Articles | Volume 22, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8819-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8819-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Jul 2022
Research article |
| 08 Jul 2022
| 08 Jul 2022
Contrail formation within cirrus: ICON-LEM simulations of the impact of cirrus cloud properties on contrail formation
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik
der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Formerly at Meteorologisches Institut,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik
der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Jingmin Li, Mattia Righi, Johannes Hendricks, Christof G. Beer, Ulrike Burkhardt, and Anja Schmidt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12727–12747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aiming to understand underlying patterns and trends in aerosols, we characterize the spatial patterns and long-term evolution of lower tropospheric aerosols by clustering multiple aerosol properties from preindustrial times to the year 2050 under three Shared
Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. The results provide a clear and condensed picture of the spatial extent and distribution of aerosols for different time periods and emission scenarios.
Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. The results provide a clear and condensed picture of the spatial extent and distribution of aerosols for different time periods and emission scenarios.
Raphael Satoru Märkl, Christiane Voigt, Daniel Sauer, Rebecca Katharina Dischl, Stefan Kaufmann, Theresa Harlaß, Valerian Hahn, Anke Roiger, Cornelius Weiß-Rehm, Ulrike Burkhardt, Ulrich Schumann, Andreas Marsing, Monika Scheibe, Andreas Dörnbrack, Charles Renard, Maxime Gauthier, Peter Swann, Paul Madden, Darren Luff, Reetu Sallinen, Tobias Schripp, and Patrick Le Clercq
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3813–3837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3813-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3813-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In situ measurements of contrails from a large passenger aircraft burning 100 % sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) show a 56 % reduction in contrail ice crystal numbers compared to conventional Jet A-1. Results from a climate model initialized with the observations suggest a significant decrease in radiative forcing from contrails. Our study confirms that future increased use of low aromatic SAF can reduce the climate impact from aviation.
Ziming Wang, Luca Bugliaro, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, Romy Heller, Ulrike Burkhardt, Helmut Ziereis, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Martin Wirth, Silke Groß, Simon Kirschler, Stefan Kaufmann, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1941–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1941-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1941-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Differences in the microphysical properties of contrail cirrus and natural cirrus in a contrail outbreak situation during the ML-CIRRUS campaign over the North Atlantic flight corridor can be observed from in situ measurements. The cirrus radiative effect in the area of the outbreak, derived from satellite observation-based radiative transfer modeling, is warming in the early morning and cooling during the day.
Harald Rybka, Ulrike Burkhardt, Martin Köhler, Ioanna Arka, Luca Bugliaro, Ulrich Görsdorf, Ákos Horváth, Catrin I. Meyer, Jens Reichardt, Axel Seifert, and Johan Strandgren
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4285–4318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4285-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4285-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating the impact of convection on the upper-tropospheric water budget remains a problem for models employing resolutions of several kilometers or more. A sub-kilometer high-resolution model is used to study summertime convection. The results suggest mostly close agreement with ground- and satellite-based observational data while slightly overestimating total frozen water path and anvil lifetime. The simulations are well suited to supplying information for parameterization development.
Montserrat Costa-Surós, Odran Sourdeval, Claudia Acquistapace, Holger Baars, Cintia Carbajal Henken, Christa Genz, Jonas Hesemann, Cristofer Jimenez, Marcel König, Jan Kretzschmar, Nils Madenach, Catrin I. Meyer, Roland Schrödner, Patric Seifert, Fabian Senf, Matthias Brueck, Guido Cioni, Jan Frederik Engels, Kerstin Fieg, Ksenia Gorges, Rieke Heinze, Pavan Kumar Siligam, Ulrike Burkhardt, Susanne Crewell, Corinna Hoose, Axel Seifert, Ina Tegen, and Johannes Quaas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5657–5678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5657-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5657-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds is a key uncertainty in climate change. This study analyses large-domain simulations with a new high-resolution model to investigate the differences in clouds between 1985 and 2013 comparing multiple observational datasets. The differences in aerosol and in cloud droplet concentrations are clearly detectable. For other quantities, the detection and attribution proved difficult, despite a substantial impact on the Earth's energy budget.
Lisa Bock and Ulrike Burkhardt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8163–8174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8163-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8163-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The climate impact of air traffic is to a large degree caused by changes in cirrus cloudiness resulting from the formation of contrails. We use an atmospheric climate model with a contrail cirrus parameterization to investigate the climate impact of contrail cirrus for the year 2050. The strong increase in contrail cirrus radiative forcing due to the projected increase in air traffic volume cannot be compensated for by the reduction of soot emissions and by improvements in propulsion efficiency.
Marianne T. Lund, Borgar Aamaas, Terje Berntsen, Lisa Bock, Ulrike Burkhardt, Jan S. Fuglestvedt, and Keith P. Shine
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 547–563, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-547-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-547-2017, 2017
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Impact of secondary ice production on thunderstorm electrification under different aerosol conditions
Model analysis of biases in the satellite-diagnosed aerosol effect on the cloud liquid water path
Evaluation of biases in mid-to-high-latitude surface snowfall and cloud phase in ERA5 and CMIP6 using satellite observations
Dynamical imprints on precipitation cluster statistics across a hierarchy of high-resolution simulations
Technical note: Phase space depiction of CCN activation and cloud droplet diffusional growth
Role of a key microphysical factor in mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds and their interactions with aerosols
Correction of ERA5 temperature and relative humidity biases by bivariate quantile mapping for contrail formation analysis
Can pollen affect precipitation?
Potential impacts of marine fuel regulations on an Arctic stratocumulus case and its radiative response
The impact of the mesh size and microphysics scheme on the representation of mid-level clouds in the ICON model in hilly and complex terrain
The role of ascent timescales for warm conveyor belt (WCB) moisture transport into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)
Estimating the concentration of silver iodide needed to detect unambiguous signatures of glaciogenic cloud seeding
On the impact of thunder on cloud ice crystals and droplets
Ice-nucleating particle concentration impacts cloud properties over Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, in COSMO-CLM2
Numerical simulation of aerosol concentration effects on cloud droplet size spectrum evolutions of warm stratiform clouds in Jiangxi, China
The impact of aerosol on cloud water: a heuristic perspective
The presence of clouds lowers climate sensitivity in the MPI-ESM1.2 climate model
Diurnal variation in an amplified canopy urban heat island during heat wave periods in the megacity of Beijing: roles of mountain–valley breeze and urban morphology
Diurnal evolution of non-precipitating marine stratocumuli in a large-eddy simulation ensemble
Counteracting Influences of Gravitational Settling Modulate Aerosol Impacts on Cloud Base Lowering Fog Characteristics
High ice water content in tropical mesoscale convective systems (a conceptual model)
Evolution of cloud droplet temperature and lifetime in spatiotemporally varying subsaturated environments with implications for ice nucleation at cloud edges
Effect of secondary ice production processes on the simulation of ice pellets using the Predicted Particle Properties microphysics scheme
Simulated particle evolution within a winter storm: contributions of riming to radar moments and precipitation fallout
A thermal-driven graupel generation process to explain dry-season convective vigor over the Amazon
Modeling homogeneous ice nucleation from drop-freezing experiments: impact of droplet volume dispersion and cooling rates
Cloud water adjustments to aerosol perturbations are buffered by solar heating in non-precipitating marine stratocumuli
Glaciation of mixed-phase clouds: insights from bulk model and bin-microphysics large-eddy simulation informed by laboratory experiment
Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Contrail Formation Regions in EMAC: A Spring Case Study
Microphysical processes involving the vapour phase dominate in simulated low-level Arctic clouds
Understanding aerosol–cloud interactions using a single-column model for a cold-air outbreak case during the ACTIVATE campaign
Investigating ice formation pathways using a novel two-moment multi-class cloud microphysics scheme
Constraining Aerosol-Cloud Adjustments by Uniting Surface Observations with a Perturbed Parameter Ensemble
The Critical Number and Size of Precipitation Embryos to Accelerate Warm Rain Initiation
On the sensitivity of aerosol–cloud interactions to changes in sea surface temperature in radiative–convective equilibrium
Exploring aerosol–cloud interactions in liquid-phase clouds over eastern China and its adjacent ocean using the WRF-Chem–SBM model
Impact on the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition of the interaction of cloud microphysics and macrophysics with large-scale circulation
How the representation of microphysical processes affects tropical condensate in a global storm-resolving model
Finite domains cause bias in measured and modeled distributions of cloud sizes
A systematic evaluation of high-cloud controlling factors
Tracking precipitation features and associated large-scale environments over southeastern Texas
Revisiting the evolution of downhill thunderstorms over Beijing: a new perspective from a radar wind profiler mesonet
How well can persistent contrails be predicted? An update
Impact of wildfire smoke on Arctic cirrus formation, part 2: simulation of MOSAiC 2019−2020 cases
Present-day correlations are insufficient to predict cloud albedo change by anthropogenic aerosols in E3SM v2
Simulations of primary and secondary ice production during an Arctic mixed-phase cloud case from the Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT) campaign
Microphysical characteristics of precipitation within convective overshooting over East China observed by GPM DPR and ERA5
Effects of radiative cooling on advection fog over the northwest Pacific Ocean: observations and large-eddy simulations
Evaluating the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process in ICON in large-eddy mode with in situ observations from the CLOUDLAB project
Microphysics regimes due to haze-cloud interactions: cloud oscillation and cloud collapse
Shiye Huang, Jing Yang, Jiaojiao Li, Qian Chen, Qilin Zhang, and Fengxia Guo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1831–1850, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1831-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1831-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol and secondary ice production are both vital to charge separation in thunderstorms, but the relative importance of different SIP processes to cloud electrification under different aerosol conditions is not well understood. In this study, we show in a clean environment, the shattering of freezing drops has the greatest effect on the charging rate, while in a polluted environment, both rime splintering and the shattering of freezing drops have a significant effect on cloud electrification.
Harri Kokkola, Juha Tonttila, Silvia M. Calderón, Sami Romakkaniemi, Antti Lipponen, Aapo Peräkorpi, Tero Mielonen, Edward Gryspeerdt, Timo Henrik Virtanen, Pekka Kolmonen, and Antti Arola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1533–1543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1533-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1533-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how atmospheric aerosols affect clouds is a scientific challenge. One question is how aerosols affects the amount of cloud water. We used a cloud-scale model to study these effects on marine clouds. The study showed that variations in cloud properties and instrument noise can cause bias in satellite-derived cloud water content. However, our results suggest that for similar weather conditions with well-defined aerosol concentrations, satellite data can reliably track these effects.
Franziska Hellmuth, Tim Carlsen, Anne Sophie Daloz, Robert Oscar David, Haochi Che, and Trude Storelvmo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1353–1383, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1353-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1353-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article compares the occurrence of supercooled liquid-containing clouds (sLCCs) and their link to surface snowfall in CloudSat–CALIPSO, ERA5, and the CMIP6 models. Significant discrepancies were found, with ERA5 and CMIP6 consistently overestimating sLCC and snowfall frequency. This bias is likely due to cloud microphysics parameterization. This conclusion has implications for accurately representing cloud phase and snowfall in future climate projections.
Claudia Christine Stephan and Bjorn Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1209–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1209-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1209-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical precipitation cluster area and intensity distributions follow power laws, but the physical processes responsible for this behavior remain unknown. We analyze global simulations that realistically represent precipitation processes. We consider Earth-like planets as well as virtual planets to realize different types of large-scale dynamics. Our finding is that power laws in Earth’s precipitation cluster statistics stem from the robust power laws in Earth’s atmospheric wind field.
Wojciech W. Grabowski and Hanna Pawlowska
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4104, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4104, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A simple diagram to depict cloud droplets formation via activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) as well as their subsequent growth and evaporation is presented.
Seoung Soo Lee, Chang Hoon Jung, Jinho Choi, Young Jun Yoon, Junshik Um, Youtong Zheng, Jianping Guo, Manguttathil G. Manoj, and Sang-Keun Song
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 705–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-705-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-705-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study attempts to test a general factor that explains differences in the properties of different mixed-phase clouds using a modeling tool. Although this attempt is not to identify a factor that can perfectly explain and represent the properties of different mixed-phase clouds, we believe that this attempt acts as a valuable stepping stone towards a more complete, general way of using climate models to better predict climate change.
Kevin Wolf, Nicolas Bellouin, Olivier Boucher, Susanne Rohs, and Yun Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 157–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-157-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-157-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis and airborne in situ observations from IAGOS are compared in terms of the representation of the contrail formation potential and the presence of supersaturation. Differences are traced back to biases in ERA5 relative humidity fields. Those biases are addressed by applying a quantile mapping technique that significantly improved contrail estimation based on post-processed ERA5 data.
Marje Prank, Juha Tonttila, Xiaoxia Shang, Sami Romakkaniemi, and Tomi Raatikainen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 183–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-183-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-183-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Large primary bioparticles such as pollen can be abundant in the atmosphere. In humid conditions pollen can rupture and release a large number of fine sub-pollen particles (SPPs). The paper investigates what kind of birch pollen concentrations are needed for the pollen and SPPs to start playing a noticeable role in cloud processes and alter precipitation formation. In the studied cases only the largest observed pollen concentrations were able to noticeably alter the precipitation formation.
Luís Filipe Escusa dos Santos, Hannah C. Frostenberg, Alejandro Baró Pérez, Annica M. L. Ekman, Luisa Ickes, and Erik S. Thomson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 119–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-119-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-119-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is experiencing enhanced surface warming. The observed decline in Arctic sea-ice extent is projected to lead to an increase in Arctic shipping activity, which may lead to further climatic feedbacks. Using an atmospheric model and results from marine engine experiments that focused on fuel sulfur content reduction and exhaust wet scrubbing, we investigate how ship exhaust particles influence the properties of Arctic clouds. Implications for radiative surface processes are discussed.
Nadja Omanovic, Brigitta Goger, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14145–14175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the numerical weather model ICON in two horizontal resolutions with two bulk microphysics schemes over hilly and complex terrain in Switzerland and Austria, respectively. We focused on the model's ability to simulate mid-level clouds in summer and winter. By combining observational data from two different field campaigns, we show that an increase in the horizontal resolution and a more advanced cloud microphysics scheme is strongly beneficial for cloud representation.
Cornelis Schwenk and Annette Miltenberger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 14073–14099, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14073-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-14073-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) transport moisture into the upper atmosphere, where it acts as a greenhouse gas. This transport is not well understood, and the role of rapidly rising air is unclear. We simulate a WCB and look at fast- and slow-rising air to see how moisture is (differently) transported. We find that for fast-ascending air more ice particles reach higher into the atmosphere and that frozen cloud particles are removed differently than during slow ascent, which has more water vapour.
Jing Yang, Jiaojiao Li, Meilian Chen, Xiaoqin Jing, Yan Yin, Bart Geerts, Zhien Wang, Yubao Liu, Baojun Chen, Shaofeng Hua, Hao Hu, Xiaobo Dong, Ping Tian, Qian Chen, and Yang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13833–13848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Detecting unambiguous signatures is vital for examining cloud-seeding impacts, but often, seeding signatures are immersed in natural variability. In this study, reflectivity changes induced by glaciogenic seeding using different AgI concentrations are investigated under various conditions, and a method is developed to estimate the AgI concentration needed to detect unambiguous seeding signatures. The results aid in operational seeding-based decision-making regarding the amount of AgI dispersed.
Konstantinos Kourtidis, Stavros Stathopoulos, and Vassilis Amiridis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3314, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3314, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The loud sound of thunder will induce mechanical effects on cloud droplets and ice particles, causing changes in their size distribution.
Florian Sauerland, Niels Souverijns, Anna Possner, Heike Wex, Preben Van Overmeiren, Alexander Mangold, Kwinten Van Weverberg, and Nicole van Lipzig
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13751–13768, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13751-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13751-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use a regional climate model, COSMO-CLM², enhanced with a module resolving aerosol processes, to study Antarctic clouds. We prescribe different concentrations of ice-nucleating particles to our model to assess how these clouds respond to concentration changes, validating results with cloud and aerosol observations from the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station. Our results show that aerosol–cloud interactions vary with temperature, providing valuable insights into Antarctic cloud dynamics.
Yi Li, Xiaoli Liu, and Hengjia Cai
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13525–13540, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13525-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13525-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of different aerosol modes on cloud processes remains controversial. We modified the aerosol spectra and concentrations to simulate a warm stratiform cloud process in Jiangxi, China, using the WRF-SBM scheme. Research shows that different aerosol spectra have diverse effects on cloud droplet spectra, cloud development, and the correlation between dispersion (ε) and cloud physics quantities. Compared to cloud droplet concentration, ε is more sensitive to the volume radius.
Fabian Hoffmann, Franziska Glassmeier, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13403–13412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13403-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13403-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds constitute a major cooling influence on Earth's climate system by reflecting a large fraction of the incident solar radiation back to space. This ability is controlled by the number of cloud droplets, which is governed by the number of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, laying the foundation for so-called aerosol–cloud–climate interactions. In this study, a simple model to understand the effect of aerosol on cloud water is developed and applied.
Andrea Mosso, Thomas Hocking, and Thorsten Mauritsen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12793–12806, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds play a crucial role in the Earth's energy balance, as they can either warm up or cool down the area they cover depending on their height and depth. They are expected to alter their behaviour under climate change, affecting the warming generated by greenhouse gases. This paper proposes a new method to estimate their overall effect on this warming by simulating a climate where clouds are transparent. Results show that with the model used, clouds have a stabilising effect on climate.
Tao Shi, Yuanjian Yang, Ping Qi, and Simone Lolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12807–12822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explored the formation mechanisms of the amplified canopy urban heat island intensity (ΔCUHII) during heat wave (HW) periods in the megacity of Beijing from the perspectives of mountain–valley breeze and urban morphology. During the mountain breeze phase, high-rise buildings with lower sky view factors (SVFs) had a pronounced effect on the ΔCUHII. During the valley breeze phase, high-rise buildings exerted a dual influence on the ΔCUHII.
Yao-Sheng Chen, Jianhao Zhang, Fabian Hoffmann, Takanobu Yamaguchi, Franziska Glassmeier, Xiaoli Zhou, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12661–12685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine stratocumulus cloud is a type of shallow cloud that covers the vast areas of Earth's surface. It plays an important role in Earth's energy balance by reflecting solar radiation back to space. We used numerical models to simulate a large number of marine stratocumuli with different characteristics. We found that how the clouds develop throughout the day is affected by the level of humidity in the air above the clouds and how closely the clouds connect to the ocean surface.
Nathan H. Pope and Adele L. Igel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3214, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3214, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used PAFOG, an atmospheric model that simulates a single column, to study the sensitivity of marine fog formed through the lowering of the base of a stratus cloud to meteorology and aerosols. We found that higher aerosol concentration reduces the likelihood and duration of fog, but leads to denser fog. This overall trend was caused by multiple physical mechanisms depending on conditions.
Alexei Korolev, Zhipeng Qu, Jason Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Greg M. McFarquhar, Paul Lawson, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11849–11881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The phenomenon of high ice water content (HIWC) occurs in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) when a large number of small ice particles with typical sizes of a few hundred micrometers is found at high altitudes. It was found that secondary ice production in the vicinity of the melting layer plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of HIWC. This study presents a conceptual model of the formation of HIWC in tropical MCSs based on in situ observations and numerical simulation.
Puja Roy, Robert M. Rauber, and Larry Di Girolamo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11653–11678, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11653-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11653-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud droplet temperature and lifetime impact cloud microphysical processes such as the activation of ice-nucleating particles. We investigate the thermal and radial evolution of supercooled cloud droplets and their surrounding environments with an aim to better understand observed enhanced ice formation at supercooled cloud edges. This analysis shows that the magnitude of droplet cooling during evaporation is greater than estimated from past studies, especially for drier environments.
Mathieu Lachapelle, Mélissa Cholette, and Julie M. Thériault
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11285–11304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11285-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11285-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hazardous precipitation types such as ice pellets and freezing rain are difficult to predict because they are associated with complex microphysical processes. Using Predicted Particle Properties (P3), this work shows that secondary ice production processes increase the amount of ice pellets simulated while decreasing the amount of freezing rain. Moreover, the properties of the simulated precipitation compare well with those that were measured.
Andrew DeLaFrance, Lynn A. McMurdie, Angela K. Rowe, and Andrew J. Heymsfield
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11191–11206, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11191-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model, the process whereby falling ice crystals accumulate supercooled liquid water droplets is investigated to elucidate its effects on radar-based measurements and surface precipitation. We demonstrate that this process accounted for 55% of the precipitation during a wintertime storm and is uniquely discernable from other ice crystal growth processes in Doppler velocity measurements. These results have implications for measurements from airborne and spaceborne platforms.
Toshi Matsui, Daniel Hernandez-Deckers, Scott E. Giangrande, Thiago S. Biscaro, Ann Fridlind, and Scott Braun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10793–10814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using computer simulations and real measurements, we discovered that storms over the Amazon were narrower but more intense during the dry periods, producing heavier rain and more ice particles in the clouds. Our research showed that cumulus bubbles played a key role in creating these intense storms. This study can improve the representation of the effect of continental and ocean environments on tropical regions' rainfall patterns in simulations.
Ravi Kumar Reddy Addula, Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Valeria Molinero, and Baron Peters
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10833–10848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice nucleation from supercooled droplets is important in many weather and climate modeling efforts. For experiments where droplets are steadily supercooled from the freezing point, our work combines nucleation theory and survival probability analysis to predict the nucleation spectrum, i.e., droplet freezing probabilities vs. temperature. We use the new framework to extract approximately consistent rate parameters from experiments with different cooling rates and droplet sizes.
Jianhao Zhang, Yao-Sheng Chen, Takanobu Yamaguchi, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10425–10440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying cloud response to aerosol perturbations presents a major challenge in understanding the human impact on climate. Using a large number of process-resolving simulations of marine stratocumulus, we show that solar heating drives a negative feedback mechanism that buffers the persistent negative trend in cloud water adjustment after sunrise. This finding has implications for the dependence of the cloud cooling effect on the timing of deliberate aerosol perturbations.
Aaron Wang, Steve Krueger, Sisi Chen, Mikhail Ovchinnikov, Will Cantrell, and Raymond A. Shaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10245–10260, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10245-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10245-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We employ two methods to examine a laboratory experiment on clouds with both ice and liquid phases. The first assumes well-mixed properties; the second resolves the spatial distribution of turbulence and cloud particles. Results show that while the trends in mean properties generally align, when turbulence is resolved, liquid droplets are not fully depleted by ice due to incomplete mixing. This underscores the threshold of ice mass fraction in distinguishing mixed-phase clouds from ice clouds.
Patrick Peter, Sigrun Matthes, Christine Frömming, Patrick Jöckel, Luca Bugliaro, Andreas Giez, Martina Krämer, and Volker Grewe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2142, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2142, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines how temperature and humidity representations influence contrail (-cirrus) formation criteria. Using various model setups, we identified biases that lead to overestimation of contrail formation areas. By comparing simulations with in-flight and satellite observations, we confirmed that humidity threshold choices greatly affect contrail predictions. These findings can help develop strategies for climate-optimized flight routes, potentially reducing aviation's climate effect.
Theresa Kiszler, Davide Ori, and Vera Schemann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10039–10053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10039-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10039-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysical processes impact the phase-partitioning of clouds. In this study we evaluate these processes while focusing on low-level Arctic clouds. To achieve this we used an extensive simulation set in combination with a new diagnostic tool. This study presents our findings on the relevance of these processes and their behaviour under different thermodynamic regimes.
Shuaiqi Tang, Hailong Wang, Xiang-Yu Li, Jingyi Chen, Armin Sorooshian, Xubin Zeng, Ewan Crosbie, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Luke D. Ziemba, and Christiane Voigt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10073–10092, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10073-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10073-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined marine boundary layer clouds and their interactions with aerosols in the E3SM single-column model (SCM) for a case study. The SCM shows good agreement when simulating the clouds with high-resolution models. It reproduces the relationship between cloud droplet and aerosol particle number concentrations as produced in global models. However, the relationship between cloud liquid water and droplet number concentration is different, warranting further investigation.
Tim Lüttmer, Peter Spichtinger, and Axel Seifert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2157, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate ice formation pathways in idealized convective clouds using a novel microphysics scheme, that distinguishes between five ice classes each with their unique formation mechanism. Ice crystals from rime splintering forms the lowermost layer of ice crystals around the updraft core. The majority of ice crystals in the anvil of the convective cloud stems from frozen droplets. Ice stemming from homogeneous and deposition nucleation was only relevant in the overshoot.
August Mikkelsen, Daniel T. McCoy, Trude Eidhammer, Andrew Gettelman, Ci Song, Hamish Gordon, and Isabel L. McCoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2158, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2158, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The largest uncertainty in inferring the magnitude of future warming comes from ambiguity in the strength of cooling in the historical record from aerosols. Aerosols are small liquid and solid particles that are important for cloud formation. The interactions between aerosols and clouds are complex and difficult to observe. In this study, we use surface observations of cloud and precipitation properties to constrain a climate model and interpret causality in complex aerosol-cloud interactions.
Jung-Sub Lim, Yign Noh, Hyunho Lee, and Fabian Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2636, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2636, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The onset of rain is not fully understood. In this study, we address the impact of comparably large particles (precipitation embryos), speculated to initiate rain in clouds that do not contain ice. We showed that these particles can accelerate rain initiation only if their size and number exceed a threshold. As this threshold depends on the cloud's micro- and macrostructure, the impact of large particles on rain initiation is situation-dependent.
Suf Lorian and Guy Dagan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9323–9338, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9323-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9323-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the combined effect of aerosols and sea surface temperature (SST) on clouds under equilibrium conditions in cloud-resolving radiative–convective equilibrium simulations. We demonstrate that the aerosol–cloud interaction's effect on top-of-atmosphere energy gain strongly depends on the underlying SST, while the shortwave part of the spectrum is significantly more sensitive to SST. Furthermore, increasing aerosols influences upper-troposphere stability and thus anvil cloud fraction.
Jianqi Zhao, Xiaoyan Ma, Johannes Quaas, and Hailing Jia
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9101–9118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9101-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9101-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explore aerosol–cloud interactions in liquid-phase clouds over eastern China and its adjacent ocean in winter based on the WRF-Chem–SBM model, which couples a spectral-bin microphysics scheme and an online aerosol module. Our study highlights the differences in aerosol–cloud interactions between land and ocean and between precipitation clouds and non-precipitation clouds, and it differentiates and quantifies their underlying mechanisms.
Je-Yun Chun, Robert Wood, Peter N. Blossey, and Sarah J. Doherty
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2439, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2439, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how aerosols affect clouds transitioning from stratocumulus to cumulus along trade winds under varying atmospheric conditions. We found that aerosols typically reduce precipitation and raise cloud height, but their impact changes when subsidence changes by aerosol enhancement are considered. Our findings indicate that the cooling effect of aerosols might be overestimated if these atmospheric changes are not accounted for.
Ann Kristin Naumann, Monika Esch, and Bjorn Stevens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2268, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2268, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how uncertainties in the representation of microphysical processes affect the tropical condensate distribution in the global storm-resolving model ICON. The results point to the importance of the fall speed of hydrometeor particles and to a simple relationship: the faster a condensate falls, the less there is of it. Implications for the energy balance and precipitation properties are discussed.
Thomas D. DeWitt and Timothy J. Garrett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8457–8472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is considerable disagreement on mathematical parameters that describe the number of clouds of different sizes as well as the size of the largest clouds. Both are key defining characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. A previous study provided an incorrect explanation for the disagreement. Instead, the disagreement may be explained by prior studies not properly accounting for the size of their measurement domain. We offer recommendations for how the domain size can be accounted for.
Sarah Wilson Kemsley, Paulo Ceppi, Hendrik Andersen, Jan Cermak, Philip Stier, and Peer Nowack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8295–8316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8295-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8295-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aiming to inform parameter selection for future observational constraint analyses, we incorporate five candidate meteorological drivers specifically targeting high clouds into a cloud controlling factor framework within a range of spatial domain sizes. We find a discrepancy between optimal domain size for predicting locally and globally aggregated cloud radiative anomalies and identify upper-tropospheric static stability as an important high-cloud controlling factor.
Ye Liu, Yun Qian, Larry K. Berg, Zhe Feng, Jianfeng Li, Jingyi Chen, and Zhao Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8165–8181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection under various large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) shows distinct precipitation features. In southeastern Texas, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute significantly to precipitation year-round, while isolated deep convection (IDC) is prominent in summer and fall. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) reveal convection can occur without large-scale lifting or moisture convergence. MCSs and IDC events have distinct life cycles influenced by specific LSMPs.
Xiaoran Guo, Jianping Guo, Tianmeng Chen, Ning Li, Fan Zhang, and Yuping Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8067–8083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The prediction of downhill thunderstorms (DSs) remains elusive. We propose an objective method to identify DSs, based on which enhanced and dissipated DSs are discriminated. A radar wind profiler (RWP) mesonet is used to derive divergence and vertical velocity. The mid-troposphere divergence and prevailing westerlies enhance the intensity of DSs, whereas low-level divergence is observed when the DS dissipates. The findings highlight the key role that an RWP mesonet plays in the evolution of DSs.
Sina Hofer, Klaus Gierens, and Susanne Rohs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7911–7925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We try to improve the forecast of ice supersaturation (ISS) and potential persistent contrails using data on dynamical quantities in addition to temperature and relative humidity in a modern kind of regression model. Although the results are improved, they are not good enough for flight routing. The origin of the problem is the strong overlap of probability densities conditioned on cases with and without ice-supersaturated regions (ISSRs) in the important range of 70–100 %.
Albert Ansmann, Cristofer Jimenez, Daniel A. Knopf, Johanna Roschke, Johannes Bühl, Kevin Ohneiser, and Ronny Engelmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2009, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we focus on the potential impact of wildfire smoke on cirrus formation. Aerosol and cirrus observations with lidar and radar during the MOSAiC expedition, presented in part 1 (egusphere-2024-2008) are closely linked to comprehensive modeling of ice nucleation in cirrus evolution processes, presented in this part 2 (egusphere-2024-2009). A clear impact of wildfire smoke on cirrus formation was found.
Naser Mahfouz, Johannes Mülmenstädt, and Susannah Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7253–7260, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7253-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7253-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are our primary tool to probe past, present, and future climate states unlike the more recent observation record. By constructing a hypothetical model configuration, we show that present-day correlations are insufficient to predict a persistent uncertainty in climate projection (how much sun because clouds will reflect in a changing climate). We hope our result will contribute to the scholarly conversation on better utilizing observations to constrain climate uncertainties.
Britta Schäfer, Robert Oscar David, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Julie Thérèse Pasquier, Georgia Sotiropoulou, and Trude Storelvmo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7179–7202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7179-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7179-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixed-phase clouds, i.e., clouds consisting of ice and supercooled water, are very common in the Arctic. However, how these clouds form is often not correctly represented in standard weather models. We show that both ice crystal concentrations in the cloud and precipitation from the cloud can be improved in the model when aerosol concentrations are prescribed from observations and when more processes for ice multiplication, i.e., the production of new ice particles from existing ice, are added.
Nan Sun, Gaopeng Lu, and Yunfei Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7123–7135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysical characteristics of convective overshooting are essential but poorly understood, and we examine them by using the latest data. (1) Convective overshooting events mainly occur over NC (Northeast China) and northern MEC (Middle and East China). (2) Radar reflectivity of convective overshooting over NC accounts for a higher proportion below the zero level, while the opposite is the case for MEC and SC (South China). (3) Droplets of convective overshooting are large but sparse.
Liu Yang, Saisai Ding, Jing-Wu Liu, and Su-Ping Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6809–6824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Advection fog occurs when warm and moist air moves over a cold sea surface. In this situation, the temperature of the foggy air usually drops below the sea surface temperature (SST), particularly at night. High-resolution simulations show that the cooling effect of longwave radiation from the top of the fog layer permeates through the fog, resulting in a cooling of the surface air below SST. This study emphasizes the significance of monitoring air temperature to enhance sea fog forecasting.
Nadja Omanovic, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Christopher Fuchs, Jan Henneberger, Anna J. Miller, Kevin Ohneiser, Fabiola Ramelli, Patric Seifert, Robert Spirig, Huiying Zhang, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6825–6844, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present simulations with a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model to study the growth of ice crystals in low clouds following glaciogenic seeding. We show that the simulated ice crystals grow slower than observed and do not consume as many cloud droplets as measured in the field. This may have implications for forecasting precipitation, as the ice phase is crucial for precipitation at middle and high latitudes.
Fan Yang, Hamed Fahandezh Sadi, Raymond A. Shaw, Fabian Hoffmann, Pei Hou, Aaron Wang, and Mikhail Ovchinnikov
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1693, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large-eddy simulations of a convection cloud chamber show two new microphysics regimes, cloud oscillation and cloud collapse, due to haze-cloud interactions. Our results suggest that haze particles and their interactions with cloud droplets should be considered especially in polluted conditions. To properly simulate haze-cloud interactions, we need to resolve droplet activation and deactivation processes, instead of using Twomey-type activation parameterization.
Cited articles
Baldauf, M. and Brdar, S.: 3D diffusion in terrain-following coordinates:
testing and stability of horizontally explicit, vertically implicit
discretizations, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.,
142, 2087–2101, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2805, 2016.
Bickel, M., Ponater, M., Bock, L., Burkhardt, U., and Reineke, S.:
Estimating the Effective Radiative Forcing of Contrail Cirrus, J.
Clim., 33, 1991–2005, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0467.1, 2020.
Bier, A. and Burkhardt, U.: Variability in Contrail Ice Nucleation and Its
Dependence on Soot Number Emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 3384–3400, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029155, 2019.
Bier, A., Burkhardt, U., and Bock, L.: Synoptic Control of Contrail Cirrus
Life Cycles and Their Modification Due to Reduced Soot Number Emissions,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 11584–11603,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027011, 2017.
Bier, A., Unterstrasser, S., and Vancassel, X.: Box model trajectory studies of contrail formation using a particle-based cloud microphysics scheme, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-823-2022, 2022.
Bock, L. and Burkhardt, U.: Reassessing properties and radiative forcing of
contrail cirrus using a climate model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 9717–9736, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025112,
2016a.
Bock, L. and Burkhardt, U.: The temporal evolution of a long-lived contrail
cirrus cluster: Simulations with a global climate model, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 3548–3565,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024475, 2016b.
Bock, L. and Burkhardt, U.: Contrail cirrus radiative forcing for future air
traffic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8163–8174,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8163-2019, 2019.
Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster, P.,
Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S. K.
Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., Zhang, X. Y., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K.,
Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Doschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and
Midgley, P. M.: Clouds and aerosols, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
571–657, https://https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.016, 2013.
Bräuer, T., Voigt, C., Sauer, D., Kaufmann, S., Hahn, V., Scheibe, M.,
Schlager, H., Diskin, G. S., Nowak, J. B., DiGangi, J. P., Huber, F., Moore,
R. H., and Anderson, B. E.: Airborne Measurements of Contrail Ice Properties
– Dependence on Temperature and Humidity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092166, 2021.
Burkhardt, U. and Kärcher, B.: Global radiative forcing from contrail
cirrus, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 54–58,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1068, 2011.
Burkhardt, U., Bock, L., and Bier, A.: Mitigating the contrail cirrus
climate impact by reducing aircraft soot number emissions, Npj Clim.
Atmos. Sci., 1, 37, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0046-4,
2018.
Chen, C.-C. and Gettelman, A.: Simulated radiative forcing from contrails
and contrail cirrus, Atmo. Chem. Phys., 13,
12525–12536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12525-2013, 2013.
Dipankar, A., Stevens, B., Heinze, R., Moseley, C., Zängl, G.,
Giorgetta, M., and Brdar, S.: Large eddy simulation using the general
circulation model ICON, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 7,
963–986, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015ms000431, 2015.
Fichter, C., Marquart, S., Sausen, R., and Lee, D. S.: The impact of cruise
altitude on contrails and related radiative forcing, Meteorol.
Z., 14, 563–572, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0048,
2005.
Gayet, J.-F., Febvre, G., Brogniez, G., Chepfer, H., Renger, W., and
Wendling, P.: Microphysical and Optical Properties of Cirrus and Contrails:
Cloud Field Study on 13 October 1989, J. Atmos. Sci.,
53, 126–138, 1996.
Gerz, T., Dürbeck, T., and Konopka, P.: Transport and effective
diffusion of aircraft emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 25905–25913, https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd02282,
1998.
Gierens, K.: Selected topics on the interaction between cirrus clouds and
embedded contrails, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11943–11949,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11943-2012, 2012.
Gruber, S., Unterstrasser, S., Bechtold, J., Vogel, H., Jung, M., Pak, H.,
and Vogel, B.: Contrails and their impact on shortwave radiation and
photovoltaic power production – a regional model study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6393–6411,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6393-2018, 2018.
Hande, L. B., Engler, C., Hoose, C., and Tegen, I.: Parameterizing cloud
condensation nuclei concentrations during HOPE, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 16, 12059–12079, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12059-2016,
2016.
Heinze, R., Dipankar, A., Henken, C. C., Moseley, C., Sourdeval, O.,
Trömel, S., Xie, X., Adamidis, P., Ament, F., Baars, H., Barthlott, C.,
Behrendt, A., Blahak, U., Bley, S., Brdar, S., Brueck, M., Crewell, S.,
Deneke, H., Di Girolamo, P., Evaristo, R., Fischer, J., Frank, C.,
Friederichs, P., Göcke, T., Gorges, K., Hande, L., Hanke, M., Hansen,
A., Hege, H.-C., Hoose, C., Jahns, T., Kalthoff, N., Klocke, D., Kneifel,
S., Knippertz, P., Kuhn, A., van Laar, T., Macke, A., Maurer, V., Mayer, B.,
Meyer, C. I., Muppa, S. K., Neggers, R. A. J., Orlandi, E., Pantillon, F.,
Pospichal, B., Röber, N., Scheck, L., Seifert, A., Seifert, P., Senf,
F., Siligam, P., Simmer, C., Steinke, S., Stevens, B., Wapler, K., Weniger,
M., Wulfmeyer, V., Zängl, G., Zhang, D., and Quaas, J.: Large-eddy
simulations over Germany using ICON: a comprehensive evaluation, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 143, 69–100, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2947,
2017.
Kapadia, Z. Z., Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., Borman, D. J., Mann, G. W.,
Pringle, K. J., Monks, S. A., Reddington, C. L., Benduhn, F., Rap, A.,
Scott, C. E., Butt, E. W., and Yoshioka, M.: Impacts of aviation fuel sulfur
content on climate and human health, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,
16, 10521–10541, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10521-2016, 2016.
Kärcher, B.: Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols,
soot, and ice particles: 1. Model description, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 103, 17111–17128, https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd01044, 1998.
Kärcher, B.: Aviation-Produced Aerosols and Contrails, Surv.
Geophys., 20, 113–167, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006600107117, 1999.
Kärcher, B.: Simulating gas-aerosol-cirrus interactions:
Process-oriented microphysical model and applications, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 3, 1645–1664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1645-2003, 2003.
Kärcher, B. and Yu, F.: Role of aircraft soot emissions in contrail
formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01804,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036649, 2009.
Kärcher, B., Busen, R., Petzold, A., Schröder, F. P., Schumann, U.,
and Jensen, E. J.: Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols,
soot, and ice particles: 2. Comparison with observations and sensitivity
studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103,
17129–17147, https://doi.org/10.1029/98jd01045, 1998.
Kärcher, B., Hendricks, J., and Lohmann, U.: Physically based
parameterization of cirrus cloud formation for use in global atmospheric
models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D01205,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006219, 2006.
Kärcher, B., Burkhardt, U., Bier, A., Bock, L., and Ford, I. J.: The
microphysical pathway to contrail formation, J. Geophys.l
Res.-Atmos., 120, 7893–7927,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023491, 2015.
Köhler, C. G. and Seifert, A.: Identifying sensitivities for cirrus
modelling using a two-moment two-mode bulk microphysics scheme, Tellus B, 67, 24494,
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.24494, 2015.
Krämer, M., Rolf, C., Spelten, N., Afchine, A., Fahey, D., Jensen, E.,
Khaykin, S., Kuhn, T., Lawson, P., Lykov, A., Pan, L. L., Riese, M.,
Rollins, A., Stroh, F., Thornberry, T., Wolf, V., Woods, S., Spichtinger,
P., Quaas, J., and Sourdeval, O.: A microphysics guide to cirrus – Part 2:
Climatologies of clouds and humidity from observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20,
12569–12608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020, 2020.
Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Skowron, A., Allen, M. R., Burkhardt, U., Chen,
Q., Doherty, S. J., Freeman, S., Forster, P. M., Fuglestvedt, J., Gettelman,
A., De León, R. R., Lim, L. L., Lund, M. T., Millar, R. J., Owen, B.,
Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Sausen, R., and Wilcox, L. J.: The
contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to
2018, Atmos. Environ., 244, 117834,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834, 2021.
Lewellen, D. C.: Analytic Solutions for Evolving Size Distributions of
Spherical Crystals or Droplets Undergoing Diffusional Growth in Different
Regimes, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 417–434, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-029.1, 2012.
Lewellen, D. C.: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Contrail Ice Number
Formation, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 2585–2604,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0322.1, 2020.
Lewellen, D. C., Meza, O., and Huebsch, W. W.: Persistent Contrails and
Contrail Cirrus, Part I: Large-Eddy Simulations from Inception to Demise,
J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4399–4419,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0316.1, 2014.
Liou, K. N.: Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A
Global Perspective, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 1167–1199,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:IOCCOW>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
Macke, A., Seifert, P., Baars, H., Barthlott, C., Beekmans, C., Behrendt,
A., Bohn, B., Brueck, M., Bühl, J., Crewell, S., Damian, T., Deneke, H.,
Düsing, S., Foth, A., Di Girolamo, P., Hammann, E., Heinze, R.,
Hirsikko, A., Kalisch, J., Kalthoff, N., Kinne, S., Kohler, M., Löhnert,
U., Madhavan, B. L., Maurer, V., Muppa, S. K., Schween, J., Serikov, I.,
Siebert, H., Simmer, C., Späth, F., Steinke, S., Träumner, K.,
Trömel, S., Wehner, B., Wieser, A., Wulfmeyer, V., and Xie, X.: The
HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) – an overview,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4887–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4887-2017, 2017.
Markowicz, K. M. and Witek, M. L.: Simulations of Contrail Optical
Properties and Radiative Forcing for Various Crystal Shapes, J.
Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 50, 1740–1755, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jamc2618.1, 2011.
Matthes, S., Lim, L., Burkhardt, U., Dahlmann, K., Dietmüller, S.,
Grewe, V., Haslerud, A. S., Hendricks, J., Owen, B., Pitari, G., Righi, M.,
and Skowron, A.: Mitigation of Non-CO2 Aviation's Climate Impact by Changing
Cruise Altitudes, Aerospace, 8, 36,
https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8020036, 2021.
Meerkötter, R., Schumann, U., Doelling, D. R., Minnis, P., Nakajima, T.,
and Tsushima, Y.: Radiative forcing by contrails, Ann. Geophys.,
17, 1080–1094, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1080-7,
1999.
Naiman, A. D., Lele, S. K., and Jacobson, M. Z.: Large eddy simulations of
contrail development: Sensitivity to initial and ambient conditions over
first twenty minutes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
116, D21208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015806, 2011.
Paoli, R. and Shariff, K.: Contrail Modeling and Simulation, Ann. Rev.
Fluid Mech., 48, 393–427,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010814-013619, 2016.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and
Precipitation, Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library, 2nd Edn., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, ISBN 978-0792344094, 1997.
Ramanathan, V., Cess, R. D., Harrison, E. F., Minnis, P., Barkstrom, B. R.,
Ahmad, E., and Hartmann, D.: Cloud-Radiative Forcing and Climate: Results
from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, Science, 243, 57–63,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4887.57, 1989.
Righi, M., Hendricks, J., and Sausen, R.: The global impact of the transport
sectors on atmospheric aerosol: simulations for year 2000 emissions,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9939–9970,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9939-2013, 2013.
Ruppert T.: Vector field reconstruction by radial basis functions, Master's
thesis, Department of Mathematics, Technical University Darmstadt,
Darmstadt, 2007.
Schröder, F., Kärcher, B., Duroure, C., Ström, J., Petzold, A.,
Gayet, J.-F., Strauss, B., Wendling, P., and Borrmann, S.: On the Transition
of Contrails into Cirrus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57,
464–480, 2000.
Schumann, U.: On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts,
Meteorol. Z., 5, 4–23,
https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/5/1996/4, 1996.
Schumann, U. and Heymsfield, A. J.: On the Life Cycle of Individual
Contrails and Contrail Cirrus, Meteorol. Monogr., 58, 3.1–3.24,
2017.
Schumann, U., Penner, J. E., Chen, Y., Zhou, C., and Graf, K.: Dehydration
effects from contrails in a coupled contrail–climate model, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 15, 11179–11199,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11179-2015, 2015.
Seifert, A. and Beheng, K. D.: A two-moment cloud microphysics
parameterization for mixed-phase clouds, Part 1: Model description,
Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 45–66,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0112-4, 2006.
Stevens, B. and Bony, S.: What Are Climate Models Missing?, Science,
340, 1053–1054, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237554, 2013.
Stevens, B., Acquistapace, C., Hansen, A., Heinze, R., Klinger, C., Klocke,
D., Rybka, H., Schubotz, W., Windmiller, J., Adamidis, P., Arka, I.,
Barlakas, V., Biercamp, J., Brueck, M., Brune, S., Buehler, S. A.,
Burkhardt, U., Cioni, G., Costa-Surós, M., Crewell, S., Crüger, T.,
Deneke, H., Friederichs, P., Henken, C. C., Hohenegger, C., Jacob, M.,
Jakub, F., Kalthoff, N., Köhler, M., van Laar, T. W., Li, P.,
Löhnert, U., Macke, A., Madenach, N., Mayer, B., Nam, C., Naumann,
A. K., Peters, K., Poll, S., Quaas, J., Röber, N., Rochetin, N., Scheck,
L., Schemann, V., Schnitt, S., Seifert, A., Senf, F., Shapkalijevski, M.,
Simmer, C., Singh, S., Sourdeval, O., Spickermann, D., Strandgren, J.,
Tessiot, O., Vercauteren, N., Vial, J., Voigt, A., and Zängl, G.: The
Added Value of Large-Eddy and Storm-Resolving Models for Simulating Clouds
and Precipitation, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 98, 395–435,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2020-021, 2020.
Tesche, M., Achtert, P., Glantz, P., and Noone, K. J.: Aviation effects on
already-existing cirrus clouds, Nat. Commun., 7, 12016,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12016, 2016.
Unterstrasser, S.: Large-eddy simulation study of contrail microphysics and
geometry during the vortex phase and consequences on contrail-to-cirrus
transition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,
7537–7555, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jd021418, 2014.
Unterstrasser, S.: Properties of young contrails – a parametrisation based
on large-eddy simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,
2059–2082, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2059-2016, 2016.
Verma, P.: figures_and_data_for_manuscript_contrail_formation_
within_cirrus_Verma_and_Burkhardt_07032022, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6337981, 2022.
Voigt, C., Schumann, U., Minikin, A., Abdelmonem, A., Afchine, A., Borrmann,
S., Boettcher, M., Buchholz, B., Bugliaro, L., Costa, A., Curtius, J.,
Dollner, M., Dörnbrack, A., Dreiling, V., Ebert, V., Ehrlich, A., Fix,
A., Forster, L., Frank, F., Fütterer, D., Giez, A., Graf, K., Grooß,
J.-U., Groß, S., Heimerl, K., Heinold, B., Hüneke, T., Järvinen,
E., Jurkat, T., Kaufmann, S., Kenntner, M., Klingebiel, M., Klimach, T.,
Kohl, R., Krämer, M., Krisna, T. C., Luebke, A., Mayer, B., Mertes, S.,
Molleker, S., Petzold, A., Pfeilsticker, K., Port, M., Rapp, M., Reutter,
P., Rolf, C., Rose, D., Sauer, D., Schäfler, A., Schlage, R., Schnaiter,
M., Schneider, J., Spelten, N., Spichtinger, P., Stock, P., Walser, A.,
Weigel, R., Weinzierl, B., Wendisch, M., Werner, F., Wernli, H., Wirth, M.,
Zahn, A., Ziereis, H., and Zöger, M.: ML-CIRRUS – The airborne
experiment on natural cirrus and contrail cirrus with the high-altitude
long-range research aircraft HALO, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 271–288,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00213.1, 2017.
Wan, H., Giorgetta, M. A., Zängl, G., Restelli, M., Majewski, D.,
Bonaventura, L., Fröhlich, K., Reinert, D., Rípodas, P., Kornblueh,
L., and Förstner, J.: The ICON-1.2 hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical
core on triangular grids – Part 1: Formulation and performance of the
baseline version, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 735–763,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-735-2013, 2013.
Wilkerson, J. T., Jacobson, M. Z., Malwitz, A., Balasubramanian, S., Wayson,
R., Fleming, G., Naiman, A. D., and Lele, S. K.: Analysis of emission data
from global commercial aviation: 2004 and 2006, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 10, 6391–6408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6391-2010, 2010.
Wolke, R., Knoth, O., Hellmuth, O., Schröder, W., and Renner, E.: The
parallel model system LM-MUSCAT for chemistry-transport simulations:
Coupling scheme, parallelization and applications, Adv. Parall.
Comput., 13, 363–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5452(04)80048-0, 2004.
Wolke, R., Schröder, W., Schrödner, R., and Renner, E.: Influence of
grid resolution and meteorological forcing on simulated European air
quality: A sensitivity study with the modeling system COSMO–MUSCAT,
Atmos. Environ., 53, 110–130,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.085, 2012.
Zängl, G., Reinert, D., Rípodas, P., and Baldauf, M.: The ICON
(ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic) modelling framework of DWD and MPI-M:
Description of the non-hydrostatic dynamical core, Q. J.
Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 563–579, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2378, 2014.
Zhang, Y., Macke, A., and Albers, F.: Effect of crystal size spectrum and
crystal shape on stratiform cirrus radiative forcing, Atmos. Res.,
52, 59–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-8095(99)00026-5, 1999.
Short summary
This paper investigates contrail ice formation within cirrus and the impact of natural cirrus on the contrail ice formation in the high-resolution ICON-LEM simulations over Germany. Contrail formation often leads to increases in cirrus ice crystal number concentration by a few orders of magnitude. Contrail formation is affected by pre-existing cirrus, leading to changes in contrail formation conditions and ice nucleation rates that can be significant in optically thick cirrus.
This paper investigates contrail ice formation within cirrus and the impact of natural cirrus on...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint