Articles | Volume 21, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10965-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10965-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Coupled and decoupled stratocumulus-topped boundary layers: turbulence properties
Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-293 Warsaw, Poland
Holger Siebert
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Kai-Erik Szodry
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Szymon P. Malinowski
Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-293 Warsaw, Poland
Related authors
Hans Segura, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Philipp Weiss, Sebastian K. Müller, Thomas Rackow, Junhong Lee, Edgar Dolores-Tesillos, Imme Benedict, Matthias Aengenheyster, Razvan Aguridan, Gabriele Arduini, Alexander J. Baker, Jiawei Bao, Swantje Bastin, Eulàlia Baulenas, Tobias Becker, Sebastian Beyer, Hendryk Bockelmann, Nils Brüggemann, Lukas Brunner, Suvarchal K. Cheedela, Sushant Das, Jasper Denissen, Ian Dragaud, Piotr Dziekan, Madeleine Ekblom, Jan Frederik Engels, Monika Esch, Richard Forbes, Claudia Frauen, Lilli Freischem, Diego García-Maroto, Philipp Geier, Paul Gierz, Álvaro González-Cervera, Katherine Grayson, Matthew Griffith, Oliver Gutjahr, Helmuth Haak, Ioan Hadade, Kerstin Haslehner, Shabeh ul Hasson, Jan Hegewald, Lukas Kluft, Aleksei Koldunov, Nikolay Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Shunya Koseki, Sergey Kosukhin, Josh Kousal, Peter Kuma, Arjun U. Kumar, Rumeng Li, Nicolas Maury, Maximilian Meindl, Sebastian Milinski, Kristian Mogensen, Bimochan Niraula, Jakub Nowak, Divya Sri Praturi, Ulrike Proske, Dian Putrasahan, René Redler, David Santuy, Domokos Sármány, Reiner Schnur, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Dorian Spät, Birgit Sützl, Daisuke Takasuka, Adrian Tompkins, Alejandro Uribe, Mirco Valentini, Menno Veerman, Aiko Voigt, Sarah Warnau, Fabian Wachsmann, Marta Wacławczyk, Nils Wedi, Karl-Hermann Wieners, Jonathan Wille, Marius Winkler, Yuting Wu, Florian Ziemen, Janos Zimmermann, Frida A.-M. Bender, Dragana Bojovic, Sandrine Bony, Simona Bordoni, Patrice Brehmer, Marcus Dengler, Emanuel Dutra, Saliou Faye, Erich Fischer, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Cathy Hohenegger, Heikki Järvinen, Markus Jochum, Thomas Jung, Johann H. Jungclaus, Noel S. Keenlyside, Daniel Klocke, Heike Konow, Martina Klose, Szymon Malinowski, Olivia Martius, Thorsten Mauritsen, Juan Pedro Mellado, Theresa Mieslinger, Elsa Mohino, Hanna Pawłowska, Karsten Peters-von Gehlen, Abdoulaye Sarré, Pajam Sobhani, Philip Stier, Lauri Tuppi, Pier Luigi Vidale, Irina Sandu, and Bjorn Stevens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-509, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-509, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The nextGEMS project developed two Earth system models that resolve processes of the order of 10 km, giving more fidelity to the representation of local phenomena, globally. In its fourth cycle, nextGEMS performed simulations with coupled ocean, land, and atmosphere over the 2020–2049 period under the SSP3-7.0 scenario. Here, we provide an overview of nextGEMS, insights into the model development, and the realism of multi-decadal, kilometer-scale simulations.
Jakub L. Nowak, Marie Lothon, Donald H. Lenschow, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 93–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-93-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-93-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
According to classical theory, the ratio of turbulence statistics corresponding to transverse and longitudinal wind velocity components equals 4/3 in the inertial range of scales. We analyse a large number of measurements obtained with three research aircraft during four field experiments in different locations and show that the observed ratios are almost always significantly smaller. We discuss potential reasons for this disagreement, but the actual explanation remains to be determined.
Jakub L. Nowak, Robert Grosz, Wiebke Frey, Dennis Niedermeier, Jędrzej Mijas, Szymon P. Malinowski, Linda Ort, Silvio Schmalfuß, Frank Stratmann, Jens Voigtländer, and Tadeusz Stacewicz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4075–4089, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4075-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4075-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution infrared hygrometer (FIRH) was adapted to measure humidity and its rapid fluctuations in turbulence inside a moist-air wind tunnel LACIS-T where two air streams of different temperature and humidity are mixed. The measurement was achieved from outside the tunnel through its glass windows and provided an agreement with a reference dew-point hygrometer placed inside. The characterization of humidity complements previous investigations of velocity and temperature fields.
Moein Mohammadi, Jakub L. Nowak, Guus Bertens, Jan Moláček, Wojciech Kumala, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 965–985, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To compare two instruments, a VisiSize D30 shadowgraph system and a phase Doppler interferometer (PDI-FPDR), we performed a series of measurements of cloud droplet size and number concentration in orographic clouds. After applying essential modifications and filters to the data, the results from the two instruments showed better agreement in droplet sizing and velocimetry than droplet number concentration or liquid water content. Discrepancies were observed for droplets smaller than 13 µm.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Jakub L. Nowak, Moein Mohammadi, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2615–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A commercial instrument that characterizes sprays via shadowgraphy imaging was applied to measure the number concentration and size distribution of cloud droplets. Laboratory and field tests were performed to verify the resolution, detection reliability and sizing accuracy. We developed a correction to the data processing method which improves the estimation of cloud microphysical properties. The paper concludes with recommendations concerning the use of the instrument in cloud physics studies.
Robert Grosz, Kamal Kant Chandrakar, Raymond A. Shaw, Jesse C. Anderson, Will Cantrell, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 2619–2638, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-2619-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our objective was to enhance understanding of thermally driven convection in terms of small-scale variations in the temperature scalar field. We conducted a small-scale study of the temperature field in the Π Chamber using three different temperature differences (10 K, 15 K, and 20 K). Measurements were carried out using a miniaturized UltraFast Thermometer operating at 2 kHz, allowing undisturbed vertical temperature profiling from 8 cm above the floor to 5 cm below the ceiling.
Hans Segura, Xabier Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia, Philipp Weiss, Sebastian K. Müller, Thomas Rackow, Junhong Lee, Edgar Dolores-Tesillos, Imme Benedict, Matthias Aengenheyster, Razvan Aguridan, Gabriele Arduini, Alexander J. Baker, Jiawei Bao, Swantje Bastin, Eulàlia Baulenas, Tobias Becker, Sebastian Beyer, Hendryk Bockelmann, Nils Brüggemann, Lukas Brunner, Suvarchal K. Cheedela, Sushant Das, Jasper Denissen, Ian Dragaud, Piotr Dziekan, Madeleine Ekblom, Jan Frederik Engels, Monika Esch, Richard Forbes, Claudia Frauen, Lilli Freischem, Diego García-Maroto, Philipp Geier, Paul Gierz, Álvaro González-Cervera, Katherine Grayson, Matthew Griffith, Oliver Gutjahr, Helmuth Haak, Ioan Hadade, Kerstin Haslehner, Shabeh ul Hasson, Jan Hegewald, Lukas Kluft, Aleksei Koldunov, Nikolay Koldunov, Tobias Kölling, Shunya Koseki, Sergey Kosukhin, Josh Kousal, Peter Kuma, Arjun U. Kumar, Rumeng Li, Nicolas Maury, Maximilian Meindl, Sebastian Milinski, Kristian Mogensen, Bimochan Niraula, Jakub Nowak, Divya Sri Praturi, Ulrike Proske, Dian Putrasahan, René Redler, David Santuy, Domokos Sármány, Reiner Schnur, Patrick Scholz, Dmitry Sidorenko, Dorian Spät, Birgit Sützl, Daisuke Takasuka, Adrian Tompkins, Alejandro Uribe, Mirco Valentini, Menno Veerman, Aiko Voigt, Sarah Warnau, Fabian Wachsmann, Marta Wacławczyk, Nils Wedi, Karl-Hermann Wieners, Jonathan Wille, Marius Winkler, Yuting Wu, Florian Ziemen, Janos Zimmermann, Frida A.-M. Bender, Dragana Bojovic, Sandrine Bony, Simona Bordoni, Patrice Brehmer, Marcus Dengler, Emanuel Dutra, Saliou Faye, Erich Fischer, Chiel van Heerwaarden, Cathy Hohenegger, Heikki Järvinen, Markus Jochum, Thomas Jung, Johann H. Jungclaus, Noel S. Keenlyside, Daniel Klocke, Heike Konow, Martina Klose, Szymon Malinowski, Olivia Martius, Thorsten Mauritsen, Juan Pedro Mellado, Theresa Mieslinger, Elsa Mohino, Hanna Pawłowska, Karsten Peters-von Gehlen, Abdoulaye Sarré, Pajam Sobhani, Philip Stier, Lauri Tuppi, Pier Luigi Vidale, Irina Sandu, and Bjorn Stevens
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-509, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-509, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The nextGEMS project developed two Earth system models that resolve processes of the order of 10 km, giving more fidelity to the representation of local phenomena, globally. In its fourth cycle, nextGEMS performed simulations with coupled ocean, land, and atmosphere over the 2020–2049 period under the SSP3-7.0 scenario. Here, we provide an overview of nextGEMS, insights into the model development, and the realism of multi-decadal, kilometer-scale simulations.
Jakub L. Nowak, Marie Lothon, Donald H. Lenschow, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 93–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-93-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-93-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
According to classical theory, the ratio of turbulence statistics corresponding to transverse and longitudinal wind velocity components equals 4/3 in the inertial range of scales. We analyse a large number of measurements obtained with three research aircraft during four field experiments in different locations and show that the observed ratios are almost always significantly smaller. We discuss potential reasons for this disagreement, but the actual explanation remains to be determined.
Manfred Wendisch, Susanne Crewell, André Ehrlich, Andreas Herber, Benjamin Kirbus, Christof Lüpkes, Mario Mech, Steven J. Abel, Elisa F. Akansu, Felix Ament, Clémantyne Aubry, Sebastian Becker, Stephan Borrmann, Heiko Bozem, Marlen Brückner, Hans-Christian Clemen, Sandro Dahlke, Georgios Dekoutsidis, Julien Delanoë, Elena De La Torre Castro, Henning Dorff, Regis Dupuy, Oliver Eppers, Florian Ewald, Geet George, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Sarah Grawe, Silke Groß, Jörg Hartmann, Silvia Henning, Lutz Hirsch, Evelyn Jäkel, Philipp Joppe, Olivier Jourdan, Zsofia Jurányi, Michail Karalis, Mona Kellermann, Marcus Klingebiel, Michael Lonardi, Johannes Lucke, Anna E. Luebke, Maximilian Maahn, Nina Maherndl, Marion Maturilli, Bernhard Mayer, Johanna Mayer, Stephan Mertes, Janosch Michaelis, Michel Michalkov, Guillaume Mioche, Manuel Moser, Hanno Müller, Roel Neggers, Davide Ori, Daria Paul, Fiona M. Paulus, Christian Pilz, Felix Pithan, Mira Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Maximilian Ringel, Nils Risse, Gregory C. Roberts, Sophie Rosenburg, Johannes Röttenbacher, Janna Rückert, Michael Schäfer, Jonas Schaefer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Jörg Schmidt, Sebastian Schmidt, Johannes Schneider, Sabrina Schnitt, Anja Schwarz, Holger Siebert, Harald Sodemann, Tim Sperzel, Gunnar Spreen, Bjorn Stevens, Frank Stratmann, Gunilla Svensson, Christian Tatzelt, Thomas Tuch, Timo Vihma, Christiane Voigt, Lea Volkmer, Andreas Walbröl, Anna Weber, Birgit Wehner, Bruno Wetzel, Martin Wirth, and Tobias Zinner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8865–8892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8865-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8865-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming faster than the rest of the globe. Warm-air intrusions (WAIs) into the Arctic may play an important role in explaining this phenomenon. Cold-air outbreaks (CAOs) out of the Arctic may link the Arctic climate changes to mid-latitude weather. In our article, we describe how to observe air mass transformations during CAOs and WAIs using three research aircraft instrumented with state-of-the-art remote-sensing and in situ measurement devices.
Michael Lonardi, Elisa F. Akansu, André Ehrlich, Mauro Mazzola, Christian Pilz, Matthew D. Shupe, Holger Siebert, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1961–1978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1961-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1961-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Profiles of thermal-infrared irradiance were measured at two Arctic sites. The presence or lack of clouds influences the vertical structure of these observations. In particular, the cloud top region is a source of radiative energy that can promote cooling and mixing in the cloud layer. Simulations are used to further characterize how the amount of water in the cloud modifies this forcing. A case study additionally showcases the evolution of the radiation profiles in a dynamic atmosphere.
Elisa F. Akansu, Sandro Dahlke, Holger Siebert, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15473–15489, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The height of the mixing layer is an important measure of the surface-level distribution of energy or other substances. The experimental determination of this height is associated with large uncertainties, particularly under stable conditions that we often find during the polar night or in the presence of clouds. We present a reference method using turbulence measurements on a tethered balloon, which allows us to evaluate approaches based on radiosondes or surface observations.
Ulrike Egerer, Holger Siebert, Olaf Hellmuth, and Lise Lotte Sørensen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15365–15373, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15365-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15365-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Low-level jets (LLJs) are strong winds near the surface and occur frequently in the Arctic in stable conditions. Using tethered-balloon profile measurements in Greenland, we analyze a multi-hour period with an LLJ that later weakens and finally collapses. Increased shear-induced turbulence at the LLJ bounds mostly does not reach the ground until the LLJ collapses. Our findings support the hypothesis that a passive tracer can be advected with an LLJ and mixed down when the LLJ collapses.
Katarzyna Nurowska, Moein Mohammadi, Szymon Malinowski, and Krzysztof Markowicz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2415–2430, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2415-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2415-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we evaluate the low-cost Alphasense OPC-N3 optical particle counter for measurements of fog microphysics. We compare OPC-N3 with the Oxford Lasers VisiSize D30. This work is significant because OPC-N3 can be used with drones for vertical profiles in fog.
Ulrike Egerer, John J. Cassano, Matthew D. Shupe, Gijs de Boer, Dale Lawrence, Abhiram Doddi, Holger Siebert, Gina Jozef, Radiance Calmer, Jonathan Hamilton, Christian Pilz, and Michael Lonardi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2297–2317, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2297-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2297-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes how measurements from a small uncrewed aircraft system can be used to estimate the vertical turbulent heat energy exchange between different layers in the atmosphere. This is particularly important for the atmosphere in the Arctic, as turbulent exchange in this region is often suppressed but is still important to understand how the atmosphere interacts with sea ice. We present three case studies from the MOSAiC field campaign in Arctic sea ice in 2020.
Christian Pilz, Sebastian Düsing, Birgit Wehner, Thomas Müller, Holger Siebert, Jens Voigtländer, and Michael Lonardi
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6889–6905, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Tethered balloon observations are highly valuable for aerosol studies in the lowest part of the atmosphere. This study presents a newly developed platform called CAMP with four aerosol instruments for balloon-borne measurements in the Arctic. Laboratory characterizations and evaluations of the instruments and results of a first field deployment are shown. A case study highlights CAMP's capabilities and the importance of airborne aerosol studies for interpretation of ground-based observations.
Janine Lückerath, Andreas Held, Holger Siebert, Michel Michalkow, and Birgit Wehner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10007–10021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Three different methods were applied to estimate the vertical aerosol particle flux in the marine boundary layer (MBL) and between the MBL and free troposphere. For the first time, aerosol fluxes derived from these three methods were estimated and compared using airborne aerosol measurements using data from the ACORES field campaign in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean in July 2017. The amount of fluxes was small and directed up and down for different cases, but the methods were applicable.
Jakub L. Nowak, Robert Grosz, Wiebke Frey, Dennis Niedermeier, Jędrzej Mijas, Szymon P. Malinowski, Linda Ort, Silvio Schmalfuß, Frank Stratmann, Jens Voigtländer, and Tadeusz Stacewicz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4075–4089, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4075-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4075-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A high-resolution infrared hygrometer (FIRH) was adapted to measure humidity and its rapid fluctuations in turbulence inside a moist-air wind tunnel LACIS-T where two air streams of different temperature and humidity are mixed. The measurement was achieved from outside the tunnel through its glass windows and provided an agreement with a reference dew-point hygrometer placed inside. The characterization of humidity complements previous investigations of velocity and temperature fields.
Moein Mohammadi, Jakub L. Nowak, Guus Bertens, Jan Moláček, Wojciech Kumala, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 965–985, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To compare two instruments, a VisiSize D30 shadowgraph system and a phase Doppler interferometer (PDI-FPDR), we performed a series of measurements of cloud droplet size and number concentration in orographic clouds. After applying essential modifications and filters to the data, the results from the two instruments showed better agreement in droplet sizing and velocimetry than droplet number concentration or liquid water content. Discrepancies were observed for droplets smaller than 13 µm.
Sebastian Düsing, Albert Ansmann, Holger Baars, Joel C. Corbin, Cyrielle Denjean, Martin Gysel-Beer, Thomas Müller, Laurent Poulain, Holger Siebert, Gerald Spindler, Thomas Tuch, Birgit Wehner, and Alfred Wiedensohler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16745–16773, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16745-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16745-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The work deals with optical properties of aerosol particles in dried and atmospheric states. Based on two measurement campaigns in the rural background of central Europe, different measurement approaches were compared with each other, such as modeling based on Mie theory and direct in situ or remote sensing measurements. Among others, it was shown that the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio is relative humidity dependent, and refinement with respect to the model input parameters is needed.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Ulrike Egerer, André Ehrlich, Matthias Gottschalk, Hannes Griesche, Roel A. J. Neggers, Holger Siebert, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6347–6364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6347-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6347-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a case study of a three-day period with a persistent humidity inversion above a mixed-phase cloud layer in the Arctic. It is based on measurements with a tethered balloon, complemented with results from a dedicated high-resolution large-eddy simulation. Both methods show that the humidity layer acts to provide moisture to the cloud layer through downward turbulent transport. This supply of additional moisture can contribute to the persistence of Arctic clouds.
Jakub L. Nowak, Moein Mohammadi, and Szymon P. Malinowski
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2615–2633, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A commercial instrument that characterizes sprays via shadowgraphy imaging was applied to measure the number concentration and size distribution of cloud droplets. Laboratory and field tests were performed to verify the resolution, detection reliability and sizing accuracy. We developed a correction to the data processing method which improves the estimation of cloud microphysical properties. The paper concludes with recommendations concerning the use of the instrument in cloud physics studies.
Cited articles
Akinlabi, E. O., Wacławczyk, M., Mellado, J. P., and Malinowski, S. P.:
Estimating turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rates in the numerically
simulated stratocumulus cloud-top mixing layer: Evaluation of different
methods, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 1471–1488,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0146.1, 2019. a, b
Albrecht, B. A., Bretherton, C. S., Johnson, D., Schubert, W. H., and Frisch,
A. S.: The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment – ASTEX, B.
Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 889–904,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1995)076<0889:TASTE>2.0.CO;2, 1995. a
Betts, A. K.: Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its parameterization,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 178–196,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709941915, 1973. a
Bolton, D.: The computation of equivalent potential temperature, Mon
Weather Rev., 108, 1046–1053,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1046:TCOEPT>2.0.CO;2, 1980. a
Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster,
P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh,
S., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Clouds and Aerosols, in:
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, edited by: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.016,
2013. a
Caldwell, P., Bretherton, C. S., and Wood, R.: Mixed-layer budget analysis of
the diurnal cycle of entrainment in southeast Pacific stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3775–3791, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3561.1, 2005. a
Cruette, D., Marillier, A., Dufresne, J. L., Grandpeix, J. Y., Nacass, P., and
Bellec, H.: Fast temperature and true airspeed measurements with the
airborne ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer (AUSAT), J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 17, 1020–1039,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<1020:FTATAM>2.0.CO;2, 2000. a
De Roode, S. R., Sandu, I., van der Dussen, J. J., Ackerman, A. S., Blossey,
P., Jarecka, D., Lock, A., Siebesma, A. P., and Stevens, B.: Large-eddy
simulations of EUCLIPSE-GASS lagrangian stratocumulus-to-cumulus transitions:
Mean state, turbulence, and decoupling, J. Atmos. Sci.,
73, 2485–2508, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0215.1, 2016. a
Deardorff, J. W.: Cloud top entrainment instability, J.
Atmos. Sci., 37, 131–147,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0131:CTEI>2.0.CO;2, 1980. a
Dodson, D. S. and Small Griswold, J. D.: Turbulent and boundary layer characteristics during VOCALS-REx, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1937–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1937-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Dong, X., Schwantes, A. C., Xi, B., and Wu, P.: Investigation of the marine
boundary layer cloud and CCN properties under coupled and decoupled
conditions over the Azores, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
120, 6179–6191, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022939, 2015. a
Durand, P. and Bourcy, T.: Observations of the turbulence structure within two
stratocumulus-topped, marine boundary layers, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol.,
99, 105–125, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018999221303, 2001. a, b
Duynkerke, P. G., Heqing Zhang, and Jonker, P. J.: Microphysical and
turbulent structure of nocturnal stratocumulus as observed during ASTEX,
J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2763–2777,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2763:MATSON>2.0.CO;2, 1995. a
Edson, J. B., Hinton, A. A., Prada, K. E., Hare, J. E., and Fairall, C. W.:
Direct covariance flux estimates from mobile platforms at sea, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 547–562,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1998)015<0547:DCFEFM>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a
Fairall, C. W., Bradley, E. F., Hare, J. E., Grachev, A. A., and Edson, J. B.:
Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the
COARE algorithm, J. Climate, 16, 571–591,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Frehlich, R., Meillier, Y., Jensen, M. L., and Balsley, B.: A statistical
description of small-scale turbulence in the low-level nocturnal jet,
J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1079–1085,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1079:ASDOST>2.0.CO;2, 2004. a
Gerber, H., Arends, B. G., and Ackerman, A. S.: New microphysics sensor for
aircraft use, Atmos. Res., 31, 235–252,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90001-9, 1994. a
Gerber, H., Frick, G., Malinowski, S. P., Brenguier, J. L., and Burnet, F.:
Holes and entrainment in stratocumulus, J. Atmos.
Sci., 62, 443–459, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3399.1, 2005. a
Gerber, H., Malinowski, S. P., and Jonsson, H.: Evaporative and Radiative
Cooling in POST Stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 73,
3877–3884, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0023.1, 2016. a, b
Ghate, V. P., Miller, M. A., Albrecht, B. A., and Fairall, C. W.:
Thermodynamic and radiative structure of stratocumulus-topped boundary
layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 430–451,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0313.1, 2015. a
Goren, T., Rosenfeld, D., Sourdeval, O., and Quaas, J.: Satellite Observations
of Precipitating Marine Stratocumulus Show Greater Cloud Fraction for
Decoupled Clouds in Comparison to Coupled Clouds, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 5126–5134, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078122, 2018. a
Haman, K. E., Makulski, A., Malinowski, S. P., and Busen, R.: A new ultrafast
thermometer for airborne measurements in clouds, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 217–227,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0217:ANUTFA>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a
Hartmann, D. L., Ockert-Bell, M. E., and Michelsen, M. L.: The Effect of Cloud
Type on Earth's Energy Balance: Global Analysis, J. Climate, 5,
1281–1304, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<1281:teocto>2.0.co;2, 1992. a
Jen-La Plante, I., Ma, Y., Nurowska, K., Gerber, H., Khelif, D., Karpinska, K., Kopec, M. K., Kumala, W., and Malinowski, S. P.: Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST): turbulence characteristics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9711–9725, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9711-2016, 2016. a, b
JPL MUR MEaSUREs Project: GHRSST Level 4 MUR Global Foundation Sea Surface
Temperature Analysis. Ver. 4.1. PO.DAAC, JPL NASA, https://doi.org/10.5067/GHGMR-4FJ04, 2015. a
Kaimal, J. C., Wyngaard, J. C., and Haugen, D. A.: Deriving Power Spectra from
a Three-Component Sonic Anemometer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 7,
827–837, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1968)007<0827:dpsfat>2.0.co;2, 1968. a, b
Katzwinkel, J., Siebert, H., and Shaw, R. A.: Observation of a Self-Limiting,
Shear-Induced Turbulent Inversion Layer Above Marine Stratocumulus,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 145, 131–143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9683-4,
2012. a
Kazemirad, M. and Miller, M. A.: Summertime post-cold-frontal marine
stratocumulus transition processes over the eastern north atlantic, J.
Atmos. Sci., 77, 2011–2037, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0167.1,
2020. a
Kolmogorov, A. N.: The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous
fluid for very large Reynolds numbers, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 30, 301–304,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1991.0075, 1941. a, b, c
Kolmogorov, A. N.: A refinement of previous hypotheses concerning the local
structure of turbulence in a viscous incompressible fluid at high Reynolds
number, J. Fluid Mech., 13, 82–85,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112062000518, 1962. a
Kopec, M. K., Malinowski, S. P., and Piotrowski, Z. P.: Effects of wind shear
and radiative cooling on the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 3222–3233,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2903, 2016. a, b, c
Lambert, D. and Durand, P.: The marine atmospheric boundary layer during
semaphore. I: Mean vertical structure and non-axisymmetry of turbulence,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 495–512,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555407, 1999. a, b, c
Lambert, D., Durand, P., Thoumieux, F., Bénech, B., and Druilhet, A.:
The marine atmospheric boundary layer during semaphore. II: Turbulence
profiles in the mixed layer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 513–528, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555408, 1999. a
Lampert, A., Hartmann, J., Pätzold, F., Lobitz, L., Hecker, P., Kohnert, K., Larmanou, E., Serafimovich, A., and Sachs, T.: Comparison of Lyman-alpha and LI-COR infrared hygrometers for airborne measurement of turbulent fluctuations of water vapour, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2523–2536, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2523-2018, 2018. a, b
Lenschow, D. H.: Aircraft Measurements in the Boundary Layer, in: Probing the
Atmospheric Boundary Layer, American Meteorological Society,
39–55, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-944970-14-7_5, 1986. a
Lenschow, D. H., Wyngaard, J. C., and Pennell, W. T.: Mean-field and
second-moment budgets in a baroclinic, convective boundary layer, J.
Atmos. Sci., 37, 1313–1326,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1313:MFASMB>2.0.CO;2, 1980. a
Lenschow, D. H., Mann, J., and Kristensen, L.: How long is long enough when
measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 11, 661–673,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<0661:HLILEW>2.0.CO;2, 1994. a, b, c
Lilly, D. K.: Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 292–309,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709440106, 1968. a
Malinowski, S. P., Gerber, H., Jen-La Plante, I., Kopec, M. K., Kumala, W., Nurowska, K., Chuang, P. Y., Khelif, D., and Haman, K. E.: Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST): turbulent mixing across capping inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12171–12186, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12171-2013, 2013. a, b
Markowski, P. and Richardson, Y.: Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes, John
Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470682104, 2010. a, b
Mellado, J. P.: Cloud-Top Entrainment in Stratocumulus Clouds, Annu. Rev.
Fluid Mech., 49, 145–169, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010816-060231,
2017. a
Muschinski, A., Frehlich, R., Jensen, M., Hugo, R., Hoff, A., Eaton, F., and
Balsley, B.: Fine-scale measurements of turbulence in the lower troposphere:
An intercomparison between a kit-and balloon-borne, and a helicopter-borne
measurement system, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 98, 219–250,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026520618624, 2001. a
Muschinski, A., Frehlich, R. G., and Balsley, B. B.: Small-scale and
large-scale intermittency in the nocturnal boundary layer and the residual
layer, J. Fluid Mech., 515, 319–351,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112004000412, 2004. a
Nicholls, S. and Turton, J. D.: An observational study of the structure of
stratiform cloud sheets: Part II. Entrainment, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 461–480, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711247210,
1986. a, b, c
Nowak, J. L., Kumala, W., Kwiatkowski, J., Kwiatkowski, K., Czyzewska, D.,
Karpinska, K., and Malinowski, S. P.: UltraFast Thermometer 2.0-new
temperature sensor for airborne applications and its performance during
ACORES 2017, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 20, p. 12492, 2018. a
Pedersen, J. G., Ma, Y., Grabowski, W. W., and Malinowski, S. P.: Anisotropy
of Observed and Simulated Turbulence in Marine Stratocumulus, J.
Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 10, 500–515, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001140,
2018. a
Pope, S. B.: Turbulent flows, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840531, 2000. a, b, c, d
Randall, D. A.: Conditional instability of the first kind up-side down.,
J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 125–130,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0125:CIOTFK>2.0.CO;2, 1980. a
Rémillard, J., Kollias, P., Luke, E., and Wood, R.: Marine boundary
layer cloud observations in the Azores, J. Climate, 25, 7381–7398,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00610.1, 2012. a
Schneider, T., Kaul, C. M., and Pressel, K. G.: Possible climate transitions
from breakup of stratocumulus decks under greenhouse warming, Nat.
Geosci., 12, 164–168, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0310-1, 2019. a
Siebert, H. and Muschinski, A.: Relevance of a tuning-fork effect for
temperature measurements with the Gill solent HS ultrasonic
anemometer-thermometer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18,
1367–1376, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1367:ROATFE>2.0.CO;2, 2001. a, b, c
Siebert, H. and Teichmann, U.: Behaviour of an ultrasonic anemometer under
cloudy conditions, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 94, 165–169,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1002446723575, 2000. a, b
Siebert, H., Wendisch, M., Conrath, T., Teichmann, U., and Heintzenberg, J.: A
new tethered balloon-borne payload for fine-scale observations in the cloudy
boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 106, 461–482,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021242305810, 2003. a, b
Siebert, H., Franke, H., Lehmann, K., Maser, R., Saw, E. W., Schell, D., Shaw,
R. A., and Wendisch, M.: Probing finescale dynamics and microphysics of
clouds with helicopter-borne measurements, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 87, 1727–1738, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-12-1727,
2006a. a, b, c
Siebert, H., Szodry, K.-E., Egerer, U., Wehner, B., Henning, S., Chevalier, K.,
Lückerath, J., Welz, O., Weinhold, K., Lauermann, F., Gottschalk, M.,
Ehrlich, A., Wendisch, M., Fialho, P., Roberts, G., Allwayin, N., Schum, S.,
Shaw, R. A., Mazzoleni, C., Mazzoleni, L., Nowak, J. L., Malinowski, S. P.,
Karpinska, K., Kumala, W., Czyzewska, D., Luke, E. P., Kollias, P., Wood, R.,
and Mellado, J. P.: Observations of Aerosol, Cloud, Turbulence, and
Radiation Properties at the Top of the Marine Boundary Layer over the Eastern
North Atlantic Ocean: The ACORES Campaign, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 102, E123–E147, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0191.1,
2021. a, b, c
Stevens, B.: Cloud transitions and decoupling in shear-free
stratocumulus-topped boundary layers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27,
2557–2560, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011257, 2000. a
Stevens, B.: Entrainment in stratocumulus-topped mixed layers, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 2663–2690,
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.202, 2002. a
Stevens, B., Cotton, W. R., Feingold, G., and Moeng, C. H.: Large-eddy
simulations of strongly precipitating, shallow, stratocumulus-topped boundary
layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3616–3638,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3616:LESOSP>2.0.CO;2, 1998. a
Stevens, B., Moeng, C. H., Ackerman, A. S., Bretherton, C. S., Chlond, A.,
de Roode, S., Edwards, J., Golaz, J. C., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M.,
Kirkpatrick, M. P., Lewellen, D. C., Lock, A., Müller, F., Stevens,
D. E., Whelan, E., and Zhu, P.: Evaluation of large-eddy simulations via
observations of nocturnal marine stratocumulus, Mon. Weather Rev., 133,
1443–1462, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2930.1, 2005. a
Sutherland, W.: The viscosity of gases and molecular force, The London,
Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 36,
507–531, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786449308620508, 1893. a
Tjernstrom, M.: Turbulence length scales in stably stratified free shear flow
analyzed from slant aircraft profiles, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32,
948–963, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0948:TLSISS>2.0.CO;2, 1993. a
Tjernström, M. and Rogers, D. P.: Turbulence structure in decoupled
marine stratocumulus: A case study from the ASTEX field experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 598–619,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0598:TSIDMS>2.0.CO;2, 1996. a, b
Vassilicos, J. C.: Dissipation in Turbulent Flows, Annu. Rev. Fluid
Mech., 47, 95–114, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010814-014637, 2015. a
Wacławczyk, M., Ma, Y.-F., Kopeć, J. M., and Malinowski, S. P.: Novel approaches to estimating the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from low- and moderate-resolution velocity fluctuation time series, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4573–4585, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4573-2017, 2017. a
Wacławczyk, M., Gozingan, A. S., Nzotungishaka, J., Mohammadi, M., and P.
Malinowski, S.: Comparison of Different Techniques to Calculate Properties
of Atmospheric Turbulence from Low-Resolution Data, Atmosphere, 11, 199,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020199, 2020. a, b
Wang, Z., Mora Ramirez, M., Dadashazar, H., MacDonald, A. B., Crosbie, E.,
Bates, K. H., Coggon, M. M., Craven, J. S., Lynch, P., Campbell, J. R.,
Azadi Aghdam, M., Woods, R. K., Jonsson, H., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld,
J. H., and Sorooshian, A.: Contrasting cloud composition between coupled and
decoupled marine boundary layer clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 11679–11691, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025695, 2016. a
Wendisch, M., Garrett, T. J., and Strapp, J. W.: Wind tunnel tests of the
airborne PVM-100A response to large droplets, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 19, 1577–1584,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1577:WTTOTA>2.0.CO;2, 2002. a, b
Werner, F., Siebert, H., Pilewskie, P., Schmeissner, T., Shaw, R. A., and
Wendisch, M.: New airborne retrieval approach for trade wind cumulus
properties under overlying cirrus, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3634–3649, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50334, 2013. a
Werner, F., Ditas, F., Siebert, H., Simmel, M., Wehner, B., Pilewskie, P.,
Schmeissner, T., Shaw, R. A., Hartmann, S., Wex, H., Roberts, G. C., and
Wendisch, M.: Twomey effect observed from collocated microphysical and
remote sensing measurements over shallow cumulus, J. Geophys.
Res.-Atmos., 119, 1534–1545, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020131, 2014. a
Wood, R.: Stratocumulus Clouds, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 2373–2423,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1, 2012. a, b, c
Wood, R., Wyant, M., Bretherton, C. S., Rémillard, J., Kollias, P.,
Fletcher, J., Stemmler, J., De Szoeke, S., Yuter, S., Miller, M., Mechem,
D., Tselioudis, G., Chiu, J. C., Mann, J. A., O'Connor, E. J., Hogan, R. J.,
Dong, X., Miller, M., Ghate, V., Jefferson, A., Min, Q., Minnis, P.,
Palikonda, R., Albrecht, B., Luke, E., Hannay, C., and Lin, Y.: Clouds,
aerosols, and precipitation in the marine boundary layer: An arm mobile
facility deployment, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96,
419–439, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00180.1, 2015. a
Xiao, H., Wu, C. M., and Mechoso, C. R.: Buoyancy reversal, decoupling and the
transition from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus topped marine boundary
layers, Clim. Dynam., 37, 971–984, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0882-3,
2011. a, b, c
Xiao, H., Wu, C. M., Mechoso, C. R., and Ma, H. Y.: A treatment for the
stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition in GCMs, Clim. Dynam., 39,
3075–3089, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1342-z, 2012. a
Yin, B. and Albrecht, B. A.: Spatial variability of atmospheric boundary layer
structure over the eastern equatorial Pacific, J. Climate, 13,
1574–1592, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1574:SVOABL>2.0.CO;2, 2000. a, b, c
Zheng, Y. and Li, Z.: Episodes of Warm-Air Advection Causing Cloud-Surface
Decoupling During the MARCUS, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
124, 12227–12243, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030835, 2019. a
Zheng, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Li, Z.: The Relationships Between Cloud Top
Radiative Cooling Rates, Surface Latent Heat Fluxes, and Cloud-Base Heights
in Marine Stratocumulus, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123,
11678–11690, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028579, 2018a. a
Zheng, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Li, Z.: Estimating the Decoupling Degree of
Subtropical Marine Stratocumulus Decks From Satellite, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 12560–12568, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078382, 2018b. a, b
Zheng, Y., Rosenfeld, D., and Li, Z.: A More General Paradigm for
Understanding the Decoupling of Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary Layers: The
Importance of Horizontal Temperature Advection, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 47, e2020GL087697, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087697, 2020. a
Short summary
Turbulence properties in two cases of a marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layer have been compared using high-resolution helicopter-borne in situ measurements. In the coupled one, small-scale turbulence was close to isotropic and reasonably followed inertial range scaling according to Kolmogorov theory. In the decoupled one, turbulence was more anisotropic and the scaling deviated from theory. This was more pronounced in the cloud and subcloud layers in comparison to the surface mixed layer.
Turbulence properties in two cases of a marine stratocumulus-topped boundary layer have been...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint