Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1495-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1495-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
31 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 31 Jan 2022
| 31 Jan 2022
Single-particle characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in background air in northern Europe
Johannes Passig
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 Munich, Germany
Julian Schade
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bundeswehr University Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
Robert Irsig
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Photonion GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
Thomas Kröger-Badge
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Hendryk Czech
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 Munich, Germany
Thomas Adam
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 Munich, Germany
Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bundeswehr University Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
Henrik Fallgren
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 411 33 Gothenburg, Sweden
Jana Moldanova
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 411 33 Gothenburg, Sweden
Martin Sklorz
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 Munich, Germany
Thorsten Streibel
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 Munich, Germany
Ralf Zimmermann
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 Munich, Germany
Related authors
Marco Schmidt, Haseeb Hakkim, Lukas Anders, Aleksandrs Kalamašņikovs, Thomas Kröger-Badge, Robert Irsig, Norbert Graf, Reinhard Kelnberger, Johannes Passig, and Ralf Zimmermann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2587, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2587, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Laser desorption of individual particles prior to ionization is the key to reveal their organic composition. The CO2 lasers required are bulky and maintenance-intensive, limiting their use in the field. We have developed a compact solid-state IR laser that is easily aligned with the particle beam. Mass spectra and hit rates are similar to those of the CO2 laser. For combined characterization of organic and inorganic particle compositions both lasers are superior to conventional single UV pulses.
Guanzhong Wang, Heinrich Ruser, Julian Schade, Johannes Passig, Thomas Adam, Günther Dollinger, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 299–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research aims to develop a novel warning system for the real-time monitoring of pollutants in the atmosphere. The system is capable of sampling and investigating airborne aerosol particles on-site, utilizing artificial intelligence to learn their chemical signatures and to classify them in real time. We applied single-particle mass spectrometry for analyzing the chemical composition of aerosol particles and suggest several supervised algorithms for highly reliable automatic classification.
Johannes Passig, Julian Schade, Robert Irsig, Lei Li, Xue Li, Zhen Zhou, Thomas Adam, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4171–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ships are major sources of air pollution; however, monitoring of ship emissions outside harbours is a challenging task. We optimized single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) for the detection of bunker fuel emissions and demonstrate the detection of individual ship plumes from more than 10 km in distance. The approach works independently of background air pollution and also when ships use exhaust-cleaning scrubbers. We discuss the potential and limits of SPMS-based monitoring of ship plumes.
Johannes Passig, Julian Schade, Ellen Iva Rosewig, Robert Irsig, Thomas Kröger-Badge, Hendryk Czech, Martin Sklorz, Thorsten Streibel, Lei Li, Xue Li, Zhen Zhou, Henrik Fallgren, Jana Moldanova, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7139–7152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7139-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7139-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Particle-bound metals in both natural dusts and polluted air can induce severe health effects. They are also transported by the wind into the oceans; provide micronutrients; and thus modulate biodiversity, fisheries, and climate. We show a way to more efficiently detect metals in individual particles while preserving source information. Our detection scheme is less dependent on the particle type and atmospheric changes and is thus valuable to the study of biogechemical cycles and air pollution.
Chunlin Li, Quanfu He, Julian Schade, Johannes Passig, Ralf Zimmermann, Daphne Meidan, Alexander Laskin, and Yinon Rudich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 139–163, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-139-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-139-2019, 2019
Elisabeth Eckenberger, Andreas Mittereder, Nadine Gawlitta, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Martin Sklorz, Dieter Brüggemann, Ralf Zimmermann, and Anke C. Nölscher
Aerosol Research, 3, 45–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-45-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-45-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the performance of four cascade impactors for collecting and analyzing organic markers in airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs) under lab and field conditions. The cutoff was influenced by the impactor design and aerosol mixture. Two key factors caused variations in mass concentrations: the evaporation of semi-volatile compounds and the "bounce-off" of larger particles and fragments. Our findings reveal the challenges of analyzing organic marker mass concentrations in airborne UFPs.
Anni Hartikainen, Mika Ihalainen, Deeksha Shukla, Marius Rohkamp, Arya Mukherjee, Quanfu He, Sandra Piel, Aki Virkkula, Delun Li, Tuukka Kokkola, Seongho Jeong, Hanna Koponen, Uwe Etzien, Anusmita Das, Krista Luoma, Lukas Schwalb, Thomas Gröger, Alexandre Barth, Martin Sklorz, Thorsten Streibel, Hendryk Czech, Benedikt Gündling, Markus Kalberer, Bert Buchholz, Andreas Hupfer, Thomas Adam, Thorsten Hohaus, Johan Øvrevik, Ralf Zimmermann, and Olli Sippula
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3836, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3836, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Photochemical reactions altered the properties of kerosene-operated jet engine burner exhaust emissions, which were studied in laboratory using an oxidation flow reactor. Particle mass increased 300-fold as particles and gases became more oxidized. Light absorption increased, but the total direct radiative forcing efficiency was estimated to shift from positive to negative. The results highlight the importance of considering secondary aerosol formation when assessing the impacts of aviation.
Battist Utinger, Alexandre Barth, Andreas Paul, Arya Mukherjee, Steven John Campbell, Christa-Maria Müller, Mika Ihalainen, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Miika Kortelainen, Zheng Fang, Patrick Mertens, Markus Somero, Juho Louhisalmi, Thorsten Hohaus, Hendryk Czech, Olli Sippula, Yinon Rudich, Ralf Zimmermann, and Markus Kalberer
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2024-27, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2024-27, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for AR
Short summary
Short summary
The oxidative potential (OP) of air pollution particles might be a metric explaining particle toxicity. This study quantifies OP of particles of fresh and aged car and wood burning emissions and how OP changes over time, using novel high time resolution instruments. We show that emissions from wood burning are more toxic than car exhaust per particle mass, especially as they age in the atmosphere. We also calculate emission factors for OP, which could help to improve air pollution policies.
Marco Schmidt, Haseeb Hakkim, Lukas Anders, Aleksandrs Kalamašņikovs, Thomas Kröger-Badge, Robert Irsig, Norbert Graf, Reinhard Kelnberger, Johannes Passig, and Ralf Zimmermann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2587, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2587, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Laser desorption of individual particles prior to ionization is the key to reveal their organic composition. The CO2 lasers required are bulky and maintenance-intensive, limiting their use in the field. We have developed a compact solid-state IR laser that is easily aligned with the particle beam. Mass spectra and hit rates are similar to those of the CO2 laser. For combined characterization of organic and inorganic particle compositions both lasers are superior to conventional single UV pulses.
Guanzhong Wang, Heinrich Ruser, Julian Schade, Johannes Passig, Thomas Adam, Günther Dollinger, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 299–313, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-299-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-299-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research aims to develop a novel warning system for the real-time monitoring of pollutants in the atmosphere. The system is capable of sampling and investigating airborne aerosol particles on-site, utilizing artificial intelligence to learn their chemical signatures and to classify them in real time. We applied single-particle mass spectrometry for analyzing the chemical composition of aerosol particles and suggest several supervised algorithms for highly reliable automatic classification.
Eric Schneider, Hendryk Czech, Olga Popovicheva, Marina Chichaeva, Vasily Kobelev, Nikolay Kasimov, Tatiana Minkina, Christopher Paul Rüger, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 553–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-553-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-553-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides insights into the complex chemical composition of long-range-transported wildfire plumes from Yakutia, which underwent different levels of atmospheric processing. With complementary mass spectrometric techniques, we improve our understanding of the chemical processes and atmospheric fate of wildfire plumes. Unprecedented high levels of carbonaceous aerosols crossed the polar circle with implications for the Arctic ecosystem and consequently climate.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Sara Jutterström, Jana Moldanova, Elisa Majamäki, and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10163–10189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is a heavily trafficked shipping area, and air quality monitoring stations in numerous cities along the Mediterranean coast have detected high levels of air pollutants originating from shipping emissions. The current study investigates how existing restrictions on shipping-related emissions to the atmosphere ensure compliance with legislation. Focus was laid on fine particles and particle species, which were simulated with five different chemical transport models.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Jana Moldanova, Sara Jutterström, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Elisa Majamäki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1825–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potential ship impact on air pollution in the Mediterranean Sea was simulated with five chemistry transport models. An evaluation of the results for NO2 and O3 air concentrations and dry deposition is presented. Emission data, modeled year and domain were the same. Model run outputs were compared to measurements from background stations. We focused on comparing model outputs regarding the concentration of regulatory pollutants and the relative ship impact on total air pollution concentrations.
Ranjeet S. Sokhi, Nicolas Moussiopoulos, Alexander Baklanov, John Bartzis, Isabelle Coll, Sandro Finardi, Rainer Friedrich, Camilla Geels, Tiia Grönholm, Tomas Halenka, Matthias Ketzel, Androniki Maragkidou, Volker Matthias, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Klaus Schäfer, Peter Suppan, George Tsegas, Greg Carmichael, Vicente Franco, Steve Hanna, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Guus J. M. Velders, and Jaakko Kukkonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4615–4703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This review of air quality research focuses on developments over the past decade. The article considers current and future challenges that are important from air quality research and policy perspectives and highlights emerging prominent gaps of knowledge. The review also examines how air pollution management needs to adapt to new challenges and makes recommendations to guide the direction for future air quality research within the wider community and to provide support for policy.
Zhi-Hui Zhang, Elena Hartner, Battist Utinger, Benjamin Gfeller, Andreas Paul, Martin Sklorz, Hendryk Czech, Bin Xia Yang, Xin Yi Su, Gert Jakobi, Jürgen Orasche, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Seongho Jeong, Thomas Gröger, Michal Pardo, Thorsten Hohaus, Thomas Adam, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Yinon Rudich, Ralf Zimmermann, and Markus Kalberer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1793–1809, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using a novel setup, we comprehensively characterized the formation of particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) in anthropogenic and biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). We found that more than 90 % of all ROS components in both SOA types have a short lifetime. Our results also show that photochemical aging promotes particle-bound ROS production and enhances the oxidative potential of the aerosols. We found consistent results between chemical-based and biological-based ROS analyses.
Sara Jutterström, Filip Moldan, Jana Moldanová, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, and Maximilian Posch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15827–15845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For the Baltic Sea countries, shipping emissions are an important source of air pollution. This study investigates the contribution of shipping emissions to the acidification and eutrophication of soils and freshwater within the airshed of the Baltic Sea in the years 2012 and 2040. The implementation of emission control areas and improving energy efficiency significantly reduces the negative impact on ecosystems expressed as a decrease in the exceedance of critical loads for sulfur and nitrogen.
Johannes Passig, Julian Schade, Robert Irsig, Lei Li, Xue Li, Zhen Zhou, Thomas Adam, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4171–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ships are major sources of air pollution; however, monitoring of ship emissions outside harbours is a challenging task. We optimized single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) for the detection of bunker fuel emissions and demonstrate the detection of individual ship plumes from more than 10 km in distance. The approach works independently of background air pollution and also when ships use exhaust-cleaning scrubbers. We discuss the potential and limits of SPMS-based monitoring of ship plumes.
Dac-Loc Nguyen, Hendryk Czech, Simone M. Pieber, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Martin Steinbacher, Jürgen Orasche, Stephan Henne, Olga B. Popovicheva, Gülcin Abbaszade, Guenter Engling, Nicolas Bukowiecki, Nhat-Anh Nguyen, Xuan-Anh Nguyen, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8293–8312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Southeast Asia is well-known for emission-intense and recurring wildfires and after-harvest crop residue burning during the pre-monsoon season from February to April. We describe a biomass burning (BB) plume arriving at remote Pha Din meteorological station, outline its carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) constituents based on more than 50 target compounds and discuss possible BB sources. This study adds valuable information on chemical PM composition for a region with scarce data availability.
Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Lasse Johansson, Magda Wilewska-Bien, Lena Granhag, Erik Ytreberg, K. Martin Eriksson, Daniel Yngsell, Ida-Maja Hassellöv, Kerstin Magnusson, Urmas Raudsepp, Ilja Maljutenko, Hulda Winnes, and Jana Moldanova
Ocean Sci., 17, 699–728, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-699-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-699-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This modelling study describes a methodology for describing pollutant discharges from ships to the sea. The pilot area used is the Baltic Sea area and discharges of bilge, ballast, sewage, wash water as well as stern tube oil are reported for the year 2012. This work also reports the release of SOx scrubber effluents. This technique may be used by ships to comply with tight sulfur limits inside Emission Control Areas, but it also introduces a new pollutant stream from ships to the sea.
Martin O. P. Ramacher, Lin Tang, Jana Moldanová, Volker Matthias, Matthias Karl, Erik Fridell, and Lasse Johansson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10667–10686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of shipping emissions on air quality and health in the harbour city of Gothenburg were simulated for different scenarios for the year 2040 with coupled regional and city-scale chemistry transport models to evaluate the impact of regional emission regulations and onshore electricity for ships at berth. The results show that contributions of shipping to exposure and associated health impacts from particulate matter and NO2 decrease significantly compared to 2012 in all scenarios.
Lin Tang, Martin O. P. Ramacher, Jana Moldanová, Volker Matthias, Matthias Karl, Lasse Johansson, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Katarina Yaramenka, Armin Aulinger, and Malin Gustafsson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7509–7530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of shipping emissions on air quality and health in the harbour city of Gothenburg were simulated for 2012 with coupled regional and city-scale chemistry transport models. The results show that contributions of shipping to exposure and health impacts from particulate matter and NO2 are significant and that shipping-related exposure to PM is dominated by emissions from regional shipping outside the city domain and is larger than exposure related to emissions from local road traffic.
Johannes Passig, Julian Schade, Ellen Iva Rosewig, Robert Irsig, Thomas Kröger-Badge, Hendryk Czech, Martin Sklorz, Thorsten Streibel, Lei Li, Xue Li, Zhen Zhou, Henrik Fallgren, Jana Moldanova, and Ralf Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7139–7152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7139-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7139-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Particle-bound metals in both natural dusts and polluted air can induce severe health effects. They are also transported by the wind into the oceans; provide micronutrients; and thus modulate biodiversity, fisheries, and climate. We show a way to more efficiently detect metals in individual particles while preserving source information. Our detection scheme is less dependent on the particle type and atmospheric changes and is thus valuable to the study of biogechemical cycles and air pollution.
Anni Hartikainen, Petri Tiitta, Mika Ihalainen, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Jürgen Orasche, Hendryk Czech, Miika Kortelainen, Heikki Lamberg, Heikki Suhonen, Hanna Koponen, Liqing Hao, Ralf Zimmermann, Jorma Jokiniemi, Jarkko Tissari, and Olli Sippula
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6357–6378, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6357-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6357-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Residential wood combustion emits large amounts of organic compounds, which are transformed in the atmosphere via photochemical ageing reactions. We assessed this organic emission at various stages of exposure with an oxidation flow reactor. Ageing led to major changes in both gaseous and particulate phases including increased acidic compounds and transformation of the polycyclic aromatic compounds. Such changes have serious implications for the health- and climate-related effects of combustion.
Ville Leinonen, Petri Tiitta, Olli Sippula, Hendryk Czech, Ari Leskinen, Juha Karvanen, Sini Isokääntä, and Santtu Mikkonen
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-13, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Chunlin Li, Quanfu He, Julian Schade, Johannes Passig, Ralf Zimmermann, Daphne Meidan, Alexander Laskin, and Yinon Rudich
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 139–163, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-139-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-139-2019, 2019
Petri Tiitta, Ari Leskinen, Liqing Hao, Pasi Yli-Pirilä, Miika Kortelainen, Julija Grigonyte, Jarkko Tissari, Heikki Lamberg, Anni Hartikainen, Kari Kuuspalo, Aki-Matti Kortelainen, Annele Virtanen, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Mika Komppula, Simone Pieber, André S. H. Prévôt, Timothy B. Onasch, Douglas R. Worsnop, Hendryk Czech, Ralf Zimmermann, Jorma Jokiniemi, and Olli Sippula
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13251–13269, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13251-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13251-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Real-time measurements of OA aging and SOA formation from logwood combustion were conducted under dark and UV oxidation. Substantial SOA formation was observed in all experiments, leading to twice the initial OA mass emphasizing the importance of the burning conditions for the aging processes. The results prove that emissions are subject to intensive chemical processing in the atmosphere; e.g. the most of the POA was found to become oxidized after the ozone addition, forming aged POA.
J. Diab, T. Streibel, F. Cavalli, S. C. Lee, H. Saathoff, A. Mamakos, J. C. Chow, L.-W. A. Chen, J. G. Watson, O. Sippula, and R. Zimmermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3337–3353, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3337-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3337-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper depicts several fields of application of a new analytical method, which expands the well-established EC/OC method, which enables one to measure the carbon content (organic and elemental) of particulate aerosols. It was coupled to photo-ionization mass spectrometry to get structural information of the evolving carbonaceous species. Application fields such as smoke chamber-, ambient - and wood combustion particles were addressed, covering exemplary primary and secondary aerosol sources.
K. Schäfer, M. Elsasser, J. M. Arteaga-Salas, J. Gu, M. Pitz, J. Schnelle-Kreis, J. Cyrys, S. Emeis, A. S. H. Prevot, and R. Zimmermann
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-2235-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-2235-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
J. Moldanová, E. Fridell, H. Winnes, S. Holmin-Fridell, J. Boman, A. Jedynska, V. Tishkova, B. Demirdjian, S. Joulie, H. Bladt, N. P. Ivleva, and R. Niessner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3577–3596, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3577-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3577-2013, 2013
Å. M. Hallquist, M. Jerksjö, H. Fallgren, J. Westerlund, and Å. Sjödin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5337–5350, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5337-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5337-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Aerosols | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Measurement report: Brown carbon aerosol in rural Germany – sources, chemistry, and diurnal variations
Multiple eco-regions contribute to the seasonal cycle of Antarctic aerosol size distributions
Seasonal investigation of ultrafine-particle organic composition in an eastern Amazonian rainforest
High-resolution analyses of concentrations and sizes of refractory black carbon particles deposited in northwestern Greenland over the past 350 years – Part 2: Seasonal and temporal trends in refractory black carbon originated from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning
Significant role of biomass burning in heavy haze formation in Nanjing, a megacity in China: molecular-level insights from intensive PM2.5 sampling on winter hazy days
Widespread trace bromine and iodine in remote tropospheric non-sea-salt aerosols
Formation and chemical evolution of secondary organic aerosol in two different environments: a dual-chamber study
Non biogenic source is an important but overlooked contributor to aerosol isoprene-derived organosulfates during winter in northern China
Technical note: Quantified organic aerosol subsaturated hygroscopicity by a simple optical scatter monitor system through field measurements
Measurement report: Oxidation potential of water-soluble aerosol components in the south and north of Beijing
Enhanced daytime secondary aerosol formation driven by gas–particle partitioning in downwind urban plumes
Understanding the mechanism and importance of brown carbon bleaching across the visible spectrum in biomass burning plumes from the WE-CAN campaign
Influence of terrestrial and marine air mass on the constituents and intermixing of bioaerosols over a coastal atmosphere
A multi-site passive approach to studying the emissions and evolution of smoke from prescribed fires
The annual cycle and sources of relevant aerosol precursor vapors in the central Arctic during the MOSAiC expedition
Measurement Report: Vertically resolved Atmospheric Properties Observed over the Southern Great Plains with Uncrewed Aerial System – ArcticShark
Opinion: How will advances in aerosol science inform our understanding of the health impacts of outdoor particulate pollution?
Measurement report: Intra-annual variability of black carbon and brown carbon and their interrelation with meteorological conditions over Gangtok, Sikkim
Long-range transport of air pollutants increases the concentration of hazardous components of PM2.5 in northern South America
Dominant influence of biomass combustion and cross-border transport on nitrogen-containing organic compound levels in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau
The Critical Role of Aqueous-Phase Processes in Aromatic-Derived Nitrogen-Containing Organic Aerosol Formation in Cities with Different Energy Consumption Patterns
Impacts of elevated anthropogenic emissions on physicochemical characteristics of black-carbon-containing particles over the Tibetan Plateau
Online characterization of primary and secondary emissions of particulate matter and acidic molecules from a modern fleet of city buses
Atmospheric evolution of environmentally persistent free radicals in the rural North China Plain: effects on water solubility and PM2.5 oxidative potential
Two distinct ship emission profiles for organic-sulfate source apportionment of PM in sulfur emission control areas
Automated compound speciation, cluster analysis, and quantification of organic vapors and aerosols using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Marine Organic Aerosols at Mace Head: Effects from Phytoplankton and Source Region Variability
Measurement report: Occurrence of aminiums in PM2.5 during winter in China – aminium outbreak during polluted episodes and potential constraints
Bridging gas and aerosol properties between the northeastern US and Bermuda: analysis of eight transit flights
The behaviour of charged particles (ions) during new particle formation events in urban Leipzig, Germany
Sensitivity of aerosol and cloud properties to coupling strength of marine boundary layer clouds over the northwest Atlantic
Formation of Highly Absorptive Secondary Brown Carbon Through Nighttime Multiphase Chemistry of Biomass Burning Emissions
Exploring the sources of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols by integrating observational and modeling results: insights from Northeast China
Characterization of atmospheric water-soluble brown carbon in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Canada
Measurement report: Characteristics of airborne black-carbon-containing particles during the 2021 summer COVID-19 lockdown in a typical Yangtze River Delta city, China
Aerosol optical properties within the atmospheric boundary layer predicted from ground-based observations compared to Raman lidar retrievals during RITA-2021
Hygroscopic growth and activation changed submicron aerosol composition and properties in the North China Plain
Measurement report: Formation of tropospheric brown carbon in a lifting air mass
Vertical variability of aerosol properties and trace gases over a remote marine region: a case study over Bermuda
Source apportionment and ecotoxicity of particulate pollution events in a Major Southern Hemisphere Megacity: influence of biomass burning and a biofuel impacted fleet
Differences in aerosol and cloud properties along the central California coast when winds change from northerly to southerly
International airport emissions and their impact on local air quality: chemical speciation of ambient aerosols at Madrid–Barajas Airport during the AVIATOR campaign
The local ship speed reduction effect on black carbon emissions measured at a remote marine station
High-altitude aerosol chemical characterization and source identification: insights from the CALISHTO campaign
Measurement report: Impact of emission control measures on environmental persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species – a short-term case study in Beijing
Characterizing water solubility of fresh and aged secondary organic aerosol in PM2.5 with the stable carbon isotope technique
Measurement report: Impact of cloud processes on secondary organic aerosols at a forested mountain site in southeastern China
Critical contribution of chemically diverse carbonyl molecules to the oxidative potential of atmospheric aerosols
Measurement report: Vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles detected in and above the marine boundary layer in the remote atmosphere
Diverging trends in aerosol sulfate and nitrate measured in the remote North Atlantic in Barbados are attributed to clean air policies, African smoke, and anthropogenic emissions
Feng Jiang, Harald Saathoff, Uzoamaka Ezenobi, Junwei Song, Hengheng Zhang, Linyu Gao, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1917–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of brown carbon in the particle and gas phase was determined by mass spectrometry. BrC in the gas phase was mainly controlled by secondary formation and particle-to-gas partitioning. BrC in the particle phase was mainly from secondary formation. This work helps to get a better understanding of diurnal variations and the sources of brown carbon aerosol at a rural location in central Europe.
James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Eija Asmi, Aki Virkkula, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Mikko Sipilä, Floortje Van Den Heuvel, Thomas Lachlan-Cope, Anna Jones, Markus Frey, Angelo Lupi, Jiyeon Park, Young Jun Yoon, Rolf Weller, Giselle L. Marincovich, Gabriela C. Mulena, Roy M. Harrison, and Manuel Dall'Osto
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1145–1162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1145-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1145-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results emphasise how understanding the geographical variation in surface types across the Antarctic is key to understanding secondary aerosol sources.
Adam E. Thomas, Hayley S. Glicker, Alex B. Guenther, Roger Seco, Oscar Vega Bustillos, Julio Tota, Rodrigo A. F. Souza, and James N. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 959–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present measurements of the organic composition of ultrafine particles collected from the eastern Amazon, an understudied region that is subjected to increasing human influence. We find that while isoprene chemistry is likely significant for ultrafine-particle growth throughout the year, compounds related to other sources, such as biological-spore emissions and biomass burning, exhibit striking seasonal differences, implying extensive variation in regional ultrafine-particle sources.
Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Yoshimi Ogawa-Tsukagawa, Kaori Fukuda, Koji Fujita, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Remi Dallmayr, Jun Ogata, Nobuhiro Moteki, Tatsuhiro Mori, Sho Ohata, Yutaka Kondo, Makoto Koike, Sumito Matoba, Moe Kadota, Akane Tsushima, Naoko Nagatsuka, and Teruo Aoki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 657–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-657-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-657-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Monthly ice core records spanning 350 years from Greenland show trends in refractory black carbon (rBC) concentrations and sizes. rBC levels have increased since the 1870s due to the inflow of anthropogenic rBC, with larger diameters than those from biomass burning (BB) rBC. High summer BB rBC peaks may reduce the ice sheet albedo, but BB rBC showed no increase until the early 2000s. These results are vital for validating aerosol and climate models.
Mingjie Kang, Mengying Bao, Wenhuai Song, Aduburexiati Abulimiti, Changliu Wu, Fang Cao, Sönke Szidat, and Yanlin Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 73–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-73-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-73-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Reports on molecular-level knowledge of high-temporal-resolution particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) on hazy days are limited. We investigated various PM2.5 species and their sources. The results show biomass burning (BB) was the main source of organic carbon. Moreover, BB enhanced fungal spore emissions and secondary aerosol formation. The contribution of non-fossil sources increased with increasing haze pollution, suggesting BB may be an important driver of haze events in winter.
Gregory P. Schill, Karl D. Froyd, Daniel M. Murphy, Christina J. Williamson, Charles A. Brock, Tomás Sherwen, Mat J. Evans, Eric A. Ray, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Alan J. Hills, Jeff Peischl, Thomas B. Ryerson, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ilann Bourgeois, Donald R. Blake, Joshua P. DiGangi, and Glenn S. Diskin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 45–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-45-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-45-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using single-particle mass spectrometry, we show that trace concentrations of bromine and iodine are ubiquitous in remote tropospheric aerosol and suggest that aerosols are an important part of the global reactive iodine budget. Comparisons to a global climate model with detailed iodine chemistry are favorable in the background atmosphere; however, the model cannot replicate our measurements near the ocean surface, in biomass burning plumes, and in the stratosphere.
Andreas Aktypis, Dontavious J. Sippial, Christina N. Vasilakopoulou, Angeliki Matrali, Christos Kaltsonoudis, Andrea Simonati, Marco Paglione, Matteo Rinaldi, Stefano Decesari, and Spyros N. Pandis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13769–13791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13769-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13769-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A dual-chamber system was deployed in two different environments (Po Valley, Italy, and Pertouli forest, Greece) to study the potential of ambient air directly injected into the chambers, to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In the Po Valley, the system reacts rapidly, forming large amounts of SOA, while in Pertouli the SOA formation chemistry appears to have been practically terminated before the beginning of most experiments, so there is little additional SOA formation potential left.
Ting Yang, Yu Xu, Yu-Chen Wang, Yi-Jia Ma, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3823, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3823, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Previous measurement-model comparisons of atmospheric isoprene levels showed a significant unidentified source of isoprene in some northern Chinese cities during winter. Here, the first combination of large-scale observations and field combustion experiments provides novel insights into biomass burning emissions as a significant source of isoprene-derived organosulfates during winter in northern cities, China.
Jie Zhang, Tianyu Zhu, Alexandra Catena, Yaowei Li, Margaret J. Schwab, Pengfei Liu, Akua Asa-Awuku, and James Schwab
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13445–13456, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13445-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13445-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the derived organic aerosol hygroscopicity under high-humidity conditions based on a simple optical scatter monitor system, including two nephelometric monitors (pDR-1500), when the aerosol chemical composition is already known.
Wei Yuan, Ru-Jin Huang, Chao Luo, Lu Yang, Wenjuan Cao, Jie Guo, and Huinan Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13219–13230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized water-soluble oxidative potential (OP) levels in wintertime PM2.5 in the south and north of Beijing. Our results show that the volume-normalized dithiothreitol (DTTv) in the north was comparable to that in the south, while the mass-normalized dithiothreitol (DTTm) in the north was almost twice that in the south. Traffic-related emissions and biomass burning were the main sources of DTTv in the south, and traffic-related emissions contributed the most to DTTv in the north.
Mingfu Cai, Chenshuo Ye, Bin Yuan, Shan Huang, E Zheng, Suxia Yang, Zelong Wang, Yi Lin, Tiange Li, Weiwei Hu, Wei Chen, Qicong Song, Wei Li, Yuwen Peng, Baoling Liang, Qibin Sun, Jun Zhao, Duohong Chen, Jiaren Sun, Zhiyong Yang, and Min Shao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13065–13079, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13065-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the daytime secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in urban plumes. We observed a significant daytime SOA formation through gas–particle partitioning when the site was affected by urban plumes. A box model simulation indicated that urban pollutants (nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds) could enhance the oxidizing capacity, while the elevated volatile organic compounds were mainly responsible for promoting daytime SOA formation.
Yingjie Shen, Rudra P. Pokhrel, Amy P. Sullivan, Ezra J. T. Levin, Lauren A. Garofalo, Delphine K. Farmer, Wade Permar, Lu Hu, Darin W. Toohey, Teresa Campos, Emily V. Fischer, and Shane M. Murphy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12881–12901, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12881-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12881-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The magnitude and evolution of brown carbon (BrC) absorption remain unclear, with uncertainty in climate models. Data from the WE-CAN airborne experiment show that model parameterizations overestimate the mass absorption cross section (MAC) of BrC. Observed decreases in BrC absorption with chemical markers are due to decreasing organic aerosol (OA) mass rather than a decreasing BrC MAC, which is currently implemented in models. Water-soluble BrC contributes 23 % of total absorption at 660 nm.
Qun He, Zhaowen Wang, Houfeng Liu, Pengju Xu, Rongbao Duan, Caihong Xu, Jianmin Chen, and Min Wei
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12775–12792, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal environments provide an ideal setting for investigating the intermixing of terrestrial and marine aerosols. Terrestrial air mass constituted a larger number of microbes from anthropogenic and soil emissions, whereas saprophytic and gut microbes were predominant in marine samples. Mixed air masses indicated a fusion of marine and terrestrial aerosols, characterized by alterations in the ratio of pathogenic and saprophytic microbes when compared to either terrestrial or marine samples.
Rime El Asmar, Zongrun Li, David J. Tanner, Yongtao Hu, Susan O'Neill, L. Gregory Huey, M. Talat Odman, and Rodney J. Weber
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12749–12773, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12749-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12749-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Prescribed burning is an important method for managing ecosystems and preventing wildfires. However, smoke from prescribed fires can have a significant impact on air quality. Here, using a network of fixed sites and sampling throughout an extended prescribed burning period in 2 different years, we characterize emissions and evolutions of up to 8 h of PM2.5 mass, black carbon (BC), and brown carbon (BrC) in smoke from burning of forested lands in the southeastern USA.
Matthew Boyer, Diego Aliaga, Lauriane L. J. Quéléver, Silvia Bucci, Hélène Angot, Lubna Dada, Benjamin Heutte, Lisa Beck, Marina Duetsch, Andreas Stohl, Ivo Beck, Tiia Laurila, Nina Sarnela, Roseline C. Thakur, Branka Miljevic, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, Mikko Sipilä, Julia Schmale, and Tuija Jokinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12595–12621, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12595-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze the seasonal cycle and sources of gases that are relevant for the formation of aerosol particles in the central Arctic. Since theses gases can form new particles, they can influence Arctic climate. We show that the sources of these gases are associated with changes in the Arctic environment during the year, especially with respect to sea ice. Therefore, the concentration of these gases will likely change in the future as the Arctic continues to warm.
Fan Mei, Qi Zhang, Damao Zhang, Jerome Fast, Gourihar Kulkarni, Mikhail Pekour, Christopher Niedek, Susanne Glienke, Isarel Silber, Beat Schmid, Jason Tomlinson, Hardeep Mehta, Xena Mansoura, Zezhen Cheng, Gregory Vandergrift, Nurun Nahar Lata, Swarup China, and Zihua Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3089, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3089, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the unique capability of the ArcticShark UAS in measuring vertically resolved atmospheric properties over the Southern Great Plains. Data from 32 research flights in 2023 reveal seasonal patterns and correlations with conventional measurements. The consistency and complementarity of in situ and remote sensing methods are highlighted. The study demonstrates the ArcticShark’s versatility in bridging data gaps and improving the understanding of vertical atmospheric structures.
Imad El Haddad, Danielle Vienneau, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Robin Modini, Jay G. Slowik, Abhishek Upadhyay, Petros N. Vasilakos, David Bell, Kees de Hoogh, and Andre S. H. Prevot
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11981–12011, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11981-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11981-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This opinion paper explores how advances in aerosol science inform our understanding of the health impacts of outdoor particulate pollution. We advocate for a shift in the way we target PM pollution, focusing on the most harmful anthropogenic emissions. We highlight key observations, modelling developments, and emission measurements needed to achieve this shift.
Pramod Kumar, Khushboo Sharma, Ankita Malu, Rajeev Rajak, Aparna Gupta, Bidyutjyoti Baruah, Shailesh Yadav, Thupstan Angchuk, Jayant Sharma, Rakesh Kumar Ranjan, Anil Kumar Misra, and Nishchal Wanjari
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11585–11601, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11585-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11585-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work monitors and assesses air pollution, especially black and brown carbon, its controlling factor, and its effect on the environment of Sikkim Himalayan region. The huge urban sprawl in recent decades has led to regional human-induced air pollution in the region. Black carbon was highest in April 2021 and March 2022, exceeding the WHO limit. The monsoon season causes huge rainfall over the region, which reduces the pollutants by scavenging (rainout and washout).
Maria P. Velásquez-García, K. Santiago Hernández, James A. Vergara-Correa, Richard J. Pope, Miriam Gómez-Marín, and Angela M. Rendón
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11497–11520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11497-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11497-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the Aburrá Valley, northern South America, local emissions determine air quality conditions. However, we found that external sources, such as regional fires, Saharan dust, and volcanic emissions, increase particulate concentrations and worsen chemical composition by introducing elements like heavy metals. Dry winds and source variability contribute to seasonal influences on these events. This study assesses the air quality risks posed by such events, which can affect broad regions worldwide.
Meng Wang, Qiyuan Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Jie Tian, Yong Zhang, Shun-cheng Lee, and Junji Cao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11175–11189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11175-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in particulate matter <2.5 µm particles on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We found that biomass burning and transboundary transport are the main sources of NOCs in the high-altitude area. Understanding these aerosol sources informs how they add to regional and potentially global climate changes. Our findings could help shape effective environmental policies to enhance air quality and address climate impacts in this sensitive region.
Yi-Jia Ma, Yu Xu, Ting Yang, Lin Gui, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2602, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2602, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The abundance, potential precursors, and main formation mechanisms of NOCs in PM2.5 during winter were compared among cities with different energy consumption. We found that the aerosol NOC pollution during winter is closely associated with the intensity of precursor emissions and the efficiency of aqueous-phase processes in converting these emissions into NOCs. The overall results highlight the importance of emission reduction strategies in controlling aerosol NOCs pollution during winter.
Jinbo Wang, Jiaping Wang, Yuxuan Zhang, Tengyu Liu, Xuguang Chi, Xin Huang, Dafeng Ge, Shiyi Lai, Caijun Zhu, Lei Wang, Qiaozhi Zha, Ximeng Qi, Wei Nie, Congbin Fu, and Aijun Ding
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11063–11080, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11063-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we found large spatial discrepancies in the physical and chemical properties of black carbon over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Elevated anthropogenic emissions from low-altitude regions can significantly change the mass concentration, mixing state and chemical composition of black-carbon-containing aerosol in the TP region, further altering its light absorption ability. Our study emphasizes the vulnerability of remote plateau regions to intense anthropogenic influences.
Liyuan Zhou, Qianyun Liu, Christian M. Salvador, Michael Le Breton, Mattias Hallquist, Jian Zhen Yu, Chak K. Chan, and Åsa M. Hallquist
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11045–11061, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our research on city bus emissions reveals that alternative fuels (compressed natural gas and biofuels) reduce fresh particle emissions compared to diesel. However, all fuels lead to secondary air pollution. Aiming at guiding better environmental policies, we studied 76 buses using advanced emission measurement techniques. This work sheds light on the complex effects of bus fuels on urban air quality, emphasizing the need for comprehensive evaluations of future transportation technologies.
Xu Yang, Fobang Liu, Shuqi Yang, Yuling Yang, Yanan Wang, Jingjing Li, Mingyu Zhao, Zhao Wang, Kai Wang, Chi He, and Haijie Tong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11029–11043, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A study in the rural North China Plain showed environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), with a notable water-soluble fraction likely from atmospheric oxidation during transport. Significant positive correlations between EPFRs and the water-soluble oxidative potential of PM2.5 were found, primarily attributable to the water-soluble fractions of EPFRs. These findings emphasize understanding EPFRs' atmospheric evolution for climate and health impacts.
Kirsten N. Fossum, Chunshui Lin, Niall O'Sullivan, Lu Lei, Stig Hellebust, Darius Ceburnis, Aqeel Afzal, Anja Tremper, David Green, Srishti Jain, Steigvilė Byčenkienė, Colin O'Dowd, John Wenger, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10815–10831, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition and sources of submicron aerosol in the Dublin Port area were investigated over a month-long campaign. Two distinct types of ship emissions were identified and characterised: sulfate-rich plumes from the use of heavy fuel oil with scrubbers and organic-rich plumes from the use of low-sulfur fuels. The latter were more frequent, emitting double the particle number and having a typical V / Ni ratio for ship emission.
Xiao He, Xuan Zheng, Shuwen Guo, Lewei Zeng, Ting Chen, Bohan Yang, Shupei Xiao, Qiongqiong Wang, Zhiyuan Li, Yan You, Shaojun Zhang, and Ye Wu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10655–10666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10655-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10655-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces an innovative method for identifying and quantifying complex organic vapors and aerosols. By combining advanced analytical techniques and new algorithms, we categorized thousands of compounds from heavy-duty diesel vehicles and ambient air and highlighted specific tracers for emission sources. The innovative approach enhances peak identification, reduces quantification uncertainties, and offers new insights for air quality management and atmospheric chemistry.
Emmanuel Chevassus, Kirsten N. Fossum, Darius Ceburnis, Lu Lei, Chunshui Lin, Wei Xu, Colin D. O’ Dowd, and Jurgita Ovadnevaite
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2890, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2890, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first source apportionment of OA at Mace Head via high-resolution mass spectrometry. Introducing transfer entropy as a novel method reveals that aged OA originate from open ocean ozonolysis and local peat burning oxidation. Methanesulphonic acid OA and primary marine OA both mirror phytoplankton activity as observed with their chemical makeup, with MSA-OA closely tied to coccolithophore blooms and PMOA linked to diatoms, chlorophytes, and cyanobacteria.
Yu Xu, Tang Liu, Yi-Jia Ma, Qi-Bin Sun, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, Hua-Yun Xiao, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10531–10542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the characteristics of aminiums and ammonium in PM2.5 on clean and polluted winter days in 11 Chinese cities, highlighting the possibility of the competitive uptake of ammonia versus amines on acidic aerosols or the displacement of aminiums by ammonia under high-ammonia conditions. The overall results deepen the understanding of the spatiotemporal differences in aminium characteristics and formation in China.
Cassidy Soloff, Taiwo Ajayi, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Francesca Gallo, Johnathan W. Hair, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10385–10408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using aircraft measurements over the northwestern Atlantic between the US East Coast and Bermuda and trajectory modeling of continental outflow, we identify trace gas and particle properties that exhibit gradients with offshore distance and quantify these changes with high-resolution measurements of concentrations and particle chemistry, size, and scattering properties. This work furthers our understanding of the complex interactions between continental and marine environments.
Alex Rowell, James Brean, David C. S. Beddows, Zongbo Shi, Avinash Kumar, Matti Rissanen, Miikka Dal Maso, Peter Mettke, Kay Weinhold, Maik Merkel, and Roy M. Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10349–10361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10349-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ions enhance the formation and growth rates of new particles, affecting the Earth's radiation budget. Despite these effects, there is little published data exploring the sources of ions in the urban environment and their role in new particle formation (NPF). Here we show that natural ion sources dominate in urban environments, while traffic is a secondary source. Ions contribute up to 12.7 % of the formation rate of particles, indicating that they are important for forming urban PM.
Kira Zeider, Kayla McCauley, Sanja Dmitrovic, Leong Wai Siu, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Simon Kirschler, John B. Nowak, Michael A. Shook, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, Paquita Zuidema, and Armin Sorooshian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2743, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2743, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In-situ aircraft data collected over the northwest Atlantic Ocean are utilized to compare aerosol conditions and turbulence between near-surface and below cloud base altitudes for different regimes of coupling strength between those two levels, along with how cloud microphysical properties vary across those regimes. Stronger coupling yields more homogenous aerosol structure vertically along with higher cloud drop concentrations and sea salt influence in clouds.
Ye Kuang, Biao Luo, Shan Huang, Junwen Liu, Weiwei Hu, Yuweng Peng, Duohong Chen, Dingli Yue, Wanyun Xu, Bin Yuan, and Min Shao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2654, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2654, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research reveals the potential importance of nighttime NO3 radical chemistry and aerosol water in the rapid formation of secondary brown carbon from biomass burning emissions. The findings enhance our understanding of nighttime biomass burning evolution and its implications for climate and regional air quality, especially regarding interactions with aerosol water and water-rich fogs and clouds.
Yuan Cheng, Xu-bing Cao, Sheng-qiang Zhu, Zhi-qing Zhang, Jiu-meng Liu, Hong-liang Zhang, Qiang Zhang, and Ke-bin He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9869–9883, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The agreement between observational and modeling results is essential for the development of efficient air pollution control strategies. Here we constrained the modeling results of carbonaceous aerosols by field observation in Northeast China, a historically overlooked but recently targeted region of national clean-air actions. Our study suggested that the simulation of agricultural fire emissions and secondary organic aerosols remains challenging.
Dane Blanchard, Mark Gordon, Duc Huy Dang, Paul Andrew Makar, and Julian Aherne
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2584, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study offers the first known evaluation of water-soluble brown carbon aerosols in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), Canada. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of aerosol samples from five regional sites (summer 2021) found that oil sands operations were a measurable source of brown carbon. Industrial aerosol emissions may impact atmospheric reaction chemistry and albedo. These findings demonstrate that fluorescence spectroscopy can be applied to monitor brown carbon in the ASOR.
Yuan Dai, Junfeng Wang, Houjun Wang, Shijie Cui, Yunjiang Zhang, Haiwei Li, Yun Wu, Ming Wang, Eleonora Aruffo, and Xinlei Ge
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9733–9748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9733-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9733-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Short-term strict emission control can improve air quality, but its effectiveness needs assessment. During the 2021 summer COVID-19 lockdown in Yangzhou, we found that PM2.5 levels did not decrease despite reduced primary emissions. Aged black-carbon particles increased substantially due to higher O3 levels and transported pollutants. High humidity and low wind also played key roles. The results highlight the importance of a regionally balanced control strategy for future air quality management.
Xinya Liu, Diego Alves Gouveia, Bas Henzing, Arnoud Apituley, Arjan Hensen, Danielle van Dinther, Rujin Huang, and Ulrike Dusek
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9597–9614, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9597-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties is important for their effect on climate. This is usually measured by lidar, which has limitations, most notably the assumption of a lidar ratio. Our study shows that routine surface-level aerosol measurements are able to predict this lidar ratio reasonably well within the lower layers of the atmosphere and thus provide a relatively simple and cost-effective method to improve lidar measurements.
Weiqi Xu, Ye Kuang, Wanyun Xu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Biao Luo, Xiaoyi Zhang, Jiangchuang Tao, Hongqin Qiao, Li Liu, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9387–9399, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We deployed an advanced aerosol–fog sampling system at a rural site in the North China Plain to investigate impacts of aerosol hygroscopic growth and activation on the physicochemical properties of submicron aerosols. Observed results highlighted remarkably different aqueous processing of primary and secondary submicron aerosol components under distinct ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions and that RH levels significantly impact aerosol sampling through the aerosol swelling effect.
Can Wu, Xiaodi Liu, Ke Zhang, Si Zhang, Cong Cao, Jianjun Li, Rui Li, Fan Zhang, and Gehui Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9263–9275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Brown carbon (BrC) is prevalent in the troposphere and can efficiently absorb solar and terrestrial radiation. Our observations show that the enhanced light absorption of BrC relative to black carbon at the tropopause can be attributed to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds through the aqueous-phase reactions of carbonyls with ammonium.
Taiwo Ajayi, Yonghoon Choi, Ewan C. Crosbie, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, Johnathan W. Hair, Miguel Ricardo A. Hilario, Chris A. Hostetler, Simon Kirschler, Richard H. Moore, Taylor J. Shingler, Michael A. Shook, Cassidy Soloff, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Christiane Voigt, Edward L. Winstead, Luke D. Ziemba, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9197–9218, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses airborne data to examine vertical profiles of trace gases, aerosol particles, and meteorological variables over a remote marine area (Bermuda). Results show distinct differences based on both air mass source region (North America, Ocean, Caribbean/North Africa) and altitude for a given air mass type. This work highlights the sensitivity of remote marine areas to long-range transport and the importance of considering the vertical dependence of trace gas and aerosol properties.
Guilherme Martins Pereira, Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti, Rubens Fabio Pereira, Djacinto Monteiro dos Santos, Thayná da Silva Santos, José Vinicius Martins, Célia Alves, Cátia Gonçalves, Ismael Casotti Rienda, Nora Kováts, Thiago Nogueira, Luciana Rizzo, Paulo Artaxo, Regina Maura de Miranda, Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, Edmilson Dias de Freitas, Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos, and Maria de Fatima Andrade
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2212, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of fine particulate matter was studied in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil) during a polluted period. Vehicular-related sources were dominant; however, a high contribution of biomass burning was observed and correlated with sample ecotoxicity. Emerging biomass burning sources, such as forest fires and sugarcane bagasse-based power plants, highlight the need for additional control measures alongside stricter rules concerning vehicular emissions.
Kira Zeider, Grace Betito, Anthony Bucholtz, Peng Xian, Annette Walker, and Armin Sorooshian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9059–9083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The predominant wind direction along the California coast (northerly) reverses several times during the summer (to southerly). The effects of these wind reversals on aerosol and cloud characteristics are not well understood. Using data from multiple datasets we found that southerly flow periods had enhanced signatures of anthropogenic emissions due to shipping and continental sources, and clouds had more but smaller droplets.
Saleh Alzahrani, Doğuşhan Kılıç, Michael Flynn, Paul I. Williams, and James Allan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 9045–9058, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9045-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-9045-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates emissions from aviation activities at an international airport to evaluate their impact on local air quality. The study provides detailed insights into the chemical composition of aerosols and key pollutants in the airport environment. Source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) identified three significant sources: less oxidised oxygenated organic aerosol, alkane organic aerosol, and more oxidised oxygenated organic aerosol.
Mikko Heikkilä, Krista Luoma, Timo Mäkelä, and Tiia Grönholm
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8927–8941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8927-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Black carbon (BC) concentration was measured from 211 ship exhaust gas plumes at a remote marine station. Emission factors of BC were calculated in grams per kilogram of fuel. Ships with an exhaust gas cleaning system (EGCS) were found to have median BC emissions per fuel consumed 5 times lower than ships without an EGCS. However, this might be because of non-EGCS ships running at low engine loads rather than the EGCS itself. A local speed restriction would increase BC emissions of ships.
Olga Zografou, Maria Gini, Prodromos Fetfatzis, Konstantinos Granakis, Romanos Foskinis, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Fotios Tsopelas, Evangelia Diapouli, Eleni Dovrou, Christina N. Vasilakopoulou, Alexandros Papayannis, Spyros N. Pandis, Athanasios Nenes, and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8911–8926, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Characterization of PM1 and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment of organic and inorganic fractions were conducted at the high-altitude station (HAC)2. Cloud presence reduced PM1, affecting sulfate more than organics. Free-troposphere (FT) conditions showed more black carbon (eBC) than planetary boundary layer (PBL) conditions.
Yuanyuan Qin, Xinghua Zhang, Wei Huang, Juanjuan Qin, Xiaoyu Hu, Yuxuan Cao, Tianyi Zhao, Yang Zhang, Jihua Tan, Ziyin Zhang, Xinming Wang, and Zhenzhen Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8737–8750, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8737-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) play an active role in the atmosphere. Despite control measures having effectively reduced their emissions, reductions were less than in PM2.5. Emission control measures performed well in achieving Parade Blue, but reducing the impact of the atmosphere on human health remains challenging. Thus, there is a need to reassess emission control measures to better address the challenges posed by EPFRs and ROSs.
Fenghua Wei, Xing Peng, Liming Cao, Mengxue Tang, Ning Feng, Xiaofeng Huang, and Lingyan He
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8507–8518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8507-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8507-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The water solubility of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) is a crucial factor in determining their hygroscopicity and climatic impact. Stable carbon isotope and mass spectrometry techniques were combined to assess the water solubility of SOAs with different aging degrees in a coastal megacity in China. This work revealed a much higher water-soluble fraction of aged SOA compared to fresh SOA, indicating that the aging degree of SOA has considerable impacts on its water solubility.
Zijun Zhang, Weiqi Xu, Yi Zhang, Wei Zhou, Xiangyu Xu, Aodong Du, Yinzhou Zhang, Hongqin Qiao, Ye Kuang, Xiaole Pan, Zifa Wang, Xueling Cheng, Lanzhong Liu, Qingyan Fu, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jie Li, and Yele Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8473–8488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8473-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8473-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated aerosol composition and sources and the interaction between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and clouds at a regional mountain site in southeastern China. Clouds efficiently scavenge more oxidized SOA; however, cloud evaporation leads to the production of less oxidized SOA. The unexpectedly high presence of nitrate in aerosol particles indicates that nitrate formed in polluted areas has undergone interactions with clouds, significantly influencing the regional background site.
Feifei Li, Shanshan Tang, Jitao Lv, Shiyang Yu, Xu Sun, Dong Cao, Yawei Wang, and Guibin Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8397–8411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8397-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8397-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Targeted derivatization and non-targeted analysis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) were used to reveal the molecular composition of carbonyl molecules in PM2.5, and the important role of carbonyls in increasing the oxidative potential of organic aerosol was found in real samples.
Maya Abou-Ghanem, Daniel M. Murphy, Gregory P. Schill, Michael J. Lawler, and Karl D. Froyd
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8263–8275, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry, we examine vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles measured on NASA's DC-8 during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom). Our results reveal ship exhaust particles are sufficiently widespread in the marine atmosphere and experience atmospheric aging. Finally, we use laboratory calibrations to determine the vanadium, sulfate, and organic single-particle mass fractions of vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles.
Cassandra J. Gaston, Joseph M. Prospero, Kristen Foley, Havala O. T. Pye, Lillian Custals, Edmund Blades, Peter Sealy, and James A. Christie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8049–8066, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how changing emissions have impacted aerosols in remote regions, we measured nitrate and sulfate in Barbados and compared them to model predictions from EPA’s Air QUAlity TimE Series (EQUATES). Nitrate was stable, except for spikes in 2008 and 2010 due to transported smoke. Sulfate decreased in the 1990s due to reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the US and Europe; then it increased in the 2000s, likely due to anthropogenic emissions from Africa.
Cited articles
Abramson, E., Imre, D., Beránek, J., Wilson, J., and Zelenyuk, A.:
Experimental determination of chemical diffusion within secondary organic aerosol particles,
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.,
15, 2983–2991, https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp44013j, 2013.
Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M., Teixeira, E. C., Schneider, I. L., Lara, S. R., and Silva, L. F.:
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM1.0 of urban environments: Carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risk by age groups,
Environ. Pollut.,
224, 158–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.075, 2017.
Alpert, P. A., Dou, J., Corral Arroyo, P., Schneider, F., Xto, J., Luo, B., Peter, T., Huthwelker, T., Borca, C. N., Henzler, K. D., Schaefer, T., Herrmann, H., Raabe, J., Watts, B., Krieger, U. K., and Ammann, M.:
Photolytic radical persistence due to anoxia in viscous aerosol particles,
Nat. Commun.,
12, 1769, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21913-x, 2021.
Arndt, J., Sciare, J., Mallet, M., Roberts, G. C., Marchand, N., Sartelet, K., Sellegri, K., Dulac, F., Healy, R. M., and Wenger, J. C.: Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6975–7001, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6975-2017, 2017.
Ault, A. P., Gaston, C. I., Wang, Y., Dominguez, G., Thiemens, M. H., and Prather, K. A.:
Characterization of the single particle mixing state of individual ship plume events measured at the Port of Los Angeles,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
44, 1954–1961, https://doi.org/10.1021/es902985h, 2010.
Bente, M., Adam, T., Ferge, T., Gallavardin, S., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., and Zimmermann, R.:
An on-line aerosol laser mass spectrometer with three, easily interchangeable laser based ionisation methods for characterisation of inorganic and aromatic compounds on particles,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom.,
258, 86–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2006.08.015, 2006.
Bente, M., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., and Zimmermann, R.:
Online laser desorption-multiphoton postionization mass spectrometry of individual aerosol particles: molecular source indicators for particles emitted from different traffic-related and wood combustion sources,
Anal. Chem.,
80, 8991–9004, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac801295f, 2008.
Bente, M., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., and Zimmermann, R.:
Thermal desorption-multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of individual aerosol particles: a simplified approach for online single-particle analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives,
Anal. Chem.,
81, 2525–2536, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac802296f, 2009.
Boesl, U.:
Laser mass spectrometry for environmental and industrial chemical trace analysis,
J. Mass Spectrom.,
35, 289–304, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(200003)35:3<289:AID-JMS960>3.0.CO;2-Y, 2000.
Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T. B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L. R., Trimborn, A. M., Northway, M. J., DeCarlo, P. F., Kolb, C. E., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R.:
Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer,
Mass Spectrom. Rev.,
26, 185–222, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20115, 2007.
Carpenter, G. A., Grossberg, S., and Rosen, D.: ART 2-A: An adaptive resonance algorithm for rapid category learning and recognition, Neural Netw., 4, 493–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(91)90045-7, 1991.
Czech, H., Stengel, B., Adam, T., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., and Zimmermann, R.:
A chemometric investigation of aromatic emission profiles from a marine engine in comparison with residential wood combustion and road traffic: Implications for source apportionment inside and outside sulphur emission control areas,
Atmos. Environ.,
167, 212–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.022, 2017.
Czech, H., Miersch, T., Orasche, J., Abbaszade, G., Sippula, O., Tissari, J., Michalke, B., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Streibel, T., Jokiniemi, J., and Zimmermann, R.:
Chemical composition and speciation of particulate organic matter from modern residential small-scale wood combustion appliances,
Sci. Total Environ.,
612, 636–648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.263, 2018.
Dall'Osto, M. and Harrison, R. M.:
Chemical characterisation of single airborne particles in Athens (Greece) by ATOFMS,
Atmos. Environ.,
40, 7614–7631, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.053, 2006.
Dall'Osto, M., Beddows, D. C. S., Kinnersley, R. P., Harrison, R. M., Donovan, R. J., and Heal, M. R.:
Characterization of individual airborne particles by using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry at Mace Head, Ireland,
J. Geophys. Res.,
109, n/a–n/a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004747, 2004.
Dall'Osto, M., Beddows, D. C. S., McGillicuddy, E. J., Esser-Gietl, J. K., Harrison, R. M., and Wenger, J. C.: On the simultaneous deployment of two single-particle mass spectrometers at an urban background and a roadside site during SAPUSS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9693–9710, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9693-2016, 2016a.
Dall'Osto, M., Beddows, D. C. S., Harrison, R. M., and Onat, B.:
Fine Iron Aerosols Are Internally Mixed with Nitrate in the Urban European Atmosphere,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
50, 4212–4220, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01127, 2016b.
Dat, N.-D. and Chang, M. B.:
Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies,
Sci. Total Environ.,
609, 682–693, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204, 2017.
Decesari, S., Allan, J., Plass-Duelmer, C., Williams, B. J., Paglione, M., Facchini, M. C., O'Dowd, C., Harrison, R. M., Gietl, J. K., Coe, H., Giulianelli, L., Gobbi, G. P., Lanconelli, C., Carbone, C., Worsnop, D., Lambe, A. T., Ahern, A. T., Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Elste, T., Gilge, S., Zhang, Y., and Dall'Osto, M.: Measurements of the aerosol chemical composition and mixing state in the Po Valley using multiple spectroscopic techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12109–12132, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12109-2014, 2014.
Denkenberger, K. A., Moffet, R. C., Holecek, J. C., Rebotier, T. P., and Prather, K. A.:
Real-time, single-particle measurements of oligomers in aged ambient aerosol particles,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
41, 5439–5446, 2007.
Ferge, T., Karg, E., Schröppel, A., Coffee, K. R., Tobias, H. J., Frank, M., Gard, E. E., and Zimmermann, R.:
Fast determination of the relative elemental and organic carbon content of aerosol samples by on-line single-particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
40, 3327–3335, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050799k, 2006.
Furutani, H., Jung, J., Miura, K., Takami, A., Kato, S., Kajii, Y., and Uematsu, M.:
Single-particle chemical characterization and source apportionment of iron-containing atmospheric aerosols in Asian outflow,
J. Geophys. Res.,
116, 5504, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015867, 2011.
Garrett, R., Pickering, I., Haith, C., and Prince, R.:
Photooxidation of Crude Oils,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
32, 3719–3723, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980201r, 1998.
Gehm, C., Streibel, T., Passig, J., and Zimmermann, R.:
Determination of Relative Ionization Cross Sections for Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Appl. Sci., 8, 1617, https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091617, 2018.
Gemayel, R., Temime-Roussel, B., Hayeck, N., Gandolfo, A., Hellebust, S., Gligorovski, S., and Wortham, H.:
Development of an analytical methodology for obtaining quantitative mass concentrations from LAAP-ToF-MS measurements,
Talanta,
174, 715–724, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.050, 2017.
Giorio, C., Tapparo, A., Dall'Osto, M., Beddows, D. C. S., Esser-Gietl, J. K., Healy, R. M., and Harrison, R. M.:
Local and regional components of aerosol in a heavily trafficked street canyon in central London derived from PMF and cluster analysis of single-particle ATOFMS spectra,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
49, 3330–3340, https://doi.org/10.1021/es506249z, 2015.
Gross, D. S., Gälli, M. E., Kalberer, M., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Alfarra, M. R., Duplissy, J., Gaeggeler, K., Gascho, A., Metzger, A., and Baltensperger, U.:
Real-time measurement of oligomeric species in secondary organic aerosol with the aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer,
Anal. Chem.,
78, 2130–2137, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac060138l, 2006.
Gunzer, F., Krüger, S., and Grotemeyer, J.:
Photoionization and photofragmentation in mass spectrometry with visible and UV lasers,
Mass Spectrom. Rev.,
38, 202–217, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.21579, 2019.
Hanna, S. J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Simpson, E. A., Robb, D. B., Burak, I., Blades, M. W., Hepburn, J. W., and Bertram, A. K.:
A new broadly tunable (7.4–10.2 eV) laser based VUV light source and its first application to aerosol mass spectrometry,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom.,
279, 134–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2008.10.024, 2009.
Harrison, R. M., Smith, D. J. T., and Luhana, L.:
Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected from an Urban Location in Birmingham, UK,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
30, 825–832, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950252d, 1996.
Hatch, L. E., Creamean, J. M., Ault, A. P., Surratt, J. D., Chan, M. N., Seinfeld, J. H., Edgerton, E. S., Su, Y., and Prather, K. A.:
Measurements of isoprene-derived organosulfates in ambient aerosols by aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry – part 1: single particle atmospheric observations in Atlanta,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
45, 5105–5111, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103944a, 2011.
Hatch, L. E., Pratt, K. A., Huffman J. Alex, Jimenez, J. L., and Prather, K. A.:
Impacts of Aerosol Aging on Laser Desorption/Ionization in Single-Particle Mass Spectrometers,
Aerosol Sci. Technol.,
48, 1050–1058, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2014.955907, 2014.
Healy, R. M., O'Connor, I. P., Hellebust, S., Allanic, A., Sodeau, J. R., and Wenger, J. C.:
Characterisation of single particles from in-port ship emissions,
Atmos. Environ.,
43, 6408–6414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.039, 2009.
Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Kamili, K., Merkel, M., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Sarda-Estève, R., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., and Wenger, J. C.: Sources and mixing state of size-resolved elemental carbon particles in a European megacity: Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1681–1700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1681-2012, 2012.
Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Crippa, M., Wiedensohler, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Baltensperger, U., Sarda-Estève, R., McGuire, M. L., Jeong, C.-H., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., Evans, G. J., and Wenger, J. C.: Quantitative determination of carbonaceous particle mixing state in Paris using single-particle mass spectrometer and aerosol mass spectrometer measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9479–9496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9479-2013, 2013.
Hinz, K.-P. and Spengler, B.:
Instrumentation, data evaluation and quantification in on-line aerosol mass spectrometry,
J. Mass Spectrom.,
42, 843–860, https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.1262, 2007.
Hinz, K.-P., Kaufmann, R., and Spengler, B.:
Laser-Induced Mass Analysis of Single Particles in the Airborne State,
Anal. Chem.,
66, 2071–2076, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00085a023, 1994.
Huang, W., Saathoff, H., Shen, X., Ramisetty, R., Leisner, T., and Mohr, C.:
Chemical Characterization of Highly Functionalized Organonitrates Contributing to Night-Time Organic Aerosol Mass Loadings and Particle Growth,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
53, 1165–1174, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05826, 2019.
Jaward, F. M., Farrar, N. J., Harner, T., Sweetman, A. J., and Jones, K. C.:
Passive air sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes across Europe,
Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,
23, 1355–1364, https://doi.org/10.1897/03-420, 2004.
Keyte, I. J., Harrison, R. M., and Lammel, G.:
Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review,
Chem. Soc. Rev.,
42, 9333–9391, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60147A, 2013.
Kim, K.-H., Jahan, S. A., Kabir, E., and Brown, R. J. C.:
A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects,
Environ. Int.,
60, 71–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019, 2013.
Köllner, F., Schneider, J., Willis, M. D., Klimach, T., Helleis, F., Bozem, H., Kunkel, D., Hoor, P., Burkart, J., Leaitch, W. R., Aliabadi, A. A., Abbatt, J. P. D., Herber, A. B., and Borrmann, S.: Particulate trimethylamine in the summertime Canadian high Arctic lower troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13747–13766, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13747-2017, 2017.
Kruth, C., Czech, H., Sklorz, M., Passig, J., Ehlert, S., Cappiello, A., and Zimmermann, R.:
Direct Infusion Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Samples under Vacuum Conditions,
Anal. Chem.,
89, 10917–10923, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02633, 2017.
Lacher, L., Clemen, H.-C., Shen, X., Mertes, S., Gysel-Beer, M., Moallemi, A., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S., Saathoff, H., Möhler, O., Höhler, K., Schiebel, T., Weber, D., Schrod, J., Schneider, J., and Kanji, Z. A.: Sources and nature of ice-nucleating particles in the free troposphere at Jungfraujoch in winter 2017, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16925–16953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16925-2021, 2021.
Lähteenmäki-Uutela, A., Yliskylä-Peuralahti, J., Repka, S., and Mellqvist, J.:
What explains SECA compliance: rational calculation or moral judgment?,
WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs,
18, 61–78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-019-00163-1, 2019.
Laskin, J., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A.:
Mass Spectrometry Analysis in Atmospheric Chemistry,
Anal. Chem.,
90, 166–189, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04249, 2018.
Lee, A. K. Y., Willis, M. D., Healy, R. M., Wang, J. M., Jeong, C.-H., Wenger, J. C., Evans, G. J., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Single-particle characterization of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA): evidence for non-uniform mixing of high molecular weight organics and potassium, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5561–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5561-2016, 2016.
Li, C., He, Q., Schade, J., Passig, J., Zimmermann, R., Meidan, D., Laskin, A., and Rudich, Y.: Dynamic changes in optical and chemical properties of tar ball aerosols by atmospheric photochemical aging, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 139–163, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-139-2019, 2019.
Li, L., Liu, L., Xu, L., Li, M., Li, X., Gao, W., Huang, Z., and Cheng, P.:
Improvement in the Mass Resolution of Single Particle Mass Spectrometry Using Delayed Ion Extraction,
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr.,
29, 2105–2109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-018-2037-4, 2018.
Lima, A. L. C., Farrington, J. W., and Reddy, C. M.:
Combustion-Derived Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment—A Review,
Environ. Forensics,
6, 109–131, https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920590952739, 2005.
Ma, L., Li, M., Zhang, H., Li, L., Huang, Z., Gao, W., Chen, D., Fu, Z., Nian, H., Zou, L., Gao, J., Chai, F., and Zhou, Z.:
Comparative analysis of chemical composition and sources of aerosol particles in urban Beijing during clear, hazy, and dusty days using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry,
J. Clean. Prod.,
112, 1319–1329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.054, 2016.
Marsden, N. A., Flynn, M. J., Allan, J. D., and Coe, H.: Online differentiation of mineral phase in aerosol particles by ion formation mechanism using a LAAP-TOF single-particle mass spectrometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 195–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-195-2018, 2018.
Middlebrook, A. M., Murphy, D. M., and Thomson, D. S.:
Observations of organic material in individual marine particles at Cape Grim during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1),
J. Geophys. Res.,
103, 16475–16483, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03719, 1998.
Miersch, T., Czech, H., Stengel, B., Abbaszade, G., Orasche, J., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., and Zimmermann, R.:
Composition of carbonaceous fine particulate emissions of a flexible fuel DISI engine under high velocity and municipal conditions,
Fuel,
236, 1465–1473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.136, 2019.
Moldanová, J., Fridell, E., Popovicheva, O., Demirdjian, B., Tishkova, V., Faccinetto, A., and Focsa, C.:
Characterisation of particulate matter and gaseous emissions from a large ship diesel engine,
Atmos. Environ.,
43, 2632–2641, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.008, 2009.
Morrical, B. D., Fergenson, D. P., and Prather, K. A.:
Coupling two-step laser desorption/ionization with aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of individual organic particles,
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr.,
9, 1068–1073, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(98)00074-9, 1998.
Murphy, D. M.:
The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers,
Mass Spectrom. Rev.,
26, 150–165, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20113, 2007.
Murphy, D. M., Froyd, K. D., Bian, H., Brock, C. A., Dibb, J. E., DiGangi, J. P., Diskin, G., Dollner, M., Kupc, A., Scheuer, E. M., Schill, G. P., Weinzierl, B., Williamson, C. J., and Yu, P.: The distribution of sea-salt aerosol in the global troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4093–4104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4093-2019, 2019.
Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Froyd, K. D., Hudson, P. K., Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Peltier, R. E., Sullivan, A., Thomson, D. S., and Weber, R. J.:
Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles,
J. Geophys. Res.,
111, n/a–n/a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007340, 2006.
Nash, D. G., Liu, X. F., Mysak, E. R., and Baer, T.:
Aerosol particle mass spectrometry with low photon energy laser ionization,
Int. J. Mass Spectrom.,
241, 89–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2004.12.016, 2005.
Neubauer, K. R., Johnston, M. V., and Wexler, A. S.:
Humidity effects on the mass spectra of single aerosol particles,
Atmos. Environ.,
32, 2521–2529, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00005-3, 1998.
Nguyen, D.-L., Czech, H., Pieber, S. M., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Steinbacher, M., Orasche, J., Henne, S., Popovicheva, O. B., Abbaszade, G., Engling, G., Bukowiecki, N., Nguyen, N.-A., Nguyen, X.-A., and Zimmermann, R.: Carbonaceous aerosol composition in air masses influenced by large-scale biomass burning: a case study in northwestern Vietnam, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8293–8312, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8293-2021, 2021.
Nozière, B., Kalberer, M., Claeys, M., Allan, J., D'Anna, B., Decesari, S., Finessi, E., Glasius, M., Grgić, I., Hamilton, J. F., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jaoui, M., Kahnt, A., Kampf, C. J., Kourtchev, I., Maenhaut, W., Marsden, N., Saarikoski, S., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Surratt, J. D., Szidat, S., Szmigielski, R., and Wisthaler, A.:
The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges,
Chem. Rev.,
115, 3919–3983, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5003485, 2015.
Oster, M., Elsasser, M., Schnelle-Kreis, J., and Zimmermann, R.:
First field application of a thermal desorption resonance-enhanced multiphoton-ionisation single particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the on-line detection of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
Anal. Bioanal. Chem.,
401, 3173–3182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5438-9, 2011.
Pandey, S. K., Kim, K.-H., and Brown, R. J.:
A review of techniques for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air,
TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem.,
30, 1716–1739, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.017, 2011.
Passig, J. and Zimmermann, R.:
Laser Ionization in Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry,
in: Photoionization and Photo-Induced Processes in Mass Spectrometry: Fundamentals and Applications,
edited by: Zimmermann, R. and Hanley, L.,
Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527682201.ch11, 2020.
Passig, J., Schade, J., Oster, M., Fuchs, M., Ehlert, S., Jäger, C., Sklorz, M., and Zimmermann, R.:
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Simultaneous Detection of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Inorganic Components from Individual Particles,
Anal. Chem.,
89, 6341–6345, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01207, 2017.
Passig, J., Schade, J., Rosewig, E. I., Irsig, R., Kröger-Badge, T., Czech, H., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., Li, L., Li, X., Zhou, Z., Fallgren, H., Moldanova, J., and Zimmermann, R.: Resonance-enhanced detection of metals in aerosols using single-particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7139–7152, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7139-2020, 2020.
Passig, J., Schade, J., Irsig, R., Li, L., Li, X., Zhou, Z., Adam, T., and Zimmermann, R.: Detection of ship plumes from residual fuel operation in emission control areas using single-particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4171–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4171-2021, 2021a.
Passig, J., Schade, J., Irsig, R., Kröger-Badge, T., Czech, H., Adam, T., Fallgren, H., Moldanova, J., Sklorz, M., Streibel, T., and Zimmermann, R.: Data Repository for “Single-particle characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in background air in Northern Europe”, Atmos. Chem. Phys., Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5794078, 2021b.
Phousongphouang, P. T. and Arey, J.:
Rate Constants for the Gas-Phase Reactions of a Series of Alkylnaphthalenes with the OH Radical,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
36, 1947–1952, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011434c, 2002.
Pöschl, U. and Shiraiwa, M.:
Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene,
Chem. Rev.,
115, 4440–4475, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500487s, 2015.
Prather, K. A., Nordmeyer, T., and Salt, K.:
Real-time characterization of individual aerosol particles using time-of-flight mass spectrometry,
Anal. Chem.,
66, 1403–1407, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00081a007, 1994.
Pratt, K. A. and Prather, K. A.:
Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols–recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques,
Mass Spectrom. Rev.,
31, 17–48, https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20330, 2012.
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., and van Grieken, R.:
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation,
Atmos. Environ.,
42, 2895–2921, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010, 2008.
Reinard, M. S. and Johnston, M. V.:
Ion formation mechanism in laser desorption ionization of individual nanoparticles,
J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectr.,
19, 389–399, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.017, 2008.
Riemer, N., Ault, A. P., West, M., Craig, R. L., and Curtis, J. H.:
Aerosol Mixing State: Measurements, Modeling, and Impacts,
Rev. Geophys.,
57, 187–249, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000615, 2019.
Riva, M., Heikkinen, L., Bell, D. M., Peräkylä, O., Zha, Q., Schallhart, S., Rissanen, M. P., Imre, D., Petäjä, T., Thornton, J. A., Zelenyuk, A., and Ehn, M.:
Chemical transformations in monoterpene-derived organic aerosol enhanced by inorganic composition,
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science,
2, 2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0058-0, 2019.
Romay, F. J., Roberts, D. L., Marple, V. A., Liu, B. Y. H., and Olson, B. A.:
A High-Performance Aerosol Concentrator for Biological Agent Detection,
Aerosol Sci. Technol.,
36, 217–226, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868202753504074, 2002.
Sakurai, H., Tobias, H. J., Park, K., Zarling, D., Docherty, K. S., Kittelson, D. B., McMurry, P. H., and Ziemann, P. J.:
On-line measurements of diesel nanoparticle composition and volatility,
Atmos. Environ.,
37, 1199–1210, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01017-8, 2003.
Schade, J., Passig, J., Irsig, R., Ehlert, S., Sklorz, M., Adam, T., Li, C., Rudich, Y., and Zimmermann, R.:
Spatially Shaped Laser Pulses for the Simultaneous Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as well as Positive and Negative Inorganic Ions in Single Particle Mass Spectrometry,
Anal. Chem.,
91, 10282–10288, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02477, 2019.
Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Klimach, T., Mertes, S., Schenk, L. P., Kupiszewski, P., Curtius, J., and Borrmann, S.: Online single particle analysis of ice particle residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds using laboratory derived particle type assignment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 575–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-575-2017, 2017.
Shen, X., Ramisetty, R., Mohr, C., Huang, W., Leisner, T., and Saathoff, H.: Laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LAAPTOF): performance, reference spectra and classification of atmospheric samples, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2325–2343, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2325-2018, 2018.
Shen, X., Saathoff, H., Huang, W., Mohr, C., Ramisetty, R., and Leisner, T.: Understanding atmospheric aerosol particles with improved particle identification and quantification by single-particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2219–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2219-2019, 2019a.
Shen, X., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Huang, W., Mohr, C., Ramisetty, R., Leisner, T., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Saathoff, H.: Composition and origin of PM2.5 aerosol particles in the upper Rhine valley in summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13189–13208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13189-2019, 2019b.
Shrivastava, M., Lou, S., Zelenyuk, A., Easter, R. C., Corley, R. A., Thrall, B. D., Rasch, P. J., Fast, J. D., Simonich, S. L. M., Shen, H., and Tao, S.:
Global long-range transport and lung cancer risk from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons shielded by coatings of organic aerosol,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
114, 1246–1251, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618475114, 2017.
Silva, P. J. and Prather, K. A.:
Interpretation of Mass Spectra from Organic Compounds in Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry,
Anal. Chem.,
72, 3553–3562, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9910132, 2000.
Silva, P. J., Liu, D.-Y., Noble, C. A., and Prather, K. A.:
Size and Chemical Characterization of Individual Particles Resulting from Biomass Burning of Local Southern California Species,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
33, 3068–3076, https://doi.org/10.1021/es980544p, 1999.
SMHI:
Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut,
available at: https://www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=all,stationid=71190, last access: 14 January 2021.
Sodeman, D. A., Toner, S. M., and Prather, K. A.:
Determination of Single Particle Mass Spectral Signatures from Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
39, 4569–4580, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0489947, 2005.
Song, X.-H., Hopke, P. K., Fergenson, D. P., and Prather, K. A.:
Classification of Single Particles Analyzed by ATOFMS Using an Artificial Neural Network, ART-2A,
Anal. Chem.,
71, 860–865, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9809682, 1999.
Spencer, M. T. and Prather, K. A.:
Using ATOFMS to Determine OC/EC Mass Fractions in Particles,
Aerosol Sci. Technol.,
40, 585–594, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600729138, 2006.
Spencer, M. T., Shields, L. G., Sodeman, D. A., Toner, S. M., and Prather, K. A.:
Comparison of oil and fuel particle chemical signatures with particle emissions from heavy and light duty vehicles,
Atmos. Environ.,
40, 5224–5235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.011, 2006.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D., and Ngan, F.:
NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
96, 2059–2077, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015.
Streibel, T., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Czech, H., Harndorf, H., Jakobi, G., Jokiniemi, J., Karg, E., Lintelmann, J., Matuschek, G., Michalke, B., Müller, L., Orasche, J., Passig, J., Radischat, C., Rabe, R., Reda, A., Rüger, C., Schwemer, T., Sippula, O., Stengel, B., Sklorz, M., Torvela, T., Weggler, B., and Zimmermann, R.:
Aerosol emissions of a ship diesel engine operated with diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil,
Environ. Sci. Pollut. R.,
24, 10976–10991, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6724-z, 2017.
Su, Y., Sipin, M. F., Furutani, H., and Prather, K. A.:
Development and characterization of an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer with increased detection efficiency,
Anal. Chem.,
76, 712–719, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034797z, 2004.
Sullivan, R. C., Guazzotti, S. A., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.: Direct observations of the atmospheric processing of Asian mineral dust, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1213–1236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1213-2007, 2007.
Sultana, C. M., Cornwell, G. C., Rodriguez, P., and Prather, K. A.: FATES: a flexible analysis toolkit for the exploration of single-particle mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 1323–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1323-2017, 2017.
Sykes, D. C., Woods, E., Smith, G. D., Baer, T., and Miller, R. E.:
Thermal Vaporization-Vacuum Ultraviolet Laser Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Single Aerosol Particles,
Anal. Chem.,
74, 2048–2052, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac011225a, 2002.
Tobiszewski, M. and Namieśnik, J.:
PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources,
Environ. Pollut.,
162, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025, 2012.
Toner, S. M., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.:
Single Particle Characterization of Ultrafine and Accumulation Mode Particles from Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles Using Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
40, 3912–3921, https://doi.org/10.1021/es051455x, 2006.
Toner, S. M., Shields, L. G., Sodeman, D. A., and Prather, K. A.:
Using mass spectral source signatures to apportion exhaust particles from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles in a freeway study using UF-ATOFMS,
Atmos. Environ.,
42, 568–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.005, 2008.
Vera, C. C., Trimborn, A., Hinz, K.-P., and Spengler, B.:
Initial velocity distributions of ions generated by in-flight laser desorption/ionization of individual polystyrene latex microparticles as studied by the delayed ion extraction method,
Rapid Commun. Mass Sp.,
19, 133–146, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1753, 2005.
Vereecken, L.:
Reaction Mechanisms for the Atmospheric Oxidation of Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds,
in: Advances in Atmospheric Chemistry,
edited by: Barker, J. R. and Steiner, A. L.,
World Scientific, 377–527, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813271838_0006, 2018.
Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Pelizzetti, E., Harrison, M. A. J., Olariu, R.-I., and Arsene, C.:
Photochemical reactions in the tropospheric aqueous phase and on particulate matter,
Chem. Soc. Rev.,
35, 441–453, https://doi.org/10.1039/B510796M, 2006.
Wang, S., Zordan, C. A., and Johnston, M. V.:
Chemical characterization of individual, airborne sub-10-nm particles and molecules,
Anal. Chem.,
78, 1750–1754, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac052243l, 2006.
Wang, X., Gao, S., Yang, X., Chen, H., Chen, J., Zhuang, G., Surratt, J. D., Chan, M. N., and Seinfeld, J. H.:
Evidence for high molecular weight nitrogen-containing organic salts in urban aerosols,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
44, 4441–4446, https://doi.org/10.1021/es1001117, 2010.
Wang, X., Shen, Y., Lin, Y., Pan, J., Zhang, Y., Louie, P. K. K., Li, M., and Fu, Q.: Atmospheric pollution from ships and its impact on local air quality at a port site in Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6315–6330, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6315-2019, 2019.
Wilkerson, C. W., Colby, S. M., and Reilly, J. P.:
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using gas chromatography/laser ionization mass spectrometry with picosecond and nanosecond light pulses,
Anal. Chem.,
61, 2669–2673, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00198a016, 1989.
Woods, E., Smith, G. D., Dessiaterik, Y., Baer, T., and Miller, R. E.:
Quantitative Detection of Aromatic Compounds in Single Aerosol Particle Mass Spectrometry,
Anal. Chem.,
73, 2317–2322, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac001166l, 2001.
Xu, J., Wang, H., Li, X., Li, Y., Wen, J., Zhang, J., Shi, X., Li, M., Wang, W., Shi, G., and Feng, Y.:
Refined source apportionment of coal combustion sources by using single particle mass spectrometry,
Sci. Total Environ.,
627, 633–646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.269, 2018.
Zelenyuk, A. and Imre, D.:
Single Particle Laser Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer: An Introduction to SPLAT,
Aerosol Sci. Technol.,
39, 554–568, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868291009242, 2005.
Zelenyuk, A., Yang, J., Choi, E., and Imre, D.:
SPLAT II: An Aircraft Compatible, Ultra-Sensitive, High Precision Instrument for In-Situ Characterization of the Size and Composition of Fine and Ultrafine Particles,
Aerosol Sci. Technol.,
43, 411–424, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820802709243, 2009.
Zelenyuk, A., Imre, D., Beránek, J., Abramson, E., Wilson, J., and Shrivastava, M.:
Synergy between secondary organic aerosols and long-range transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
Environ. Sci. Technol.,
46, 12459–12466, https://doi.org/10.1021/es302743z, 2012.
Zelenyuk, A., Imre, D. G., Wilson, J., Bell, D. M., Suski, K. J., Shrivastava, M., Beránek, J., Alexander, M. L., Kramer, A. L., and Massey Simonich, S. L.:
The effect of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the formation and properties of biogenic secondary organic aerosol particles,
Faraday Discuss.,
200, 143–164, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00032d, 2017.
Zhang, G., Bi, X., Li, L., Chan, L. Y., Li, M., Wang, X., Sheng, G., Fu, J., and Zhou, Z.: Mixing state of individual submicron carbon-containing particles during spring and fall seasons in urban Guangzhou, China: a case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4723–4735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4723-2013, 2013.
Zhang, W., Zhang, S., Wan, C., Yue, D., Ye, Y., and Wang, X.:
Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall,
Environ. Pollut.,
153, 594–601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.09.004, 2008.
Zhou, L., Hopke, P. K., and Venkatachari, P.:
Cluster analysis of single particle mass spectra measured at Flushing, NY,
Anal. Chim. Acta,
555, 47–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.061, 2006.
Zhou, Y., Huang, X. H., Griffith, S. M., Li, M., Li, L., Zhou, Z., Wu, C., Meng, J., Chan, C. K., Louie, P. K., and Yu, J. Z.:
A field measurement based scaling approach for quantification of major ions, organic carbon, and elemental carbon using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,
Atmos. Environ.,
143, 300–312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.054, 2016.
Zhuo, Z., Su, B., Xie, Q., Li, L., Huang, Z., Zhou, Z., Mai, Z., and Tan, G.:
Improved Aerodynamic Particle Concentrator for Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: A Simulation and Characterization Study,
Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology,
443–449, https://doi.org/10.13922/j.cnki.cjvst.202008026, 2021.
Zimmermann, R. and Hanley, L. (Eds.):
Photoionization and Photo-Induced Processes in Mass Spectrometry: Fundamentals and Applications,
Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, ISBN 978-3-527-33510-7, 2020.
Zimmermann, R., Ferge, T., Gälli, M., and Karlsson, R.:
Application of single-particle laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soot particles originating from an industrial combustion process,
Rapid Commun. Mass Sp.,
17, 851–859, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.979, 2003.
Short summary
The single-particle distribution of health-relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was studied at the Swedish coast in autumn. We found PAHs bound to long-range transported particles from eastern and central Europe and also from ship emissions and local sources. This is the first field study using a new technology revealing single-particle data from both inorganic components and PAHs. We discuss PAH profiles that are indicative of several sources and atmospheric aging processes.
The single-particle distribution of health-relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint