Articles | Volume 20, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
19 Oct 2020
Review article |
| 19 Oct 2020
| 19 Oct 2020
Review of experimental studies of secondary ice production
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Thomas Leisner
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Related authors
Alexei Korolev, Zhipeng Qu, Jason Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Greg M. McFarquhar, Paul Lawson, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11849–11881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The phenomenon of high ice water content (HIWC) occurs in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) when a large number of small ice particles with typical sizes of a few hundred micrometers is found at high altitudes. It was found that secondary ice production in the vicinity of the melting layer plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of HIWC. This study presents a conceptual model of the formation of HIWC in tropical MCSs based on in situ observations and numerical simulation.
Sergey Y. Matrosov, Alexei Korolev, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6373–6386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A remote sensing method to retrieve sizes of particles in ice clouds and precipitation from radar measurements at two wavelengths is described. This method is based on relating the particle size information to the ratio of radar signals at these two wavelengths. It is demonstrated that this ratio is informative about different characteristic particle sizes. Knowing atmospheric ice particle sizes is important for many applications such as precipitation estimation and climate modeling.
Alexei Korolev, Paul J. DeMott, Ivan Heckman, Mengistu Wolde, Earle Williams, David J. Smalley, and Michael F. Donovan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13103–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present study provides the first explicit in situ observation of secondary ice production at temperatures as low as −27 °C, which is well outside the range of the Hallett–Mossop process (−3 to −8 °C). This observation expands our knowledge of the temperature range of initiation of secondary ice in clouds. The obtained results are intended to stimulate laboratory and theoretical studies to develop physically based parameterizations for weather prediction and climate models.
Zhipeng Qu, Alexei Korolev, Jason A. Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Yongjie Huang, Greg M. McFarquhar, Hugh Morrison, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12287–12310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) is an important physical phenomenon that results in an increase in the cloud ice particle concentration and can have a significant impact on the evolution of clouds. Here, idealized simulations of a tropical convective system were conducted. Agreement between the simulations and observations highlights the impacts of SIP on the maintenance of tropical convection in nature and the importance of including the modelling of SIP in numerical weather prediction models.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Ming Xue, Hugh Morrison, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, Yachao Hu, Zhipeng Qu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2365–2384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. Previous numerical simulations failed to reproduce this phenomenon and hypothesized that key microphysical processes are still lacking in current models to realistically simulate the phenomenon. This study uses numerical experiments to confirm the dominant role of secondary ice production in the formation of these large numbers of small ice crystals.
Haoran Li, Alexei Korolev, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13593–13608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) clouds embedded in a stratiform precipitation event were uncovered via radar Doppler spectral analysis. Given the unprecedented detail of the observations, we show that multiple populations of secondary ice columns were generated in the pockets where larger cloud droplets are formed and not at some constant level within the cloud. Our results highlight that the K–H instability is favorable for liquid droplet growth and secondary ice formation.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Xuguang Wang, Hugh Morrison, Alexander Ryzhkov, Yachao Hu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6919–6944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in the tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. This study evaluated the numerical models against the airborne observations and investigated the potential cloud processes that could lead to the production of these large numbers of small ice crystals. It is found that key microphysical processes are still lacking or misrepresented in current numerical models to realistically simulate the phenomenon.
Alexei Korolev, Ivan Heckman, Mengistu Wolde, Andrew S. Ackerman, Ann M. Fridlind, Luis A. Ladino, R. Paul Lawson, Jason Milbrandt, and Earle Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1391–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study attempts identification of mechanisms of secondary ice production (SIP) based on the observation of small faceted ice crystals. It was found that in both mesoscale convective systems and frontal clouds, SIP was observed right above the melting layer and extended to the higher altitudes with colder temperatures. A principal conclusion of this work is that the freezing drop shattering mechanism is plausibly accounting for the measured ice concentrations in the observed condition.
Cuong M. Nguyen, Mengistu Wolde, and Alexei Korolev
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5897–5911, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5897-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5897-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a methodology for high ice water content (HIWC) (up to 3.5 g m−3) retrieval from a dual-polarization side-looking X-band airborne radar. Zdr and Kdp are used to mitigate the effects of ice crystal shape and orientation on the variation in IWC – specific differential phase (Kdp) joint distribution. Empirical analysis shows that the proposed method improves the estimation bias by 35 % and increases the correlation by 4 % on average, compared to the method using Kdp alone.
Robert Jackson, Jeffrey R. French, David C. Leon, David M. Plummer, Sonia Lasher-Trapp, Alan M. Blyth, and Alexei Korolev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15329–15344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15329-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15329-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper looks at microphysical observations of growing cumulus clouds in the southwest United Kingdom sampled during the COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE). Our results suggest that secondary ice production processes are contributing to the observed concentrations and that entrainment of particles from remnant cloud layers may have acted to aid in secondary ice production.
W. Richard Leaitch, Alexei Korolev, Amir A. Aliabadi, Julia Burkart, Megan D. Willis, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Heiko Bozem, Peter Hoor, Franziska Köllner, Johannes Schneider, Andreas Herber, Christian Konrad, and Ralf Brauner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11107–11124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11107-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11107-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Thought to be mostly unimportant for summertime Arctic liquid-water clouds, airborne observations show that atmospheric aerosol particles 50 nm in diameter or smaller and most likely from natural sources are often involved in cloud formation in the pristine Arctic summer. The result expands the reference for aerosol forcing of climate. Further, for extremely low droplet concentrations, no evidence is found for a connection between cloud liquid water and aerosol particle concentrations.
Alexei Korolev, Alex Khain, Mark Pinsky, and Jeffrey French
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9235–9254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9235-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9235-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Relationships between basic microphysical parameters are studied within the framework of homogeneous and extreme inhomogeneous mixing. Analytical expressions and numerical simulations of relationships between droplet concentration, extinction coefficient, liquid water content, and mean volume droplet size are presented. The obtained relationships between moments are used to identify type of mixing for in situ observations obtained in convective clouds.
Mark Pinsky, Alexander Khain, Alexei Korolev, and Leehi Magaritz-Ronen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9255–9272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9255-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9255-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of monodisperse and polydisperse droplet size distributions (DSDs) during
homogeneous mixing is analyzed. It is shown that the classic conceptual scheme, according to which homogeneous mixing leads to a decrease in the droplet mass under constant droplet concentration, is valid only in cases of initially very narrow DSDs. In cases of wide DSDs a decrease of both mass and concentration take place such that the characteristic droplet sizes remain nearly constant.
Mark Pinsky, Alexander Khain, and Alexei Korolev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9273–9297, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9273-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9273-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An idealized diffusion--evaporation model of time-dependent mixing between cloud and non-cloud volumes is analyzed. It is shown that the evolution of microphysical variables and the final equilibrium stage are unambiguously determined by two non-dimensional parameters. Delimitation between the types of mixing on the plane of these parameters is carried out. The definitions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixings are reconsidered and clarified. Results are compared with the classical concept.
J. W. Taylor, T. W. Choularton, A. M. Blyth, Z. Liu, K. N. Bower, J. Crosier, M. W. Gallagher, P. I. Williams, J. R. Dorsey, M. J. Flynn, L. J. Bennett, Y. Huang, J. French, A. Korolev, and P. R. A. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 799–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-799-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-799-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present microphysical observations of cumulus clouds measured over south-west England during COPE in summer 2013. Detailed sampling focused on an isolated liquid cloud that glaciated as it matured to merge with a band of cloud downwind. The first ice particles observed were frozen drizzle, while columnar ice dominated in the mature stages. We discuss the interactions between the warm rain and secondary ice processes, and their importance for the formation of precipitation.
A. M. Fridlind, A. S. Ackerman, A. Grandin, F. Dezitter, M. Weber, J. W. Strapp, A. V. Korolev, and C. R. Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11713–11728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11713-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11713-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Airbus measurements at elevations circa 11 km within large storm systems near Darwin and Santiago indicate ice mass distributed over area-equivalent diameters of 100-500 µm. Profiler-observed radar reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity under similar conditions are found to be consistent with measurements and with 1D simulations of steady-state stratiform rain columns initialized with observed ice size distributions. Results motivate investigation of ice formation pathways in Part II.
A. S. Ackerman, A. M. Fridlind, A. Grandin, F. Dezitter, M. Weber, J. W. Strapp, and A. V. Korolev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11729–11751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11729-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11729-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An updraft parcel model with size-resolved microphysics is used to investigate microphysical pathways leading to ice water content > 2 g m-3 with mass median area-equivalent diameter of 200-300 micron reported at ~11 km in tropical deep convection. Parcel simulations require substantial source of small crystals at temperatures > ~-10 deg C growing by vapor deposition. Warm rain in weaker updrafts surprisingly leads to greater ice mass owing to reduced competition for available water vapor.
A. Korolev and P. R. Field
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 761–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, 2015
Alexei Korolev, Zhipeng Qu, Jason Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Mélissa Cholette, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Greg M. McFarquhar, Paul Lawson, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11849–11881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The phenomenon of high ice water content (HIWC) occurs in mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) when a large number of small ice particles with typical sizes of a few hundred micrometers is found at high altitudes. It was found that secondary ice production in the vicinity of the melting layer plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of HIWC. This study presents a conceptual model of the formation of HIWC in tropical MCSs based on in situ observations and numerical simulation.
Hengheng Zhang, Wei Huang, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Junwei Song, Olga Kiseleva, Christopher Claus Holst, Basit Khan, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10617–10637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study unravels how stagnant winter conditions elevate aerosol levels in Stuttgart. Cloud cover at night plays a pivotal role, impacting morning air quality. Validating a key model, our findings aid accurate air quality predictions, crucial for effective pollution mitigation in urban areas.
Alexander Julian Böhmländer, Larissa Lacher, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, Zoé Brasseur, Matthew Boyer, Joel Kuula, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-120, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-120, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds and aerosol are important for weather and climate. Typically, pure water cloud droplets stay liquid until around -35 °C, unless they come into contact with ice-nucleating particles (INPs). INPs are a rare subset of aerosol particles. Using uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), it is possible to collect aerosol particles and analyse them on their ice-nucleating ability. This study describes the test and validation of a sampling setup that can be used to collect aerosol particles onto a filter.
Junwei Song, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Ralf Tillmann, Nicolas Brüggemann, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1768, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1768, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
VOCs and organic aerosol (OA) particles were measured online at an European stressed pine forest site. Higher temperatures can enhance the forest emissions of biogenic VOCs exceeding their photochemical consumption during daytime. Weakly oxidized monoterpene products dominated the VOCs during nighttime. Moreover, increasing relative humidity can promote the gas-to-particle partitioning of these weakly oxidized monoterpene products, leading to increased OA mass.
Feng Jiang, Harald Saathoff, Junwei Song, Hengheng Zhang, Linyu Gao, and Thomas Leisner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1848, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1848, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of brown carbon in the particle and gas phase were determined by mass spectrometry. BrC in the gas phase was mainly controlled by secondary formation and particle-to-gas partitioning. BrC in the particle phase was mainly from secondary formation. This work helps to get a better understanding of diurnal variations and the sources of brown carbon aerosol at rural location in central Europe.
Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Feng Jiang, Linyu Gao, Hengheng Zhang, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6699–6717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents concurrent online measurements of organic gas and particles (VOCs and OA) at a forested site in summer. Both VOCs and OA were largely contributed by oxygenated organic compounds. Semi-volatile oxygenated OA and organic nitrate formed from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contributed significantly to nighttime particle growth. The results help us to understand the causes of nighttime particle growth regularly observed in summer in central European rural forested environments.
Hengheng Zhang, Christian Rolf, Ralf Tillmann, Christian Wesolek, Frank Gunther Wienhold, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Aerosol Research, 2, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs advanced tools, including scanning lidar, balloons, and UAVs, to explore aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The scanning lidar offers distinctive near-ground-level insights, enriching our comprehension of aerosol distribution from ground level to the free troposphere. This research provides valuable data for comparing remote sensing and in situ aerosol measurements, advancing our understanding of aerosol impacts on radiative transfer, clouds, and air quality.
Johanna S. Seidel, Alexei A. Kiselev, Alice Keinert, Frank Stratmann, Thomas Leisner, and Susan Hartmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5247–5263, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds often contain several thousand times more ice crystals than aerosol particles catalyzing ice formation. This phenomenon, commonly known as ice multiplication, is often explained by secondary ice formation due to the collisions between falling ice particles and droplets. In this study, we mimic this riming process. Contrary to earlier experiments, we found no efficient ice multiplication, which fundamentally questions the importance of the rime-splintering mechanism.
Feng Jiang, Kyla Siemens, Claudia Linke, Yanxia Li, Yiwei Gong, Thomas Leisner, Alexander Laskin, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2639–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the optical properties, chemical composition, and formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and brown carbon (BrC) from the oxidation of indole with and without NO2 in the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) simulation chamber. This work is one of the very few to link the optical properties and chemical composition of indole SOA with and without NO2 by simulation chamber experiments.
Yiwei Gong, Feng Jiang, Yanxia Li, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 167–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the role of the important atmospheric reactive intermediates in the formation of dimers and aerosol in monoterpene ozonolysis at different temperatures. Through conducting a series of chamber experiments and utilizing chemical kinetic and aerosol dynamic models, the SOA formation processes are better described, especially for colder regions. The results can be used to improve the chemical mechanism modeling of monoterpenes and SOA parameterization in transport models.
Mohit Singh, Stephanie Helen Jones, Alexei Kiselev, Denis Duft, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5205–5215, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel method for simultaneous measurement of the viscosity and surface tension of metastable liquids. Our approach is based on the phase analysis of excited shape oscillations in levitated droplets. It is applicable to a wide range of atmospheric conditions and can monitor changes in real time. The technique holds great promise for investigating the effect of atmospheric processing on the viscosity and surface tension of solution droplets in equilibrium with water vapour.
Feng Jiang, Junwei Song, Jonas Bauer, Linyu Gao, Magdalena Vallon, Reiner Gebhardt, Thomas Leisner, Stefan Norra, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14971–14986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14971-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14971-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied brown carbon aerosol during typical summer and winter periods in downtown Karlsruhe in southwestern Germany. The chromophore and chemical composition of brown carbon was determined by excitation–emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The chromophore types and sources were substantially different in winter and summer. Humic-like chromophores of different degrees of oxidation dominated and were associated with molecules of different molecular weight and nitrogen content.
Sergey Y. Matrosov, Alexei Korolev, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6373–6386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6373-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A remote sensing method to retrieve sizes of particles in ice clouds and precipitation from radar measurements at two wavelengths is described. This method is based on relating the particle size information to the ratio of radar signals at these two wavelengths. It is demonstrated that this ratio is informative about different characteristic particle sizes. Knowing atmospheric ice particle sizes is important for many applications such as precipitation estimation and climate modeling.
Alexei Korolev, Paul J. DeMott, Ivan Heckman, Mengistu Wolde, Earle Williams, David J. Smalley, and Michael F. Donovan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13103–13113, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present study provides the first explicit in situ observation of secondary ice production at temperatures as low as −27 °C, which is well outside the range of the Hallett–Mossop process (−3 to −8 °C). This observation expands our knowledge of the temperature range of initiation of secondary ice in clouds. The obtained results are intended to stimulate laboratory and theoretical studies to develop physically based parameterizations for weather prediction and climate models.
Zhipeng Qu, Alexei Korolev, Jason A. Milbrandt, Ivan Heckman, Yongjie Huang, Greg M. McFarquhar, Hugh Morrison, Mengistu Wolde, and Cuong Nguyen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12287–12310, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) is an important physical phenomenon that results in an increase in the cloud ice particle concentration and can have a significant impact on the evolution of clouds. Here, idealized simulations of a tropical convective system were conducted. Agreement between the simulations and observations highlights the impacts of SIP on the maintenance of tropical convection in nature and the importance of including the modelling of SIP in numerical weather prediction models.
Fritz Waitz, Martin Schnaiter, Thomas Leisner, and Emma Järvinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7087–7103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Riming, i.e., the accretion of small droplets on the surface of ice particles via collision, is one of the major uncertainties in model prediction of mixed-phase clouds. We discuss the occurrence (up to 50% of particles) and aging of rimed ice particles and show correlations of the occurrence and the degree of riming with ambient meteorological parameters using data gathered by the Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering (PHIPS) probe during three airborne in situ field campaigns.
Linyu Gao, Junwei Song, Claudia Mohr, Wei Huang, Magdalena Vallon, Feng Jiang, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6001–6020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from β-caryophyllene (BCP) ozonolysis with and without nitrogen oxides over 213–313 K in the simulation chamber. The yields and the rate constants were determined at 243–313 K. Chemical compositions varied at different temperatures, indicating a strong impact on the BCP ozonolysis pathways. This work helps to better understand the SOA from BCP ozonolysis for conditions representative of the real atmosphere from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere.
Magdalena Vallon, Linyu Gao, Feng Jiang, Bianca Krumm, Jens Nadolny, Junwei Song, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1795–1810, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A LED-based light source has been constructed for the AIDA simulation chamber at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. It allows aerosol formation and ageing studies under atmospherically relevant illumination intensities and spectral characteristics at temperatures from –90 °C to 30 °C with the possibility of changing the photon flux and irradiation spectrum at any point. The first results of photolysis experiments with 2,3-pentanedione, iron oxalate and a brown carbon component are shown.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Ming Xue, Hugh Morrison, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, Yachao Hu, Zhipeng Qu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2365–2384, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2365-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. Previous numerical simulations failed to reproduce this phenomenon and hypothesized that key microphysical processes are still lacking in current models to realistically simulate the phenomenon. This study uses numerical experiments to confirm the dominant role of secondary ice production in the formation of these large numbers of small ice crystals.
Ulrich Platt, Thomas Wagner, Jonas Kuhn, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6867–6883, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6867-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Absorption spectroscopy of scattered sunlight is extremely useful for the analysis of atmospheric trace gas distributions. A central parameter for the achievable sensitivity of spectroscopic instruments is the light throughput, which can be enhanced in a number of ways. We present new ideas and considerations of how instruments could be optimized. Particular emphasis is on arrays of massively parallel instruments. Such arrays can reduce the size and weight of instruments by orders of magnitude.
Julia Schneider, Kristina Höhler, Robert Wagner, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Tobias Schorr, Isabelle Steinke, Stefan Benz, Manuel Baumgartner, Christian Rolf, Martina Krämer, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14403–14425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Homogeneous freezing is a relevant mechanism for the formation of cirrus clouds in the upper troposphere. Based on an extensive set of homogeneous freezing experiments at the AIDA chamber with aqueous sulfuric acid aerosol, we provide a new fit line for homogeneous freezing onset conditions of sulfuric acid aerosol focusing on cirrus temperatures. In the atmosphere, homogeneous freezing thresholds have important implications on the cirrus cloud occurrence and related cloud radiative effects.
Haoran Li, Alexei Korolev, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 13593–13608, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13593-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) clouds embedded in a stratiform precipitation event were uncovered via radar Doppler spectral analysis. Given the unprecedented detail of the observations, we show that multiple populations of secondary ice columns were generated in the pockets where larger cloud droplets are formed and not at some constant level within the cloud. Our results highlight that the K–H instability is favorable for liquid droplet growth and secondary ice formation.
Alexei A. Kiselev, Alice Keinert, Tilia Gaedeke, Thomas Leisner, Christoph Sutter, Elena Petrishcheva, and Rainer Abart
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11801–11814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Alkali feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust and is often present in mineral dust aerosols that are responsible for the formation of rain and snow in clouds. However, the cloud droplets containing pure potassium-rich feldspar would not freeze unless cooled down to a very low temperature. Here we show that partly replacing potassium with sodium would induce fracturing of feldspar, exposing a crystalline surface that could initiate freezing at higher temperature.
Hengheng Zhang, Frank Wagner, Harald Saathoff, Heike Vogel, Gholam Ali Hoshyaripour, Vanessa Bachmann, Jochen Förstner, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-193, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution and the properties of Saharan dust plume were characterized by LIDARs, a sun photometer, and a regional transport model. Comparison between LIDAR measurements, sun photometer and ICON-ART predictions shows a good agreement for dust arrival time, dust layer height, and dust structure but also that the model overestimates the backscatter coefficients by a factor of (2.2 ± 0.16) and underestimate aerosol optical depth by a factor of (1.5 ± 0.11).
Barbara Bertozzi, Robert Wagner, Junwei Song, Kristina Höhler, Joschka Pfeifer, Harald Saathoff, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10779–10798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10779-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10779-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internally mixed particles composed of sulfate and organics are among the most abundant aerosol types. Their ice nucleation (IN) ability influences the formation of cirrus and, thus, the climate. We show that the presence of a thin organic coating suppresses the heterogeneous IN ability of crystalline ammonium sulfate particles. However, the IN ability of the same particle can substantially change if subjected to atmospheric processing, mainly due to differences in the resulting morphology.
Yongjie Huang, Wei Wu, Greg M. McFarquhar, Xuguang Wang, Hugh Morrison, Alexander Ryzhkov, Yachao Hu, Mengistu Wolde, Cuong Nguyen, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Jason Milbrandt, Alexei V. Korolev, and Ivan Heckman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6919–6944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6919-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Numerous small ice crystals in the tropical convective storms are difficult to detect and could be potentially hazardous for commercial aircraft. This study evaluated the numerical models against the airborne observations and investigated the potential cloud processes that could lead to the production of these large numbers of small ice crystals. It is found that key microphysical processes are still lacking or misrepresented in current numerical models to realistically simulate the phenomenon.
Fritz Waitz, Martin Schnaiter, Thomas Leisner, and Emma Järvinen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3049–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A major challenge in the observations of mixed-phase clouds remains the phase discrimination and sizing of cloud droplets and ice crystals, especially for particles with diameters smaller than 0.1 mm. Here, we present a new method to derive the phase and size of single cloud particles using their angular-light-scattering information. Comparisons with other in situ instruments in three case studies show good agreement.
Julia Schneider, Kristina Höhler, Paavo Heikkilä, Jorma Keskinen, Barbara Bertozzi, Pia Bogert, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Franziska Vogel, Zoé Brasseur, Yusheng Wu, Simo Hakala, Jonathan Duplissy, Dmitri Moisseev, Markku Kulmala, Michael P. Adams, Benjamin J. Murray, Kimmo Korhonen, Liqing Hao, Erik S. Thomson, Dimitri Castarède, Thomas Leisner, Tuukka Petäjä, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3899–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
By triggering the formation of ice crystals, ice-nucleating particles (INP) strongly influence cloud formation. Continuous, long-term measurements are needed to characterize the atmospheric INP variability. Here, a first long-term time series of INP spectra measured in the boreal forest for more than 1 year is presented, showing a clear seasonal cycle. It is shown that the seasonal dependency of INP concentrations and prevalent INP types is driven by the abundance of biogenic aerosol.
Robert Wagner, Baptiste Testa, Michael Höpfner, Alexei Kiselev, Ottmar Möhler, Harald Saathoff, Jörn Ungermann, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1977–1991, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During the Asian summer monsoon period, air pollutants are transported from layers near the ground to high altitudes of 13 to 18 km in the atmosphere. Infrared measurements have shown that particles composed of solid ammonium nitrate are a major part of these pollutants. To enable the quantitative analysis of the infrared spectra, we have determined for the first time accurate optical constants of ammonium nitrate for the low-temperature conditions of the upper atmosphere.
Michael Krayer, Agathe Chouippe, Markus Uhlmann, Jan Dušek, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 561–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We address the phenomenon of ice enhancement in the vicinity of warm hydrometeors using highly accurate flow simulation techniques. It is found that the transiently supersaturated zones induced by the hydrometeor's wake are by far larger than what has been previously estimated. The ice enhancement is quantified on the micro- and macroscale, and its relevance is discussed. The results provided may contribute to a (currently unavailable) parametrization of the phenomenon.
Isabelle Steinke, Naruki Hiranuma, Roger Funk, Kristina Höhler, Nadine Tüllmann, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Peter G. Weidler, Ottmar Möhler, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11387–11397, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11387-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11387-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we highlight the potential impact of particles from certain terrestrial sources on the formation of ice crystals in clouds. In particular, we focus on biogenic particles consisting of various organic compounds, which makes it very difficult to predict the ice nucleation properties of complex ambient particles. We find that these ambient particles are often more ice active than individual components.
Alexei Korolev, Ivan Heckman, Mengistu Wolde, Andrew S. Ackerman, Ann M. Fridlind, Luis A. Ladino, R. Paul Lawson, Jason Milbrandt, and Earle Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1391–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study attempts identification of mechanisms of secondary ice production (SIP) based on the observation of small faceted ice crystals. It was found that in both mesoscale convective systems and frontal clouds, SIP was observed right above the melting layer and extended to the higher altitudes with colder temperatures. A principal conclusion of this work is that the freezing drop shattering mechanism is plausibly accounting for the measured ice concentrations in the observed condition.
Cuong M. Nguyen, Mengistu Wolde, and Alexei Korolev
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5897–5911, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5897-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5897-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a methodology for high ice water content (HIWC) (up to 3.5 g m−3) retrieval from a dual-polarization side-looking X-band airborne radar. Zdr and Kdp are used to mitigate the effects of ice crystal shape and orientation on the variation in IWC – specific differential phase (Kdp) joint distribution. Empirical analysis shows that the proposed method improves the estimation bias by 35 % and increases the correlation by 4 % on average, compared to the method using Kdp alone.
Xiaoli Shen, Heike Vogel, Bernhard Vogel, Wei Huang, Claudia Mohr, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Thomas Leisner, André S. H. Prévôt, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13189–13208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13189-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides good insight into the chemical nature and complex origin of aerosols by combining comprehensive field observations and transport modelling. We suggest that factors related to topography, metrological conditions, local emissions, in situ formation and growth, regional transport, and the interaction of biogenic and anthropogenic compounds need to be considered for a comprehensive understanding of aerosol processes.
Tasha Aylett, James S. A. Brooke, Alexander D. James, Mario Nachbar, Denis Duft, Thomas Leisner, and John M. C. Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12767–12777, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12767-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12767-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Interplanetary dust particles entering the Earth's atmosphere often melt and evaporate, injecting metals such as iron and magnesium into the atmosphere between 80 and 105 km. These metals become oxidized and then coagulate into small particles a few nanometres is size, known as meteoric smoke. In this study, iron oxide smoke particles were created in the laboratory, and their composition and optical properties were determined in order to understand satellite measurements.
Wei Huang, Harald Saathoff, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Thomas Leisner, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11687–11700, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11687-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11687-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the molecular composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) particles in summer and winter in Stuttgart, Germany. OOA in summer is more influenced by biogenic emissions, while in winter biomass burning emissions are an important source. OOA in winter is also less volatile. Potential reasons are discussed in our paper. Our study shows the important contributions of nonfossil OA from biogenic and biomass burning even in an urban area with high traffic emissions.
Martin Schnaiter, Claudia Linke, Inas Ibrahim, Alexei Kiselev, Fritz Waitz, Thomas Leisner, Stefan Norra, and Till Rehm
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10829–10844, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10829-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10829-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
When combustion particles are deposited to the ground, they darken Earth's snow and ice surfaces by even tiny quantities. This darkening reduces the back reflection of sunlight and induces an additional climate warming. Particles from fresh snow samples were investigated according to their light absorption strength. Enhanced absorption was found in the snow that cannot fully be attributed to combustion particles. Dust and biogenic matter are likely the cause of this additional snow darkening.
Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Robert Wagner, Romy Ullrich, Alexei Kiselev, Harald Saathoff, Peter G. Weidler, Daniel J. Cziczo, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8783–8800, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8783-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8783-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Annually, over 600 Tg of coal fly ash (CFA) is produced; a significant proportion of this amount is injected into the atmosphere, which could significantly contribute to heterogeneous ice formation in clouds. This study presents an improved understanding of CFA particles' behaviour in forming ice in clouds, especially when exposed to lower temperatures before being re-circulated in the upper troposphere or entrained into the lower troposphere.
Xiaoli Shen, Harald Saathoff, Wei Huang, Claudia Mohr, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2219–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2219-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2219-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on single-particle mass spectra from field measurements in the upper Rhine valley, we identified characteristic particle classes and estimated their mass contributions without the need of a reference instrument in the field. Our study provides a good example for quantitative interpretation of single-particle data. Together with the complimentary results from bulk measurements, we have shown how a better understanding of the mixing state of ambient aerosol particles can be achieved.
Mario Nachbar, Henrike Wilms, Denis Duft, Tasha Aylett, Kensei Kitajima, Takuya Majima, John M. C. Plane, Markus Rapp, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4311–4322, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4311-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4311-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Polar mesospheric clouds (PMC) are water ice clouds forming on nanoparticles in the polar summer mesopause. We investigate the impact of solar radiation on PMC formation in the laboratory. We show that Mie theory calculations combined with an equilibrium temperature model presented in this work predict the warming of the particles very well. Using this model we demonstrate that the impact of solar radiation on ice particle formation is significantly lower than previously assumed.
Denis Duft, Mario Nachbar, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2871–2879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2871-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2871-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
How ice particles form in polar mesospheric clouds is still a challenging question. We measured the water adsorption and onset conditions for ice growth on meteoric smoke analogue particles in the laboratory. We find that the particles activate by growth of amorphous ice and at much warmer conditions than previously assumed, affirming meteoric smoke as likely seeds in mesospheric ice clouds. We propose an ice-activation model and show that the particle charge does not play a significant role.
Emma Järvinen, Olivier Jourdan, David Neubauer, Bin Yao, Chao Liu, Meinrat O. Andreae, Ulrike Lohmann, Manfred Wendisch, Greg M. McFarquhar, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15767–15781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15767-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15767-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using light diffraction it is possible to detect microscopic features within ice particles that have not yet been fully characterized. Here, this technique was applied in airborne measurements, where it was found that majority of atmospheric ice particles have features that significantly change the way ice particles interact with solar light. The microscopic features make ice-containing clouds more reflective than previously thought, which could have consequences for predicting our climate.
Robert Jackson, Jeffrey R. French, David C. Leon, David M. Plummer, Sonia Lasher-Trapp, Alan M. Blyth, and Alexei Korolev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15329–15344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15329-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15329-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper looks at microphysical observations of growing cumulus clouds in the southwest United Kingdom sampled during the COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE). Our results suggest that secondary ice production processes are contributing to the observed concentrations and that entrainment of particles from remnant cloud layers may have acted to aid in secondary ice production.
Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Ahmed Abdelmonem, Xiaoli Shen, Harald Saathoff, Thomas Leisner, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 4345–4360, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4345-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4345-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we coupled a laser ablation aerosol time-of-flight (LAAPTOF) single-particle mass spectrometer, originally equipped with an excimer laser, to a femtosecond laser. The objective was to assess the influence of the higher laser power density of the femtosecond laser on ablation–ionization of atmospheric particles, ion signal, and ultimately quantitative abilities of the single-particle mass spectrometer.
Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Claudia Mohr, Wei Huang, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2325–2343, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2325-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2325-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents performance data and reference spectra from the commercially available single-particle mass spectrometer LAAPTOF. The main characteristics of the instrument, like its detection efficiency, are given for a wide particle size range. Furthermore, reference mass spectra for 32 well-defined different particle types relevant for atmospheric aerosol compounds are presented. It is shown that these reference mass spectra are very useful in analysis of atmospheric aerosol particles.
Mario Nachbar, Denis Duft, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 3419–3431, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3419-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3419-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The crystallization process of amorphous ice below 160 K forms nano-crystalline ice. We report high-quality vapor pressure measurements over ice crystallized from amorphous ice below 160 K. We show that the vapor pressure is increased by more than 100 % compared to bulk crystalline ice and that amorphous ice always forms first, followed by the crystallization of nano-crystalline ice. Our findings are relevant for cold ice clouds in the atmospheres of planets, e.g., Earth and Mars.
Wei Huang, Harald Saathoff, Aki Pajunoja, Xiaoli Shen, Karl-Heinz Naumann, Robert Wagner, Annele Virtanen, Thomas Leisner, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 2883–2898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2883-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-2883-2018, 2018
Sylvia C. Sullivan, Corinna Hoose, Alexei Kiselev, Thomas Leisner, and Athanasios Nenes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 1593–1610, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ice multiplication (IM) processes can have a profound impact on cloud and precipitation development but are poorly understood. Here we study whether a lower limit of ice nuclei exists to initiate IM. The lower limit is found to be extremely low (0.01 per liter or less). A counterintuitive but profound conclusion thus emerges: IM requires cloud formation around a thermodynamic
sweet spotand is sensitive to fluctuations in cloud condensation nuclei concentration alone.
Martin Schnaiter, Emma Järvinen, Ahmed Abdelmonem, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 341–357, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-341-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-341-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
PHIPS-HALO is a novel aircraft instrument for cloud research. It combines microscopic imaging of single cloud particles with the measurement of their spacial light scattering properties. The knowledge of how atmospheric ice particles in clouds scatter visible light is important for improving future climate models.
Claudia Linke, Inas Ibrahim, Nina Schleicher, Regina Hitzenberger, Meinrat O. Andreae, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5331–5346, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5331-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5331-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Various carbonaceous materials are present in the atmosphere. Besides gaseous organic compounds, carbonaceous particles like soot are emitted into the air from traffic sources, residential wood combustion, or wildfires. Variable chemical compositions of such materials, which often result from incomplete combustion processes, show differences in the absorption behavior at visible wavelengths. Our instrument is able to measure the absorption at three visible wavelengths.
Andreas Peckhaus, Alexei Kiselev, Thibault Hiron, Martin Ebert, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11477–11496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11477-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11477-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The precipitation in midlatitude clouds proceeds predominantly via nucleation of ice in the supercooled droplets containing foreign inclusions, like feldspar mineral dust, that have been recently identified as one of the most active ice nucleating agents in the atmosphere. We have built an apparatus to observe the freezing of feldspar immersed in up to 1500 identical droplets simultaneously. With this setup we investigated four feldspar samples and show that it can induce freezing at −5 °C.
W. Richard Leaitch, Alexei Korolev, Amir A. Aliabadi, Julia Burkart, Megan D. Willis, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Heiko Bozem, Peter Hoor, Franziska Köllner, Johannes Schneider, Andreas Herber, Christian Konrad, and Ralf Brauner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11107–11124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11107-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11107-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Thought to be mostly unimportant for summertime Arctic liquid-water clouds, airborne observations show that atmospheric aerosol particles 50 nm in diameter or smaller and most likely from natural sources are often involved in cloud formation in the pristine Arctic summer. The result expands the reference for aerosol forcing of climate. Further, for extremely low droplet concentrations, no evidence is found for a connection between cloud liquid water and aerosol particle concentrations.
Alexei Korolev, Alex Khain, Mark Pinsky, and Jeffrey French
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9235–9254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9235-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9235-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Relationships between basic microphysical parameters are studied within the framework of homogeneous and extreme inhomogeneous mixing. Analytical expressions and numerical simulations of relationships between droplet concentration, extinction coefficient, liquid water content, and mean volume droplet size are presented. The obtained relationships between moments are used to identify type of mixing for in situ observations obtained in convective clouds.
Mark Pinsky, Alexander Khain, Alexei Korolev, and Leehi Magaritz-Ronen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9255–9272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9255-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9255-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of monodisperse and polydisperse droplet size distributions (DSDs) during
homogeneous mixing is analyzed. It is shown that the classic conceptual scheme, according to which homogeneous mixing leads to a decrease in the droplet mass under constant droplet concentration, is valid only in cases of initially very narrow DSDs. In cases of wide DSDs a decrease of both mass and concentration take place such that the characteristic droplet sizes remain nearly constant.
Mark Pinsky, Alexander Khain, and Alexei Korolev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9273–9297, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9273-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9273-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An idealized diffusion--evaporation model of time-dependent mixing between cloud and non-cloud volumes is analyzed. It is shown that the evolution of microphysical variables and the final equilibrium stage are unambiguously determined by two non-dimensional parameters. Delimitation between the types of mixing on the plane of these parameters is carried out. The definitions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixings are reconsidered and clarified. Results are compared with the classical concept.
Ahmed Abdelmonem, Emma Järvinen, Denis Duft, Edwin Hirst, Steffen Vogt, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3131–3144, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3131-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3131-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The properties of ice crystals present in mixed-phase and ice clouds influence the radiation properties, precipitation occurrence and lifetime of these clouds. It is necessary to investigate the optical and microphysical properties of cloud particles particularly in situ, and to get correlation between these properties. To this end we have developed PHIPS-HALO to measure the optical properties and the corresponding microphysical parameters of individual cloud particles simultaneously.
Emma Järvinen, Karoliina Ignatius, Leonid Nichman, Thomas B. Kristensen, Claudia Fuchs, Christopher R. Hoyle, Niko Höppel, Joel C. Corbin, Jill Craven, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Imad El Haddad, Carla Frege, Hamish Gordon, Tuija Jokinen, Peter Kallinger, Jasper Kirkby, Alexei Kiselev, Karl-Heinz Naumann, Tuukka Petäjä, Tamara Pinterich, Andre S. H. Prevot, Harald Saathoff, Thea Schiebel, Kamalika Sengupta, Mario Simon, Jay G. Slowik, Jasmin Tröstl, Annele Virtanen, Paul Vochezer, Steffen Vogt, Andrea C. Wagner, Robert Wagner, Christina Williamson, Paul M. Winkler, Chao Yan, Urs Baltensperger, Neil M. Donahue, Rick C. Flagan, Martin Gallagher, Armin Hansel, Markku Kulmala, Frank Stratmann, Douglas R. Worsnop, Ottmar Möhler, Thomas Leisner, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4423–4438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4423-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4423-2016, 2016
J. W. Taylor, T. W. Choularton, A. M. Blyth, Z. Liu, K. N. Bower, J. Crosier, M. W. Gallagher, P. I. Williams, J. R. Dorsey, M. J. Flynn, L. J. Bennett, Y. Huang, J. French, A. Korolev, and P. R. A. Brown
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 799–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-799-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-799-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present microphysical observations of cumulus clouds measured over south-west England during COPE in summer 2013. Detailed sampling focused on an isolated liquid cloud that glaciated as it matured to merge with a band of cloud downwind. The first ice particles observed were frozen drizzle, while columnar ice dominated in the mature stages. We discuss the interactions between the warm rain and secondary ice processes, and their importance for the formation of precipitation.
P. Vochezer, E. Järvinen, R. Wagner, P. Kupiszewski, T. Leisner, and M. Schnaiter
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 159–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-159-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-159-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
To study clouds constituting of liquid droplets as well as ice particles we used the latest versions of the Small Ice Detector which record high resolution scattering patterns of individual small cloud particles. In the case of a droplet its precise size is obtained and for ice particles its shape is deduced from the scattering pattern.We present results from artificial clouds at the AIDA cloud chamber and natural clouds probed at a mountain top station as well as from an aircraft in the arctic.
A. M. Fridlind, A. S. Ackerman, A. Grandin, F. Dezitter, M. Weber, J. W. Strapp, A. V. Korolev, and C. R. Williams
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11713–11728, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11713-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11713-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Airbus measurements at elevations circa 11 km within large storm systems near Darwin and Santiago indicate ice mass distributed over area-equivalent diameters of 100-500 µm. Profiler-observed radar reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity under similar conditions are found to be consistent with measurements and with 1D simulations of steady-state stratiform rain columns initialized with observed ice size distributions. Results motivate investigation of ice formation pathways in Part II.
A. S. Ackerman, A. M. Fridlind, A. Grandin, F. Dezitter, M. Weber, J. W. Strapp, and A. V. Korolev
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11729–11751, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11729-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11729-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An updraft parcel model with size-resolved microphysics is used to investigate microphysical pathways leading to ice water content > 2 g m-3 with mass median area-equivalent diameter of 200-300 micron reported at ~11 km in tropical deep convection. Parcel simulations require substantial source of small crystals at temperatures > ~-10 deg C growing by vapor deposition. Warm rain in weaker updrafts surprisingly leads to greater ice mass owing to reduced competition for available water vapor.
A. Abdelmonem, J. Lützenkirchen, and T. Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3519–3526, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3519-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3519-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript belongs and is important to the environmental and atmospheric science, particularly cloud formation and cloud seeding, and presents a setup to apply Second Harmonic Generation spectroscopy to heterogeneous freezing research. We describe the setup and provide first results on temperature-dependent structural changes of water on the surfaces of two relevant atmospheric aerosol substances (sapphire and mica as poor and good ice nucleators, respectively).
I. Steinke, C. Hoose, O. Möhler, P. Connolly, and T. Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3703–3717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3703-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3703-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Ice nucleation in clouds has a significant influence on the global radiative budget and the hydrological cycle. Several studies have investigated the ice formation in droplets and parameterizations have been developed in order to include immersion freezing in climate models. In contrast, there are fewer studies regarding the conversion of water vapor into ice (so-called deposition nucleation) which is the topic of this paper which investigates deposition nucleation by Arizona Test dust in detail
N. Hiranuma, S. Augustin-Bauditz, H. Bingemer, C. Budke, J. Curtius, A. Danielczok, K. Diehl, K. Dreischmeier, M. Ebert, F. Frank, N. Hoffmann, K. Kandler, A. Kiselev, T. Koop, T. Leisner, O. Möhler, B. Nillius, A. Peckhaus, D. Rose, S. Weinbruch, H. Wex, Y. Boose, P. J. DeMott, J. D. Hader, T. C. J. Hill, Z. A. Kanji, G. Kulkarni, E. J. T. Levin, C. S. McCluskey, M. Murakami, B. J. Murray, D. Niedermeier, M. D. Petters, D. O'Sullivan, A. Saito, G. P. Schill, T. Tajiri, M. A. Tolbert, A. Welti, T. F. Whale, T. P. Wright, and K. Yamashita
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2489–2518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2489-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2489-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Seventeen ice nucleation measurement techniques contributed to investigate the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX. All data showed a similar temperature trend, but the measured ice nucleation activity was on average smaller for the wet suspended samples and higher for the dry-dispersed aerosol samples at high temperatures. A continued investigation and collaboration is necessary to obtain further insights into consistency or diversity of ice nucleation measurements.
A. Korolev and P. R. Field
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 761–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, 2015
N. Hoffmann, A. Kiselev, D. Rzesanke, D. Duft, and T. Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 2373–2382, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2373-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2373-2013, 2013
H. Saathoff, S. Henin, K. Stelmaszczyk, M. Petrarca, R. Delagrange, Z. Hao, J. Lüder, O. Möhler, Y. Petit, P. Rohwetter, M. Schnaiter, J. Kasparian, T. Leisner, J.-P. Wolf, and L. Wöste
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4593–4604, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4593-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4593-2013, 2013
J. Skrotzki, P. Connolly, M. Schnaiter, H. Saathoff, O. Möhler, R. Wagner, M. Niemand, V. Ebert, and T. Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4451–4466, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4451-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4451-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Laboratory Studies | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Stable and unstable fall motions of plate-like ice crystal analogues
Secondary ice production – no evidence of efficient rime-splintering mechanism
Fragmentation of ice particles: laboratory experiments on graupel–graupel and graupel–snowflake collisions
Molecular simulations reveal that heterogeneous ice nucleation occurs at higher temperatures in water under capillary tension
Measurement of the collision rate coefficients between atmospheric ions and multiply charged aerosol particles in the CERN CLOUD chamber
Re-evaluating cloud chamber constraints on depositional ice growth in cirrus clouds – Part 1: Model description and sensitivity tests
Ice nucleation by smectites: the role of the edges
A single-parameter hygroscopicity model for functionalized insoluble aerosol surfaces
Mexican agricultural soil dust as a source of ice nucleating particles
The impact of (bio-)organic substances on the ice nucleation activity of the K-feldspar microcline in aqueous solutions
Secondary ice production during the break-up of freezing water drops on impact with ice particles
High homogeneous freezing onsets of sulfuric acid aerosol at cirrus temperatures
Laboratory and field studies of ice-nucleating particles from open-lot livestock facilities in Texas
Comment on “Review of experimental studies of secondary ice production” by Korolev and Leisner (2020)
Effect of chemically induced fracturing on the ice nucleation activity of alkali feldspar
Ice nucleation ability of ammonium sulfate aerosol particles internally mixed with secondary organics
Ice-nucleating particles in precipitation samples from the Texas Panhandle
Comparative study on immersion freezing utilizing single-droplet levitation methods
Exploratory experiments on pre-activated freezing nucleation on mercuric iodide
Application of holography and automated image processing for laboratory experiments on mass and fall speed of small cloud ice crystals
The role of contact angle and pore width on pore condensation and freezing
Technical note: Equilibrium droplet size distributions in a turbulent cloud chamber with uniform supersaturation
Protein aggregates nucleate ice: the example of apoferritin
No anomalous supersaturation in ultracold cirrus laboratory experiments
Lateral facet growth of ice and snow – Part 1: Observations and applications to secondary habits
The ice-nucleating ability of quartz immersed in water and its atmospheric importance compared to K-feldspar
Ice nucleation properties of K-feldspar polymorphs and plagioclase feldspars
Enhanced ice nucleation activity of coal fly ash aerosol particles initiated by ice-filled pores
A comprehensive characterization of ice nucleation by three different types of cellulose particles immersed in water
Activation of intact bacteria and bacterial fragments mixed with agar as cloud droplets and ice crystals in cloud chamber experiments
Anomalous holiday precipitation over southern China
Coal fly ash: linking immersion freezing behavior and physicochemical particle properties
Surface roughness during depositional growth and sublimation of ice crystals
Ice nucleation abilities of soot particles determined with the Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber
The efficiency of secondary organic aerosol particles acting as ice-nucleating particles under mixed-phase cloud conditions
Uncertainty in counting ice nucleating particles with continuous flow diffusion chambers
Experimental evidence of the rear capture of aerosol particles by raindrops
Refreeze experiments with water droplets containing different types of ice nuclei interpreted by classical nucleation theory
Pre-activation of aerosol particles by ice preserved in pores
Heterogeneous ice nucleation on dust particles sourced from nine deserts worldwide – Part 1: Immersion freezing
A comparative study of K-rich and Na/Ca-rich feldspar ice-nucleating particles in a nanoliter droplet freezing assay
Ice nucleation efficiency of AgI: review and new insights
The adsorption of fungal ice-nucleating proteins on mineral dusts: a terrestrial reservoir of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles
Exploring an approximation for the homogeneous freezing temperature of water droplets
Cloud chamber experiments on the origin of ice crystal complexity in cirrus clouds
Phase transition observations and discrimination of small cloud particles by light polarization in expansion chamber experiments
Analysis of isothermal and cooling-rate-dependent immersion freezing by a unifying stochastic ice nucleation model
Pre-activation of ice-nucleating particles by the pore condensation and freezing mechanism
Influence of the ambient humidity on the concentration of natural deposition-mode ice-nucleating particles
Comparison of measured and calculated collision efficiencies at low temperatures
Jennifer R. Stout, Christopher D. Westbrook, Thorwald H. M. Stein, and Mark W. McCorquodale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11133–11155, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses 3D-printed ice crystal analogues falling in a water–glycerine mix and observed with multi-view cameras, simulating atmospheric conditions. Four types of motion are observed: stable, zigzag, transitional, and spiralling. Particle shape strongly influences motion; complex shapes have a wider range of conditions where they fall steadily compared to simple plates. The most common orientation of unstable particles is non-horizontal, contrary to prior assumptions of always horizontal.
Johanna S. Seidel, Alexei A. Kiselev, Alice Keinert, Frank Stratmann, Thomas Leisner, and Susan Hartmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5247–5263, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds often contain several thousand times more ice crystals than aerosol particles catalyzing ice formation. This phenomenon, commonly known as ice multiplication, is often explained by secondary ice formation due to the collisions between falling ice particles and droplets. In this study, we mimic this riming process. Contrary to earlier experiments, we found no efficient ice multiplication, which fundamentally questions the importance of the rime-splintering mechanism.
Pierre Grzegorczyk, Sudha Yadav, Florian Zanger, Alexander Theis, Subir K. Mitra, Stephan Borrmann, and Miklós Szakáll
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13505–13521, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production generates high concentrations of ice crystals in clouds. These processes have been poorly understood. We conducted experiments at the wind tunnel laboratory of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, on graupel–graupel and graupel–snowflake collisions. From these experiments fragment number, size, cross-sectional area, and aspect ratio were determined.
Elise Rosky, Will Cantrell, Tianshu Li, Issei Nakamura, and Raymond A. Shaw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10625–10642, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using computer simulations of water, we find that water under tension freezes more easily than under normal conditions. A linear equation describes how freezing temperature increases with tension. Accordingly, simulations show that naturally occurring tension in water capillary bridges leads to higher freezing temperatures. This work is an early step in determining if atmospheric cloud droplets freeze due to naturally occurring tension, for example, during processes such as droplet collisions.
Joschka Pfeifer, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Benjamin C. Schulze, Serge Mathot, Dominik Stolzenburg, Rima Baalbaki, Zoé Brasseur, Lucia Caudillo, Lubna Dada, Manuel Granzin, Xu-Cheng He, Houssni Lamkaddam, Brandon Lopez, Vladimir Makhmutov, Ruby Marten, Bernhard Mentler, Tatjana Müller, Antti Onnela, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Birte Rörup, Meredith Schervish, Ping Tian, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Dongyu S. Wang, Mingyi Wang, Stefan K. Weber, André Welti, Yusheng Wu, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Antonio Amorim, Imad El Haddad, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Tuukka Petäjä, António Tomé, Sander Mirme, Hanna E. Manninen, Neil M. Donahue, Richard C. Flagan, Andreas Kürten, Joachim Curtius, and Jasper Kirkby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6703–6718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6703-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Attachment rate coefficients between ions and charged aerosol particles determine their lifetimes and may also influence cloud dynamics and aerosol processing. Here we present novel experiments that measure ion–aerosol attachment rate coefficients for multiply charged aerosol particles under atmospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber. Our results provide experimental discrimination between various theoretical models.
Kara D. Lamb, Jerry Y. Harrington, Benjamin W. Clouser, Elisabeth J. Moyer, Laszlo Sarkozy, Volker Ebert, Ottmar Möhler, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6043–6064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6043-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6043-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how ice grows directly from vapor in cirrus clouds by comparing observations of populations of ice crystals growing in a cloud chamber against models developed in the context of single-crystal laboratory studies. We demonstrate that previous discrepancies between different experimental measurements do not necessarily point to different physical interpretations but are rather due to assumptions that were made in terms of how experiments were modeled in previous studies.
Anand Kumar, Kristian Klumpp, Chen Barak, Giora Rytwo, Michael Plötze, Thomas Peter, and Claudia Marcolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4881–4902, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4881-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4881-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Smectites are a major class of clay minerals that are ice nucleation (IN) active. They form platelets that swell or even delaminate in water by intercalation of water between their layers. We hypothesize that at least three smectite layers need to be stacked together to host a critical ice embryo on clay mineral edges and that the larger the surface edge area is, the higher the freezing temperature. Edge sites on such clay particles play a crucial role in imparting IN ability to such particles.
Chun-Ning Mao, Kanishk Gohil, and Akua A. Asa-Awuku
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13219–13228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of molecular-level surface chemistry for aerosol water uptake and droplet growth is not well understood. In this work we show changes in water uptake due to molecular-level surface chemistry can be measured and quantified. In addition, we develop a single-parameter model, representing changes in aerosol chemistry that can be used in global climate models to reduce the uncertainty in aerosol-cloud predictions.
Diana L. Pereira, Irma Gavilán, Consuelo Letechipía, Graciela B. Raga, Teresa Pi Puig, Violeta Mugica-Álvarez, Harry Alvarez-Ospina, Irma Rosas, Leticia Martinez, Eva Salinas, Erika T. Quintana, Daniel Rosas, and Luis A. Ladino
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6435–6447, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6435-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Airborne particles were i) collected in an agricultural fields and ii) generated in the laboratory from agricultural soil samples to analyze their ice nucleating abilities. It was found that the size and chemical composition of the Mexican agricultural dust particles influence their ice nucleating behavior, where the organic components are likely responsible for their efficiency as INPs. The INP concentrations from the present study are comparable to those from higher latitudes.
Kristian Klumpp, Claudia Marcolli, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3655–3673, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3655-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3655-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Surface interactions with solutes can significantly alter the ice nucleation activity of mineral dust. Past studies revealed the sensitivity of microcline, one of the most ice-active types of dust in the atmosphere, to inorganic solutes. This study focuses on the interaction of microcline with bio-organic substances and the resulting effects on its ice nucleation activity. We observe strongly hampered ice nucleation activity due to the presence of carboxylic and amino acids but not for polyols.
Rachel L. James, Vaughan T. J. Phillips, and Paul J. Connolly
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18519–18530, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18519-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18519-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays an important role in ice formation within mixed-phase clouds. We present a laboratory investigation of a potentially new SIP mechanism involving the collisions of supercooled water drops with ice particles. At impact, the supercooled water drop fragments form smaller secondary drops. Approximately 30 % of the secondary drops formed during the retraction phase of the supercooled water drop impact freeze over a temperature range of −4 °C to −12 °C.
Julia Schneider, Kristina Höhler, Robert Wagner, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Tobias Schorr, Isabelle Steinke, Stefan Benz, Manuel Baumgartner, Christian Rolf, Martina Krämer, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14403–14425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Homogeneous freezing is a relevant mechanism for the formation of cirrus clouds in the upper troposphere. Based on an extensive set of homogeneous freezing experiments at the AIDA chamber with aqueous sulfuric acid aerosol, we provide a new fit line for homogeneous freezing onset conditions of sulfuric acid aerosol focusing on cirrus temperatures. In the atmosphere, homogeneous freezing thresholds have important implications on the cirrus cloud occurrence and related cloud radiative effects.
Naruki Hiranuma, Brent W. Auvermann, Franco Belosi, Jack Bush, Kimberly M. Cory, Dimitrios G. Georgakopoulos, Kristina Höhler, Yidi Hou, Larissa Lacher, Harald Saathoff, Gianni Santachiara, Xiaoli Shen, Isabelle Steinke, Romy Ullrich, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Hemanth S. K. Vepuri, Franziska Vogel, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14215–14234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14215-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14215-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present laboratory and field studies showing that an open-lot livestock facility is a substantial source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs). The ambient concentration of INPs from livestock facilities in Texas is very high. It is up to several thousand INPs per liter below –20 °C and may impact regional aerosol–cloud interactions. About 50% of feedlot INPs were supermicron in diameter. No notable amount of known ice-nucleating microorganisms was found in our feedlot samples.
Vaughan T. J. Phillips, Jun-Ichi Yano, Akash Deshmukh, and Deepak Waman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11941–11953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11941-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11941-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For decades, high concentrations of ice observed in precipitating mixed-phase clouds have created an enigma. Such concentrations are higher than can be explained by the action of aerosols or by the spontaneous freezing of most cloud droplets. The controversy has partly persisted due to the lack of laboratory experimentation in ice microphysics, especially regarding fragmentation of ice, a topic reviewed by a recent paper. Our comment attempts to clarify some issues with regards to that review.
Alexei A. Kiselev, Alice Keinert, Tilia Gaedeke, Thomas Leisner, Christoph Sutter, Elena Petrishcheva, and Rainer Abart
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11801–11814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Alkali feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust and is often present in mineral dust aerosols that are responsible for the formation of rain and snow in clouds. However, the cloud droplets containing pure potassium-rich feldspar would not freeze unless cooled down to a very low temperature. Here we show that partly replacing potassium with sodium would induce fracturing of feldspar, exposing a crystalline surface that could initiate freezing at higher temperature.
Barbara Bertozzi, Robert Wagner, Junwei Song, Kristina Höhler, Joschka Pfeifer, Harald Saathoff, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10779–10798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10779-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10779-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internally mixed particles composed of sulfate and organics are among the most abundant aerosol types. Their ice nucleation (IN) ability influences the formation of cirrus and, thus, the climate. We show that the presence of a thin organic coating suppresses the heterogeneous IN ability of crystalline ammonium sulfate particles. However, the IN ability of the same particle can substantially change if subjected to atmospheric processing, mainly due to differences in the resulting morphology.
Hemanth S. K. Vepuri, Cheyanne A. Rodriguez, Dimitrios G. Georgakopoulos, Dustin Hume, James Webb, Gregory D. Mayer, and Naruki Hiranuma
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4503–4520, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4503-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4503-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Due to a high frequency of storm events, West Texas is an ideal location to study ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in severe precipitation. Our results present that cumulative INP concentration in our precipitation samples below −20 °C could be high in the samples collected while observing > 10 mm h−1 precipitation with notably large hydrometeor sizes and an implication of cattle feedyard bacteria inclusion. Marine bacteria were found in a subset of our precipitation and cattle feedyard samples.
Miklós Szakáll, Michael Debertshäuser, Christian Philipp Lackner, Amelie Mayer, Oliver Eppers, Karoline Diehl, Alexander Theis, Subir Kumar Mitra, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3289–3316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3289-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3289-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The freezing of cloud drops is promoted by ice-nucleating particles immersed in the drops. This process is essential to understand ice and subsequent precipitation formation in clouds. We investigated the efficiency of several particle types to trigger immersion freezing with two single-drop levitation techniques: a wind tunnel and an acoustic levitator. The evaluation accounted for different conditions during our two series of experiments, which is also applicable to future comparison studies.
Gabor Vali
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2551–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2551-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2551-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The freezing of water drops in clouds is a prime example for the role of ice-nucleating particles (INPs). Mercuric iodide particles and a few other substances can be conditioned to become very effective INPs after previous ice formation and moderate heating to melt temperatures, opening a new pathway to ice formation in the atmosphere and in other systems like tissue preservation, artificial snow making, and more.
Maximilian Weitzel, Subir K. Mitra, Miklós Szakáll, Jacob P. Fugal, and Stephan Borrmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14889–14901, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14889-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14889-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The properties of ice crystals smaller than 150 µm in diameter were investigated in a cold-room laboratory using digital holography and microscopy. Automated image processing has been used to determine the track of falling ice crystals, and collected crystals were melted and scanned under a microscope to infer particle mass. A parameterization relating particle size and mass was determined which describes ice crystals in this size range more accurately than existing relationships.
Robert O. David, Jonas Fahrni, Claudia Marcolli, Fabian Mahrt, Dominik Brühwiler, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 9419–9440, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9419-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystal formation plays an important role in controlling the Earth's climate. However, the mechanisms responsible for ice formation in the atmosphere are still uncertain. Here we use surrogates for atmospherically relevant porous particles to determine the role of pore diameter and wettability on the ability of porous particles to nucleate ice in the atmosphere. Our results are consistent with the pore condensation and freeing mechanism.
Steven K. Krueger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7895–7909, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7895-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7895-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
When CCN are injected into a turbulent cloud chamber at a constant rate, and the rate of droplet activation is balanced by the rate of droplet fallout, a steady-state droplet size distribution (DSD) can be achieved. Analytic DSDs and PDFs of droplet radius were derived for such conditions when there is uniform supersaturation. Given the chamber height, the analytic PDF is determined by the supersaturation alone. This could allow one to infer the supersaturation that produced a measured PDF.
María Cascajo-Castresana, Robert O. David, Maiara A. Iriarte-Alonso, Alexander M. Bittner, and Claudia Marcolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3291–3315, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3291-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3291-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric ice-nucleating particles are rare but relevant for cloud glaciation. A source of particles that nucleate ice above −15 °C is biological material including some proteins. Here we show that proteins of very diverse functions and structures can nucleate ice. Among these, the iron storage protein apoferritin stands out, with activity up to −4 °C. We show that its activity does not stem from correctly assembled proteins but from misfolded protein monomers or oligomers and aggregates.
Benjamin W. Clouser, Kara D. Lamb, Laszlo C. Sarkozy, Jan Habig, Volker Ebert, Harald Saathoff, Ottmar Möhler, and Elisabeth J. Moyer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1089–1103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1089-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1089-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) have shown unexpectedly high concentrations of water vapor in ice clouds, which may be due to an incomplete understanding of the structure of ice and the behavior of ice growth in this part of the atmosphere. Water vapor measurements during the 2013 IsoCloud campaign at the AIDA cloud chamber show no evidence of this
anomalous supersaturationin conditions similar to the real atmosphere.
Jon Nelson and Brian D. Swanson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15285–15320, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15285-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15285-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Ice crystals in clouds have a wide variety. But many crystal forms are inexplicable using the common approach of modeling the growth rates normal to the crystal faces. Instead of using only this normal-growth approach, we suggest including lateral facet growth processes. Using such lateral processes, backed up by new experiments, we give explanations for some of these puzzling forms. The forms include the center droxtal in stellar crystals, scrolls, capped columns, sheath bundles, and trigonals.
Alexander D. Harrison, Katherine Lever, Alberto Sanchez-Marroquin, Mark A. Holden, Thomas F. Whale, Mark D. Tarn, James B. McQuaid, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11343–11361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11343-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11343-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Mineral dusts are a source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. Here we present a comprehensive survey of the ice-nucleating ability of naturally occurring quartz. We show the ice-nucleating variability of quartz and its sensitivity to time spent in water and air. We propose four new parameterizations for the minerals quartz, K feldspar, albite and plagioclase to predict INP concentrations in the atmosphere and show that K-feldspar is the dominant INP type in mineral dusts.
André Welti, Ulrike Lohmann, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 10901–10918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10901-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10901-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The ice nucleation ability of singly immersed feldspar particles in suspended water droplets relevant for ice crystal formation under mixed-phase cloud conditions is presented. The effects of particle size, crystal structure, trace metal and mineralogical composition are discussed by testing up to five different diameters in the submicron range and nine different feldspar samples at conditions relevant for ice nucleation in mixed-phase clouds.
Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Robert Wagner, Romy Ullrich, Alexei Kiselev, Harald Saathoff, Peter G. Weidler, Daniel J. Cziczo, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8783–8800, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8783-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8783-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Annually, over 600 Tg of coal fly ash (CFA) is produced; a significant proportion of this amount is injected into the atmosphere, which could significantly contribute to heterogeneous ice formation in clouds. This study presents an improved understanding of CFA particles' behaviour in forming ice in clouds, especially when exposed to lower temperatures before being re-circulated in the upper troposphere or entrained into the lower troposphere.
Naruki Hiranuma, Kouji Adachi, David M. Bell, Franco Belosi, Hassan Beydoun, Bhaskar Bhaduri, Heinz Bingemer, Carsten Budke, Hans-Christian Clemen, Franz Conen, Kimberly M. Cory, Joachim Curtius, Paul J. DeMott, Oliver Eppers, Sarah Grawe, Susan Hartmann, Nadine Hoffmann, Kristina Höhler, Evelyn Jantsch, Alexei Kiselev, Thomas Koop, Gourihar Kulkarni, Amelie Mayer, Masataka Murakami, Benjamin J. Murray, Alessia Nicosia, Markus D. Petters, Matteo Piazza, Michael Polen, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, Atsushi Saito, Gianni Santachiara, Thea Schiebel, Gregg P. Schill, Johannes Schneider, Lior Segev, Emiliano Stopelli, Ryan C. Sullivan, Kaitlyn Suski, Miklós Szakáll, Takuya Tajiri, Hans Taylor, Yutaka Tobo, Romy Ullrich, Daniel Weber, Heike Wex, Thomas F. Whale, Craig L. Whiteside, Katsuya Yamashita, Alla Zelenyuk, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4823–4849, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4823-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4823-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A total of 20 ice nucleation measurement techniques contributed to investigate the immersion freezing behavior of cellulose particles – natural polymers. Our data showed several types of cellulose are able to nucleate ice as efficiently as some mineral dust samples and cellulose has the potential to be an important atmospheric ice-nucleating particle. Continued investigation/collaboration is necessary to obtain further insight into consistency or diversity of ice nucleation measurements.
Kaitlyn J. Suski, David M. Bell, Naruki Hiranuma, Ottmar Möhler, Dan Imre, and Alla Zelenyuk
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17497–17513, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17497-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17497-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleation activity of bacteria using cloud chamber data and a single particle mass spectrometer. The size and chemical composition of the cloud residuals show that bacterial fragments mixed with agar growth media activate preferentially over intact bacteria cells as cloud condensation nuclei. Intact bacteria cells do not make it into cloud droplets; they thus cannot serve as immersion-mode ice nucleating particles.
Jiahui Zhang, Dao-Yi Gong, Rui Mao, Jing Yang, Ziyin Zhang, and Yun Qian
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16775–16791, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16775-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16775-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Chinese Spring Festival (also known as the Chinese New Year or Lunar New Year) is the most important festival in China. This paper reports that during the Chinese Spring Festival, the precipitation over southern China has been significantly reduced. The precipitation reduction is due to anomalous northerly winds. We suppose that anomalous atmospheric circulation is likely related to the human activity during holidays. It is an interesting phenomenon.
Sarah Grawe, Stefanie Augustin-Bauditz, Hans-Christian Clemen, Martin Ebert, Stine Eriksen Hammer, Jasmin Lubitz, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, Johannes Schneider, Robert Staacke, Frank Stratmann, André Welti, and Heike Wex
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13903–13923, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13903-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13903-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, coal fly ash particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets were analyzed concerning their freezing behavior. Additionally, physico-chemical particle properties (morphology, chemical composition, crystallography) were investigated. In combining both aspects, components that potentially contribute to the observed freezing behavior of the ash could be identified. Interactions at the particle-water interface, that depend on suspension time and influence freezing, are discussed.
Jens Voigtländer, Cedric Chou, Henner Bieligk, Tina Clauss, Susan Hartmann, Paul Herenz, Dennis Niedermeier, Georg Ritter, Frank Stratmann, and Zbigniew Ulanowski
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13687–13702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13687-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13687-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Surface roughness of ice crystals has recently been acknowledged to strongly influence the radiative properties of cold clouds such as cirrus, but it is unclear how this roughness arises. The study investigates the origins of ice surface roughness under a variety of atmospherically relevant conditions, using a novel method to measure roughness quantitatively. It is found that faster growth leads to stronger roughness. Roughness also increases following repeated growth–sublimation cycles.
Fabian Mahrt, Claudia Marcolli, Robert O. David, Philippe Grönquist, Eszter J. Barthazy Meier, Ulrike Lohmann, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 13363–13392, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13363-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13363-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The ice nucleation ability of different soot particles in the cirrus and mixed-phase cloud temperature regime is presented. The impact of aerosol particle size, particle morphology, organic matter and hydrophilicity on ice nucleation is examined. We propose ice nucleation proceeds via a pore condensation freezing mechanism for soot particles with the necessary physicochemical properties that nucleated ice well below water saturation.
Wiebke Frey, Dawei Hu, James Dorsey, M. Rami Alfarra, Aki Pajunoja, Annele Virtanen, Paul Connolly, and Gordon McFiggans
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9393–9409, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9393-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9393-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The coupled system of the Manchester Aerosol Chamber and Manchester Ice Cloud Chamber was used to study the ice-forming abilities of secondary
organic aerosol particles under mixed-phase cloud conditions. Given the vast abundance of secondary organic particles in the atmosphere, they
might present an important contribution to ice-nucleating particles. However, we find that in the studied temperature range (20 to 28 °C)
the secondary organic particles do not nucleate ice particles.
Sarvesh Garimella, Daniel A. Rothenberg, Martin J. Wolf, Robert O. David, Zamin A. Kanji, Chien Wang, Michael Rösch, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10855–10864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10855-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10855-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates systematic and variable low bias in the measurement of ice nucleating particle concentration using continuous flow diffusion chambers. We find that non-ideal instrument behavior exposes particles to different humidities and/or temperatures than predicted from theory. We use a machine learning approach to quantify and minimize the uncertainty associated with this measurement bias.
Pascal Lemaitre, Arnaud Querel, Marie Monier, Thibault Menard, Emmanuel Porcheron, and Andrea I. Flossmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4159–4176, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4159-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4159-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present new measurements of the efficiency with which aerosol particles are collected by raindrops. These measurements provide the link to reconcile the scavenging coefficients obtained from theoretical approaches with those from experimental studies. We provide proof of the rear capture that is a fundamental effect on submicroscopic particles. Finally, we propose an expression to take into account this mechanism to calculate the collection efficiency for drops within the rain size range.
Lukas Kaufmann, Claudia Marcolli, Beiping Luo, and Thomas Peter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3525–3552, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3525-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3525-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
To improve the understanding of heterogeneous ice nucleation, we have subjected different ice nuclei to repeated freezing cycles and evaluated the freezing temperatures with different parameterizations of classical nucleation theory. It was found that two fit parameters were necessary to describe the temperature dependence of the nucleation rate.
Claudia Marcolli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1595–1622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1595-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1595-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory studies from the last century have shown that some types of particles are susceptible to pre-activation, i.e. they are able to develop macroscopic ice at warmer temperatures or lower relative humidities after they had been involved in an ice nucleation event before. This review analyses these works under the presumption that pre-activation occurs by ice preserved in pores, and it discusses atmospheric scenarios for which pre-activation might be important.
Yvonne Boose, André Welti, James Atkinson, Fabiola Ramelli, Anja Danielczok, Heinz G. Bingemer, Michael Plötze, Berko Sierau, Zamin A. Kanji, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15075–15095, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15075-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15075-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We compare the immersion freezing behavior of four airborne to 11 surface-collected dust samples to investigate the role of different minerals for atmospheric ice nucleation on desert dust. We find that present K-feldspars dominate at T > 253 K, while quartz does at colder temperatures, and surface-collected dust samples are not necessarily representative for airborne dust. For improved ice cloud prediction, modeling of quartz and feldspar emission and transport are key.
Andreas Peckhaus, Alexei Kiselev, Thibault Hiron, Martin Ebert, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11477–11496, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11477-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11477-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The precipitation in midlatitude clouds proceeds predominantly via nucleation of ice in the supercooled droplets containing foreign inclusions, like feldspar mineral dust, that have been recently identified as one of the most active ice nucleating agents in the atmosphere. We have built an apparatus to observe the freezing of feldspar immersed in up to 1500 identical droplets simultaneously. With this setup we investigated four feldspar samples and show that it can induce freezing at −5 °C.
Claudia Marcolli, Baban Nagare, André Welti, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8915–8937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8915-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8915-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Silver iodide is one of the best-investigated ice nuclei. It has relevance for the atmosphere since it is used for glaciogenic cloud seeding. Nevertheless, many open questions remain. This paper gives an overview of silver iodide as an ice nucleus and tries to identify the factors that influence the ice nucleation ability of silver iodide.
Daniel O'Sullivan, Benjamin J. Murray, James F. Ross, and Michael E. Webb
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7879–7887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7879-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7879-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In the absence of particles which can trigger freezing, cloud droplets can exist in a supercooled liquid state well below the melting point. However, the sources of efficient ice-nucleating particles in the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we show that ice-nucleating proteins produced by soil fungi can bind to clay particles in soils. Hence, the subsequent dispersion of soil particles into the atmosphere acts as a route through which biological ice nucleators can influence clouds.
Kuan-Ting O and Robert Wood
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 7239–7249, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7239-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7239-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, based on the well-known formulae of classical nucleation theory (CNT), the temperature at which the mean number of critical embryos inside a droplet is unity is derived from the Boltzmann distribution function and explored as a new simplified approximation for homogeneous freezing temperature. It thus appears that the simplicity of this approximation makes it potentially useful for predicting homogeneous freezing temperatures of water droplets in the atmosphere.
Martin Schnaiter, Emma Järvinen, Paul Vochezer, Ahmed Abdelmonem, Robert Wagner, Olivier Jourdan, Guillaume Mioche, Valery N. Shcherbakov, Carl G. Schmitt, Ugo Tricoli, Zbigniew Ulanowski, and Andrew J. Heymsfield
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5091–5110, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5091-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5091-2016, 2016
Leonid Nichman, Claudia Fuchs, Emma Järvinen, Karoliina Ignatius, Niko Florian Höppel, Antonio Dias, Martin Heinritzi, Mario Simon, Jasmin Tröstl, Andrea Christine Wagner, Robert Wagner, Christina Williamson, Chao Yan, Paul James Connolly, James Robert Dorsey, Jonathan Duplissy, Sebastian Ehrhart, Carla Frege, Hamish Gordon, Christopher Robert Hoyle, Thomas Bjerring Kristensen, Gerhard Steiner, Neil McPherson Donahue, Richard Flagan, Martin William Gallagher, Jasper Kirkby, Ottmar Möhler, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Frank Stratmann, and António Tomé
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3651–3664, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3651-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Processes in the atmosphere are often governed by the physical and chemical properties of small cloud particles. Ice, water, and mixed clouds, as well as viscous aerosols, were formed under controlled conditions at the CLOUD-CERN facility. The experimental results show a link between cloud particle properties and their unique optical fingerprints. The classification map presented here allows easier discrimination between various particles such as viscous organic aerosol, salt, ice, and liquid.
Peter A. Alpert and Daniel A. Knopf
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2083–2107, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2083-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2083-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A stochastic immersion freezing model is introduced capable of reproducing laboratory data for a variety of experimental methods using a time and surface area dependent ice nucleation process. The assumption that droplets contain identical surface area is evaluated. A quantitative uncertainty analysis of the laboratory observed freezing process is presented. Our results imply that ice nuclei surface area assumptions are crucial for interpretation of experimental immersion freezing results.
Robert Wagner, Alexei Kiselev, Ottmar Möhler, Harald Saathoff, and Isabelle Steinke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2025–2042, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2025-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2025-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We have investigated the enhancement of the ice nucleation ability of well-known and abundant ice nucleating particles like dust grains due to pre-activation. Temporary exposure to a low temperature (228 K) provokes that pores and surface cracks of the particles are filled with ice, which makes them better nuclei for the growth of macroscopic ice crystals at high temperatures (245–260 K).
M. L. López and E. E. Ávila
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 927–932, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-927-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-927-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This work deals with the origin and nature of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs). An accurate determination of the atmospheric INP concentration is relevant since INPs induce freezing in clouds, thus initiating an efficient mechanism for cloud particles to reach a precipitating size.
The effect of relative humidity on the INP concentration at ground level was analyzed and discussed.
B. Nagare, C. Marcolli, O. Stetzer, and U. Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13759–13776, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13759-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13759-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We determined collision efficiencies of cloud droplets with aerosol particles experimentally and found that they were around 1 order of magnitude higher than theoretical formulations that include Brownian diffusion, impaction, interception, thermophoretic, diffusiophoretic and electric forces. This is most probably due to uncertainties and inaccuracies in the theoretical formulations of thermophoretic and diffusiophoretic processes.
Cited articles
Adkins, C. J.: The fragmentation and electrification of very small droplets,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 86, 186, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708636807, 1960.
Auer, A. H.: Observations of Ice Crystal Nucleation by Droplet Freezing in Natural Clouds, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 4, 145–160, 1970.
Aufdermaur, A. N. and Mays, W. C.: Correlation between hailstone structure
and growth conditions, in: Proceeding of the International Conference on Cloud Physics, Tokyo, 24 May–1 June 1965, 281–284,
1965.
Aufdermaur, A. N. and Johnson D. A.: Charge separation due to riming in an
electric field, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 369–382, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709841609,
1972.
Bacon, N. J., Swanson, B. D., Baker, M. B., and Davis, E. J.: Breakup of
levitated frost particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 13763–13775,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD01162, 1998.
Bader, M., Gloster, J., Brownscombe, J. L. Goldsmith, P.: The production of
sub-micron ice fragments by water droplets freezing in free fall or on
accretion upon an ice surface, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100, 420–426,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710042513, 1974.
Baker, B. A.: On the Nucleation of Ice in Highly Supersaturated Regions of
Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1904–1907,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1905:OTNOII>2.0.CO;2,
1991.
Bauerecker, S., Ulbig, P., Buch, V., Vrbka, L., and Jungwirth, P.: Monitoring
ice nucleation in pure and salty water via high-speed imaging and computer
simulations J. Phys. Chem. C, 112, 7631–7636, 2008.
Beard, K. V: Ice initiation in warm-base convective clouds: An assessment of
microphysical mechanisms, Atmos. Res., 28, 125–152,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(92)90024-5, 1992.
Bentley, W. A.: Study of frost and ice crystals, Mon. Weather Rev., 35,
512–516, 1907.
Bentley, W. A. and Humphreys, W. J.: Snow Crystals, Dover Publications, New
York, 266 pp., 1962
Bigg, E. K.: The fragmentation of freezing water drop, Bull. l'Observatoire
du Puy-de-Dôme, N3, 65–69, 1957.
Blanchard, D. G.: A verification of the Bally-Dorsey theory of spicule
formation on sleet pellets, J. Meteorol., 8, 268–269,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1951)008<0268:AVOTBD>2.0.CO;2,
1951.
Brewer, A. W. and Palmer, H. P.: Condensation Processes at Low Temperatures,
and the Production of New Sublimation Nuclei by the Splintering of Ice,
Nature, 164, 312–313, https://doi.org/10.1038/164312a0, 1949.
Brownscombe, J. L. and Thorndike, N. S. C.: Freezing and Shattering of Water
Droplets in Free Fall, Nature, 220, 687–689, https://doi.org/10.1038/220687a0,
1968.
Cantrell, W. and Heymsfield, A. J.: Production of Ice in Tropospheric
Clouds: A Review, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 795–808,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-6-795, 2005.
Cheng, R. J.: Water Drop Freezing: Ejection of Microdroplets, Science,
170, 1395–1396, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3965.1395, 1970.
Chouippe, A., Krayer, M., Uhlmann, M., Dusek, J., Kiselev, A., and Leisner,
T.: Heat and water vapor transfer in the wake of a falling ice sphere and
its implication for secondary ice formation in clouds, New J. Phys., 21, 043043, https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab0a94, 2019.
Choularton, T. W., Latham, J., and Mason, B. J.: A possible mechanism of ice
splinter production during riming, Nature, 274, 791–792,
https://doi.org/10.1038/274791a0, 1978.
Choularton, T. W., Griggs, D. J., Humood, B. Y., and Latham, J.: Laboratory studies
of riming, and its relation to ice splinter production, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 106, 367–374, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644809, 1980.
Cooper, W. A.: Cloud physics investigations by the University of Wyoming in
HIPLEX 1977 Bureau of Reclamation Rep. No. AS119, Dept. of
Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 1977.
Cotton, W. R., Tripoli, G. J., Rauber, R. M., Mulvihill, E. A.: Numerical Simulation
of the Effects of Varying Ice Crystal Nucleation Rates and Aggregation
Processes on Orographic Snowfall, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1658–1680,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<1658:NSOTEO>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
Crawford, I., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., Dearden, C., Crosier, J., Westbrook, C., Capes, G., Coe, H., Connolly, P. J., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, M. W., Williams, P., Trembath, J., Cui, Z., and Blyth, A.: Ice formation and development in aged, wintertime cumulus over the UK: observations and modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4963–4985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4963-2012, 2012.
Crosier, J., Bower, K. N., Choularton, T. W., Westbrook, C. D., Connolly, P. J., Cui, Z. Q., Crawford, I. P., Capes, G. L., Coe, H., Dorsey, J. R., Williams, P. I., Illingworth, A. J., Gallagher, M. W., and Blyth, A. M.: Observations of ice multiplication in a weakly convective cell embedded in supercooled mid-level stratus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 257–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-257-2011, 2011.
Crosier, J., Choularton, T. W., Westbrook, C. D., Blyth, A. M., Bower, K.
N., Connolly, P. J., Dearden, C., Gallagher, M. W., Cui, Z., and Nicol, J.
C.: Microphysical properties of cold frontal rainbands, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 140, 1257–1268, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2206, 2014.
Desai, N., Chandrakar, K. K., Kinney, G., Cantrell, W., and Shaw, R. A.:
Aerosol-mediated glaciation of mixed-phase clouds: Steady-state laboratory
measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9154–9162.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083503, 2019.
Dong, Y. Y. and Hallett, J.: Droplet accretion during rime growth and the
formation of secondary ice crystals, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115,
127–142, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711548507, 1989.
Dong, Y. Y., Oraltay, R. G., and Hallett, J.: Ice particle generation during
evaporation, Atmos. Res., 32, 45–53,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90050-7, 1994.
Dorsey, N. E.: The Freezing of Supercooled Water, T. Am. Philos. Soc.,
38, 247–328, available at:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1005602 (last access: October 2020), 1948.
Dudetski, V. and Sidorov, I. : About structure of water droplets freezing
under different conditions, Journal of Russian Physical and Chemical
Society, 43, 340–343, 1911.
Dye, J. E. and Hobbs, P. V.: The Influence of Environmental Parameters on the
Freezing and Fragmentation of Suspended Water Drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 25,
82–96, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0082:TIOEPO>2.0.CO;2, 1968.
Emersic, C. and Connolly, P. J.: Microscopic observations of riming on an
ice surface using high speed video, Atmos. Res., 185, 65–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.10.014, 2017.
Feuillebois, F., Lasek, A., Creismeas, P., Pigeonneau, F., and Szaniawski,
A.: Freezing of a subcooled liquid droplet, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 169, 90–102.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1995.1010, 1995.
Field, P. R., Wood, R., Brown, P. R. A., Kaye, P. H., Hirst, E., Greenaway,
R., and Smith, J. A.: Ice Particle Interarrival Times Measured with a Fast
FSSP, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 20, 249–261,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0249:IPITMW>2.0.CO;2,
2003.
Field, P. R., Heymsfield, A. J., and Bansemer, A.: Shattering and Particle
Interarrival Times Measured by Optical Array Probes in Ice Clouds, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 23, 1357–1371, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1922.1, 2006.
Field, P. R., Lawson, R. P., Brown, P. R. A., Lloyd, G., Westbrook, C., Moisseev, D.,
Miltenberger, A., Nenes, A., Blyth, A., Choularton, T., Connolly, P.,
Bühl, J., Crosier, J., Cui, Z., Dearden, C., DeMott, P., Flossmann, A. I., Heymsfield, A. J., Huang, Y. H., Kalesse, H., Kanji, Z. A., Korolev, A.,
Kirchgaessner, A., Lasher-Trapp, S., Leisner, T., McFarquhar, G., Phillips, V.,
Stith, J., and Sullivan, S.: Secondary Ice Production – current state of the
science and recommendations for the future, Meteor. Mon.,
58, 7.1–7.20, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0014.1, 2017.
Findeisen, W.: Über die Entstehung der Gewitterelek-trizität [On the
origin of lightning electricity], Meteorol. Z., 6, 201–221, 1940.
Findeisen, W. and Findeisen, E.: Untersuchungen über die
Eissplitterbildung an Reifschichten (Eio Beitrag zur Frage der Ents tebung
der Gewitterelekfrizität und zur Mikrostruktur der Cumulonirnben)
[Investigations on the ice splinters formation on rime layers (A contribution
to the problem of the origin of storm electricity and to the microstructure
of cumulonimbus], Meteorol. Z., 60, 145–154, 1943.
Foster, T. and Hallett, J.: A laboratory investigation of the influence of
liquid water content on the temperature dependence of secondary ice crystal
production during soft hail growth, in: Am. Met. Soc. Cloud Physics
Conference, Chicago, 15–18 November 1982, 123–126, 1982.
Fukuta, N. and Lee, H. J.: A Numerical Study of the Supersaturation Field
around Growing Graupel, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1833–1843,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<1833:ANSOTS>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
Furukawa, Y. and Shimada, W.: Three-dimensional pattern formation duringgrowth
of ice dendrites—its relation to universal law of dendritic growth, J. Cryst. Growth, 128, 234–239, 1993.
Gagin, A.: Effect of supersaturation on the ice crystal production by
natural aerosols, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 6, 175–185,
1972.
Gagin, A. and Nozyce, N.: The nucleation of ice crystals during the freezing
of large supercooled drops, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 18,
119–129, 1984.
Gardiner, B. A. and Hallett, J.: Degradation of In-Cloud Forward Scattering
Spectrometer Probe Measurements in the Presence of Ice Particles, J. Atmos.
Ocean. Tech., 2, 171–180, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1985)002<0171:DOICFS>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Gayet, J.-F., Febvre, G., and Larsen, H.: The Reliability of the PMS FSSP in
the Presence of Small Ice Crystals, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 13,
1300–1310, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<1300:TROTPF>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
Gold, L. W.: Crack formation in ice plates by thermal shock, Can. J. Phys.,
4, 1712–1728, https://doi.org/10.1139/p63-172, 1963.
Griggs, D. and Choularton, T.: Freezing modes of riming drops with
application to ice splinter production, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109,
243–253, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710945912, 1983.
Gupta, S. C. and Arora, P. R.: Analytical and numerical solutions of inward
spherical solidification of a superheated melt with radiative–convective
heat transfer and density jump at freezing front, Heat Mass Transfer, 27, 377–384,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01600027, 1992.
Hallett, J.: Crystal Growth and the Formation of Spikes in the Surface of
Supercooled Water, J. Glaciol., 3, 698–704,
https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000017998, 1960.
Hallett, J.: Discussion of Douglas' paper, Meteor. Mon., 5,
18–170, 1963.
Hallett, J.: Experimental Studies of the Crystallization of Supercooled
Water, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0671:ESOTCO>2.0.CO;2, 1964.
Hallett, J. and Mossop, S. C.: Production of secondary ice particles during
the riming process, Nature, 249, 26–28, https://doi.org/10.1038/249026a0, 1974.
Hallett, J., Sax, R. I., Lamb, D., and Murty, A. S. R.: Aircraft measurements
of ice in Florida cumuli, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 631–651,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710444108, 1978.
Heymsfield, A. and Willis, P.: Cloud Conditions Favoring Secondary Ice
Particle Production in Tropical Maritime Convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 71,
4500–4526, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0093.1, 2014.
Heymsfield, A. J.: On measurements of small ice particles in clouds,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030951, 2007.
Heymsfield, A. J. and Mossop, S. C.: Temperature dependence of secondary ice
crystal production during soft hail growth by riming, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 110, 765–770, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711046512, 1984.
Hindmarsh, J. P., Russell, A. B., and Chen, X. D.: Experimental and numerical
analysis of the temperature transition of a suspended freezing water
droplet, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 46, 1199–1213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(02)00399-X, 2003.
Hindmarsh, J. P., Wilson, D. I., and Johns, M. L.: Using magnetic resonance to
validate predictions of the solid fraction formed during recalescence of
freezing drops, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 48,
1017–1021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.09.028, 2005.
Hobbs, P. V: Ice Multiplication in Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 315–318,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0315:IMIC>2.0.CO;2,
1969.
Hobbs, P. V.: Microdroplets and Water Drop Freezing,
Science, 173, 849, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3999.849, 1971.
Hobbs, P. V. and Alkezweeny, A. J.: The Fragmentation of Freezing Water
Droplets in Free Fall, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 881–888,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0881:TFOFWD>2.0.CO;2,
1968.
Hobbs, P. V and Burrows, D. A.: The Electrification of an Ice Sphere Moving
through Natural Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 757–763,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0757:TEOAIS>2.0.CO;2,
1966.
Hobbs, P. V. and Farber, R.: Fragmentation of ice particles in clouds,
Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 6, 245–258, 1972.
Hobbs, P. V. and Rangno, A. L.: Ice Particle Concentrations in Clouds, J.
Atmos. Sci., 42, 2523–2549, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2523:IPCIC>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Hobbs, P. V. and Rangno, A. L.: Rapid Development of High Ice Particle
Concentrations in Small Polar Maritime Cumuliform Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci.,
47, 2710–2722, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2710:RDOHIP>2.0.CO;2, 1989.
Iwabuchi, T. and Magono, C.: A Laboratory Experiment on the Freezing
Electrification of Freely Falling Water Droplets, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn.,
53, 393–401, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.53.6_393, 1975.
Jackson, R. C., McFarquhar, G. M., Stith, J., Beals, M., Shaw, R.,
Jensen, J., Fugal, J., and Korolev, A.: An assessment
of the impact of anti-shattering tips and artifact removal techniques on
cloud ice size distributions measured by the 2D Cloud Probe, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 2567–2590, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00239.1, 2015
Jensen, E. J., Lawson, P., Baker, B., Pilson, B., Mo, Q., Heymsfield, A. J., Bansemer, A., Bui, T. P., McGill, M., Hlavka, D., Heymsfield, G., Platnick, S., Arnold, G. T., and Tanelli, S.: On the importance of small ice crystals in tropical anvil cirrus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5519–5537, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5519-2009, 2009.
Jiusto, J. E. and Weickmann, H. K.: types of snowfall, B. Am. Meteorol.
Soc., 54, 1148–1162, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1973)054<1148:TOS>2.0.CO;2, 1973.
Johnson, D. A. and Hallett, J.: Freezing and shattering of supercooled water
drops, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 468–482,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709440204, 1968.
Kachurin, L. G. and Bekryaev, V. I.: Investigation of the electrification of
crystallizing water, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 130, 57–60, 1960.
Kallungal,
J. P. and Barduhn, A. J.: Growth rate of an ice crystal in subcooled pure water, AiChe J., 23, 294–303,
https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690230312, 1977.
Kanji, Z. A., Ladino, L. A., Wex, H., Boose, Y., Burkert-Kohn, M., Cziczo,
D. J., and Krämer, M.: Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles, Meteor.
Mon., 58, 1.1–1.33, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1, 2017.
Keinert, A., Spannagel, D., Leisner, T., and Kiselev, A.: Secondary ice production upon freezing of freely falling drizzle droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 2959–2967, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0081.1, 2020.
Keppas, S. C., Crosier, J., Choularton, T. W., and Bower, K. N.: Ice lollies:
An ice particle generated in supercooled conveyor belts, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 44, 5222–5230, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073441, 2017.
Kikuchi, K. and Uyeda, H.: On Snow Crystals of Spatial Dendritic Type, J.
Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 57, 282–287,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.57.3_282, 1979.
King, W. D.: Freezing Rates of Water Droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 403–408,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0403:FROWD>2.0.CO;2, 1975
King, W. D. and Fletcher, N. H.: Pressures and stresses in freezing water
drops, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 6, 2157–2173,
https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/6/18/302, 1973.
King, W. D. and Fletcher, N. H.: Thermal Shock as an Ice Multiplication
Mechanism. Part I. Theory, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 85–96,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0085:TSAAIM>2.0.CO;2,
1976a.
King, W. D. and Fletcher, N. H.: Thermal Shock as an Ice Multiplication
Mechanism. Part II. Experimental, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 97–102,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0097:tsaaim>2.0.co;2,
1976b.
Knight, C. A.: Ice Growth from the Vapor at −5 ∘C, J. Atmos.
Sci., 69, 2031–2040, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-0287.1, 2012.
Knollenberg, R. G.: Techniques for probing cloud microstructure, in: Clouds
their Formation, Optical Properties, and Effects, edited by: Hobbs, P. V and
Deepak, A., Academic Press, New York, 15–91,1981.
Koenig, L. R.: The Glaciating Behavior of Small Cumulonimbus Clouds, J.
Atmos. Sci., 20, 29–47, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020<0029:TGBOSC>2.0.CO;2, 1963.
Koenig, L. R.: Drop Freezing Through Drop Breakup, J. Atmos. Sci., 22,
448–451, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0448:DFTDB>2.0.CO;2, 1965.
Kolomeychuk, R. J., McKay, D. C., and Iribarne, J. V.: The Fragmentation and
Electrification of Freezing Drops, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 974–979,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0974:TFAEOF>2.0.CO;2,
1975.
Korolev, A. and Field, P. R.: Assessment of the performance of the inter-arrival time algorithm to identify ice shattering artifacts in cloud particle probe measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 761–777, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-761-2015, 2015.
Korolev, A., Heckman, I., Wolde, M., Ackerman, A. S., Fridlind, A. M., Ladino, L. A., Lawson, R. P., Milbrandt, J., and Williams, E.: A new look at the environmental conditions favorable to secondary ice production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1391–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1391-2020, 2020.
Korolev, A. V.: Reconstruction of the Sizes of Spherical Particles from
Their Shadow Images. Part I: Theoretical Considerations, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Tech., 24, 376–389, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1980.1, 2007.
Korolev, A. V and Isaac, G. A.: Observations of sublimating ice particles in
clouds, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Clouds and
Precipitation, 19–23 July, Bologna, Italy , 808–811, 2004.
Korolev, A. V. and Isaac, G. A.: Shattering during sampling by OAPs and HVPS.
Part 1: Snow particles, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 22, 528–542,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1720.1, 2005.
Korolev, A. V., Bailey, M. P., Hallett, J., and Isaac, G. A.: Laboratory and
in situ observation of deposition growth of frozen drops, J. Appl.
Meteorol., 43, 612–622, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0612:LAISOO>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Korolev, A. V., Emery, E. F., Strapp, J. W., Cober, S. G., Isaac, G. A.,
Wasey, M., and Marcotte, D.: Small Ice Particles in Tropospheric Clouds: Fact
or Artifact? Airborne Icing Instrumentation Evaluation Experiment, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 92, 967–973, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3141.1, 2011.
Korolev, A. V., Emery, E., and Creelman, K.: Modification and Tests of
Particle Probe Tips to Mitigate Effects of Ice Shattering, J. Atmos. Ocean.
Tech., 30, 690–708, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00142.1, 2013a.
Korolev, A. V, Emery, E. F., Strapp, J. W., Cober, S. G., and Isaac, G. A.:
Quantification of the Effects of Shattering on Airborne Ice Particle
Measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 2527–2553,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00115.1, 2013b.
Korolev, A. V. , McFarquhar, G., Field, P. R., Franklin, C., Lawson, P.,
Wang, Z., Williams, E., Abel, S. J., Axisa, D., Borrmann, S., Crosier, J.,
Fugal, J., Krämer, M., Lohmann, U., Schlenczek, O., Schnaiter, M., and
Wendisch, M.: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Progress and Challenges, Meteor. Mon., 58, 5.1–5.50, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0001.1, 2017.
Krayer, M., Chouippe, A., Uhlmann, M., Dušek, J., and Leisner, T.: On the ice-nucleating potential of warm hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-136, in review, 2020.
Kumai, M. and Itagaki, K.: Cinematographic study of ice crystal formation
in water, Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Ser. 2, 4, 235–46, 1953.
Ladino, L. A., Korolev, A., Heckman, I., Wolde, M., Fridlind, A. M., and
Ackerman, A. S.: On the role of ice-nucleating aerosol in the formation of
ice particles in tropical mesoscale convective systems, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
44, 1574–1582, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072455, 2017.
Langer, J. S., Muller-Krumbhaar, H.: Theory of dendritic growth—I. Elements
of a stability analysis, Acta Metall. Mater., 26, 1681–1687,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(78)90078-0, 1978.
Langham, E. J. and Mason, B. J.: Heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation
of supercooled water, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., A247, 493–504, 1958.
Langmuir, I.: The Production of Rain by a Chain Reaction in Cumulus Clouds
at Temperatures above Freezing, J. Atmos. Sci., 5, 175–192,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0175:TPORBA>2.0.CO;2,
1948.
Lasher-Trapp, S., Leon, D. C., DeMott, P. J., Villanueva-Birriel, C. M.,
Johnson, A. V, Moser, D. H., Tully, C. S., and Wu, W.: A Multisensor
Investigation of Rime Splintering in Tropical Maritime Cumuli, J. Atmos.
Sci., 73, 2547–2564, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0285.1, 2016.
Latham, J. and Mason, B. J.: Generation of electric charge associated with
the formation of soft hail in thunderclouds, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., 260,
237–249, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1961.0052, 1961.
Lauber, A., Kiselev, A., Pander, T., Handmann, P., and Leisner, T.: Secondary
Ice Formation during Freezing of Levitated Droplets, J. Atmos. Sci., 75,
2815–2826, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0052.1, 2018.
Lawson, R. P.: Effects of ice particles shattering on the 2D-S probe, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1361–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1361-2011, 2011.
Lawson, R. P., Woods, S., and Morrison, H.: The microphysics of ice and
precipitation development in tropical cumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 72,
2429–2445, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0274.1, 2015
Lawson, P., Gurganus, C., Woods, S., and Bruintjes, R.: Aircraft Observations
of Cumulus Microphysics Ranging from the Tropics to Midlatitudes:
Implications for a “New” Secondary Ice Process, J. Atmos. Sci., 74,
2899–2920, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0033.1, 2017.
Lindenmeyer, C. S., Orrok, G. T., Jackson K. A., and Chalmers, B.: Rate of
growth of ice crystals in supercooled water, J. Chem. Phys., 27, 822–823,
1959.
Lloyd, G., Choularton, T. W., Bower, K. N., Gallagher, M. W., Connolly, P. J., Flynn, M., Farrington, R., Crosier, J., Schlenczek, O., Fugal, J., and Henneberger, J.: The origins of ice crystals measured in mixed-phase clouds at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12953–12969, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12953-2015, 2015.
López, M. L. and Ávila, E. E.: Deformations of frozen droplets
formed at −40∘C, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050185, 2012.
Ludlam, F. H.: The heat economy of a rimed cylinder, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 77, 663–666, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707733410, 1951.
Macklin, W. C.: The Production of Ice Splinters During Riming, Nubila, 3,
30–33, 1960.
Macklin, W. C. and Payne, G.: A theoretical study of the ice accretion
process, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 93, 195–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709339606, 1967.
Macklin, W. C. and Payne, G. S.: Growth velocities of ice in supercooled
water and aqueous sucrose solutions, Philos. Mag., 17, 83–87, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786436808218182, 1968.
Macklin, W. C. and Payne, G. S.: The spreading of accreted droplets, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 95, 724–730, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709540606, 1969.
Macklin, W. C. and Ryan, B. F.: The Structure of Ice Grown in Bulk
Supercooled Water, J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 452–459,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0452:TSOIGI>2.0.CO;2, 1965.
Macklin, W. C. and Ryan, B. F.: Habits of ice grown in supercooled water
and aqueous solutions, Philos. Mag., 14, 847–860,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786436608211977, 1966.
Macklin, W. C. and Ryan, B. F.: Growth velocities of ice in supercooled
water and aqueous sucrose solutions, Philos. Mag., 17, 83-87,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786436808218182, 1968.
Magono, C. and Aburakawa, H.: Experimental Studies of Snow Crystals of
plane type with Spatial Branches, Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Ser. 7, Geophysics, 3, 85–97, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2115/8680 (last access: October 2020), 1969.
Malkina, A. D. and Zak, E. G.: Mechanism of freezing of liquid droplets,
Transactions of the Central Aerological Observatory (Trudi TsAO), 9, 61–75,
1952.
Mason, B. J. and Maybank, J.: The fragmentation and electrification of
freezing water drops, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 86, 176–185,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708636806, 1960.
McFarquhar, G. M., Um, J., Freer, M., Baumgardner, D., Kok, G. L., and Mace,
G.: Importance of small ice crystals to cirrus properties: Observations from
the Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), Geophys.
Res. Lett., 34, L13803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029865, 2007.
McFarquhar, G. M., Ghan, S., Verlinde, J., Korolev, A., Strapp, J. W., Schmid, B., Tomlinson, J. M., Wolde, M., Brooks, S. D.,
Cziczo, D., Dubey, M. K., Fan, J., Flynn, C. R., Gultepe, I., Hubbe, J.,
Gilles, M. K., Laskin, A., Lawson, P., Leaitch, W. R., Liu, P., Liu, X.,
Lubin, D., Mazzoleni, C., Macdonald, A.-M., Moffet, R. C., Morrison, H.,
Ovchinnikov, M., Shupe, M. D., Turner, D. D., Xie, S., Zelenyuk, A., Bae,
K., Freer, M., Glen, A..: Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign: The
impact of Arctic aerosols on clouds, B. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 183–201,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS2935.1, 2011.
Meyers, M. P., Walko, R. L., Harrington, J. Y., and Cotton, W. R.: New RAMS cloud
microphysics parameterization. Part II: The two-moment scheme, Atmos. Res.,
45, 3–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(97)00018-5, 1997.
Mossop, S. C.: Concentrations of Ice Crystals in Clouds, B. Amer.
Meteorol. Soc., 51, 474–479, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1970)051<0474:COICIC>2.0.CO;2, 1970.
Mossop, S. C.: Production of secondary ice particles during the growth of
graupel by riming, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 45–57,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710243104, 1976.
Mossop, S. C.: Some Factors Governing Ice Particle Multiplication in Cumulus
Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2033–2037,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2033:SFGIPM>2.0.CO;2,
1978.
Mossop, S. C.: The mechanism of ice splinter production during riming, Geoph. Res. Lett., 7,
167–169, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i002p00167, 1980.
Mossop, S. C.: The Origin and Concentration of Ice Crystals in Clouds, B.
Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 66, 264–273,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1985)066<0264:TOACOI>2.0.CO;2,
1985a.
Mossop, S. C.: Secondary ice particle production during rime growth: The
effect of drop size distribution and rimer velocity, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 111, 1113–1124, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49711147012,
1985b.
Mossop, S. C. and Hallett, J.: Ice Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds:
Influence of the Drop Spectrum, Science, 186, 632–634,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4164.632, 1974.
Mossop, S. C., Ono, A., and Heffernan, K. J.: Studies of ice crystal in
natural clouds, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 3, 45–64, 1964.
Mossop, S. C., Cottis, R. E., and Bartlett, B. M.: Ice crystal concentrations
in cumulus and stratocumulus clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 105–123,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709841509, 1972.
Mossop, S. C., Brownscombe, J. L., and Collins, G. J.: The production of
secondary ice particles during riming, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100,
427–436, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710042514, 1974
Muchnik, V. M. and Rudko, J. S.: Peculiarities of freezing supercooled water
drops, Transactions of Ukrainian Hydro Meteorological Institute (Trudi UkrNIGMI), 26, 64–73, 1961.
Muchnik, V. M. and Rudko, J. S.: Processes of cooling and freezing of water
drops, Transactions of Ukrainian Hydro Meteorological Institute (Trudi UkrNIGMI), 31, 133–144, 1962.
Murray, W. A. and List, R.: Freezing of water drops, J. Glaciol., 11,
415–429, 1972
Nix, N. and Fukuta, N.: Nonsteady-State Kinetics of Droplet Growth in Cloud
Physics, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1334–1343,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1334:NSKODG>2.0.CO;2,
1974.
Ohsaka, K., and Trinh, E. H.: Apparatus for measuringthe growth velocity of
dendritic ice in undercooled water, J. Cryst. Growth, 194, 138–142, 1998.
Ono, A.: Some Aspects of the Natural Glaciation Processes in Relatively Warm
Maritime Clouds, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 49A, 845–858,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.49A.0_845, 1971.
Ono, A.: Evidence on the nature of ice crystal multiplication processes in
natural cloud, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 6, 399–408, 1972.
Oraltay, R. G. and Hallett, J.: Evaporation and melting of ice crystals: A
laboratory study, Atmos. Res., 24, 169–189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(89)90044-6, 1989.
Pander, T.: Laboratory ice multiplication experiments in levitated
microdroplets, PhD dissertation, University of Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00018784, 2015.
Pena, J. A., de Pena, R. G., and Hosler, C. L.: Freezing of Water Droplets in
Equilibrium with Different Gases, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 309–314,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0309:FOWDIE>2.0.CO;2,
1969.
Phillips, V. T. J., Patade, S., Gutierrez, J., and Bansemer, A.: Secondary
Ice Production by Fragmentation of Freezing Drops: Formulation and Theory,
J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 3031–3070, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0190.1, 2018.
Pitter, R. L. and Pruppacher, H. R.: A wind tunnel investigation of freezing
of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 99, 540–550, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709942111, 1973.
Prabhakaran, P, Kinney, G., Cantrell, W., Shaw, R. A., and Bodenschatz, E.:
High Supersaturation in the Wake of Falling Hydrometeors: Implications for
Cloud Invigoration and Ice Nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088055,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088055, 2020.
Pruppacher, H. R.: On the growth of ice crystals in supercooled water and
aqueous solution drops, Pure Appl. Geophys., 86, 186–195,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874894, 1967a.
Pruppacher, H. R.: Growth Modes of Ice Crystals in Supercooled Water and
Aqueous Solutions, J. Glaciol., 6, 651–662.
https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000019924, 1967b.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of clouds and
precipitation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 954 pp., 1997.
Pruppacher, H. R. and Schlamp, R. J.: A wind tunnel investigation on ice
multiplication by freezing of waterdrops falling at terminal velocity in
air, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 380–386, https://doi.org/10.1029/jc080i003p00380, 1975.
Puzanov, P. and Accuratov, V. I.: Towards formation mechanism of some types
of hail, Gidrologia i Meteorologia, N6, 29–33, 1952.
Rangno, A. L.: Fragmentation of Freezing Drops in Shallow Maritime Frontal
Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1455–1466, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2295.1, 2008.
Reisner, J., Rasmussen, R. M., and Bruintjes, R. T.: Explicit forecasting of
supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1071–1107, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712454804, 1998.
Rosinski, J., Langer, G., and Nagamoto, C. T.: On the effect of microdroplets
from the surface of a freezing water drop, J. Appl. Meteorol., 11, 405–406,
1972.
Rosinski, J., Nagamoto, C. T., and Kerrigan, T. C.: Heterogeneous nucleation
of water and ice in the transient supersaturation field surrounding a
freezing drop, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, 9, 107–117, 1975.
Saunders, C. P. R. and Hosseini, A. S.: A laboratory study of the effect of
velocity on Hallett–Mossop ice crystal multiplication, Atmos. Res., 59,
3–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00106-5, 2001.
Schaefer, V. J.: Formation of Ice Crystals in Ordinary and Nuclei-Free Air,
Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1300–1304, https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50510a033, 1952.
Schaefer, V. S.: Condensed Water in the Free Atmosphere in Air Colder than
−40C, J. Appl. Meteor., 1, 481–488,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1962)001<0481:CWITFA>2.0.CO;2, 1962.
Schaefer, V. J. and Cheng, R. J.: The production of ice crystal fragments by
sublimation and electrification, Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques,
5, 5–10, 1971.
Schwarzenboeck, A., Shcherbakov, V., Lefevre, R., Gayet, J. F., Pointin, Y.,
and Duroure, C.: Indications for stellar-crystal fragmentation in Arctic
clouds, Atmos. Res., 92, 220–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.002, 2009.
Shaw, R. A., Cantrell, W., Chen, C., Chuang, P., Donahue, N., Feingold, G.,
Kollias, P., Korolev, A., Kreidenweis, S., Krueger, S., Mellado J. P.,
Niedermeier, D., Xue, L.: Cloud–Aerosol–Turbulence Interactions: Science
Priorities and Concepts for a Large-Scale Laboratory Facility, B. Amer.
Meteor. Soc., 101, E1026–E1035, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0009.1,
2020.
Shibkov, A. A., Golovin, Yu. I., Zheltov, M. A., Korolev, A. A., and Leonov, A. A.:
Morphology diagram of nonequilibrium patterns of ice crystals growing in
supercooled water, Physica A, 319, 65 – 79, 2003.
Shibkov, A. A., Zheltov, M.A., Korolev, A. A., Kazakov, A. A., Leonov, A. A.:
Crossover from diffusion-limited to kinetics-limited growth of ice crystals.
J. Cryst. Growth, 285, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.08.007,
2005
Shupe, M. D., Matrosov, S. Y., and Uttal, T.: Arctic mixed-phase cloud
properties derived from surface-based sensors at SHEBA. J. Atmos. Sci., 63,
697–711, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3659.1, 2006.
Stith, J. L., Avallone, L. M., Bansemer, A., Basarab, B., Dorsi, S. W., Fuchs, B., Lawson, R. P., Rogers, D. C., Rutledge, S., and Toohey, D. W.: Ice particles in the upper anvil regions of midlatitude continental thunderstorms: the case for frozen-drop aggregates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1973–1985, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-1973-2014, 2014.
Stott, D. and Hutchinson, W. C. A.: The electrification of freezing water
drops, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 91, 80–86, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709138711,
1965.
Tabakova, S., Feuillebois, F., and Radev S.: Freezing of a supercooled
spherical droplet with mixed boundary conditions, Proc. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy., 466,
1117–1134, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0491, 2010.
Takahashi, C.: Deformations of Frozen Water Drops and Their Frequencies, J.
Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 53, 402–411,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.53.6_402, 1975.
Takahashi, C.: Relation between the Deformation and the Crystalline Nature
of Frozen Water Drops, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 54, 448–453,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.54.6_448, 1976.
Takahashi, C. and Yamashita, A.: Deformation and Fragmentation of Freezing
Water Drops in Free Fall, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 47, 431–436,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.47.6_431, 1969.
Takahashi, C. and Yamashita, A.: Shattering of Frozen Water Drops in a
Supercooled Cloud, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 48, 373–376,
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.48.4_373, 1970.
Takahashi, T.: High ice crystal production in winter cumuli over the Japan
Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 451–454, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00613, 1993.
Takahashi, T., Nagao, Y., and Kushiyama, Y.: Possible High Ice Particle
Production during Graupel–Graupel Collisions, J. Atmos. Sci., 52,
4523–4527, 1995.
Tavakoli, F., Stephen, H., Davis, S. H., and Kavehpour, H.P.: Freezing of
supercooled water drops on cold solid substrates: initiation and mechanism,
J. Coat. Technol. Res., 12, 869–875, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-015-9693-0, 2015
Uyeda, H. and Kikuchi, K.: Freezing Experiment of Supercooled Water Droplets
Frozen by Using Single Crystal Ice, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 56,
43–51, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.56.1_43, 1978.
Vaillant de Guélis, T., Schwarzenböck, A., Shcherbakov, V., Gourbeyre, C., Laurent, B., Dupuy, R., Coutris, P., and Duroure, C.: Study of the diffraction pattern of cloud particles and the respective responses of optical array probes, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2513–2529, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2513-2019, 2019.
Vardiman, L.: The Generation of Secondary Ice Particles in Clouds by
Crystal–Crystal Collision, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2168–2180,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2168:TGOSIP>2.0.CO;2,
1978.
Vidaurre, G. and Hallett, J.: Particle Impact and Breakup in Aircraft
Measurement, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 972–983,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1147.1, 2009.
Visagie, P. J.: Pressures Inside Freezing Water Drops, J. Glaciol., 8,
301–309, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000031270, 1969.
Wildeman, S., Sterl, S., Sun, C., and Lohse, D.: Fast Dynamics of Water
Droplets Freezing from the Outside In, Phys. Rev. Lett., 118, 84101,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.084101, 2017.
Yano, J.-I. and Phillips, V. T. J.: Ice–Ice Collisions: An Ice
Multiplication Process in Atmospheric Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 68,
322–333, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3607.1, 2011.
Yano, J.-I., Phillips, V. T. J., and Kanawade, V.: Explosive ice
multiplication by mechanical break-up in ice–ice collisions: a dynamical
system-based study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 867–879,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2687, 2016.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(12268 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice particles in tropospheric clouds. This work presents a critical review of the laboratory studies related to secondary ice production. It aims to identify gaps in our knowledge of SIP as well as to stimulate further laboratory studies focused on obtaining a quantitative description of efficiencies for each SIP mechanism.
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice particles in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint