Articles | Volume 23, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2365-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2365-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The shifting of secondary inorganic aerosol formation mechanisms during haze aggravation: the decisive role of aerosol liquid water
School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011, Hohhot, China
Yue Su
School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Yongli Tian
Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011, Hohhot, China
Yanju Shi
Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011, Hohhot, China
Xingjun Zhou
Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011, Hohhot, China
Peng Wang
Inner Mongolia Environmental Monitoring Center, 010011, Hohhot, China
Ruihong Yu
School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Wei Wang
School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Jiang He
School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Jinyuan Xin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Changwei Lü
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, 010021, Hohhot, China
Related authors
Yuying Cui, Qingru Wu, Shuxiao Wang, Kaiyun Liu, Shengyue Li, Zhezhe Shi, Daiwei Ouyang, Zhongyan Li, Qinqin Chen, Changwei Lü, Fei Xie, Yi Tang, Yan Wang, and Jiming Hao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3315–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3315-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop P-CAME, a long-term gridded emission inventory for China spanning from 1978 to 2021. P-CAME enhances the accuracy of emissions mapping, identifies potential pollution hotspots, and aligns with observed Hg0 concentration trends. With its improved spatial resolution and reliable long-term trends, P-CAME offers valuable support for global emissions modeling, legacy impact studies, and evaluations of the Minamata Convention.
Yuying Cui, Qingru Wu, Shuxiao Wang, Kaiyun Liu, Shengyue Li, Zhezhe Shi, Daiwei Ouyang, Zhongyan Li, Qinqin Chen, Changwei Lü, Fei Xie, Yi Tang, Yan Wang, and Jiming Hao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3315–3328, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3315-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We develop P-CAME, a long-term gridded emission inventory for China spanning from 1978 to 2021. P-CAME enhances the accuracy of emissions mapping, identifies potential pollution hotspots, and aligns with observed Hg0 concentration trends. With its improved spatial resolution and reliable long-term trends, P-CAME offers valuable support for global emissions modeling, legacy impact studies, and evaluations of the Minamata Convention.
Wenxin Zhao, Yu Zhao, Yu Zheng, Dong Chen, Jinyuan Xin, Kaitao Li, Huizheng Che, Zhengqiang Li, Mingrui Ma, and Yun Hang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6593–6612, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6593-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the long-term (2000–2020) variabilities of aerosol absorption optical depth, black carbon emissions, and associated health risks in China with an integrated framework that combines multiple observations and modeling techniques. We demonstrate the remarkable emission abatement resulting from the implementation of national pollution controls and show how human activities affected the emissions with a spatiotemporal heterogeneity, thus supporting differentiated policy-making by region.
Hang Liu, Xiaole Pan, Shandong Lei, Yuting Zhang, Aodong Du, Weijie Yao, Guiqian Tang, Tao Wang, Jinyuan Xin, Jie Li, Yele Sun, Junji Cao, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7225–7239, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7225-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7225-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide the average vertical profiles of black carbon (BC) concentration, size distribution and coating thickness at different times of the day in an urban area based on 112 vertical profiles. In addition, it is found that BC in the residual layer generally has a thicker coating, higher absorption enhancement and hygroscopicity than on the surface. Such aged BC could enter into the boundary layer and influence the BC properties in the early morning.
Haijun Zhou, Tao Liu, Bing Sun, Yongli Tian, Xingjun Zhou, Feng Hao, Xi Chun, Zhiqiang Wan, Peng Liu, Jingwen Wang, and Dagula Du
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12153–12166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12153-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12153-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A single year’s offline measurement was conducted in Hohhot to reveal the chemical characteristics and sources of PM2.5 in a semi-arid region. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because relatively few studies have focused on the chemical composition and sources of PM2.5 with offline measurements. A knowledge gap exists concerning how chemical composition and sources respond to implemented control measures for aerosols, particularly in a semi-arid region.
Yuting Zhang, Hang Liu, Shandong Lei, Wanyun Xu, Yu Tian, Weijie Yao, Xiaoyong Liu, Qi Liao, Jie Li, Chun Chen, Yele Sun, Pingqing Fu, Jinyuan Xin, Junji Cao, Xiaole Pan, and Zifa Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17631–17648, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17631-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the authors used a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) to characterize the particle size, mixing state, and optical properties of black carbon aerosols in rural areas of the North China Plain in winter. Relatively warm and high-RH environments (RH > 50 %, −4° < T < 4 °) were more favorable to rBC aging than dry and cold environments (RH < 60 %, T < −8°). The paper emphasizes the importance of meteorological parameters in the mixing state of black carbon.
Xinyu Liu, Xixi Lu, Ruihong Yu, Heyang Sun, Hao Xue, Zhen Qi, Zhengxu Cao, Zhuangzhuang Zhang, and Tingxi Liu
Biogeosciences, 18, 4855–4872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4855-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4855-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Gradual riparian wetland drying is increasingly sensitive to global warming and contributes to climate change. We analyzed the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O from riparian wetlands in the Xilin River basin to understand the role of these ecosystems in greenhouse gas emissions. Our study showed that anthropogenic activities have extensively changed the hydrological characteristics of the riparian wetlands and might accelerate carbon loss, which could further affect greenhouse gas emissions.
Yunyan Jiang, Jinyuan Xin, Ying Wang, Guiqian Tang, Yuxin Zhao, Danjie Jia, Dandan Zhao, Meng Wang, Lindong Dai, Lili Wang, Tianxue Wen, and Fangkun Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6111–6128, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multiscale-circulation coupling affects pollution by changing the planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure. The multilayer PBL under cyclonic circulation has no diurnal variation; the temperature inversion and zero-speed zone can reach 600–900 m with strong mountain winds. The monolayer PBL under southwestern circulation can reach 2000 m; the inversion is lower than nocturnal PBL (400 m) with strong ambient winds. The zonal winds' vertical shear produces the inversion under western circulation.
Dandan Zhao, Jinyuan Xin, Chongshui Gong, Jiannong Quan, Yuesi Wang, Guiqian Tang, Yongxiang Ma, Lindong Dai, Xiaoyan Wu, Guangjing Liu, and Yongjing Ma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5739–5753, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5739-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5739-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) on the boundary layer structure is nonlinear. The threshold of the modification effects of ARF on the boundary layer structure was determined for the first time, highlighting that once ARF exceeded a certain value, the boundary layer would quickly stabilize and aggravate air pollution. This could provide useful information for relevant atmospheric-environment improvement measures and policies.
Cited articles
Ansari, A. S. and Pandis, S. N.: Water Absorption by Secondary Organic Aerosol and Its Effect on Inorganic Aerosol Behavior, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.1021/es990717q, 2000.
Bertram, T. H., Thornton, J. A., Riedel, T. P., Middlebrook, A. M., Bahreini, R., Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., and Coffman, D. J.: Direct observations of N2O5 reactivity on ambient aerosol particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040248, 2009.
Bian, Y. X., Zhao, C. S., Ma, N., Chen, J., and Xu, W. Y.: A study of aerosol liquid water content based on hygroscopicity measurements at high relative humidity in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6417–6426, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6417-2014, 2014.
Carlton, A. G. and Turpin, B. J.: Particle partitioning potential of organic compounds is highest in the Eastern US and driven by anthropogenic water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10203–10214, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10203-2013, 2013.
Cheng, Y., Zheng, G., Wei, C., Mu, Q., Zheng, B., Wang, Z., Gao, M., Zhang,
Q., He, K., Carmichael, G., Pöschl, U., and Su, H.: Reactive nitrogen
chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China, Sci. Adv., 2, e1601530, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601530, 2016.
Clegg, S. L., Brimblecombe, P., and Wexler, A. S.: Thermodynamic Model of
the System H+– – –NO3–H2O at Tropospheric Temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 2137–2154, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp973042r, 1998.
Clifton, C. L., Altstein, N., and Huie, R. E.: Rate constant for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sulfur(IV) over the pH range 5.3–13, Environ. Sci. Technol., 22, 586–589, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00170a018, 1988.
Davies, J. F. and Wilson, K. R.: Nanoscale interfacial gradients formed by the reactive uptake of OH radicals onto viscous aerosol surfaces, Chem. Sci., 6, 7020–7027, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SC02326B, 2015.
Fang, T., Guo, H., Zeng, L., Verma, V., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Highly
Acidic Ambient Particles, Soluble Metals, and Oxidative Potential: A Link
between Sulfate and Aerosol Toxicity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 2611–2620,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06151, 2017.
Fu, H. and Chen, J.: Formation, features and controlling strategies of severe haze-fog pollutions in China, Sci. Total Environ., 578, 121–138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.201, 2017.
Gao, J., Wei, Y., Shi, G., Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Song, S., Wang, W., Liang, D.,
and Feng, Y.: Roles of RH, aerosol pH and sources in concentrations of secondary inorganic aerosols, during different pollution periods, Atmos.
Environ., 241, 117770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117770, 2020.
Ge, B., Xu, X., Ma, Z., Pan, X., Wang, Z., Lin, W., Ouyang, B., Xu, D., Lee,
J., Zheng, M., Ji, D., Sun, Y., Dong, H., Squires, F. A., Fu, P., and Wang, Z.: Role of Ammonia on the Feedback Between AWC and Inorganic Aerosol Formation During Heavy Pollution in the North China Plain, Earth Space Sci.,
6, 1675–1693, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000799, 2019.
Guo, H., Sullivan, A. P., Campuzano-Jost, P., Schroder, J. C., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Dibb, J. E., Jimenez, J. L., Thornton, J. A., Brown,
S. S., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Fine particle pH and the partitioning of
nitric acid during winter in the northeastern United States, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 121, 10355–10376, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025311, 2016.
Guo, H., Liu, J., Froyd, K. D., Roberts, J. M., Veres, P. R., Hayes, P. L.,
Jimenez, J. L., Nenes, A., and Weber, R. J.: Fine particle pH and gas–particle phase partitioning of inorganic species in Pasadena, California, during the 2010 CalNex campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5703–5719, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5703-2017, 2017.
Guo, S., Hu, M., Zamora, M. L., Peng, J., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Du, Z., Wu,
Z., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Elucidating severe
urban haze formation in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 17373–17378,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419604111, 2014.
Gwynn, R. C., Burnett, R. T., and Thurston, G. D.: A time-series analysis of
acidic particulate matter and daily mortality and morbidity in the Buffalo,
New York, region, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 125–133,
https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108125, 2000.
He, P., Xie, Z., Chi, X., Yu, X., Fan, S., Kang, H., Liu, C., and Zhan, H.:
Atmospheric Δ17O( ) reveals nocturnal chemistry dominates nitrate production in Beijing haze, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14465–14476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14465-2018, 2018.
Hodas, N., Sullivan, A. P., Skog, K., Keutsch, F. N., Collett, J. L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Carlton, A. G., Laaksonen, A., and Turpin, B.
J.: Aerosol Liquid Water Driven by Anthropogenic Nitrate: Implications for
Lifetimes of Water-Soluble Organic Gases and Potential for Secondary Organic
Aerosol Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11127–11136,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es5025096, 2014.
Huang, R.-J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K.-F., Cao, J.-J., Han, Y.,
Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P.,
Wolf, R., Pieber, S. M., Bruns, E. A., Crippa, M., Ciarelli, G.,
Piazzalunga, A., Schwikowski, M., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J.,
Zimmermann, R., An, Z., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., Haddad, I. E., and
Prévôt, A. S. H.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate
pollution during haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218–222,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774, 2014.
Huang, R.-J., Duan, J., Li, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, Y., Tang, M., Yang, L., Ni,
H., Lin, C., Xu, W., Liu, Y., Chen, C., Yan, Z., Ovadnevaite, J., Ceburnis,
D., Dusek, U., Cao, J., Hoffmann, T., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Effects of NH3 and alkaline metals on the formation of particulate sulfate and nitrate in wintertime Beijing, Sci. Total Environ., 717, 137190,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137190, 2020.
Huang, X., Qiu, R., Chan, C. K., and Ravi Kant, P.: Evidence of high PM2.5 strong acidity in ammonia-rich atmosphere of Guangzhou, China: Transition in pathways of ambient ammonia to form aerosol ammonium at
, Atmos. Res., 99, 488–495,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.11.021, 2011.
Huang, X., Zhang, J., Luo, B., Wang, L., Tang, G., Liu, Z., Song, H., Zhang,
W., Yuan, L., and Wang, Y.: Water-soluble ions in PM2.5 during spring haze and dust periods in Chengdu, China: Variations, nitrate formation and
potential source areas, Environ. Pollut., 243, 1740–1749,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.126, 2018.
Huie, R. E. and Neta, P.: Kinetics of one-electron transfer reactions involving chlorine dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 1193–1198, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100278a046, 1986.
Jacob, D. J.: Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2131–2159, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00462-8, 2000.
Jin, X., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, F., Xu, W., Sun, Y., Fan, X., Chen, G., Wu, H., Ren, J., Wang, Q., and Cribb, M.: Significant contribution of organics to aerosol liquid water content in winter in Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 901–914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-901-2020, 2020.
Kanchan, K., Gorai, A. K., and Goyal, P.: A review on air quality indexing
system, Asian J. Atmos. Environ., 9, 101–113, 2015.
Lavigne, E., Yasseen, A. S., Stieb, D. M., Hystad, P., van Donkelaar, A.,
Martin, R. V., Brook, J. R., Crouse, D. L., Burnett, R. T., Chen, H., Weichenthal, S., Johnson, M., Villeneuve, P. J., and Walker, M.: Ambient air
pollution and adverse birth outcomes: Differences by maternal comorbidities,
Environ. Res., 148, 457–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.026, 2016.
Lee, Y. N. and Schwartz, S. E.: Kinetics of Oxidation of Aqueous Sulfur(IV) by Nitrogen Dioxide, in: Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension, Vol. 1: Precipitation Scavenging, edited by: Pruppacher, H. R., Semonin, R. G., and Slinn, W. G., Elsevier, New York, USA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Oxford, UK, 453–470, 1983.
Li, H., Cheng, J., Zhang, Q., Zheng, B., Zhang, Y., Zheng, G., and He, K.:
Rapid transition in winter aerosol composition in Beijing from 2014 to 2017:
response to clean air actions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11485–11499,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11485-2019, 2019.
Liu, M., Song, Y., Zhou, T., Xu, Z., Yan, C., Zheng, M., Wu, Z., Hu, M., Wu,
Y., and Zhu, T.: Fine particle pH during severe haze episodes in northern
China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5213–5221, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073210, 2017.
Liu, M., Huang, X., Song, Y., Tang, J., Cao, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Wang,
S., Xu, T., Kang, L., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Yang, F., Wang, H., Yu, J. Z., Lau, A. K. H., He, L., Huang, X., Duan, L., Ding, A., Xue, L., Gao, J., Liu, B., and Zhu, T.: Ammonia emission control in China would mitigate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 7760–7765, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814880116, 2019.
Liu, P., Ye, C., Xue, C., Zhang, C., Mu, Y., and Sun, X.: Formation mechanisms of atmospheric nitrate and sulfate during the winter haze pollution periods in Beijing: gas-phase, heterogeneous and aqueous-phase chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4153–4165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4153-2020, 2020.
Liu, T., Chan, A. W. H., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Multiphase Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in Polluted Environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 4227–4242, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06496, 2021.
Liu, Z., Xie, Y., Hu, B., Wen, T., Xin, J., Li, X., and Wang, Y.: Size-resolved aerosol water-soluble ions during the summer and winter
seasons in Beijing: Formation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols,
Chemosphere, 183, 119–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.095, 2017.
McNeill, V. F.: Aqueous Organic Chemistry in the Atmosphere: Sources and
Chemical Processing of Organic Aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1237–1244, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5043707, 2015.
Nenes, A., Pandis, S. N., Weber, R. J., and Russell, A.: Aerosol pH and liquid water content determine when particulate matter is sensitive to ammonia and nitrate availability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3249–3258,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3249-2020, 2020.
Nguyen, T. K. V., Petters, M. D., Suda, S. R., Guo, H., Weber, R. J., and Carlton, A. G.: Trends in particle-phase liquid water during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10911–10930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10911-2014, 2014.
Nie, W., Ding, A. J., Xie, Y. N., Xu, Z., Mao, H., Kerminen, V. M., Zheng, L. F., Qi, X. M., Huang, X., Yang, X. Q., Sun, J. N., Herrmann, E., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., and Fu, C. B.: Influence of biomass burning
plumes on HONO chemistry in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1147–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1147-2015, 2015.
Nozière, B., Dziedzic, P., and Córdova, A.: Inorganic ammonium salts
and carbonate salts are efficient catalysts for aldol condensation in atmospheric aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 3864–3872, https://doi.org/10.1039/B924443C, 2010.
Pathak, R. K., Wu, W. S., and Wang, T.: Summertime PM2.5 ionic species in four major cities of China: nitrate formation in an ammonia-deficient
atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1711–1722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1711-2009, 2009.
Rumsey, I. C., Cowen, K. A., Walker, J. T., Kelly, T. J., Hanft, E. A.,
Mishoe, K., Rogers, C., Proost, R., Beachley, G. M., Lear, G., Frelink, T.,
and Otjes, R. P.: An assessment of the performance of the Monitor for AeRosols and GAses in ambient air (MARGA): a semi-continuous method for soluble compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5639–5658,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5639-2014, 2014.
Shang, D., Peng, J., Guo, S., Wu, Z., and Hu, M.: Secondary aerosol formation in winter haze over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China, Front Environ. Sci. Eng., 15, 34–46, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1326-x, 2020.
Shi, G., Xu, J., Shi, X., Liu, B., Bi, X., Xiao, Z., Chen, K., Wen, J., Dong, S., Tian, Y., Feng, Y., Yu, H., Song, S., Zhao, Q., Gao, J., and Russell, A. G.: Aerosol pH Dynamics During Haze Periods in an Urban Environment in China: Use of Detailed, Hourly, Speciated Observations to Study the Role of Ammonia Availability and Secondary Aerosol Formation and Urban Environment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 9730–9742, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029976, 2019.
Shiraiwa, M., Pfrang, C., Koop, T., and Pöschl, U.: Kinetic multi-layer
model of gas-particle interactions in aerosols and clouds (KM-GAP): linking
condensation, evaporation and chemical reactions of organics, oxidants and
water, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2777-2012, 2012.
Solera García, M. A., Timmis, R. J., Van Dijk, N., Whyatt, J. D., Leith, I. D., Leeson, S. R., Braban, C. F., Sheppard, L. J., Sutton, M. A., and Tang, Y. S.: Directional passive ambient air monitoring of ammonia for fugitive source attribution; a field trial with wind tunnel characteristics,
Atmos. Environ., 167, 576–585, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.043, 2017.
Song, C. H., Kim, C. M., Lee, Y. J., Carmichael, G. R., Lee, B. K., and Lee,
D. S.: An evaluation of reaction probabilities of sulfate and nitrate
precursors onto East Asian dust particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112,
D18206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008092, 2007.
Song, S., Gao, M., Xu, W., Shao, J., Shi, G., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Sun, Y., and McElroy, M. B.: Fine-particle pH for Beijing winter haze as inferred from different thermodynamic equilibrium models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7423–7438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7423-2018, 2018.
Tan, H., Cai, M., Fan, Q., Liu, L., Li, F., Chan, P., Deng, X., and Wu, D.:
An analysis of aerosol liquid water content and related impact factors in
Pearl River Delta, Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1822–1830, 2017.
Wang, G., Zhang, R., Gomez, M. E., Yang, L., Zamora, M. L., Hu, M., Lin, Y.,
Peng, J., Guo, S., and Meng, J.: Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 13630–13635, 2016.
Wang, G., Chen, J., Xu, J., Yun, L., Zhang, M., Li, H., Qin, X., Deng, C.,
Zheng, H., Gui, H., Liu, J., and Huang, K.: Atmospheric Processing at the
Sea-Land Interface Over the South China Sea: Secondary Aerosol Formation,
Aerosol Acidity, and Role of Sea Salts, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036255, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036255, 2022.
Wang, H., Wang, X., Zhou, H., Ma, H., Xie, F., Zhou, X., Fan, Q., Lü, C., and He, J.: Stoichiometric characteristics and economic implications of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 from a resource-dependent city, Environ. Res., 193, 110522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110522, 2021.
Wang, J., Li, J., Ye, J., Zhao, J., and Jacob, D. J.: Fast sulfate formation
from oxidation of SO2 by NO2 and HONO observed in Beijing haze, Nat. Commun., 11, 2844, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16683-x, 2020.
Wang, S., Nan, J., Shi, C., Fu, Q., Gao, S., Wang, D., Cui, H., Saiz-Lopez,
A., and Zhou, B.: Atmospheric ammonia and its impacts on regional air quality over the megacity of Shanghai, China, Sci. Rep., 5, 15842, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15842, 2015.
Weber, R. J., Guo, H., Russell, A. G., and Nenes, A.: High aerosol acidity
despite declining atmospheric sulfate concentrations over the past 15 years,
Nat. Geosci., 9, 282–285, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2665, 2016.
Wong, J. P. S., Lee, A. K. Y., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Impacts of Sulfate Seed
Acidity and Water Content on Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 13215–13221, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02686, 2015.
Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Tan, T., Zhu, Y., Li, M., Shang, D., Wang, H., Lu, K.,
Guo, S., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol Liquid Water Driven by Anthropogenic Inorganic Salts: Implying Its Key Role in Haze Formation over
the North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 5, 160–166,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00021, 2018.
Xie, F., Zhou, X., Wang, H., Gao, J., Hao, F., He, J., and Lü, C.: Heating events drive the seasonal patterns of volatile organic compounds in
a typical semi-arid city, Sci. Total Environ., 788, 147781,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147781, 2021.
Xie, Y., Wang, G., Wang, X., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Tang, G., Wang, L., Ge, S.,
Xue, G., Wang, Y., and Gao, J.: Nitrate-dominated PM2.5 and elevation of
particle pH observed in urban Beijing during the winter of 2017, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 20, 5019–5033, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5019-2020, 2020.
Xu, L., Duan, F., He, K., Ma, Y., Zhu, L., Zheng, Y., Huang, T., Kimoto, T.,
Ma, T., Li, H., Ye, S., Yang, S., Sun, Z., and Xu, B.: Characteristics of
the secondary water-soluble ions in a typical autumn haze in Beijing, Environ. Pollut., 227, 296–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.076, 2017.
Xue, J., Griffith, S. M., Yu, X., Lau, A. K. H., and Yu, J. Z.: Effect of
nitrate and sulfate relative abundance in PM2.5 on liquid water content
explored through half-hourly observations of inorganic soluble aerosols at a
polluted receptor site, Atmos. Environ., 99, 24–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.049, 2014.
Xue, J., Yuan, Z., Griffith, S. M., Yu, X., Lau, A. K. H., and Yu, J. Z.:
Sulfate Formation Enhanced by a Cocktail of High NOx, SO2, Particulate Matter, and Droplet pH during Haze-Fog Events in Megacities in China: An Observation-Based Modeling Investigation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 7325–7334, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00768, 2016.
Yao, L., Fan, X., Yan, C., Kurtén, T., Daellenbach, K. R., Li, C., Wang,
Y., Guo, Y., Dada, L., Rissanen, M. P., Cai, J., Tham, Y. J., Zha, Q., Zhang, S., Du, W., Yu, M., Zheng, F., Zhou, Y., Kontkanen, J., Chan, T., Shen, J., Kujansuu, J. T., Kangasluoma, J., Jiang, J., Wang, L., Worsnop, D. R., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Liu, Y., Chu, B., He, H., Kulmala, M., and Bianchi, F.: Unprecedented Ambient Sulfur Trioxide (SO3) Detection: Possible Formation Mechanism and Atmospheric Implications, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 7, 809–818, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00615, 2020.
Yue, F., He, P., Chi, X., Wang, L., Yu, X., Zhang, P., and Xie, Z.: Characteristics and major influencing factors of sulfate production via
heterogeneous transition-metal-catalyzed oxidation during haze evolution in
China, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 11, 1351–1358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.014, 2020.
Zhai, S., Jacob, D. J., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Wen, T., Shah, V., Li, K., Moch, J. M., Bates, K. H., Song, S., Shen, L., Zhang, Y., Luo, G., Yu, F., Sun, Y., Wang, L., Qi, M., Tao, J., Gui, K., Xu, H., Zhang, Q., Zhao, T., Wang, Y., Lee, H. C., Choi, H., and Liao, H.: Control of particulate nitrate air pollution in China, Nat. Geosci., 14, 389–395, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00726-z, 2021.
Zhang, R., Wang, G., Guo, S., Zamora, M. L., Ying, Q., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Hu, M., and Wang, Y.: Formation of Urban Fine Particulate Matter, Chem. Rev., 115, 3803–3855, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067, 2015.
Zhao, Q., Nenes, A., Yu, H., Song, S., Xiao, Z., Chen, K., Shi, G., Feng, Y., and Russell, A. G.: Using High-Temporal-Resolution Ambient Data to Investigate Gas-Particle Partitioning of Ammonium over Different Seasons,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 9834–9843, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07302, 2020.
Zheng, B., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., He, K. B., Wang, K., Zheng, G. J., Duan, F. K., Ma, Y. L., and Kimoto, T.: Heterogeneous chemistry: a mechanism missing in current models to explain secondary inorganic aerosol formation during the January 2013 haze episode in North China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2031–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2031-2015, 2015.
Zheng, G. J., Duan, F. K., Su, H., Ma, Y. L., Cheng, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang, Q., Huang, T., Kimoto, T., Chang, D., Pöschl, U., Cheng, Y. F., and He, K. B.: Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing: the impact of synoptic weather, regional transport and heterogeneous reactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2969–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2969-2015, 2015.
Zhou, H., Lü, C., He, J., Gao, M., Zhao, B., Ren, L., Zhang, L., Fan, Q., Liu, T., He, Z., Dudagula, Zhou, B., Liu, H., and Zhang, Y.: Stoichiometry of water-soluble ions in PM2.5: Application in source apportionment for a typical industrial city in semi-arid region, Northwest China, Atmos. Res., 204, 149–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.01.017, 2018.
Zhu, Y., Li, W., Lin, Q., Yuan, Q., Liu, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Shao, L.,
Niu, H., Yang, S., and Shi, Z.: Iron solubility in fine particles associated
with secondary acidic aerosols in east China, Environ. Pollut., 264, 114769,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114769, 2020.
Short summary
This work finds the shifting of secondary inorganic aerosol formation mechanisms during haze aggravation and explains the decisive role of aerosol liquid water on a broader scale (~ 500 μg m3) in an ammonia-rich atmosphere based on the in situ high-resolution online monitoring datasets.
This work finds the shifting of secondary inorganic aerosol formation mechanisms during haze...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint