitified evaluate the effect of full adiabatic changes. Inner belt is not very stable as previous announced especially for the out zone of the inner belt. It is necessary to survey characteristics of protons.
Xiao Liu, Jiyao Xu, Jia Yue, and Hanli Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14437–14456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large wind shears in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are recognized as a common phenomenon. Simulation and ground-based observations show that the main contributor of large wind shears is gravity waves. We present a method of deriving wind shears induced by gravity waves according to the linear theory and using the global temperature observations by SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry). Our results agree well with observations and model simulations.
Cited articles
Baldwin, M. P. and O'Sullivan, D.: Stratospheric Effects of ENSO-Related Tropospheric Circulation Anomalies, J. Climate, 8, 649–667, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0649:SEOERT>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Baldwin, M. P., Gray, L. J., Dunkerton, T. J., Hamilton, K., Haynes, P. H.,
Randel, W. J., Holton, J. R., Alexander, M. J., Hirota, I., Horinouchi, T.,
Jones, D. B. A., Kinnersley, J. S., Marquardt, C., Sato, K., and Takahashi,
M.: The quasi-biennial oscillation, Rev. Geophys., 39, 179–229,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1999RG000073, 2001.
Baldwin, M. P., Ayarzagüena, B., Birner, T., Butchart, N., Butler, A.
H., Charlton-Perez, A. J., Domeisen, D. I. V., Garfinkel, C. I., Garny, H.,
Gerber, E. P., Hegglin, M. I., Langematz, U., and Pedatella, N. M.: Sudden
Stratospheric Warmings, Rev. Geophys., 59, e2020RG000708,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000708, 2021 (data available at: https://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/met/ag/strat/produkte/qbo/, last access: March 2022).
Beig, G., Keckhut, P., Lowe, R. P., Roble, R. G., Mlynczak, M. G., Scheer,
J., Fomichev, V. I., Offermann, D., French, W. J. R., Shepherd, M. G.,
Semenov, A. I., Remsberg, E. E., She, C. Y., Lübken, F. J., Bremer, J.,
Clemesha, B. R., Stegman, J., Sigernes, F., and Fadnavis, S.: Review of
mesospheric temperature trends, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RG000121, 2003.
Beig, G., Scheer, J., Mlynczak, M. G., and Keckhut, P.: Overview of the
temperature response in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to solar
activity, Rev. Geophys., 46, RG3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000236, 2008.
Burrage, M. D., Vincent, R. A., Mayr, H. G., Skinner, W. R., Arnold, N. F.,
and Hays, P. B.: Long-term variability in the equatorial middle atmosphere
zonal wind, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 12847–12854,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD00575, 1996.
Butler, A. H., Seidel, D. J., Hardiman, S. C., Butchart, N., Birner, T., and
Match, A.: Defining sudden stratospheric warmings, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
96, 1913–1928, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00173.1, 2015.
Cai, B., Xu, Q. C., Hu, X., Cheng, X., Yang, J. F., and Li, W.: Analysis of
the correlation between horizontal wind and 11-year solar activity over
Langfang, China, Earth Planet. Phys., 5, 270–279,
https://doi.org/10.26464/epp2021029, 2021.
Coy, L., Wargan, K., Molod, A. M., McCarty, W. R., and Pawson, S.: Structure
and dynamics of the quasi-biennial oscillation in MERRA-2, J. Climate, 29,
5339–5354, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0809.1, 2016.
Delisi, D. P. and Dunkerton, T. J.: Seasonal variation of the semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2772–2787,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2772:SVOTSO>2.0.CO;2, 1988.
Domeisen, D. I. V., Garfinkel, C. I., and Butler, A. H.: The teleconnection
of El Niño Southern Oscillation to the stratosphere, Rev. Geophys., 57,
5–47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000596, 2019.
Dunkerton, T. J.: Theory of the mesopause semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos.
Sci., 39, 2681–2690, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2681:TOTMSO>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Emmert, J. T., Stevens, M. H., Bernath, P. F., Drob, D. P., and Boone, C.
D.: Observations of increasing carbon dioxide concentration in Earth's
thermosphere, Nat. Geosci., 5, 868–871, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1626, 2012.
Ern, M., Diallo, M., Preusse, P., Mlynczak, M. G., Schwartz, M. J., Wu, Q., and Riese, M.: The semiannual oscillation (SAO) in the tropical middle atmosphere and its gravity wave driving in reanalyses and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13763–13795, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13763-2021, 2021.
Eswaraiah, S., Kim, Y. H., Hong, J., Kim, J. H., Ratnam, M. V., Chandran,
A., Rao, S. V. B., and Riggin, D.: Mesospheric signatures observed during
2010 minor stratospheric warming at King Sejong Station (62∘ S,
59∘ W), J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 140, 55–64,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.02.007, 2016.
Fleming, E. L., Chandra, S., Barnett, J. J., and Corney, M.: Zonal mean
temperature, pressure, zonal wind and geopotential height as functions of
latitude, Adv. Sp. Res., 10, 11–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(90)90386-E, 1990.
Garcia, R. R., Dunkerton, T. J., Lieberman, R. S., and Vincent, R. A.:
Climatology of the semiannual oscillation of the tropical middle atmosphere,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 26019–26032, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd00207, 1997.
Garcia, R. R., Yue, J., and Russell, J. M.: Middle atmosphere temperature
trends in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries simulated with the Whole
Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124,
7984–7993, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026909, 2019.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs,
L., Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., Wargan,
K., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A.,
da Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G. K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D.,
Nielsen, J. E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M.,
Schubert, S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., and Zhao, B.: The modern-era retrospective
analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), J. Climate, 30,
5419–5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1, 2017.
Hayashi, H., Koyama, Y., Hori, T., Tanaka, Y., Abe, S., Shinbori, A.,
Kagitani, M., Kouno, T., Yoshida, D., UeNo, S., Kaneda, N., Yoneda, M.,
Umemura, N., Tadokoro, H., and Motoba, T.: Inter-university upper atmosphere
global observation network (IUGONET), Data Sci. J., 12, 179–184,
https://doi.org/10.2481/dsj.WDS-030, 2013.
Hitchman, M. H. and Leovy, C. B.: Diurnal tide in the equatorial middle atmosphere as seen in LIMS temperatures, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 557–561,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0557:DTITEM>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Hitchman, M. H. and Leovy, C. B.: Evolution of the zonal mean state in the equatorial middle atmosphere during October 1978–May 1979, J. Atmos. Sci.,
43, 3159–3176, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<3159:EOTZMS>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
Keuer, D., Hoffmann, P., Singer, W., and Bremer, J.: Long-term variations of the mesospheric wind field at mid-latitudes, Ann. Geophys., 25, 1779–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1779-2007, 2007.
Kumar, K. K.: Is Mesospheric quasi-biennial oscillation ephemeral?, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091033, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091033, 2021.
Kutner, M., Neter, C. N. J., and Li, W.: Applied linear statistical models,
5th edn., McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston, 258 pp., ISBN 978-0073108742, 2004.
Laštovička, J.: A review of recent progress in trends in the upper
atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 163, 2–13,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.03.009, 2017.
Li, N., Lei, J., Huang, F., Yi, W., Chen, J., Xue, X., Gu, S., Luan, X.,
Zhong, J., Liu, F., Dou, X., Qin, Y., and Owolabi, C.: Responses of the
ionosphere and neutral winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere in the
Asian-Australian sector to the 2019 Southern Hemisphere Sudden Stratospheric
Warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126, e2020JA028653,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028653, 2021.
Li, T., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Keckhut, P., Hauchecorne, A., and Dou,
X.: Middle atmosphere temperature trend and solar cycle revealed by
long-term Rayleigh lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015275, 2011.
Li, T., Liu, A. Z., Lu, X., Li, Z., Franke, S. J., Swenson, G. R., and Dou,
X.: Meteor-radar observed mesospheric semi-annual oscillation (SAO) and
quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) over Maui, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
117, D05130, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016123, 2012.
Li, T., Calvo, N., Yue, J., Dou, X., Russell, J. M., Mlynczak, M. G., She,
C. Y., and Xue, X.: Influence of El Niño-Southern oscillation in the
mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3292–3296, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50598, 2013.
Li, T., Calvo, N., Yue, J., Russell, J. M., Smith, A. K., Mlynczak, M. G.,
Chandran, A., Dou, X., and Liu, A. Z.: Southern Hemisphere summer mesopause
responses to El Niño-Southern Oscillation, J. Climate, 29, 6319–6328,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0816.1, 2016.
Lin, J. and Qian, T.: Impacts of the ENSO lifecycle on stratospheric ozone
and temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10646–10658,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083697, 2019.
Liu, X., Yue, J., Xu, J., Garcia, R. R., Russell, J. M., Mlynczak, M., Wu,
D. L., and Nakamura, T.: Variations of global gravity waves derived from 14
years of SABER temperature observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122,
6231–6249, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026604, 2017.
Liu, X., Xu, J., Yue, J., Yu, Y., Batista, P. P., Andrioli, V. F., Liu, Z., Yuan, T., Wang, C., Zou, Z., Li, G., and Russell III, J. M.: Global balanced wind derived from SABER temperature and pressure observations and its validations, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5643–5661, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5643-2021, 2021a.
Liu, X., Xu, J., Yue, J., Yu, Y., Batista, P. P., Andrioli, V. F., Liu, Z., Yuan, T., Wang, C., Zou, Z., Li, G., and Russell III, J. M.: Global Balanced Wind Derived from SABER Temperature and Pressure Observations and its Validations, V1, sadr [data set], https://doi.org/10.12176/01.99.00574, 2021b.
Liu, X., Xu, J., Yue, J., and Kogure, M.: Persistent layers of enhanced
gravity wave dissipation in the upper mesosphere revealed from SABER
observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097038, 2022.
Lübken, F. J., Baumgarten, G., Fiedler, J., Gerding, M., Höffner,
J., and Berger, U.: Seasonal and latitudinal variation of noctilucent cloud
altitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032281, 2008.
Manney, G. L. and Hegglin, M. I.: Seasonal and regional variations of
long-term changes in upper-tropospheric jets from reanalyses, J. Climate, 31,
423–448, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0303.1, 2018.
Manzini, E., Giorgetta, M. A., Esch, M., Kornblueh, L., and Roeckner, E.:
The influence of sea surface temperatures on the northern winter
stratosphere: ensemble simulations with the MAECHAM5 model, J. Climate, 19,
3863–3881, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3826.1, 2006.
Matsumoto, N., Shinbori, A., Riggin, D. M., and Tsuda, T.: Measurement of momentum flux using two meteor radars in Indonesia, Ann. Geophys., 34, 369–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-369-2016, 2016.
Mitchell, D. M., Gray, L. J., Fujiwara, M., Hibino, T., Anstey, J. A.,
Ebisuzaki, W., Harada, Y., Long, C., Misios, S., Stott, P. A., and Tan, D.:
Signatures of naturally induced variability in the atmosphere using multiple
reanalysis datasets, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2011–2031,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2492, 2015.
Mlynczak, M. G., Hunt, L. A., Garcia, R. R., Harvey, V. L., Marshall, B. T.,
Yue, J., Mertens, C. J., and Russell, J. M.: Cooling and contraction of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from 2002 to 2021, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD036767, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036767, 2022.
Molod, A., Takacs, L., Suarez, M., and Bacmeister, J.: Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: evolution from MERRA to MERRA2, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1339–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1339-2015, 2015 (data avaialble at: http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/mdisc, last access: March 2022).
Mudelsee, M.: Trend analysis of climate time series: A review of methods,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 190, 310–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.005, 2019.
Polvani, L. M. and Waugh, D. W.: Upward wave activity flux as a precursor to
extreme stratospheric events and subsequent anomalous surface weather
regimes, J. Climate, 17, 3548–3554,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3548:UWAFAA>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Qian, L., Jacobi, C., and McInerney, J.: Trends and solar irradiance effects in the mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 1343–1360,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026367, 2019.
Ramesh, K., Smith, A. K., Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Sridharan, S., and
Kishore Kumar, K.: Long-term variability and tendencies in middle atmosphere
temperature and zonal wind from WACCM6 simulations during 1850–2014, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD033579, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033579, 2020.
Randel, W. J.: The Evaluation of Winds from geopotential height data in the
stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3097–3120,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<3097:TEOWFG>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Randel, W. J. and Cobb, J. B.: Coherent variations of monthly mean total
ozone and lower stratospheric temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5433,
https://doi.org/10.1029/93JD03454, 1994.
Randel, W. J., Udelhofen, P., Fleming, E., Geller, M., Gelman, M., Hamilton,
K., Karoly, D., Ortland, D., Pawson, S., Swinbank, R., Wu, F., Baldwin, M.,
Chanin, M.-L., Keckhut, P., Labitzke, K., Remsberg, E., Simmons, A., and Wu,
D.: The SPARC intercomparison of middle-atmosphere climatologies, J. Climate,
17, 986–1003, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0986:TSIOMC>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Randel, W. J., Garcia, R. R., Calvo, N., and Marsh, D.: ENSO influence on
zonal mean temperature and ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15822, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039343, 2009.
Randel, W. J., Polvani, L., Wu, F., Kinnison, D. E., Zou, C. Z., and Mears,
C.: Troposphere-stratosphere temperature trends derived from satellite data
compared with ensemble simulations from WACCM, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122,
9651–9667, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027158, 2017.
Rao, J., Garfinkel, C. I., White, I. P., and Schwartz, C.: The southern
hemisphere minor sudden stratospheric warming in September 2019 and its
predictions in S2S models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2020JD032723,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032723, 2020.
Ray, E. A., Alexander, M. J., and Holton, J. R.: An analysis of the
structure and forcing of the equatorial semiannual oscillation in zonal
wind, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 1759–1774,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02679, 1998.
Russell III, J. M., Mlynczak, M. G., Gordley, L. L., Tansock Jr., J. J.,
and Esplin, R. W.: Overview of the SABER experiment and preliminary
calibration results, in: Optical Spectroscopic Techniques and
Instrumentation for Atmospheric and Space Research III, SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, 20 October 1999, Denver, CO, USA, Space Dynamics Lab Publications, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.366382, 1999.
She, C., Berger, U., Yan, Z., Yuan, T., Lübken, F.-J., Krueger, D. A.,
and Hu, X.: Solar response and long-term trend of midlatitude mesopause
region temperature based on 28 Years (1990–2017) of Na lidar observations,
J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 7140–7156, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026759, 2019.
Smith, A. K., Garcia, R. R., Moss, A. C., and Mitchell, N. J.: The
semiannual oscillation of the tropical zonal wind in the middle atmosphere
derived from satellite geopotential height retrievals, J. Atmos. Sci., 74,
2413–2425, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0067.1, 2017.
Souleymane, S., Madonna, F., Rosoldi, M., Tramutola, E., Gagliardi, S.,
Proto, M., and Pappalardo, G.: Sensitivity of trends to estimation methods
and quantification of subsampling effects in global radiosounding
temperature and humidity time series, Int. J. Climatol., 41, E1992–E2014,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6827, 2021.
Sridharan, S., Tsuda, T., and Gurubaran, S.: Radar observations of long-term
variability of mesosphere and lower thermosphere winds over Tirunelveli
(8.7∘ N, 77.8∘ E), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D23105,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008669, 2007.
Swinbank, R. and Ortland, D. A.: Compilation of wind data for the Upper
Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Reference Atmosphere Project, J.
Geophys. Res., 108, 4615, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd003135, 2003.
Taguchi, M.: Observed connection of the stratospheric quasi-biennial
oscillation with El Niño–Southern Oscillation in radiosonde data, J.
Geophys. Res., 115, D18120, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014325, 2010.
Tapping, K. F.: The 10.7 cm solar radio flux (F10.7), Sp. Weather, 11,
394–406, https://doi.org/10.1002/swe.20064, 2013 (data available at: https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/, last access: March 2022).
Venkat Ratnam, M., Kishore Kumar, G., Venkateswara Rao, N., Krishna Murthy,
B. V., Laštovička, J., and Qian, L.: Evidence of long-term change in
zonal wind in the tropical lower mesosphere: Observations and model
simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 397–401,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50158, 2013.
Venkat Ratnam, M., Akhil Raj, S. T., and Qian, L.: Long-term trends in the
low-latitude middle atmosphere temperature and winds: observations and
WACCM-X model smulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 7320–7331,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026928, 2019.
Venkateswara Rao, N., Tsuda, T., Riggin, D. M., Gurubaran, S., Reid, I. M.,
and Vincent, R. A.: Long-term variability of mean winds in the mesosphere
and lower thermosphere at low latitudes, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117,
1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017850, 2012.
Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S.: El Niño/Southern Oscillation behaviour
since 1871 as diagnosed in an extended multivariate ENSO index (MEI.ext),
Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1074–1087, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2336, 2011.
Xu, J., Liu, H.-L., Yuan, W., Smith, A. K., Roble, R. G., Mertens, C. J.,
Russell, J. M., and Mlynczak, M. G.: Mesopause structure from Thermosphere,
Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the
Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations, J.
Geophys. Res., 112, D09102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007711, 2007.
Xu, J., Smith, A. K., Liu, H.-L., Yuan, W., Wu, Q., Jiang, G., Mlynczak, M.
G., and Russell, J. M.: Estimation of the equivalent Rayleigh friction in
mesosphere/lower thermosphere region from the migrating diurnal tides
observed by TIMED, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D23103,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012209, 2009a.
Xu, J., Smith, A. K., Liu, H. L., Yuan, W., Wu, Q., Jiang, G., Mlynczak, M.
G., Russell, J. M., and Franke, S. J.: Seasonal and quasi-biennial
variations in the migrating diurnal tide observed by Thermosphere,
Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011298, 2009b.
Yuan, T., Solomon, S. C., She, C.-Y., Krueger, D. A., and Liu, H.-L.: The
long-term trends of nocturnal mesopause temperature and altitude revealed by
Na lidar observations between 1990 and 2018 at Midlatitude, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 5970–5980, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029828, 2019.
Yue, J., Russell, J., Jian, Y., Rezac, L., Garcia, R., López-Puertas,
M., and Mlynczak, M. G.: Increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the
upper atmosphere observed by SABER, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7194–7199,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064696, 2015.
Yue, J., Russell, J., Gan, Q., Wang, T., Rong, P., Garcia, R., and Mlynczak,
M.: Increasing water vapor in the stratosphere and mesosphere after 2002,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 13452–13460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084973,
2019a.
Yue, J., Li, T., Qian, L., Lastovicka, J., and Zhang, S.: Introduction to
special issue on “long-term changes and trends in the middle and upper
atmosphere”, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 10360–10364,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027462, 2019b.
Zhang, S., Cnossen, I., Laštovička, J., Elias, A. G., Yue, X.,
Jacobi, C., Yue, J., Wang, W., Qian, L., and Goncharenko, L.: Long-term
geospace climate monitoring, Front. Astron. Sp. Sci., 10, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1139230, 2023.
Zhang, T., Hoell, A., Perlwitz, J., Eischeid, J., Murray, D., Hoerling, M.,
and Hamill, T. M.: Towards probabilistic multivariate ENSO monitoring,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10532–10540, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083946, 2019 (data available at: https://www.psl.noaa.gov/enso/mei/, last access: March 2022).
Short summary
Winds are important in characterizing atmospheric dynamics and coupling. However, it is difficult to directly measure the global winds from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere. We developed a global zonal wind dataset according to the gradient wind theory and SABER and meteor radar observations. Using the dataset, we studied the intra-annual, inter-annual, and long-term variations. This is helpful to understand the variations and coupling of the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere.
Winds are important in characterizing atmospheric dynamics and coupling. However, it is...
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint