Articles | Volume 22, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8659-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-8659-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Effect of dust on rainfall over the Red Sea coast based on WRF-Chem model simulations
Sagar P. Parajuli
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi
Arabia
Georgiy L. Stenchikov
Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi
Arabia
Alexander Ukhov
Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi
Arabia
Suleiman Mostamandi
Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi
Arabia
Paul A. Kucera
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Duncan Axisa
Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E), Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla,
California, USA
William I. Gustafson Jr.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99354, USA
Yannian Zhu
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing,
China
Related authors
Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, David Fuertes, Georgiy Stenchikov, Tatyana Lapyonok, Igor Veselovskii, Frank G. Wienhold, Illia Shevchenko, Qiaoyun Hu, and Sagar Parajuli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2575–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents novelties in characterizing fine particles suspended in the air by means of combining various measurements that observe light propagation in atmosphere. Several non-coincident observations (some of which require sunlight, while others work only at night) could be united under the assumption that aerosol properties do not change drastically at nighttime. It also proposes how to describe particles' composition in a simplified manner that uses new types of observations.
Sagar P. Parajuli, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Alexander Ukhov, Illia Shevchenko, Oleg Dubovik, and Anton Lopatin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16089–16116, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16089-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16089-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Both natural (dust, sea salt) and anthropogenic (sulfate, organic and black carbon) aerosols are common over the Red Sea coastal plains. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), located on the eastern coast of the Red Sea, hosts the only operating lidar system in the Arabian Peninsula, which measures atmospheric aerosols day and night. We use these lidar data and high-resolution WRF-Chem model simulations to study the potential effect of dust aerosols on Red Sea environment.
Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, Georgiy Stenchikov, Ellsworth J. Welton, Illia Shevchenko, David Fuertes, Marcos Herreras-Giralda, Tatsiana Lapyonok, and Alexander Smirnov
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4445–4470, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compare aerosol properties over the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology campus using Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties (GRASP) and the Micro-Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET). We focus on the impact of different aerosol retrieval assumptions on daytime and nighttime retrievals and analyze seasonal variability in aerosol properties, aiding in understanding aerosol behavior and improving retrieval. Our work has implications for climate and public health.
Zhenhai Zhang, Vesta Afzali Gorooh, Duncan Axisa, Chandrasekar Radhakrishnan, Eun Yeol Kim, Venkatachalam Chandrasekar, and Luca Delle Monache
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1400, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water is a precious resource, and it is essential to monitor and predict the current and future occurrence of precipitation-producing clouds. We investigate the cloud characteristics related to precipitation with several cloud cases in the United Arab Emirates using the data from aircraft measurements, satellite observations, and weather radar observations. This study provides scientific support to the development of an applicable framework to examine cloud precipitation processes.
Mahen Konwar, Benjamin Werden, Edward C. Fortner, Sudarsan Bera, Mercy Varghese, Subharthi Chowdhuri, Kurt Hibert, Philip Croteau, John Jayne, Manjula Canagaratna, Neelam Malap, Sandeep Jayakumar, Shivsai A. Dixit, Palani Murugavel, Duncan Axisa, Darrel Baumgardner, Peter F. DeCarlo, Doug R. Worsnop, and Thara Prabhakaran
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2387–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In a warm cloud seeding experiment hygroscopic particles are released to alter cloud processes to induce early raindrops. During the Cloud–Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment, airborne mini aerosol mass spectrometers analyse the particles on which clouds form. The seeded clouds showed higher concentrations of chlorine and potassium, the oxidizing agents of flares. Small cloud droplet concentrations increased, and seeding particles were detected in deep cloud depths.
Lindsay M. Sheridan, Raghavendra Krishnamurthy, William I. Gustafson Jr., Ye Liu, Brian J. Gaudet, Nicola Bodini, Rob K. Newsom, and Mikhail Pekour
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 741–758, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-741-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-741-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In 2020, lidar-mounted buoys owned by the US Department of Energy (DOE) were deployed off the California coast in two wind energy lease areas and provided valuable year-long analyses of offshore low-level jet (LLJ) characteristics at heights relevant to wind turbines. In addition to the LLJ climatology, this work provides validation of LLJ representation in atmospheric models that are essential for assessing the potential energy yield of offshore wind farms.
Raghavendra Krishnamurthy, Gabriel García Medina, Brian Gaudet, William I. Gustafson Jr., Evgueni I. Kassianov, Jinliang Liu, Rob K. Newsom, Lindsay M. Sheridan, and Alicia M. Mahon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 5667–5699, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5667-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5667-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our understanding and ability to observe and model air–sea processes has been identified as a principal limitation to our ability to predict future weather. Few observations exist offshore along the coast of California. To improve our understanding of the air–sea transition zone and support the wind energy industry, two buoys with state-of-the-art equipment were deployed for 1 year. In this article, we present details of the post-processing, algorithms, and analyses.
Damao Zhang, Andrew M. Vogelmann, Fan Yang, Edward Luke, Pavlos Kollias, Zhien Wang, Peng Wu, William I. Gustafson Jr., Fan Mei, Susanne Glienke, Jason Tomlinson, and Neel Desai
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5827–5846, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5827-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5827-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud droplet number concentration can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements. Aircraft measurements are used to validate four ground-based retrievals of cloud droplet number concentration. We demonstrate that retrieved cloud droplet number concentrations align well with aircraft measurements for overcast clouds, but they may substantially differ for broken clouds. The ensemble of various retrievals can help quantify retrieval uncertainties and identify reliable retrieval scenarios.
Mohamed Abdelkader, Georgiy Stenchikov, Andrea Pozzer, Holger Tost, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 471–500, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-471-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-471-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the effect of injected volcanic ash, water vapor, and SO2 on the development of the volcanic cloud and the stratospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD). Both are sensitive to the initial injection height and to the aging of the volcanic ash shaped by heterogeneous chemistry coupled with the ozone cycle. The paper explains the large differences in AOD for different injection scenarios, which could improve the estimate of the radiative forcing of volcanic eruptions.
Lindsay M. Sheridan, Raghu Krishnamurthy, Gabriel García Medina, Brian J. Gaudet, William I. Gustafson Jr., Alicia M. Mahon, William J. Shaw, Rob K. Newsom, Mikhail Pekour, and Zhaoqing Yang
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2059–2084, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using observations from lidar buoys, five reanalysis and analysis models that support the wind energy community are validated offshore and at rotor-level heights along the California Pacific coast. The models are found to underestimate the observed wind resource. Occasions of large model error occur in conjunction with stable atmospheric conditions, wind speeds associated with peak turbine power production, and mischaracterization of the diurnal wind speed cycle in summer months.
Feiyue Mao, Ruixing Shi, Daniel Rosenfeld, Zengxin Pan, Lin Zang, Yannian Zhu, and Xin Lu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10589–10602, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10589-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10589-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies generally ignored the faint aerosols undetected by the CALIPSO layer detection algorithm because they are too optically thin. Here, we retrieved the faint aerosol extinction based on instantaneous CALIPSO observations with the constraint of SAGE data. The correlation and normalized root-mean-square error of the retrievals with independent SAGE data are 0.66 and 100.6 %, respectively. The minimum retrieved extinction at night can be extended to 10-4 km-1 with 125 % uncertainty.
Xin Lu, Feiyue Mao, Daniel Rosenfeld, Yannian Zhu, Zengxin Pan, and Wei Gong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11979–12003, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11979-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11979-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, a novel method for retrieving cloud base height and geometric thickness is developed and applied to produce a global climatology of boundary layer clouds with a high accuracy. The retrieval is based on the 333 m resolution low-level cloud distribution as obtained from the CALIPSO lidar data. The main part of the study describes the variability of cloud vertical geometrical properties in space, season, and time of the day. Resultant new insights are presented.
Anton Lopatin, Oleg Dubovik, David Fuertes, Georgiy Stenchikov, Tatyana Lapyonok, Igor Veselovskii, Frank G. Wienhold, Illia Shevchenko, Qiaoyun Hu, and Sagar Parajuli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2575–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents novelties in characterizing fine particles suspended in the air by means of combining various measurements that observe light propagation in atmosphere. Several non-coincident observations (some of which require sunlight, while others work only at night) could be united under the assumption that aerosol properties do not change drastically at nighttime. It also proposes how to describe particles' composition in a simplified manner that uses new types of observations.
Alexander Ukhov, Ravan Ahmadov, Georg Grell, and Georgiy Stenchikov
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss and evaluate the effects of inconsistencies found in the WRF-Chem code when using the GOCART module. First, PM surface concentrations were miscalculated. Second, dust optical depth was underestimated by 25 %–30 %. Third, an inconsistency in the process of gravitational settling led to the overestimation of dust column loadings by 4 %–6 %, PM10 by 2 %–4 %, and the rate of gravitational dust settling by 5 %–10 %. We also presented diagnostics that can be used to estimate these effects.
Sagar P. Parajuli, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Alexander Ukhov, Illia Shevchenko, Oleg Dubovik, and Anton Lopatin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16089–16116, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16089-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16089-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Both natural (dust, sea salt) and anthropogenic (sulfate, organic and black carbon) aerosols are common over the Red Sea coastal plains. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), located on the eastern coast of the Red Sea, hosts the only operating lidar system in the Arabian Peninsula, which measures atmospheric aerosols day and night. We use these lidar data and high-resolution WRF-Chem model simulations to study the potential effect of dust aerosols on Red Sea environment.
Klaus Klingmüller, Vlassis A. Karydis, Sara Bacer, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 15285–15295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15285-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15285-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate air pollution cools the climate and partially masks the greenhouse warming by reflecting sunlight and enhancing the reflection by clouds. The intensity of this cooling depends on interactions between pollution and desert dust within the atmosphere. Our simulations with a global atmospheric chemistry-climate model indicate that these interactions significantly weaken the cooling.
Liqiang Wang, Shaocai Yu, Pengfei Li, Xue Chen, Zhen Li, Yibo Zhang, Mengying Li, Khalid Mehmood, Weiping Liu, Tianfeng Chai, Yannian Zhu, Daniel Rosenfeld, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14787–14800, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14787-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14787-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Chinese government has made major strides in curbing anthropogenic emissions. In this study, we constrain a state-of-the-art CTM by a reliable data assimilation method with extensive chemical and meteorological observations. This comprehensive technical design provides a crucial advance in isolating the influences of emission changes and meteorological perturbations over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2016 to 2019, thus establishing the first map of the PM2.5 mitigation across the YRD.
Alexander Ukhov, Suleiman Mostamandi, Arlindo da Silva, Johannes Flemming, Yasser Alshehri, Illia Shevchenko, and Georgiy Stenchikov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9281–9310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9281-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9281-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The data assimilation products MERRA2 and CAMS are tested over the Middle East (ME) against in situ and satellite observations. For the first time, we compared the new MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval, MAIAC, with the Deep Blue and Dark Target MODIS AOD. We conducted 2-year high-resolution WRF-Chem simulations with the most accurate OMI-HTAP SO2 emissions to estimate the contribution of natural and anthropogenic aerosols to the PM pollution in the ME.
Khalid Mehmood, Yujie Wu, Liqiang Wang, Shaocai Yu, Pengfei Li, Xue Chen, Zhen Li, Yibo Zhang, Mengying Li, Weiping Liu, Yuesi Wang, Zirui Liu, Yannian Zhu, Daniel Rosenfeld, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2419–2443, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2419-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We selected June 2014 as our study period, which exhibited a complete evolution process of open biomass burning (OBB) dominated by open crop straw burning (OCSB) over central and eastern China (CEC). We established a constraining method that integrates ground-based PM2.5 measurements with the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model to derive optimal OBB emissions. It was found that these emissions could allow the model to reproduce meteorological and chemical fields over CEC during the study period.
Klaus Klingmüller, Jos Lelieveld, Vlassis A. Karydis, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7397–7408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7397-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7397-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Within the atmosphere, desert dust and anthropogenic pollution are mixed and interact, which affects the abundance and optical properties of the particulate matter. This results in an anthropogenic climate forcing associated with mineral dust notwithstanding the natural origin of most aeolian dust. With a global chemistry–climate model, we estimate this forcing to represent a considerable fraction of the total dust forcing.
Klaus Klingmüller, Swen Metzger, Mohamed Abdelkader, Vlassis A. Karydis, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Andrea Pozzer, and Jos Lelieveld
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 989–1008, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-989-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-989-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
More than 1 billion tons of mineral dust particles are raised into the atmosphere every year, which has a significant impact on climate, society and ecosystems. The location, time and amount of dust emissions depend on surface and wind conditions. In the atmospheric chemistry–climate model EMAC, we have updated the relevant surface data and equations. Our validation shows that the updates substantially improve the agreement of model results and observations.
Caiwang Zheng, Chuanfeng Zhao, Yannian Zhu, Yang Wang, Xiaoqin Shi, Xiaolin Wu, Tianmeng Chen, Fang Wu, and Yanmei Qiu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13473–13489, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13473-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13473-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes influential factors including the aerosol type, relative humidity (RH), atmospheric boundary layer height (BLH), wind speed and direction, and aerosol vertical structure to the AOD–PM2.5 relationship. It shows that the ratio of PM2.5 to AOD, η, varies a lot with aerosol type. η is smaller for scattering-dominant (coarse mode) than for absorbing-dominant (fine mode) aerosol. The higher the RH (BLH), the larger (smaller) the η. η also decreases with the surface wind speed.
Johann P. Engelbrecht, Georgiy Stenchikov, P. Jish Prakash, Traci Lersch, Anatolii Anisimov, and Illia Shevchenko
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11467–11490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11467-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11467-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Desert dust has a profound impact on peoples health, visibility, damage to equipment, and global climate. This research is on dust from the Arabian Peninsula and aims at collecting and analyzing mineralogical, physical, and chemical composition of dust deposits from the atmosphere at the KAUST campus along the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia. The results will be used to assess the input of nutrients to the Red Sea, and will support dust modeling in the Middle East.
Jamie R. Banks, Helen E. Brindley, Georgiy Stenchikov, and Kerstin Schepanski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3987–4003, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3987-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3987-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
From an 11-year analysis of satellite measurements of atmospheric dust presence over the Red Sea, it is clear that there is a strong north–south gradient in dust activity and a pronounced interannual variability in this activity. Analysing two commonly used satellite retrieval methods to quantify dust presence, we find that under the most extreme dust storm conditions the measured dust optical thicknesses can diverge strongly between the two methods.
Mohamed Abdelkader, Swen Metzger, Benedikt Steil, Klaus Klingmüller, Holger Tost, Andrea Pozzer, Georgiy Stenchikov, Leonard Barrie, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3799–3821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3799-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3799-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a modeling study on the impacts of the key processes (dust emission flux, convection and dust aging parameterizations) that control the transatlantic dust transport using an advanced version of the EMAC atmospheric chemistry general circulation model. We define the
direct effect of dust agingas an increase in the AOD as a result of hygroscopic growth. We define the
indirect effectas a reduction in the dust AOD due to the higher removal of the aged dust particles.
Anatolii Anisimov, Weichun Tao, Georgiy Stenchikov, Stoitchko Kalenderski, P. Jish Prakash, Zong-Liang Yang, and Mingjie Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 993–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-993-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-993-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study is aimed at quantifying the fine-scale structure of dust emission from the western coastal plain of the Arabian Peninsula. Using the high-resolution modeling tools and up-to-date satellite inventories, we simulate and analyze the spatial and temporal variability of dust generation. The estimate of total dust emission from the coastal plain is 7.5 ± 0.5 Mt per year. We show that the study area is a stable dust generation zone and a potential source of mineral nutrients for the Red Sea.
P. Jish Prakash, Georgiy Stenchikov, Weichun Tao, Tahir Yapici, Bashir Warsama, and Johann P. Engelbrecht
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11991–12004, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11991-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11991-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The study is on the mineralogical, chemical and physical properties of surface soil samples from the Arabian Red Sea coastal plain. The sampled sites were previously identified to be potential source areas for windblown mineral dust. Results from this study will improve dust transport and other types of modeling, and also provide a better assessment of the impact of coastal dust on the Red Sea.
Klaus Klingmüller, Andrea Pozzer, Swen Metzger, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, and Jos Lelieveld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5063–5073, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5063-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5063-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
During the last decade, the Middle East experienced the strongest increase in atmospheric aerosol concentrations worldwide. Based on satellite observations, the present study corroborates this trend and reveals correlations with soil moisture and precipitation in and surrounding the Fertile Crescent. This suggests that the increasing drought conditions in this region have enhanced dust emissions, a tendency which is expected to be intensified by climate change.
S. Osipov, G. Stenchikov, H. Brindley, and J. Banks
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9537–9553, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9537-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9537-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The radiative effect of dust over the Arabian Peninsula for different surfaces and for a range of optical depths is calculated and tested using satellite and ground-based observations.
P. Jish Prakash, G. Stenchikov, S. Kalenderski, S. Osipov, and H. Bangalath
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 199–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-199-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-199-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to quantify the effect of severe dust events on radiation fluxes and regional climate characteristics over the Arabian Peninsula. We simulated the storm that occurred from 18 to 20 March 2012 and swept over a remarkably large area affecting the entire Middle East, North-Eastern Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. We estimate that this storm generated over 94 Mt of dust and deposited approximately 1.2 Mt of dust into the Red Sea, bringing nutrients to marine ecosystems.
M. C. Wyant, C. S. Bretherton, R. Wood, G. R. Carmichael, A. Clarke, J. Fast, R. George, W. I. Gustafson Jr., C. Hannay, A. Lauer, Y. Lin, J.-J. Morcrette, J. Mulcahy, P. E. Saide, S. N. Spak, and Q. Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 153–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-153-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-153-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations from a group of GCMs, forecast models, and regional models are compared with aircraft and ship observations of the marine boundary layer (MBL) in the southeast Pacific region during the VOCALS-REx field campaign of October-November 2008. Gradients of cloud, aerosol, and chemical properties in and above the MBL extending from the Peruvian coast westward along 20 degrees south are compared during the period.
P.-L. Ma, P. J. Rasch, J. D. Fast, R. C. Easter, W. I. Gustafson Jr., X. Liu, S. J. Ghan, and B. Singh
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 755–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-755-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-755-2014, 2014
D. Rosenfeld, G. Liu, X. Yu, Y. Zhu, J. Dai, X. Xu, and Z. Yue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2479–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2479-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2479-2014, 2014
S. Kalenderski, G. Stenchikov, and C. Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1999–2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1999-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1999-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Cluster-dynamics-based parameterization for sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation: comparison and selection through box and three-dimensional modeling
Observed and CMIP6-model-simulated organic aerosol response to drought in the contiguous United States during summertime
Cooling radiative forcing effect enhancement of atmospheric amines and mineral particles caused by heterogeneous uptake and oxidation
Source-resolved atmospheric metal emissions, concentrations, and deposition fluxes into the East Asian seas
Analysis of secondary inorganic aerosols over the greater Athens area using the EPISODE–CityChem source dispersion and photochemistry model
Global estimates of ambient reactive nitrogen components during 2000–2100 based on the multi-stage model
The role of naphthalene and its derivatives in the formation of secondary organic aerosol in the Yangtze River Delta region, China
Unveiling the optimal regression model for source apportionment of the oxidative potential of PM10
Investigating the contribution of grown new particles to cloud condensation nuclei with largely varying preexisting particles – Part 2: Modeling chemical drivers and 3-D new particle formation occurrence
Technical note: Influence of different averaging metrics and temporal resolutions on the aerosol pH calculated by thermodynamic modeling
Dual roles of the inorganic aqueous phase on secondary organic aerosol growth from benzene and phenol
Global source apportionment of aerosols into major emission regions and sectors over 1850–2017
Modeling atmospheric brown carbon in the GISS ModelE Earth system model
Observation-constrained kinetic modeling of isoprene SOA formation in the atmosphere
Significant impact of urban tree biogenic emissions on air quality estimated by a bottom-up inventory and chemistry transport modeling
Secondary organic aerosols derived from intermediate-volatility n-alkanes adopt low-viscous phase state
Modeling the contribution of leads to sea spray aerosol in the high Arctic
Assessing the Effectiveness of SO2, NOx, and NH3 Emission Reductions in Mitigating Winter PM2.5 in Taiwan Using CMAQ Model
Modelling of atmospheric concentrations of fungal spores: a two-year simulation over France using CHIMERE
Modeling the drivers of fine PM pollution over Central Europe: impacts and contributions of emissions from different sources
Global Spatial Variation in the PM2.5 to AOD Relationship Strongly Influenced by Aerosol Composition
Reaction of SO3 with H2SO4 and its implications for aerosol particle formation in the gas phase and at the air–water interface
Weakened aerosol–radiation interaction exacerbating ozone pollution in eastern China since China's clean air actions
Uncertainties from biomass burning aerosols in air quality models obscure public health impacts in Southeast Asia
The Co-benefits of a Low-Carbon Future on Air Quality in Europe
Oxidative potential apportionment of atmospheric PM1: a new approach combining high-sensitive online analysers for chemical composition and offline OP measurement technique
Aqueous-phase chemistry of glyoxal with multifunctional reduced nitrogen compounds: a potential missing route for secondary brown carbon
An updated modeling framework to simulate Los Angeles air quality – Part 1: Model development, evaluation, and source apportionment
Frequent haze events associated with transport and stagnation over the corridor between the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta
Evaluation of WRF-Chem-simulated meteorology and aerosols over northern India during the severe pollution episode of 2016
How well are aerosol–cloud interactions represented in climate models? – Part 1: Understanding the sulfate aerosol production from the 2014–15 Holuhraun eruption
pH regulates the formation of organosulfates and inorganic sulfate from organic peroxide reaction with dissolved SO2 in aquatic media
Technical note: Accurate, reliable, and high-resolution air quality predictions by improving the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service using a novel statistical post-processing method
Measurement report: Rapid oxidation of phenolic compounds by O3 and HO•: effects of air-water interface and mineral dust in tropospheric chemical processes
Contribution of intermediate-volatility organic compounds from on-road transport to secondary organic aerosol levels in Europe
Development of an integrated model framework for multi-air-pollutant exposure assessments in high-density cities
CAMx–UNIPAR simulation of secondary organic aerosol mass formed from multiphase reactions of hydrocarbons under the Central Valley urban atmospheres of California
Impact of urbanization on fine particulate matter concentrations over central Europe
Measurement report: Assessing the impacts of emission uncertainty on aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing from biomass burning in peninsular Southeast Asia
The Emissions Model Intercomparison Project (Emissions-MIP): quantifying model sensitivity to emission characteristics
Dynamics-based estimates of decline trend with fine temporal variations in China's PM2.5 emissions
Effects of simulated secondary organic aerosol water on PM1 levels and composition over the US
Reactive organic carbon air emissions from mobile sources in the United States
Development and evaluation of processes affecting simulation of diel fine particulate matter variation in the GEOS-Chem model
Substantially positive contributions of new particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei under low supersaturation in China based on numerical model improvements
Evolution of atmospheric age of particles and its implications for the formation of a severe haze event in eastern China
A multimodel evaluation of the potential impact of shipping on particle species in the Mediterranean Sea
How does tropospheric VOC chemistry affect climate? An investigation of preindustrial control simulations using the Community Earth System Model version 2
Anthropogenic amplification of biogenic secondary organic aerosol production
A dynamic parameterization of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation and its application in three-dimensional modeling
Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, An Ning, Yuyang Li, Runlong Cai, Da Gao, Biwu Chu, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Jingkun Jiang, Xiuhui Zhang, and Hong He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10261–10278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We extensively compare various cluster-dynamics-based parameterizations for sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation and identify a newly developed parameterization derived from Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code (ACDC) simulations as being the most reliable one. This study offers a valuable reference for developing parameterizations of other nucleation systems and is meaningful for the accurate quantification of the environmental and climate impacts of new particle formation.
Wei Li and Yuxuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9339–9353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9339-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9339-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Droughts immensely increased organic aerosol (OA) in the contiguous United States in summer (1998–2019), notably in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Southeast (SEUS). The OA rise in the SEUS is driven by the enhanced formation of epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol due to the increase in biogenic volatile organic compounds and sulfate, while in the PNW, it is caused by wildfires. A total of 10 climate models captured the OA increase in the PNW yet greatly underestimated it in the SEUS.
Weina Zhang, Jianhua Mai, Zhichao Fan, Yongpeng Ji, Yuemeng Ji, Guiying Li, Yanpeng Gao, and Taicheng An
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9019–9030, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9019-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9019-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals heterogeneous oxidation causes further radiative forcing effect (RFE) enhancement of amine–mineral mixed particles. Note that RFE increment is higher under clean conditions than that under polluted conditions, which is contributed to high-oxygen-content products. The enhanced RFE of amine–mineral particles caused by heterogenous oxidation is expected to alleviate warming effects.
Shenglan Jiang, Yan Zhang, Guangyuan Yu, Zimin Han, Junri Zhao, Tianle Zhang, and Mei Zheng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8363–8381, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8363-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8363-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to provide gridded data on sea-wide concentrations, deposition fluxes, and soluble deposition fluxes with detailed source categories of metals using the modified CMAQ model. We developed a monthly emission inventory of six metals – Fe, Al, V, Ni, Zn, and Cu – from terrestrial anthropogenic, ship, and dust sources in East Asia in 2017. Our results reveal the contribution of each source to the emissions, concentrations, and deposition fluxes of metals in the East Asian seas.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Matthias Karl, Kim A. Weiss, Dimitris Karagiannis, Eleni Athanasopoulou, Anastasia Kakouri, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Eleni Liakakou, Iasonas Stavroulas, Georgios Papangelis, Georgios Grivas, Despina Paraskevopoulou, Orestis Speyer, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, and Evangelos Gerasopoulos
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7815–7835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A state-of-the-art thermodynamic model has been coupled with the city-scale chemistry transport model EPISODE–CityChem to investigate the equilibrium between the inorganic gas and aerosol phases over the greater Athens area, Greece. The simulations indicate that the formation of nitrates in an urban environment is significantly affected by local nitrogen oxide emissions, as well as ambient temperature, relative humidity, photochemical activity, and the presence of non-volatile cations.
Rui Li, Yining Gao, Lijia Zhang, Yubing Shen, Tianzhao Xu, Wenwen Sun, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7623–7636, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7623-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A three-stage model was developed to obtain the global maps of reactive nitrogen components during 2000–2100. The results implied that cross-validation R2 values of four species showed satisfactory performance (R2 > 0.55). Most reactive nitrogen components, except NH3, in China showed increases during 2000–2013. In the future scenarios, SSP3-7.0 (traditional-energy scenario) and SSP1-2.6 (carbon neutrality scenario) showed the highest and lowest reactive nitrogen component concentrations.
Fei Ye, Jingyi Li, Yaqin Gao, Hongli Wang, Jingyu An, Cheng Huang, Song Guo, Keding Lu, Kangjia Gong, Haowen Zhang, Momei Qin, and Jianlin Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7467–7479, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Naphthalene (Nap) and methylnaphthalene (MN) are key precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), yet their sources and sinks are often inadequately represented in air quality models. In this study, we incorporated detailed emissions, gas-phase chemistry, and SOA parameterization of Nap and MN into CMAQ to address this issue. The findings revealed remarkably high SOA formation potentials for these compounds despite their low emissions in the Yangtze River Delta region during summer.
Vy Dinh Ngoc Thuy, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Ian Hough, Pamela A. Dominutti, Guillaume Salque Moreton, Grégory Gille, Florie Francony, Arabelle Patron-Anquez, Olivier Favez, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7261–7282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The capacity of particulate matter (PM) to generate reactive oxygen species in vivo is represented by oxidative potential (OP). This study focuses on finding the appropriate model to evaluate the oxidative character of PM sources in six sites using the PM sources and OP. Eight regression techniques are introduced to assess the OP of PM. The study highlights the importance of selecting a model according to the input data characteristics and establishes some recommendations for the procedure.
Ming Chu, Xing Wei, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Huiwang Gao, Yujiao Zhu, Biwu Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Yele Sun, and Xiaohong Yao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6769–6786, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 20-bin WRF-Chem model to simulate NPF events in the NCP during a three-week observational period in the summer of 2019. The model was able to reproduce the observations during June 29–July 6, which was characterized by a high frequency of NPF occurrence.
Haoqi Wang, Xiao Tian, Wanting Zhao, Jiacheng Li, Haoyu Yu, Yinchang Feng, and Shaojie Song
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6583–6592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
pH is a key property of ambient aerosols, which affect many atmospheric processes. As aerosol pH is a non-conservative parameter, diverse averaging metrics and temporal resolutions may influence the pH values calculated by thermodynamic models. This technical note seeks to quantitatively evaluate the average pH using varied metrics and resolutions. The ultimate goal is to establish standardized reporting practices in future research endeavors.
Jiwon Choi, Myoseon Jang, and Spencer Blau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6567–6582, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Persistent phenoxy radical (PPR), formed by phenol gas oxidation and its aqueous reaction, catalytically destroys O3 and retards secondary organic aerosol (SOA) growth. Explicit gas mechanisms including the formation of PPR and low-volatility products from the oxidation of phenol or benzene are applied to the UNIPAR model to predict SOA mass via multiphase reactions of precursors. Aqueous reactions of reactive organics increase SOA mass but retard SOA growth via heterogeneously formed PPR.
Yang Yang, Shaoxuan Mou, Hailong Wang, Pinya Wang, Baojie Li, and Hong Liao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6509–6523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The variations in anthropogenic aerosol concentrations and source contributions and their subsequent radiative impact in major emission regions during historical periods are quantified based on an aerosol-tagging system in E3SMv1. Due to the industrial development and implementation of economic policies, sources of anthropogenic aerosols show different variations, which has important implications for pollution prevention and control measures and decision-making for global collaboration.
Maegan A. DeLessio, Kostas Tsigaridis, Susanne E. Bauer, Jacek Chowdhary, and Gregory L. Schuster
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6275–6304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first explicit representation of brown carbon aerosols in the GISS ModelE Earth system model (ESM). Model sensitivity to a range of brown carbon parameters and model performance compared to AERONET and MODIS retrievals of total aerosol properties were assessed. A summary of best practices for incorporating brown carbon into ModelE is also included.
Chuanyang Shen, Xiaoyan Yang, Joel Thornton, John Shilling, Chenyang Bi, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, and Haofei Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6153–6175, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6153-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6153-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, a condensed multiphase isoprene oxidation mechanism was developed to simulate isoprene SOA formation from chamber and field studies. Our results show that the measured isoprene SOA mass concentrations can be reasonably reproduced. The simulation results indicate that multifunctional low-volatility products contribute significantly to total isoprene SOA. Our findings emphasize that the pathways to produce these low-volatility species should be considered in models.
Alice Maison, Lya Lugon, Soo-Jin Park, Alexia Baudic, Christopher Cantrell, Florian Couvidat, Barbara D'Anna, Claudia Di Biagio, Aline Gratien, Valérie Gros, Carmen Kalalian, Julien Kammer, Vincent Michoud, Jean-Eudes Petit, Marwa Shahin, Leila Simon, Myrto Valari, Jérémy Vigneron, Andrée Tuzet, and Karine Sartelet
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6011–6046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6011-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6011-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the development of a bottom-up inventory of urban tree biogenic emissions. Emissions are computed for each tree based on their location and characteristics and are integrated in the regional air quality model WRF-CHIMERE. The impact of these biogenic emissions on air quality is quantified for June–July 2022. Over Paris city, urban trees increase the concentrations of particulate organic matter by 4.6 %, of PM2.5 by 0.6 %, and of ozone by 1.0 % on average over 2 months.
Tommaso Galeazzo, Bernard Aumont, Marie Camredon, Richard Valorso, Yong B. Lim, Paul J. Ziemann, and Manabu Shiraiwa
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5549–5565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5549-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5549-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from n-alkanes is a major component of anthropogenic particulate matter. We provide an analysis of n-alkane SOA by chemistry modeling, machine learning, and laboratory experiments, showing that n-alkane SOA adopts low-viscous semi-solid or liquid states. Our results indicate few kinetic limitations of mass accommodation in SOA formation, supporting the application of equilibrium partitioning for simulating n-alkane SOA in large-scale atmospheric models.
Rémy Lapere, Louis Marelle, Pierre Rampal, Laurent Brodeau, Christian Melsheimer, Gunnar Spreen, and Jennie L. Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1271, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1271, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Elongated open water areas in sea ice, called leads, can release marine aerosols into the atmosphere. In the Arctic, this source of atmospheric particles could play an important role for climate. However, the amount, seasonality and spatial distribution of such emissions are mostly unknown. Here, we propose a first parameterization for sea spray aerosols emitted through leads in sea ice and quantify their impact on aerosol populations in the high Arctic.
Ping-Chieh Huang, Hui-Ming Hung, Hsin-Chih Lai, and Charles C.-K. Chou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-343, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-343, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Models were used to study ways to reduce PM pollution in Taiwan during winter. After considering various factors, such as physical processes and chemical reactions, we found that reducing NOx or NH3 emissions is more effective in mitigating PM2.5 than reducing SO2 emissions. When considering both efficiency and cost, reducing NH3 emissions seems to be a more suitable policy for the studied Taiwan's environment.
Matthieu Vida, Gilles Foret, Guillaume Siour, Florian Couvidat, Olivier Favez, Gaelle Uzu, Arineh Cholakian, Sébastien Conil, Matthias Beekmann, and Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-698, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-698, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate 2 years of atmospheric fungal spores over France and use observations of polyols and primary biogenic factor from a PMF for the evaluation. The representation of emissions taking into account a proxy for vegetation surface and specific humidity enables us to reproduce very accurately the seasonal cycle of fungal spore. Furthermore, we estimate that fungal spores can can account for 20 % of PM10 and 40 % of the organic fraction of PM10 over vegetated areas in summer.
Lukáš Bartík, Peter Huszár, Jan Karlický, Ondřej Vlček, and Kryštof Eben
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4347–4387, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The presented study deals with the attribution of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations to anthropogenic emissions over Central Europe using regional-scale models. It calculates the present-day contributions of different emissions sectors to concentrations of PM2.5 and its secondary components. Moreover, the study investigates the effect of chemical nonlinearities by using multiple source attribution methods and secondary organic aerosol calculation methods.
Haihui Zhu, Randall Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Melanie Hammer, Chi Li, Jun Meng, Christopher Oxford, Xuan Liu, Yanshun Li, Dandan Zhang, Inderjeet Singh, and Alexei Lyapustin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-950, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-950, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) contributes to 4 million deaths every year globally. Satellite remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (AOD) coupled with a simulated PM2.5 to AOD relationship (η) can provide global PM2.5 estimation. This study aims to understand the spatial pattern and driving factors of η to guide future measurement and model efforts. We quantified η globally and regionally and found its spatial variation is strongly influenced by the aerosol composition.
Rui Wang, Yang Cheng, Shasha Chen, Rongrong Li, Yue Hu, Xiaokai Guo, Tianlei Zhang, Fengmin Song, and Hao Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4029–4046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used quantum chemical calculations, Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations, and the ACDC kinetic model to characterize SO3–H2SO4 interaction in the gas phase and at the air–water interface and to study the effect of H2S2O7 on H2SO4–NH3-based clusters. The work expands our understanding of new pathways for the loss of SO3 in acidic polluted areas and helps reveal some missing sources of NPF in metropolitan industrial regions and understand the atmospheric organic–sulfur cycle better.
Hao Yang, Lei Chen, Hong Liao, Jia Zhu, Wenjie Wang, and Xin Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4001–4015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The present study quantifies the response of aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) to anthropogenic emission reduction from 2013 to 2017, with the main focus on the contribution to changed O3 concentrations over eastern China both in summer and winter using the WRF-Chem model. The weakened ARI due to decreased anthropogenic emission aggravates the summer (winter) O3 pollution by +0.81 ppb (+0.63 ppb), averaged over eastern China.
Margaret R. Marvin, Paul I. Palmer, Fei Yao, Mohd Talib Latif, and Md Firoz Khan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3699–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use an atmospheric chemistry model to investigate aerosols emitted from fire activity across Southeast Asia. We find that the limited nature of measurements in this region leads to large uncertainties that significantly hinder the model representation of these aerosols and their impacts on air quality. As a result, the number of monthly attributable deaths is underestimated by as many as 4500, particularly in March at the peak of the mainland burning season.
Connor J. Clayton, Daniel R. Marsh, Steven T. Turnock, Ailish M. Graham, Kirsty J. Pringle, Carly L. Reddington, Rajesh Kumar, and James B. McQuaid
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-755, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-755, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate that strong climate mitigation could lead to vastly improved air quality in Europe, however, only minimal benefits are seen following the current trajectory of climate mitigation. We use a model that allows us to see where the improvements are greatest (Central Europe) and analyse what sectors are most important for achieving these co-benefits (agriculture/power).
Julie Camman, Benjamin Chazeau, Nicolas Marchand, Amandine Durand, Grégory Gille, Ludovic Lanzi, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Henri Wortham, and Gaëlle Uzu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3257–3278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3257-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3257-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fine particle (PM1) pollution is a major health issue in the city of Marseille, which is subject to numerous pollution sources. Sampling carried out during the summer enabled a fine characterization of the PM1 sources and their oxidative potential, a promising new metric as a proxy for health impact. PM1 came mainly from combustion sources, secondary ammonium sulfate, and organic nitrate, while the oxidative potential of PM1 came from these sources and from resuspended dust in the atmosphere.
Yuemeng Ji, Zhang Shi, Wenjian Li, Jiaxin Wang, Qiuju Shi, Yixin Li, Lei Gao, Ruize Ma, Weijun Lu, Lulu Xu, Yanpeng Gao, Guiying Li, and Taicheng An
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3079–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The formation mechanisms for secondary brown carbon (SBrC) contributed by multifunctional reduced nitrogen compounds (RNCs) remain unclear. Hence, from combined laboratory experiments and quantum chemical calculations, we investigated the heterogeneous reactions of glyoxal (GL) with multifunctional RNCs, which are driven by four-step indirect nucleophilic addition reactions. Our results show a possible missing source for SBrC formation on urban, regional, and global scales.
Elyse A. Pennington, Yuan Wang, Benjamin C. Schulze, Karl M. Seltzer, Jiani Yang, Bin Zhao, Zhe Jiang, Hongru Shi, Melissa Venecek, Daniel Chau, Benjamin N. Murphy, Christopher M. Kenseth, Ryan X. Ward, Havala O. T. Pye, and John H. Seinfeld
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2345–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2345-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the air quality in Los Angeles (LA), we improved the CMAQ model by using dynamic traffic emissions and new secondary organic aerosol schemes to represent volatile chemical products. Source apportionment demonstrates that the urban areas of the LA Basin and vicinity are NOx-saturated, with the largest sensitivity of O3 to changes in volatile organic compounds in the urban core. The improvement and remaining issues shed light on the future direction of the model development.
Feifan Yan, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Rujin Huang, Hong Liao, Ting Yang, Yuanyuan Zhu, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Wenbin Kou, Xinran Zeng, Shengnan Xiang, Xiaohong Yao, Huiwang Gao, and Yang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2365–2376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
PM2.5 pollution is a major air quality issue deteriorating human health, and previous studies mostly focus on regions like the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta. However, the characteristics of PM2.5 concentrations between these two regions are studied less often. Focusing on the transport corridor region, we identify an interesting seesaw transport phenomenon with stagnant weather conditions, conducive to PM2.5 accumulation over this region, resulting in large health effects.
Prerita Agarwal, David S. Stevenson, and Mathew R. Heal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2239–2266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Air pollution levels across northern India are amongst some of the worst in the world, with episodic and hazardous haze events. Here, the ability of the WRF-Chem model to predict air quality over northern India is assessed against several datasets. Whilst surface wind speed and particle pollution peaks are over- and underestimated, respectively, meteorology and aerosol trends are adequately captured, and we conclude it is suitable for investigating severe particle pollution events.
George Jordan, Florent Malavelle, Ying Chen, Amy Peace, Eliza Duncan, Daniel G. Partridge, Paul Kim, Duncan Watson-Parris, Toshihiko Takemura, David Neubauer, Gunnar Myhre, Ragnhild Skeie, Anton Laakso, and James Haywood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1939–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2014–15 Holuhraun eruption caused a huge aerosol plume in an otherwise unpolluted region, providing a chance to study how aerosol alters cloud properties. This two-part study uses observations and models to quantify this relationship’s impact on the Earth’s energy budget. Part 1 suggests the models capture the observed spatial and chemical evolution of the plume, yet no model plume is exact. Understanding these differences is key for Part 2, where changes to cloud properties are explored.
Lin Du, Xiaofan Lv, Makroni Lily, Kun Li, and Narcisse Tsona Tchinda
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1841–1853, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1841-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1841-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the pH effect on the reaction of dissolved SO2 with selected organic peroxides. Results show that the formation of organic and/or inorganic sulfate from these peroxides strongly depends on their electronic structures, and these processes are likely to alter the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in different ways. The rate constants of these reactions exhibit positive pH and temperature dependencies within pH 1–10 and 240–340 K ranges.
Angelo Riccio and Elena Chianese
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1673–1689, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1673-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1673-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Starting from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), we provided a novel ensemble statistical post-processing approach to improve their air quality predictions. Our approach is able to provide reliable short-term forecasts of pollutant concentrations, which is a key challenge in supporting national authorities in their tasks related to EU Air Quality Directives, such as planning and reporting the state of air quality to the citizens.
Yanru Huo, Mingxue Li, Xueyu Wang, Jianfei Sun, Yuxin Zhou, Yuhui Ma, and Maoxia He
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2856, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work found that the A-W interface and TiO2 clusters promote the oxidation of phenolic compounds (PhCs) to varying degrees comparing with gas phase, and bulk water. Some by-products are more harmful than their parent compounds. This work provides important evidence for the rapid oxidation observed in the O3/HO• + PhCs experiments at the A-W interface and in the mineral dust.
Stella E. I. Manavi and Spyros N. Pandis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 891–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-891-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Organic vapors of intermediate volatility have often been neglected as sources of atmospheric organic aerosol. In this work we use a new approach for their simulation and quantify the contribution of these compounds emitted by transportation sources (gasoline and diesel vehicles) to particulate matter over Europe. The estimated secondary organic aerosol levels are on average 60 % higher than predicted by previous approaches. However, these estimates are probably lower limits.
Zhiyuan Li, Kin-Fai Ho, Harry Fung Lee, and Steve Hung Lam Yim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 649–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-649-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-649-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed an integrated model framework for accurate multi-air-pollutant exposure assessments in high-density and high-rise cities. Following the proposed integrated model framework, we established multi-air-pollutant exposure models for four major PM10 chemical species as well as four criteria air pollutants with R2 values ranging from 0.73 to 0.93. The proposed framework serves as an important tool for combined exposure assessment in epidemiological studies.
Yujin Jo, Myoseon Jang, Sanghee Han, Azad Madhu, Bonyoung Koo, Yiqin Jia, Zechen Yu, Soontae Kim, and Jinsoo Park
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 487–508, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-487-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-487-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The CAMx–UNIPAR model simulated the SOA budget formed via multiphase reactions of hydrocarbons and the impact of emissions and climate on SOA characteristics under California’s urban environments during winter 2018. SOA growth was dominated by daytime oxidation of long-chain alkanes and nighttime terpene oxidation with O3 and NO−3 radicals. The spatial distributions of anthropogenic SOA were affected by the northwesterly wind, whereas those of biogenic SOA were insensitive to wind directions.
Peter Huszar, Alvaro Patricio Prieto Perez, Lukáš Bartík, Jan Karlický, and Anahi Villalba-Pradas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 397–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Urbanization transforms rural land into artificial land, while due to human activities, it also introduces a great quantity of emissions. We quantify the impact of urbanization on the final particulate matter pollutant levels by looking not only at these emissions, but also at the way urban land cover influences meteorological conditions, how the removal of pollutants changes due to urban land cover, and how biogenic emissions from vegetation change due to less vegetation in urban areas.
Yinbao Jin, Yiming Liu, Xiao Lu, Xiaoyang Chen, Ao Shen, Haofan Wang, Yinping Cui, Yifei Xu, Siting Li, Jian Liu, Ming Zhang, Yingying Ma, and Qi Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 367–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to address these issues by evaluating eight independent biomass burning (BB) emission inventories (GFED, FINN1.5, FINN2.5 MOS, FINN2.5 MOSVIS, GFAS, FEER, QFED, and IS4FIRES) using the WRF-Chem model and analyzing their impact on aerosol optical properties (AOPs) and direct radiative forcing (DRF) during wildfire events in peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA) that occurred in March 2019.
Hamza Ahsan, Hailong Wang, Jingbo Wu, Mingxuan Wu, Steven J. Smith, Susanne Bauer, Harrison Suchyta, Dirk Olivié, Gunnar Myhre, Hitoshi Matsui, Huisheng Bian, Jean-François Lamarque, Ken Carslaw, Larry Horowitz, Leighton Regayre, Mian Chin, Michael Schulz, Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie, Toshihiko Takemura, and Vaishali Naik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14779–14799, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the impact of the assumed effective height of SO2 injection, SO2 and BC emission seasonality, and the assumed fraction of SO2 emissions injected as SO4 on climate and chemistry model results. We find that the SO2 injection height has a large impact on surface SO2 concentrations and, in some models, radiative flux. These assumptions are a
hiddensource of inter-model variability and may be leading to bias in some climate model results.
Zhen Peng, Lili Lei, Zhe-Min Tan, Meigen Zhang, Aijun Ding, and Xingxia Kou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14505–14520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Annual PM2.5 emissions in China consistently decreased by about 3% to 5% from 2017 to 2020 with spatial variations and seasonal dependencies. High-temporal-resolution and dynamics-based PM2.5 emission estimates provide quantitative diurnal variations for each season. Significant reductions in PM2.5 emissions in the North China Plain and northeast of China in 2020 were caused by COVID-19.
Stylianos Kakavas, Spyros N. Pandis, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13555–13564, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water uptake from organic species in aerosol can affect the partitioning of semi-volatile inorganic compounds but are not considered in global and chemical transport models. We address this with a version of the PM-CAMx model that considers such organic water effects and use it to carry out 1-year aerosol simulations over the continental US. We show that such organic water impacts can increase dry PM1 levels by up to 2 μg m-3 when RH levels and PM1 concentrations are high.
Benjamin N. Murphy, Darrell Sonntag, Karl M. Seltzer, Havala O. T. Pye, Christine Allen, Evan Murray, Claudia Toro, Drew R. Gentner, Cheng Huang, Shantanu Jathar, Li Li, Andrew A. May, and Allen L. Robinson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13469–13483, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13469-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13469-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We update methods for calculating organic particle and vapor emissions from mobile sources in the USA. Conventionally, particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic carbon (VOC) are speciated without consideration of primary semivolatile emissions. Our methods integrate state-of-the-science speciation profiles and correct for common artifacts when sampling emissions in a laboratory. We quantify impacts of the emission updates on ambient pollution with the Community Multiscale Air Quality model.
Yanshun Li, Randall V. Martin, Chi Li, Brian L. Boys, Aaron van Donkelaar, Jun Meng, and Jeffrey R. Pierce
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12525–12543, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and evaluated processes affecting within-day (diel) variability in PM2.5 concentrations in a chemical transport model over the contiguous US. Diel variability in PM2.5 for the contiguous US is driven by early-morning accumulation into a shallow mixed layer, decreases from mid-morning through afternoon with mixed-layer growth, increases from mid-afternoon through evening as the mixed-layer collapses, and decreases overnight as emissions decrease.
Chupeng Zhang, Shangfei Hai, Yang Gao, Yuhang Wang, Shaoqing Zhang, Lifang Sheng, Bin Zhao, Shuxiao Wang, Jingkun Jiang, Xin Huang, Xiaojing Shen, Junying Sun, Aura Lupascu, Manish Shrivastava, Jerome D. Fast, Wenxuan Cheng, Xiuwen Guo, Ming Chu, Nan Ma, Juan Hong, Qiaoqiao Wang, Xiaohong Yao, and Huiwang Gao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10713–10730, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation is an important source of atmospheric particles, exerting critical influences on global climate. Numerical models are vital tools to understanding atmospheric particle evolution, which, however, suffer from large biases in simulating particle numbers. Here we improve the model chemical processes governing particle sizes and compositions. The improved model reveals substantial contributions of newly formed particles to climate through effects on cloud condensation nuclei.
Xiaodong Xie, Jianlin Hu, Momei Qin, Song Guo, Min Hu, Dongsheng Ji, Hongli Wang, Shengrong Lou, Cheng Huang, Chong Liu, Hongliang Zhang, Qi Ying, Hong Liao, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10563–10578, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10563-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10563-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric age of particles reflects how long particles have been formed and suspended in the atmosphere, which is closely associated with the evolution processes of particles. An analysis of the atmospheric age of PM2.5 provides a unique perspective on the evolution processes of different PM2.5 components. The results also shed lights on how to design effective emission control actions under unfavorable meteorological conditions.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Sara Jutterström, Jana Moldanova, Elisa Majamäki, and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10163–10189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is a heavily trafficked shipping area, and air quality monitoring stations in numerous cities along the Mediterranean coast have detected high levels of air pollutants originating from shipping emissions. The current study investigates how existing restrictions on shipping-related emissions to the atmosphere ensure compliance with legislation. Focus was laid on fine particles and particle species, which were simulated with five different chemical transport models.
Noah A. Stanton and Neil F. Tandon
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9191–9216, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Chemistry in Earth’s atmosphere has a potentially strong but very uncertain impact on climate. Past attempts to fully model chemistry in Earth’s troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere) typically simplified the representation of Earth’s surface, which in turn limited the ability to simulate changes in climate. The cutting-edge model that we use in this study does not require such simplification, and we use it to examine the climate effects of chemical interactions in the troposphere.
Yiqi Zheng, Larry W. Horowitz, Raymond Menzel, David J. Paynter, Vaishali Naik, Jingyi Li, and Jingqiu Mao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8993–9007, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8993-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8993-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) account for a large fraction of fine aerosol at the global scale. Using long-term measurements and a climate model, we investigate anthropogenic impacts on biogenic SOA at both decadal and centennial timescales. Results show that despite reductions in biogenic precursor emissions, SOA has been strongly amplified by anthropogenic emissions since the preindustrial era and exerts a cooling radiative forcing.
Yuyang Li, Jiewen Shen, Bin Zhao, Runlong Cai, Shuxiao Wang, Yang Gao, Manish Shrivastava, Da Gao, Jun Zheng, Markku Kulmala, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8789–8804, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8789-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We set up a new parameterization for 1.4 nm particle formation rates from sulfuric acid–dimethylamine (SA–DMA) nucleation, fully including the effects of coagulation scavenging and cluster stability. Incorporating the new parameterization into 3-D chemical transport models, we achieved better consistencies between simulation results and observation data. This new parameterization provides new insights into atmospheric nucleation simulations and its effects on atmospheric pollution or health.
Cited articles
Abdelkader, M., Metzger, S., Steil, B., Klingmüller, K., Tost, H., Pozzer, A., Stenchikov, G., Barrie, L., and Lelieveld, J.: Sensitivity of transatlantic dust transport to chemical aging and related atmospheric processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3799–3821, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3799-2017, 2017.
Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation: 2. Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6837–6844, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901161, 2000.
Abdul-Razzak, H. and Ghan, S. J.: A parameterization of aerosol activation,
3, Sectional representation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, AAC 1-1–AAC 1-6,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000483, 2002.
Andreae, M. O., Rosenfeld, D., Artaxo, P., Costa, A. A., Frank, G. P., Longo,
K. M., and Silva-Dias, M. D.: Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon, Science,
303, 1337–1342, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092779, 2004.
Abbott, T. H. and Cronin, T. W.: Aerosol invigoration of atmospheric
convection through increases in humidity, Science, 371, 83–85,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5181, 2021.
Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness,
Science, 245, 1227–1230, doi10.1126/science.245.4923.1227, 1989.
Ansmann, A., Mattis, I., Müller, D., Wandinger, U., Radlach, M.,
Althausen, D., and Damoah R.: Ice formation in Saharan dust over central
Europe observed with temperature/humidity/aerosol Raman lidar, J. Geophys.
Res., 110, D18S12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005000, 2005.
Anisimov, A., Tao, W., Stenchikov, G., Kalenderski, S., Prakash, P. J., Yang, Z.-L., and Shi, M.: Quantifying local-scale dust emission from the Arabian Red Sea coastal plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 993–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-993-2017, 2017.
Bangalath, H. K. and Stenchikov, G.: Role of dust direct radiative effect
on the tropical rain belt over Middle East and North Africa: A
high-resolution AGCM study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 4564–4584,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023122, 2015.
Chakraborty, S., Fu, R., Rosenfeld, D., and Massie, S. T.: The influence of
aerosols and meteorological conditions on the total rain volume of the
mesoscale convective systems over tropical continents, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
45, 13099–13106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080371,
2018.
Chapman, E. G., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Easter, R. C., Barnard, J. C., Ghan, S. J., Pekour, M. S., and Fast, J. D.: Coupling aerosol-cloud-radiative processes in the WRF-Chem model: Investigating the radiative impact of elevated point sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 945–964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-945-2009, 2009.
Choobari, O. A.: Impact of aerosol number concentration on precipitation
under different precipitation rates, Meteorol. Appl., 25,
596–605, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1724, 2018.
Choobari, O. A., Zawar-Reza, P., and Sturman, A.: The global distribution of
mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system: A review, Atmos. Res.,
138, 152–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.007,
2014.
Creamean, J. M., Suski, K. J., Rosenfeld, D., Cazorla, A., DeMott, P. J.,
Sullivan, R. C., White, A. B., Ralph, F. M., Minnis, P., Comstock, J. M. and
Tomlinson, J. M., and Prather, K. A.: Dust and biological aerosols from the
Sahara and Asia influence precipitation in the Western U.S, Science,
339, 1572–1578, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227279, 2013.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Dentener, F., van Aardenne, J. A., Monni, S., Doering, U., Olivier, J. G. J., Pagliari, V., and Janssens-Maenhout, G.: Gridded emissions of air pollutants for the period 1970–2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1987–2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018, 2018.
Dennis, A. S.: Weather modification by cloud seeding, International Geophysics Series, 24, 670, https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/water_rep/670 (last access: 3 May 2020), 1980.
de Vries, A. J., Tyrlis, E., Edry, D., Krichak, S. O., Steil, B., and
Lelieveld, J.: Extreme precipitation events in the Middle East: Dynamics of
the Active Red Sea Trough, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 7087–7108, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50569, 2013.
Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20673–20696, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900282, 2000.
Dubovik, O., Herman, M., Holdak, A., Lapyonok, T., Tanré, D., Deuzé, J. L., Ducos, F., Sinyuk, A., and Lopatin, A.: Statistically optimized inversion algorithm for enhanced retrieval of aerosol properties from spectral multi-angle polarimetric satellite observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 975–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-975-2011, 2011.
Dye, J. E. and Baumgardner, D.: Evaluation of the Forward
Scattering Spectrometer Probe. Part I: Electronic and Optical Studies, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 1, 329–344, 1984.
ECMWF: Archive Catalogue, ECMWF [data set], http://apps.ecmwf.int/archive-catalogue/?type=4v&class=od&stream=oper&expver=1, last access: 3 January 2021.
European Commission: EDGAR – Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, European Commission [data set], http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=42, last access: 3 August 2020.
Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Zhang, Y., Giangrande, S. E., Li, Z., Machado, L. A.,
Martin, S. T., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Artaxo, P., and Barbosa, H. M.: Substantial
convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles,
Science, 359, 411–418, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8461, 2018.
Farrar, J. T., Lentz, S. J., Churchill, J. H., Bouchard, P. R., Smith, J. C., Kemp, J. N., Lord, J., Allsup, G. P., and Hosom, D. S.: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) mooring deployment cruise and fieldwork report, fall 2008 R/V Oceanus voyage 449-5, October 9, 2008–October 14, 2008, WHOAS, https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/3012, 2009.
Fast, J. D., Gustafson, W. I., Easter, R. C., Zaveri, R. A., Barnard, J.
C., Chapman, E. G., Grell, G. A., and Peckham, S. E.: Evolution of ozone,
particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in the vicinity of
Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model, J.
Geophys. Res., 111, D21305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006721, 2006.
Forkel, R., Werhahn, J., Hansen, A. B., McKeen, S., Peckham, S., Grell, G.,
and Suppan, P.: Effect of aerosol-radiation feedback on regional air quality
– A case study with WRF/Chem, Atmos. Environ., 53, 202–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.009, 2012.
Freud, E., Rosenfeld, D., and Kulkarni, J. R.: Resolving both entrainment-mixing and number of activated CCN in deep convective clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12887–12900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12887-2011, 2011.
Gao, W., Fan, J., Easter, R. C., Yang, Q., Zhao, C., and Ghan, S. J.:
Coupling spectral-bin cloud microphysics with the MOSAIC aerosol model in
WRF-Chem: Methodology and results for marine stratocumulus clouds, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Sy., 8, 1289–1309, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016MS000676,
2016.
Gibbons, J. D. and Chakraborti, S.: Nonparametric Statistical Inference, 5th
Edn., Boca Raton, FLn Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, http://www.ru.ac.bd/stat/wp-content/uploads/sites/25/2019/03/501_13_Gibbons_Nonparametric_statistical_inference.pdf (last access: 4 July 2022),
2011.
Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J. M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., and Lin, S.-J.: Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20255–20273, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000053, 2001.
Gong, S. L.: A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub- and super-micron particles, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1097, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002079, 2003.
Grabowski, W. W. and Morrison, H.: Do Ultrafine Cloud Condensation Nuclei
Invigorate Deep Convection?, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 2567–2583,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0012.1, 2020.
Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G., Skamarock,
W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled “online” chemistry within the WRF model,
Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957–6975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027, 2005.
Gustafson, W. I., Chapman, E. G., Ghan, S. J., Easter, R. C., and Fast, J.
D.: Impact on modeled cloud characteristics due to simplified
treatment of uniform cloud condensation nuclei during NEAQS 2004, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 34, L19809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030021,
2007.
Han, Y., Fang, X., Zhao, T., Bai, H., Kang, S., and Song, L.: Suppression of
precipitation by dust particles originated in the Tibetan Plateau, Atmos.
Environ., 43, 568–574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.018, 2009.
Hansen, J., Sato, M., and Ruedy, R.: Radiative forcing and climate
response, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 6831–6864, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03436, 1997.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I. A., Tanre, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5, 1998.
Hollander, M. and Wolfe, D. A.: Nonparametric Statistical Methods, Hoboken,
NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
Hong, S.-Y., Yign, N., and Dudhia, J.: A new vertical diffusion package with
an explicit treatment of entrainment processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 134,
2318–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1, 2006.
Hsu, N. C., Tsay, S.-C., King, M. D., and Herman, J. R.: Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 42, 557–569, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.824067, 2004.
Hsu, N. C., Jeong, M.-J., Bettenhausen, C., Sayer, A. M., Hansell, R., Seftor, C. S., Huang, J., and Tsay, S.-C.: Enhanced Deep Blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 9296–9315, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50712, 2013.
Huffman, G. J., Stocker, E. F., Bolvin, D. T., Nelkin, E. J., and Tan, J.:
GPM IMERG Late Precipitation L3 1 day 0.1 degree × 0.1 degree V06, edited by:
Savtchenko, A., Greenbelt, MD, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and
Information Services Center (GES DISC) [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/GPM/IMERGDL/DAY/06, 2019.
Iacono, M. J., Mlawer, E. J., Clough, S. A., and Morcrette, J.-J.: Impact of an improved longwave radiation model, RRTM, on the energy budget and thermodynamic properties of the NCAR community climate model, CCM3, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14873–14890, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900091, 2000.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S.
A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases:
Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D13103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
Jacobson, M. Z. and Kaufman, Y. J.: Wind reduction by aerosol particles,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027838, 2006.
Janssens-Maenhout, G., Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Dentener, F., Muntean, M., Pouliot, G., Keating, T., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J., Wankmüller, R., Denier van der Gon, H., Kuenen, J. J. P., Klimont, Z., Frost, G., Darras, S., Koffi, B., and Li, M.: HTAP_v2.2: a mosaic of regional and global emission grid maps for 2008 and 2010 to study hemispheric transport of air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11411–11432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11411-2015, 2015.
Jha, V., Cotton, W., R., Carrió, G. G., and Walko, R.:
Sensitivity Studies on the Impact of Dust and Aerosol Pollution Acting as
Cloud Nucleating Aerosol on Orographic Precipitation in the Colorado River
Basin, Adv. Meteorol., 2018, 3041893, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3041893, 2018.
Jha, V., Cotton, W. R., Carrió, G. G., and Walko, R.: Seasonal
estimates of the impacts of aerosol and dust pollution on orographic
precipitation in the Colorado River Basin, Phys. Geogr., 42, 73–97,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2020.1792602, 2021.
Jimenez, P. A., Dudhia, J., Gonzalez–Rouco, J. F., Navarro, J., Montavez, J. P., and Garcia–Bustamante, E.: A revised scheme for the WRF surface layer formulation, Mon. Weather. Rev., 140, 898–918, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00056.1, 2012.
Jin, Q., Wei, J., Yang, Z.-L., Pu, B., and Huang, J.: Consistent response of Indian summer monsoon to Middle East dust in observations and simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9897–9915, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9897-2015, 2015.
Jish Prakash, P., Stenchikov, G., Kalenderski, S., Osipov, S., and Bangalath, H.: The impact of dust storms on the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 199–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-199-2015, 2015.
Joodaki, G., Wahr, J., and Swenson, S.: Estimating the human contribution to
groundwater depletion in the Middle East, from GRACE data, land surface
models, and well observations, Water Resour. Res., 50, 2679–2692,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014633, 2014.
Jordan, A. K., Zaitchik, B. F., Gnanadesikan, A., Kim, D., and Badr, H. S.:
Strength of Linkages Between Dust and Circulation Over North Africa: results
from a coupled modeling system with active dust, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD030961, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030961, 2020.
Kalenderski, S. and Stenchikov, G.: High-resolution regional
modeling of summertime transport and impact of African dust over the Red Sea
and Arabian Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 6435–6458,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024480, 2016.
Kawecki, S. and Steiner, A. L.: The influence of aerosol
hygroscopicity on precipitation intensity during a mesoscale convective
event, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 424–442, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026535, 2018.
Karydis, V. A., Kumar, P., Barahona, D., Sokolik, I. N., and
Nenes, A.: On the effect of dust particles on global cloud condensation
nuclei and cloud droplet number, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D23204,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016283, 2011.
Khan, B., Stenchikov, G., Weinzierl, B., Kalenderski, S., and Osipov, S.:
Dust plume formation in the free troposphere and aerosol size distribution
during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment in North Africa, Tellus B, 67, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.27170, 2015.
Konare, A., Zakey, A. S., Solmon, F., Giorgi, F., Rauscher, S., Ibrah, S.,
and Bi, X.: A regional climate modeling study of the effect of desert dust
on the West African monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12206,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009322, 2008.
Klingmüller, K., Pozzer, A., Metzger, S., Stenchikov, G. L., and Lelieveld, J.: Aerosol optical depth trend over the Middle East, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5063–5073, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5063-2016, 2016.
Klingmüller, K., Lelieveld, J., Karydis, V. A., and Stenchikov, G. L.: Direct radiative effect of dust–pollution interactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7397–7408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7397-2019, 2019.
Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Rosenfeld, D., Remer, L. A., and Rudich, Y.:
Aerosol invigoration and restructuring of Atlantic convective
clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14828, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023187, 2005.
Koren, I., Martins, J. V., Remer, L. A., and Afargan, H.: Smoke invigoration
versus inhibition of clouds over the Amazon, Science, 321, 946–949,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159185, 2008.
Koren, I., Dagan, G., and Altaratz, O.: From aerosol-limited to invigoration
of warm convective clouds, Science, 344, 1143–1146, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252595, 2014.
Krauss, T. W., Sinkevich, A. A., and Ghulam, A. S.: Effects of feeder cloud
merging on storm development in Saudi Arabia, Journal of King Abdulaziz
University: Metrology, Environment and Arid Land Agricultural
Sciences, 142, 1–33, https://doi.org/10.4197/Met.22-2.2,
2011.
Kravitz, B., Wang, H., Rasch, P. J., Morrison, H., and Solomon, A. B.: Process-model simulations of cloud albedo enhancement by aerosols in the Arctic, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 372, 20140052, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0052, 2014.
Kucera, P., Axisa, D., Burger, R. P., Collins, D. R., Li, R., Chapman, M.,
Posada, R., Krauss, T. W., and Ghulam, A. S.: Features of the Weather
Modification Assessment Project in Southwest Region of Saudi Arabia,
Journal Weather Modification, 42, 78–103, 2010.
Lau, W. K. M., Kim, M.-K., Kim, K.-M., and Lee, W.-S.: Enhanced surface
warming and accelerated snow melt in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau
induced by absorbing aerosols, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 025204, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025204, 2010.
Lee, S. S.: Effect of Aerosol on Circulations and Precipitation in Deep
Convective Clouds, J. Atmos.
Sci., 69, 1957–1974, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-0111.1, 2012.
Li, R., Min, Q., and Harrison, L. C.: A Case Study: The Indirect Aerosol
Effects of Mineral Dust on Warm Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 67,
805–816, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3235.1, 2010.
Li, Z., Niu, F., Fan, J., Liu, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Ding, Y.: Long-term
impacts of aerosols on the vertical development of clouds and precipitation,
Nat. Geosci., 4, 888–894, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1313,
2011.
Lim, K. S. and Hong, S.: Development of an Effective Double-Moment Cloud
Microphysics Scheme with Prognostic Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) for
Weather and Climate Models, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 1587–1612, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2968.1, 2010.
Liu, Z., Ostrenga, D., Teng, W., and Kempler, S.: Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission (IMERG) Precipitation Data and Services for Research and
Applications, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1317–1325, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00152.1, 2012.
Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Can the direct and semi-direct aerosol effect
compete with the indirect effect on a global scale?, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
28, 159–161, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012051, 2001.
Lopatin, A., Dubovik, O., Fuertes, D., Stenchikov, G., Lapyonok, T., Veselovskii, I., Wienhold, F. G., Shevchenko, I., Hu, Q., and Parajuli, S.: Synergy processing of diverse ground-based remote sensing and in situ data using the GRASP algorithm: applications to radiometer, lidar and radiosonde observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2575–2614, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2575-2021, 2021.
Mahmoud, M. T., Al-Zahrani, M. A., and Sharif, H. O.: Assessment
of global precipitation measurement satellite products over Saudi Arabia, J.
Hydrol., 559, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.015, 2018.
Mazroui, A. A. and Farrah, S.: The UAE seeks leading position in global rain
enhancement research, Journal of Weather Modification, 49, 54–55, 2017.
Miller, S. T. K., Keim, B. D., Talbot, R. W., and Mao, H.: Sea breeze:
Structure, forecasting, and impacts, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1011,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003RG000124, 2003.
Monahan, E. C., Spiel, D. E., and Davidson, K. L.: A Model of Marine Aerosol Generation Via Whitecaps and Wave Disruption, in: Oceanic Whitecaps, edited by: Monahan, E. C. and Niocaill, G. M., Oceanographic Sciences Library, Springer, Dordrecht, 2, 167–174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4668-2_16, 1986.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of Cloud Microphysics
on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated
Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes, Mon. Weather
Rev., 137, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1,
2009.
Mostamandi, S., Predybaylo, E., Osipov, S., Zolina, O., Gulev, S., Parajuli, S., and Stenchikov, G.: Sea Breeze Geoengineering to Increase Rainfall over the Arabian Red Sea Coastal Plains, J. Hydrometeorol., 23, 3–24, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0266.1, 2022.
Min, Q.-L., Li, R., Lin, B., Joseph, E., Wang, S., Hu, Y., Morris, V., and Chang, F.: Evidence of mineral dust altering cloud microphysics and precipitation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3223–3231, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3223-2009, 2009.
NASA: MODIS AOD data, LAADS DAAC [data set], https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/, last access: 4 July 2022a.
NASA: MERRA-2 and IMERG data, GES DISC [data set], https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/, last access: 4 July 2022b.
Parajuli, S. P., Stenchikov, G. L., Ukhov, A., and Kim, H.: Dust emission
modeling using a new high-resolution dust source function in WRF-Chem with
implications for air quality, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 10109–10133,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030248, 2019.
Parajuli, S. P., Stenchikov, G. L., Ukhov, A., Shevchenko, I., Dubovik, O., and Lopatin, A.: Aerosol vertical distribution and interactions with land/sea breezes over the eastern coast of the Red Sea from lidar data and high-resolution WRF-Chem simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16089–16116, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16089-2020, 2020.
Parajuli, S. P., Stenchikov, G. L., Ukhov, A., Mostamandi, S., Kucera, P., Axisa, D., Gustafson, W., and Zhu, Y.: Effect of dust on rainfall over the Red Sea coast based on WRF-Chem model simulations, KAUST Research Repository [data set], https://doi.org/10.25781/KAUST-ZZ3WX, 2022.
Rémy, S., Benedetti, A., Bozzo, A., Haiden, T., Jones, L., Razinger, M., Flemming, J., Engelen, R. J., Peuch, V. H., and Thepaut, J. N.: Feedbacks of dust and boundary layer meteorology during a dust storm in the eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12909–12933, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12909-2015, 2015.
Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu, E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G., Bloom, S., Chen, J., Collins, D., Conaty, A., da Silva, A., Gu, W., Joiner, J., Koster, R. D., Lucchesi, R., Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P., Redder, C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R., Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz, M., and Woollen, J.: MERRA: NASA's modern-era retrospective
analysis for research and applications, J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1, 2011.
Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A.: A Continuous-Flow Streamwise
Thermal-Gradient CCN Chamber for Atmospheric Measurements, Aerosol Sci.
Tech., 39, 206–221, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290913988, 2005.
Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y., and Lahav, R.: Desert dust suppression
precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop, P. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA, 98, 5975–5980, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101122798, 2001.
Rosenfeld, D., Liu, G., Yu, X., Zhu, Y., Dai, J., Xu, X., and Yue, Z.: High-resolution (375 m) cloud microstructure as seen from the NPP/VIIRS satellite imager, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2479–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2479-2014, 2014.
Rosenfeld, D., Zheng, Y., Hashimshoni, E., Pöhlker, M. L., Jefferson, A., Pöhlker, C., Yu, X., Zhu, Y., Liu, G., Yue, Z., Fischman, B., Li, Z., Giguzin, D., Goren, T., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H. M. J., Pöschl, U., and Andreae, M. O.: Satellite retrieval of cloud condensation nuclei concentrations by using clouds as CCN chambers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 5828–5834, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514044113, 2016.
Sinkevich, A. A. and Krauss, T. W.: Cloud modification in Saudi Arabia:
Statistical estimation of the results, Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol.,
35, 378–385, https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373910060038, 2010.
Simpson, J. E.: Sea breeze and local winds, Cambridge University Press,
1994.
Solomos, S., Kallos, G., Kushta, J., Astitha, M., Tremback, C., Nenes, A., and Levin, Z.: An integrated modeling study on the effects of mineral dust and sea salt particles on clouds and precipitation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 873–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-873-2011, 2011.
Spurny, K. R.: Atmospheric Condensation Nuclei P. J. Coulier 1875 and J.
Aitken 1880 (Historical Review), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 32, 243–248,
https://doi.org/10.1080/027868200303777, 2000.
Stull, R.: Meteorology for scientists and engineers, Brooks/Cole, https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/books/Practical_Meteorology/mse3.html (last access: 4 July 2022),
2000.
Tai, Y., Liang, H., Zaki, A., El Hadri, N., Abshaev, A. M.,
Huchunaev, B. M., Griffiths, S., Jouiad, M., and Zou, L.: Core/Shell Microstructure Induced Synergistic Effect for Efficient Water-Droplet Formation and Cloud-Seeding Application, ACS
Nano, 11, 12318–12325, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b06114, 2017.
Tewari, M., Chen, F., Wang, W., Dudhia, J., LeMone, M., Mitchell, K., Ek,
M., Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Cuenca, R. H.: Implementation and verification
of the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model, 20th conference on
weather analysis and forecasting/16th conference on numerical weather
prediction, 11–15, https://ams.confex.com/ams/84Annual/techprogram/paper_69061.htm (last access: 4 July 2022), 2004.
Trinh, T.-A., Feeny, S., and Posso, A.: Rainfall shocks and child health: the
role of parental mental health, Clim. Dev., 13, 34–48,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1716672, 2020.
Tuccella, P., Curci, G., Grell, G. A., Visconti, G., Crumeyrolle, S., Schwarzenboeck, A., and Mensah, A. A.: A new chemistry option in WRF-Chem v. 3.4 for the simulation of direct and indirect aerosol effects using VBS: evaluation against IMPACT-EUCAARI data, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2749–2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2749-2015, 2015.
Twohy, C. H.: Measurements of Saharan Dust in Convective Clouds over the
Tropical Eastern Atlantic Ocean, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 75–81, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0133.1, 2015.
Twomey, S. A.: Aerosols, clouds and radiation, Atmos. Environ. A-Gen., 25,
2435–2442, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90159-5, 1991.
Ukhov, A., Mostamandi, S., da Silva, A., Flemming, J., Alshehri, Y., Shevchenko, I., and Stenchikov, G.: Assessment of natural and anthropogenic aerosol air pollution in the Middle East using MERRA-2, CAMS data assimilation products, and high-resolution WRF-Chem model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9281–9310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9281-2020, 2020.
Ukhov, A., Ahmadov, R., Grell, G., and Stenchikov, G.: Improving dust simulations in WRF-Chem v4.1.3 coupled with the GOCART aerosol module, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-473-2021, 2021.
Yang, Q., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Fast, J. D., Wang, H., Easter, R. C., Morrison, H., Lee, Y.-N., Chapman, E. G., Spak, S. N., and Mena-Carrasco, M. A.: Assessing regional scale predictions of aerosols, marine stratocumulus, and their interactions during VOCALS-REx using WRF-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11951–11975, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-11951-2011, 2011.
Yang, Q., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Fast, J. D., Wang, H., Easter, R. C., Wang, M., Ghan, S. J., Berg, L. K., Leung, L. R., and Morrison, H.: Impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on stratocumulus and precipitation in the Southeast Pacific: a regional modelling study using WRF-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8777–8796, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8777-2012, 2012.
Yin, Y. and Chen, L.: The effects of heating by transported dust layers on cloud and precipitation: a numerical study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3497–3505, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3497-2007, 2007.
Yin, Y., Wurzler, S., Levin, Z., and Reisin, T. G.: Interactions of mineral
dust particles and clouds: Effects on precipitation and cloud optical
properties, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4724, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001544, 2002.
Yue, Z., Rosenfeld, D., Liu, G., Dai, J., Yu, X., Zhu, Y., Hashimshoni, E., Xu, X., Hui, Y., and Lauer, O.: Automated Mapping of Convective Clouds (AMCC) Thermodynamical, Microphysical, and CCN Properties from SNPP/VIIRS Satellite Data, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 58, 887–902, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0144.1, 2019.
Zaveri, R. A. and Peters, L. K.: A new lumped structure photochemical
mechanism for large-scale applications, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30387–30415, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900876, 1999.
Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Fast, J. D., and Peters, L. K.: Model for
Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys.
Res., 113, D13204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008782, 2008.
Zeinab S. Z., Steiner, A., Zakey, A. S., Shalaby, A., and Wahab, M. M. A.:
An exploration of the aerosol indirect effects in East Asia using a regional
climate model, Atmosfera, 33, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.20937/ATM.52604, 2020.
Zhang, Y., He, J., Zhu, S., and Gantt, B.: Sensitivity of simulated chemical
concentrations and aerosol-meteorology interactions to aerosol treatments
and biogenic organic emissions in WRF/Chem, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 6014–6048, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024882,
2016.
Zhang, Y., Wang, K., and He, J.: Multi-year application of WRF-CAM5 over East
Asia – Part II: Interannual variability, trend analysis, and aerosol indirect
effects, Atmos. Environ., 165, 222–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.029, 2017.
Zhao, B., Wang, Y., Gu, Y., Liou, K.-N., Jiang, J. H., Fan, J., Liu, X.,
Huang, L., and Yung, Y. L.: Ice nucleation by aerosols from anthropogenic
pollution, Nat. Geosci., 12, 602–607, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0389-4, 2019.
Zhao, C., Liu, X., Leung, L. R., Johnson, B., McFarlane, S. A., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Fast, J. D., and Easter, R.: The spatial distribution of mineral dust and its shortwave radiative forcing over North Africa: modeling sensitivities to dust emissions and aerosol size treatments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8821–8838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8821-2010, 2010.
Zhao, C., Liu, X., Ruby Leung, L., and Hagos, S.: Radiative impact of mineral dust on monsoon precipitation variability over West Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1879–1893, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1879-2011, 2011.
Zheng, Y. and Rosenfeld, D.: Linear relation between convective cloud base height and updrafts and application to satellite retrievals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6485–6491, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064809, 2015.
Short summary
Rainfall affects the distribution of surface- and groundwater resources, which are constantly declining over the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) due to overexploitation. Here, we explored the effects of dust on rainfall using WRF-Chem model simulations. Although dust is considered a nuisance from an air quality perspective, our results highlight the positive fundamental role of dust particles in modulating rainfall formation and distribution, which has implications for cloud seeding.
Rainfall affects the distribution of surface- and groundwater resources, which are constantly...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint