Articles | Volume 16, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4451-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4451-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Global observations and modeling of atmosphere–surface exchange of elemental mercury: a critical review
Wei Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of
Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå,
Sweden
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of
Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
Center for Advances in Water and Air Quality, Lamar University,
Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of
Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
Jonas Sommar
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of
Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of
Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of
Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
Related authors
Jonas Sommar, Wei Zhu, Lihai Shang, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Biogeosciences, 13, 2029–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A micrometeorological method (REA) has been implemented to assess the role of cereal crop fields in the North China Plain as a source or sink of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) during the course of a full year. In combination with chamber measurements under the canopy, the above-canopy REA measurements provided evidence for a balance between Hg0 ground emissions and uptake of Hg0 by the crop foliage, with net emissions prevailing from the ecosystem during the majority of a year.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hui Zhang, Xuewu Fu, Ben Yu, Baoxin Li, Peng Liu, Guoqing Zhang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15847–15859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15847-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15847-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our observations of speciated atmospheric mercury at the Waliguan GAW Baseline Observatory show that concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) were elevated compared to the Northern Hemisphere background. We propose that the major sources of GEM and PBM were mainly related to anthropogenic emissions and desert dust sources. This study highlights that dust-related sources played an important role in the variations of PBM in the Tibetan Plateau.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xuewu Fu, Chen Liu, Hui Zhang, Yue Xu, Hui Zhang, Jun Li, Xiaopu Lyu, Gan Zhang, Hai Guo, Xun Wang, Leiming Zhang, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 6721–6734, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions in 10 Chinese cities showed strong seasonality with higher TGM concentrations and Δ199Hg and lower δ202Hg in summer. We found the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions were highly related to regional surface Hg(0) emissions, suggesting land surface Hg(0) emissions are an important source of atmospheric TGM that contribute dominantly to the seasonal variations in TGM concentrations and isotopic compositions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jun Zhou, Zhangwei Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, Charles T. Driscoll, and Che-Jen Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 16117–16133, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16117-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16117-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury (Hg) emissions from natural resources have a large uncertainty, which is mainly derived from the forest. A long-term and multiplot (10) study of soil–air fluxes at subtropical and temperate forests was conducted. Forest soils are an important atmospheric Hg source, especially for subtropical forests. The compensation points imply that the atmospheric Hg concentration plays a critical role in inhibiting Hg emissions from the forest floor. Climate change can enhance soil Hg emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jun Zhou, Zhangwei Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, Charles Driscoll, and Che-Jen Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-161, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-161, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies showed that Hg emissions from the natural resource exists large uncertainty, which was mainly derived from the forest with a large uncertainty range. Long-term and multi-plot (five) study of soil-air fluxes and the vertical distribution of Hg in a subtropical forest were conducted to reduce the uncertainty. Additionally, The Hg diffusion coefficients (Ds) between soil and atmosphere was investigated, which should provide a foundation for future model development.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Leiming Zhang, Seth Lyman, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, David A. Gay, Shuxiao Wang, Mae Sexauer Gustin, Xinbin Feng, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9133–9144, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9133-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Future research needs are proposed for improving the understanding of atmospheric mercury cycling. These include refinement of mercury emission estimations, quantification of dry deposition and air–surface exchange, improvement of the treatment of chemical mechanisms in chemical transport models, increase in the accuracy of oxidized mercury measurements, better interpretation of atmospheric mercury chemistry data, and harmonization of network operation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Oleg Travnikov, Hélène Angot, Paulo Artaxo, Mariantonia Bencardino, Johannes Bieser, Francesco D'Amore, Ashu Dastoor, Francesco De Simone, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Xin Bin Feng, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Olivier Magand, Lynwill Martin, Volker Matthias, Nikolay Mashyanov, Nicola Pirrone, Ramesh Ramachandran, Katie Alana Read, Andrei Ryjkov, Noelle E. Selin, Fabrizio Sena, Shaojie Song, Francesca Sprovieri, Dennis Wip, Ingvar Wängberg, and Xin Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 5271–5295, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measurement data and simulation results of chemical transport models. Evaluation of the model simulations and numerical experiments against observations allows explaining spatial and temporal variations of Hg concentration in the near-surface atmospheric layer and shows possibility of multiple pathways of Hg oxidation occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Mariantonia Bencardino, Francesco D'Amore, Helene Angot, Carlo Barbante, Ernst-Günther Brunke, Flor Arcega-Cabrera, Warren Cairns, Sara Comero, María del Carmen Diéguez, Aurélien Dommergue, Ralf Ebinghaus, Xin Bin Feng, Xuewu Fu, Patricia Elizabeth Garcia, Bernd Manfred Gawlik, Ulla Hageström, Katarina Hansson, Milena Horvat, Jože Kotnik, Casper Labuschagne, Olivier Magand, Lynwill Martin, Nikolay Mashyanov, Thumeka Mkololo, John Munthe, Vladimir Obolkin, Martha Ramirez Islas, Fabrizio Sena, Vernon Somerset, Pia Spandow, Massimiliano Vardè, Chavon Walters, Ingvar Wängberg, Andreas Weigelt, Xu Yang, and Hui Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2689–2708, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The results on total mercury (THg) wet deposition flux obtained within the GMOS network have been presented and discussed to understand the atmospheric Hg cycling and its seasonal depositional patterns over the 2011–2015 period. The data set provides new insight into baseline concentrations of THg concentrations in precipitation particularly in regions where wet deposition and atmospheric Hg species were not investigated before, opening the way for additional measurements and modeling studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Francesco De Simone, Paulo Artaxo, Mariantonia Bencardino, Sergio Cinnirella, Francesco Carbone, Francesco D'Amore, Aurélien Dommergue, Xin Bin Feng, Christian N. Gencarelli, Ian M. Hedgecock, Matthew S. Landis, Francesca Sprovieri, Noriuki Suzuki, Ingvar Wängberg, and Nicola Pirrone
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1881–1899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1881-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1881-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Biomass burning (BB) releases of Hg, usually considered to be Hg(0), are a significant global source of atmospheric Hg. However there is experimental evidence that a fraction of this Hg is bound to particulate matter, Hg(P). This modelling study shows how increasing fractions of Hg(P) reduce the availability of Hg to the global pool, raising Hg exposure for those regions characterized by high BB, with implications for the sub-Arctic and also rice-growing areas in South-East Asia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hui Zhang, Xuewu Fu, Che-Jen Lin, Lihai Shang, Yiping Zhang, Xinbin Feng, and Cynthia Lin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13131–13148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13131-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13131-2016, 2016
Xuewu Fu, Wei Zhu, Hui Zhang, Jonas Sommar, Ben Yu, Xu Yang, Xun Wang, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12861–12873, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12861-2016, 2016
Francesca Sprovieri, Nicola Pirrone, Mariantonia Bencardino, Francesco D'Amore, Francesco Carbone, Sergio Cinnirella, Valentino Mannarino, Matthew Landis, Ralf Ebinghaus, Andreas Weigelt, Ernst-Günther Brunke, Casper Labuschagne, Lynwill Martin, John Munthe, Ingvar Wängberg, Paulo Artaxo, Fernando Morais, Henrique de Melo Jorge Barbosa, Joel Brito, Warren Cairns, Carlo Barbante, María del Carmen Diéguez, Patricia Elizabeth Garcia, Aurélien Dommergue, Helene Angot, Olivier Magand, Henrik Skov, Milena Horvat, Jože Kotnik, Katie Alana Read, Luis Mendes Neves, Bernd Manfred Gawlik, Fabrizio Sena, Nikolay Mashyanov, Vladimir Obolkin, Dennis Wip, Xin Bin Feng, Hui Zhang, Xuewu Fu, Ramesh Ramachandran, Daniel Cossa, Joël Knoery, Nicolas Marusczak, Michelle Nerentorp, and Claus Norstrom
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11915–11935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents atmospheric Hg concentrations recorded within the GMOS global network analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. The over-arching benefit of this coordinated Hg monitoring network would clearly be the production of high-quality measurement datasets on a global scale useful in developing and validating models on different spatial and temporal scales.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xuewu Fu, Xu Yang, Xiaofang Lang, Jun Zhou, Hui Zhang, Ben Yu, Haiyu Yan, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11547–11562, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11547-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11547-2016, 2016
Xun Wang, Che-Jen Lin, Wei Yuan, Jonas Sommar, Wei Zhu, and Xinbin Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 11125–11143, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11125-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11125-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a mechanistic model for estimating the emission of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) from natural surfaces in China. The development implements recent advancements in the understanding of air–soil and air–foliage exchange of Hg0 and redox chemistry in soil and on surfaces, incorporates the effects of soil characteristics and landuse changes by agricultural activities, and is examined through a systematic set of sensitivity simulations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhuyun Ye, Huiting Mao, Che-Jen Lin, and Su Youn Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 8461–8478, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8461-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8461-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a state-of-the-art chemical mechanism was incorporated into a box model to investigate the atmospheric Hg cycling in different environments. As a result, for each of the three environments, GOM diurnal cycles of over half the selected cases were reasonably represented by the box model. A realistic model can be a powerful tool, providing important information on atmospheric Hg cycling and implications for policy makers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ingvar Wängberg, Ulla Hageström, Jonas Sommar, and Martin Ferm
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-528, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-528, 2016
Preprint withdrawn
Xuewu Fu, Nicolas Marusczak, Lars-Eric Heimbürger, Bastien Sauvage, François Gheusi, Eric M. Prestbo, and Jeroen E. Sonke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5623–5639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5623-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5623-2016, 2016
Lei Zhao, Christopher W. N Anderson, Guangle Qiu, Bo Meng, Dingyong Wang, and Xinbin Feng
Biogeosciences, 13, 2429–2440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2429-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2429-2016, 2016
Jonas Sommar, Wei Zhu, Lihai Shang, Che-Jen Lin, and Xinbin Feng
Biogeosciences, 13, 2029–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2029-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A micrometeorological method (REA) has been implemented to assess the role of cereal crop fields in the North China Plain as a source or sink of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) during the course of a full year. In combination with chamber measurements under the canopy, the above-canopy REA measurements provided evidence for a balance between Hg0 ground emissions and uptake of Hg0 by the crop foliage, with net emissions prevailing from the ecosystem during the majority of a year.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lei Zhang, Shuxiao Wang, Qingru Wu, Fengyang Wang, Che-Jen Lin, Leiming Zhang, Mulin Hui, Mei Yang, Haitao Su, and Jiming Hao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2417–2433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2417-2016, 2016
S. Osterwalder, J. Fritsche, C. Alewell, M. Schmutz, M. B. Nilsson, G. Jocher, J. Sommar, J. Rinne, and K. Bishop
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 509–524, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-509-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-509-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Human activities have increased mercury (Hg) cycling between land and atmosphere. To define landscapes as sinks or sources of Hg we have developed an advanced REA system for long-term measurements of gaseous elemental Hg exchange. It was tested in two contrasting environments: above Basel, Switzerland, and a peatland in Sweden. Both landscapes showed net Hg emission (15 and 3 ng m−2 h−1, respectively). The novel system will help to advance our understanding of Hg exchange on an ecosystem scale.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
X. W. Fu, H. Zhang, B. Yu, X. Wang, C.-J. Lin, and X. B. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9455–9476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9455-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9455-2015, 2015
W. Zhu, J. Sommar, C.-J. Lin, and X. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5359–5376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5359-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5359-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Bias and uncertainty in Hg flux measured by micrometeorological methods (MM) and dynamic flux chambers (DFCs) are assessed from two field inter-comparison campaigns.
DFC flux bias follows a diurnal cycle due to modified temperature and radiation balance inside the chamber.
The precision in concentration difference measurements poses critical constraint on obtaining a larger fraction of significant MM flux. Asynchronous sampling impairs flux accuracy under varying atmospheric Hg concentration.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
X. W. Fu, H. Zhang, C.-J. Lin, X. B. Feng, L. X. Zhou, and S. X. Fang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1013–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1013-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1013-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is the first to report correlation slopes of GEM/CO, GEM/CO2, GEM/CH4, CH4/CO, CH4/CO2, and CO/CO2 for mainland China, South Asia, the Indochinese Peninsula, and Central Asia, and applied the values to estimate GEM emissions in the four source regions. The estimated Hg0 emissions for mainland China, South Asia, the Indochinese Peninsula, and Central Asia using GEM/CO and GEM/CO2 correlation slopes are in the ranges of 1071-1187, 340-470, 125, and 54-90t, respectively.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
H. Zhang, X. W. Fu, C.-J. Lin, X. Wang, and X. B. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 653–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-653-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-653-2015, 2015
W. Zhu, J. Sommar, C.-J. Lin, and X. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 685–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-685-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-685-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury vapor fluxes measured by the micrometeorological (MM) and dynamic flux chambers (DFCs) methods were compared. Distinct temporal trends existed between MM and DFCs fluxes; the novel chamber method provided net cumulative flux on a level with those derived by MM methods. Statistical analysis indicated that the medians of turbulent fluxes estimated by three MM techniques were not significantly different. Recommendations are given regarding the deployment of Hg flux quantification methods.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
X. Wang, C.-J. Lin, and X. Feng
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6273–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6273-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6273-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject: Gases | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions)
Measurement report: Method for evaluating CO2 emissions from a cement plant using atmospheric δ(O2 ∕ N2) and CO2 measurements and its implication for future detection of CO2 capture signals
Aircraft-based mass balance estimate of methane emissions from offshore gas facilities in the southern North Sea
Parameterizations of US wildfire and prescribed fire emission ratios and emission factors based on FIREX-AQ aircraft measurements
Measurement report: Atmospheric nitrate radical chemistry in the South China Sea influenced by the urban outflow of the Pearl River Delta
The interhemispheric gradient of SF6 in the upper troposphere
Weather regimes and the related atmospheric composition at a Pyrenean observatory characterized by hierarchical clustering of a 5-year data set
Tropospheric bromine monoxide vertical profiles retrieved across the Alaskan Arctic in springtime
Source apportionment of methane emissions from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using isotopic signatures
Measurement report: Exchange fluxes of HONO over agricultural fields in the North China Plain
HONO chemistry at a suburban site during the EXPLORE-YRD campaign in 2018: formation mechanisms and impacts on O3 production
Evaluation of modelled climatologies of O3, CO, water vapour and NOy in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere using regular in situ observations by passenger aircraft
Photochemical ageing of aerosols contributes significantly to the production of atmospheric formic acid
Nitrous acid budgets in the coastal atmosphere: potential daytime marine sources
Undetected biogenic volatile organic compounds from Norway spruce drive total ozone reactivity measurements
Quantification of fossil fuel CO2 from combined CO, δ13CO2 and Δ14CO2 observations
Radical chemistry and ozone production at a UK coastal receptor site
Sources and long-term variability of carbon monoxide at Mount Kenya and in Nairobi
Quantifying SO2 oxidation pathways to atmospheric sulfate by using stable sulfur and oxygen isotopes: laboratory simulation and field observation
Production of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from the ozonolysis of coastal seawater
Measurement report: Airborne measurements of NOx fluxes over Los Angeles during the RECAP-CA 2021 campaign
Influence of anthropogenic emissions on the composition of highly oxygenated organic molecules in Helsinki: a street canyon and urban background station comparison
Changes in surface ozone in South Korea on diurnal to decadal timescales for the period of 2001–2021
Characterization of the nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of ship-emitted NOx
Volatile organic compound fluxes in the agricultural San Joaquin Valley – spatial distribution, source attribution, and inventory comparison
Measurement Report: Observations of Ground-Level Ozone Concentration Gradients Perpendicular to the Lake Ontario Shoreline
Exploring the amplified role of HCHO in the formation of HMS and O3 during the co-occurring PM2.5 and O3 pollution in a coastal city of southeast China
High potential for CH4 emission mitigation from oil infrastructure in one of EU's major production regions
Measurement report: Source apportionment and environmental impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Lhasa, a highland city in China
OH, HO2, and RO2 radical chemistry in a rural forest environment: measurements, model comparisons, and evidence of a missing radical sink
The atmospheric fate of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH): spatial patterns, seasonal variability, and deposition to Canadian coastal regions
A single-point modeling approach for the intercomparison and evaluation of ozone dry deposition across chemical transport models (Activity 2 of AQMEII4)
Direct observations of NOx emissions over the San Joaquin Valley using airborne flux measurements during RECAP-CA 2021 field campaign
Trends and seasonal variability in ammonia across major biomes in western and central Africa inferred from long-term series of ground-based and satellite measurements
A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015
Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NOx and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine
Influences of downward transport and photochemistry on surface ozone over East Antarctica during austral summer: in situ observations and model simulations
Variation and trend of nitrate radical reactivity towards volatile organic compounds in Beijing, China
Intra- and interannual changes in isoprene emission from central Amazonia
Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Antarctic atmosphere over time (1980 to 2021) and estimation of their atmospheric half-lives
Airborne observations of peroxy radicals during the EMeRGe campaign in Europe
Vertical distribution of sources and sinks of volatile organic compounds within a boreal forest canopy
O3 and PAN in southern Tibetan Plateau determined by distinct physical and chemical processes
Technical note: Isolating methane emissions from animal feeding operations in an interfering location
Individual Coal Mine Methane Emissions Constrained by Eddy-Covariance Measurements: Low Bias and Missing Sources
Measurement report: Atmospheric CH4 at regional stations of the Korea Meteorological Administration–Global Atmosphere Watch Programme: measurement, characteristics, and long-term changes of its drivers
Measurement report: MAX-DOAS measurements characterise Central London ozone pollution episodes during 2022 heatwaves
OH measurements in the coastal atmosphere of South China: possible missing OH sinks in aged air masses
Measurement report: Underestimated reactive organic gases from residential combustion – insights from a near-complete speciation
Intensive photochemical oxidation in the marine atmosphere: Evidence from direct radical measurements
Measurement Report: The Palau Atmospheric Observatory and its Ozonesonde Record - Continuous Monitoring of Tropospheric Composition and Dynamics in the Tropical West Pacific
Shigeyuki Ishidoya, Kazuhiro Tsuboi, Hiroaki Kondo, Kentaro Ishijima, Nobuyuki Aoki, Hidekazu Matsueda, and Kazuyuki Saito
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A method evaluating techniques for carbon neutrality, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), is important. This study presents a method to evaluate CO2 emissions from a cement plant based on atmospheric O2 and CO2 measurements. The method will also be useful for evaluating CO2 capture from flue gas at CCS plants, since the plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere without causing any O2 changes, just as cement plants do, differing only in the direction of CO2 exchange with the atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Magdalena Pühl, Anke Roiger, Alina Fiehn, Alan M. Gorchov Negron, Eric A. Kort, Stefan Schwietzke, Ignacio Pisso, Amy Foulds, James Lee, James L. France, Anna E. Jones, Dave Lowry, Rebecca E. Fisher, Langwen Huang, Jacob Shaw, Prudence Bateson, Stephen Andrews, Stuart Young, Pamela Dominutti, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Alexandra Weiss, and Grant Allen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1005-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In April–May 2019 we carried out an airborne field campaign in the southern North Sea with the aim of studying methane emissions of offshore gas installations. We determined methane emissions from elevated methane measured downstream of the sampled installations. We compare our measured methane emissions with estimated methane emissions from national and global annual inventories. As a result, we find inconsistencies of inventories and large discrepancies between measurements and inventories.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Hannah Allen, Eric C. Apel, Megan M. Bela, Donald R. Blake, Ilann Bourgeois, Steven S. Brown, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Jason M. St. Clair, James H. Crawford, John D. Crounse, Douglas A. Day, Joshua P. DiGangi, Glenn S. Diskin, Alan Fried, Jessica B. Gilman, Hongyu Guo, Johnathan W. Hair, Hannah S. Halliday, Thomas F. Hanisco, Reem Hannun, Alan Hills, L. Gregory Huey, Jose L. Jimenez, Joseph M. Katich, Aaron Lamplugh, Young Ro Lee, Jin Liao, Jakob Lindaas, Stuart A. McKeen, Tomas Mikoviny, Benjamin A. Nault, J. Andrew Neuman, John B. Nowak, Demetrios Pagonis, Jeff Peischl, Anne E. Perring, Felix Piel, Pamela S. Rickly, Michael A. Robinson, Andrew W. Rollins, Thomas B. Ryerson, Melinda K. Schueneman, Rebecca H. Schwantes, Joshua P. Schwarz, Kanako Sekimoto, Vanessa Selimovic, Taylor Shingler, David J. Tanner, Laura Tomsche, Krystal T. Vasquez, Patrick R. Veres, Rebecca Washenfelder, Petter Weibring, Paul O. Wennberg, Armin Wisthaler, Glenn M. Wolfe, Caroline C. Womack, Lu Xu, Katherine Ball, Robert J. Yokelson, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 929–956, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-929-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study reports emissions of gases and particles from wildfires. These emissions are related to chemical proxies that can be measured by satellite and incorporated into models to improve predictions of wildfire impacts on air quality and climate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Yee Jun Tham, Lili Ming, Zelong Zheng, Guizhen Fang, Cuizhi Sun, Zhenhao Ling, Jun Zhao, and Shaojia Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 977–992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-977-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-977-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many works report NO3 chemistry in inland regions while less target marine regions. We measured N2O5 and related species on a typical island and found intensive nighttime chemistry and rapid NO3 loss. NO contributed significantly to NO3 loss despite its sub-ppbv level, suggesting nocturnal NO3 reactions would be largely enhanced once free from NO emissions in the open ocean. This highlights the strong influences of urban outflow on downward marine areas in terms of nighttime chemistry.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tanja J. Schuck, Johannes Degen, Eric Hintsa, Peter Hoor, Markus Jesswein, Timo Keber, Daniel Kunkel, Fred Moore, Florian Obersteiner, Matt Rigby, Thomas Wagenhäuser, Luke M. Western, Andreas Zahn, and Andreas Engel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 689–705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-689-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-689-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the interhemispheric gradient of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a strong long-lived greenhouse gas. Its emissions are stronger in the Northern Hemisphere; therefore, mixing ratios in the Southern Hemisphere lag behind. Comparing the observations to a box model, the model predicts air in the Southern Hemisphere to be older. For a better agreement, the emissions used as model input need to be increased (and their spatial pattern changed), and we need to modify north–south transport.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jérémy Gueffier, François Gheusi, Marie Lothon, Véronique Pont, Alban Philibert, Fabienne Lohou, Solène Derrien, Yannick Bezombes, Gilles Athier, Yves Meyerfeld, Antoine Vial, and Emmanuel Leclerc
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 287–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-287-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-287-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the link between weather regime and atmospheric composition at a Pyrenean observatory. Five years of meteorological data were synchronized on a daily basis and then, using a clustering method, separated into six groups of observation days, with most showing marked characteristics of different weather regimes (fair and disturbed weather, winter windstorms, foehn). Statistical differences in gas and particle concentrations appeared between the groups and are discussed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nathaniel Brockway, Peter K. Peterson, Katja Bigge, Kristian D. Hajny, Paul B. Shepson, Kerri A. Pratt, Jose D. Fuentes, Tim Starn, Robert Kaeser, Brian H. Stirm, and William R. Simpson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-23-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-23-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Bromine monoxide (BrO) strongly affects atmospheric chemistry in the springtime Arctic, yet there are still many uncertainties around its sources and recycling, particularly in the context of a rapidly changing Arctic. In this study, we observed BrO as a function of altitude above the Alaskan Arctic. We found that BrO was often most concentrated near the ground, confirming the ability of snow to produce and recycle reactive bromine, and identified four common vertical distributions of BrO.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alina Fiehn, Maximilian Eckl, Julian Kostinek, Michał Gałkowski, Christoph Gerbig, Michael Rothe, Thomas Röckmann, Malika Menoud, Hossein Maazallahi, Martina Schmidt, Piotr Korbeń, Jarosław Neçki, Mila Stanisavljević, Justyna Swolkień, Andreas Fix, and Anke Roiger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15749–15765, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15749-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
During the CoMet mission in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) ground-based and airborne air samples were taken and analyzed for the isotopic composition of CH4 to derive the mean signature of the USCB and source signatures of individual coal mines. Using δ2H signatures, the biogenic emissions from the USCB account for 15 %–50 % of total emissions, which is underestimated in common emission inventories. This demonstrates the importance of δ2H-CH4 observations for methane source apportionment.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yifei Song, Chaoyang Xue, Yuanyuan Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Fengxia Bao, Xuran Li, and Yujing Mu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15733–15747, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15733-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15733-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present measurements of HONO flux and related parameters over an agricultural field during a whole growing season of summer maize. This dataset allows studies on the characteristics and influencing factors of soil HONO emissions, determination of HONO emission factors, estimation of total HONO emissions at a national scale, and the discussion on future environmental policies in terms of mitigating regional air pollution.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Can Ye, Keding Lu, Xuefei Ma, Wanyi Qiu, Shule Li, Xinping Yang, Chaoyang Xue, Tianyu Zhai, Yuhan Liu, Xuan Li, Yang Li, Haichao Wang, Zhaofeng Tan, Xiaorui Chen, Huabin Dong, Limin Zeng, Min Hu, and Yuanhang Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15455–15472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15455-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, combining comprehensive field measurements and a box model, we found NO2 conversion on the ground surface was the most important source for HONO production among the proposed heterogeneous and gas-phase HONO sources. In addition, HONO was found to evidently enhance O3 production and aggravate O3 pollution in summer in China. Our study improved our understanding of the relative importance of different HONO sources and the crucial role of HONO in O3 formation in polluted areas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yann Cohen, Didier Hauglustaine, Bastien Sauvage, Susanne Rohs, Patrick Konjari, Ulrich Bundke, Andreas Petzold, Valérie Thouret, Andreas Zahn, and Helmut Ziereis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14973–15009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14973-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14973-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) is a key region regarding the lower atmospheric composition. This study consists of a comprehensive evaluation of an up-to-date chemistry–climate model in this layer, using regular in situ measurements based on passenger aircraft. For this purpose, a specific software (Interpol-IAGOS) has been updated and made publicly available. The model reproduces the carbon monoxide peaks due to biomass burning over the continental tropics particularly well.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yifan Jiang, Men Xia, Zhe Wang, Penggang Zheng, Yi Chen, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14813–14828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides the first estimate of high rates of formic acid (HCOOH) production from the photochemical aging of real ambient particles and demonstrates the potential importance of this pathway in the formation of HCOOH under ambient conditions. Incorporating this pathway significantly improved the performance of a widely used chemical model. Our solution irradiation experiments demonstrated the importance of nitrate photolysis in HCOOH production via the production of oxidants.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xuelian Zhong, Hengqing Shen, Min Zhao, Ji Zhang, Yue Sun, Yuhong Liu, Yingnan Zhang, Ye Shan, Hongyong Li, Jiangshan Mu, Yu Yang, Yanqiu Nie, Jinghao Tang, Can Dong, Xinfeng Wang, Yujiao Zhu, Mingzhi Guo, Wenxing Wang, and Likun Xue
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14761–14778, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14761-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous acid (HONO) is vital for atmospheric oxidation. In research at Mount Lao, China, models revealed a significant unidentified marine HONO source. Overlooking this could skew our understanding of air quality and climate change. This finding emphasizes HONO’s importance in the coastal atmosphere, uncovering previously unnoticed interactions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Steven Job Thomas, Toni Tykkä, Heidi Hellén, Federico Bianchi, and Arnaud P. Praplan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14627–14642, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14627-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14627-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study employed total ozone reactivity to demonstrate how emissions of Norway spruce readily react with ozone and could be a major ozone sink, particularly under stress. Additionally, this approach provided insight into the limitations of current analytical techniques that measure the compounds present or emitted into the atmosphere. The study shows how the technique used was not enough to measure all compounds emitted, and this could potentially underestimate various atmospheric processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jinsol Kim, John B. Miller, Charles E. Miller, Scott J. Lehman, Sylvia E. Michel, Vineet Yadav, Nick E. Rollins, and William M. Berelson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14425–14436, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present the partitioning of CO2 signals from biogenic, petroleum and natural gas sources by combining CO, 13CO2 and 14CO2 measurements. Using measurements from flask air samples at three sites in the greater Los Angeles region, we find larger and positive contributions of biogenic signals in winter and smaller and negative contributions in summer. The largest contribution of natural gas combustion generally occurs in summer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert Woodward-Massey, Roberto Sommariva, Lisa K. Whalley, Danny R. Cryer, Trevor Ingham, William J. Bloss, Stephen M. Ball, Sam Cox, James D. Lee, Chris P. Reed, Leigh R. Crilley, Louisa J. Kramer, Brian J. Bandy, Grant L. Forster, Claire E. Reeves, Paul S. Monks, and Dwayne E. Heard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14393–14424, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals and also OH reactivity were made at a UK coastal site and compared to calculations from a constrained box model utilising the Master Chemical Mechanism. The model agreement displayed a strong dependence on the NO concentration. An experimental budget analysis for OH, HO2, RO2 and total ROx demonstrated significant imbalances between HO2 and RO2 production rates. Ozone production rates were calculated from measured radicals and compared to modelled values.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Leonard Kirago, Örjan Gustafsson, Samuel Mwaniki Gaita, Sophie L. Haslett, Michael J. Gatari, Maria Elena Popa, Thomas Röckmann, Christoph Zellweger, Martin Steinbacher, Jörg Klausen, Christian Félix, David Njiru, and August Andersson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14349–14357, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides ground-observational evidence that supports earlier suggestions that savanna fires are the main emitters and modulators of carbon monoxide gas in Africa. Using isotope-based techniques, the study has shown that about two-thirds of this gas is emitted from savanna fires, while for urban areas, in this case Nairobi, primary sources approach 100 %. The latter has implications for air quality policy, suggesting primary emissions such as traffic should be targeted.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ziyan Guo, Keding Lu, Pengxiang Qiu, Mingyi Xu, and Zhaobing Guo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2554, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2554, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of secondary sulfate in the atmosphere remains controversial, and it is urgent to seek for a new method to quantify different sulfate formation pathways. Due to their sensitivity for the reaction environment, Isotope fractionation has widely used in trace of atmospheric processes. In this work, the contributions of typical oxidation pathways of sulfate formation are calculated on the basis of laboratory simulation and field observation via sulfur and oxygen isotope fractionation.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Delaney B. Kilgour, Gordon A. Novak, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, and Timothy H. Bertram
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2210, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2210, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments with seawater mimics suggest ozone deposition to the surface ocean can be a source of reactive carbon to the marine atmosphere. We conduct both field and laboratory measurements to assess abiotic VOC composition and yields from ozonolysis of real surface seawater. We show that C5–C11 aldehydes contribute to the observed VOC emission flux. We estimate that VOC generated by the ozonolysis of surface seawater is competitive with biological VOC production and emission.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Clara M. Nussbaumer, Bryan K. Place, Qindan Zhu, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Ryan Ward, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Allen H. Goldstein, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13015–13028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13015-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13015-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
NOx is a precursor to hazardous tropospheric ozone and can be emitted from various anthropogenic sources. It is important to quantify NOx emissions in urban environments to improve the local air quality, which still remains a challenge, as sources are heterogeneous in space and time. In this study, we calculate NOx emissions over Los Angeles, based on aircraft measurements in June 2021, and compare them to a local emission inventory, which we find mostly overpredicts the measured values.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Magdalena Okuljar, Olga Garmash, Miska Olin, Joni Kalliokoski, Hilkka Timonen, Jarkko V. Niemi, Pauli Paasonen, Jenni Kontkanen, Yanjun Zhang, Heidi Hellén, Heino Kuuluvainen, Minna Aurela, Hanna E. Manninen, Mikko Sipilä, Topi Rönkkö, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Miikka Dal Maso, and Mikael Ehn
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12965–12983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12965-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12965-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) form secondary organic aerosol that affects air quality and health. In this study, we demonstrate that in a moderately polluted city with abundant vegetation, the composition of HOMs is largely controlled by the effect of NOx on the biogenic volatile organic compound oxidation. Comparing the results from two nearby stations, we show that HOM composition and formation pathways can change considerably within small distances in urban environments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Si-Wan Kim, Kyoung-Min Kim, Yujoo Jeong, Seunghwan Seo, Yeonsu Park, and Jeongyeon Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12867–12886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12867-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12867-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface ozone is a pollutant regulated for public health. This study derived surface ozone trends over South Korea from 2001 to 2021 and highlighted that South Korea has been a nonattainment area since 2010, based on the US EPA standard. However, the occurrences of high ozone condition decreased in spring during the COVID-19 pandemic, partly due to large reductions of ozone precursor concentrations in China and South Korea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zeyu Sun, Zheng Zong, Yang Tan, Chongguo Tian, Zeyu Liu, Fan Zhang, Rong Sun, Yingjun Chen, Jun Li, and Gan Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12851–12865, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first report of ship-emitted nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The results showed that δ15N–NOx from ships was −18.5 ± 10.9 ‰ and increased monotonically with tightening emission regulations. The selective catalytic reduction system was the most vital factor. The temporal variation in δ15N–NOx was evaluated and can be used to select suitable δ15N–NOx for a more accurate assessment of the contribution of ship-emitted exhaust to atmospheric NOx.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Caleb Arata, Qindan Zhu, Benjamin C. Schulze, Roy Woods, John H. Seinfeld, Anthony Bucholtz, Ronald C. Cohen, and Allen H. Goldstein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12753–12780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12753-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12753-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The San Joaquin Valley is an agricultural area with poor air quality. Organic gases drive the formation of hazardous air pollutants. Agricultural emissions of these gases are not well understood and have rarely been quantified at landscape scale. By combining aircraft-based emission measurements with land cover information, we found mis- or unrepresented emission sources. Our results help in understanding of pollution sources and in improving predictions of air quality in agricultural regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yao Yan Huang and D. James Donaldson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1751, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1751, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-level ozone interacts at the lake-land boundary; this is important to our understanding and modelling of atmospheric chemistry and air pollution in the lower atmosphere. We show that a steep ozone gradient occurs year-round moving inland up to 1 km from the lake and that this gradient is influenced by seasonal factors on the local land environment, where more rural areas are greater affected seasonally.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Youwei Hong, Keran Zhang, Dan Liao, Gaojie Chen, Min Zhao, Yiling Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Yu Wu, Ruilian Yu, Gongren Hu, Sung-Deuk Choi, Likun Xue, and Jinsheng Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10795–10807, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10795-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Particle uptakes of HCHO and the impacts on PM2.5 and O3 production remain highly uncertain. Based on the investigation of co-occurring wintertime O3 and PM2.5 pollution in a coastal city of southeast China, we found enhanced heterogeneous formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) and increased ROx concentrations and net O3 production rates. The findings of this study are helpful to better explore the mechanisms of key precursors for co-occurring PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Foteini Stavropoulou, Katarina Vinković, Bert Kers, Marcel de Vries, Steven van Heuven, Piotr Korbeń, Martina Schmidt, Julia Wietzel, Pawel Jagoda, Jaroslav M. Necki, Jakub Bartyzel, Hossein Maazallahi, Malika Menoud, Carina van der Veen, Sylvia Walter, Béla Tuzson, Jonas Ravelid, Randulph Paulo Morales, Lukas Emmenegger, Dominik Brunner, Michael Steiner, Arjan Hensen, Ilona Velzeboer, Pim van den Bulk, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Antonio Delre, Maklawe Essonanawe Edjabou, Charlotte Scheutz, Marius Corbu, Sebastian Iancu, Denisa Moaca, Alin Scarlat, Alexandru Tudor, Ioana Vizireanu, Andreea Calcan, Magdalena Ardelean, Sorin Ghemulet, Alexandru Pana, Aurel Constantinescu, Lucian Cusa, Alexandru Nica, Calin Baciu, Cristian Pop, Andrei Radovici, Alexandru Mereuta, Horatiu Stefanie, Alexandru Dandocsi, Bas Hermans, Stefan Schwietzke, Daniel Zavala-Araiza, Huilin Chen, and Thomas Röckmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10399–10412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10399-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify CH4 emissions from onshore oil production sites in Romania at source and facility level using a combination of ground- and drone-based measurement techniques. We show that the total CH4 emissions in our studied areas are much higher than the emissions reported to UNFCCC, and up to three-quarters of the detected emissions are related to operational venting. Our results suggest that oil and gas production infrastructure in Romania holds a massive mitigation potential.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chunxiang Ye, Shuzheng Guo, Weili Lin, Fangjie Tian, Jianshu Wang, Chong Zhang, Suzhen Chi, Yi Chen, Yingjie Zhang, Limin Zeng, Xin Li, Duo Bu, Jiacheng Zhou, and Weixiong Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10383–10397, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Online volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, with other O3 precursors, were used to identify key VOC and other key sources in Lhasa. Total VOCs (TVOCs), alkanes, and aromatics are half as abundant as in Beijing. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) consist of 52 % of the TVOCs. Alkenes and OVOCs account for 80 % of the ozone formation potential. Aromatics dominate secondary organic aerosol potential. Positive matrix factorization decomposed residential sources.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Brandon Bottorff, Michelle M. Lew, Youngjun Woo, Pamela Rickly, Matthew D. Rollings, Benjamin Deming, Daniel C. Anderson, Ezra Wood, Hariprasad D. Alwe, Dylan B. Millet, Andrew Weinheimer, Geoff Tyndall, John Ortega, Sebastien Dusanter, Thierry Leonardis, James Flynn, Matt Erickson, Sergio Alvarez, Jean C. Rivera-Rios, Joshua D. Shutter, Frank Keutsch, Detlev Helmig, Wei Wang, Hannah M. Allen, Johnathan H. Slade, Paul B. Shepson, Steven Bertman, and Philip S. Stevens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10287–10311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxy (HO2), and organic peroxy (RO2) radicals play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and have significant air quality implications. Here, we compare measurements of OH, HO2, and total peroxy radicals (XO2) made in a remote forest in Michigan, USA, to predictions from a series of chemical models. Lower measured radical concentrations suggest that the models may be missing an important radical sink and overestimating the rate of ozone production in this forest.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jenny Oh, Chubashini Shunthirasingham, Ying Duan Lei, Faqiang Zhan, Yuening Li, Abigaëlle Dalpé Castilloux, Amina Ben Chaaben, Zhe Lu, Kelsey Lee, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Sabine Eckhardt, Nick Alexandrou, Hayley Hung, and Frank Wania
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10191–10205, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An emerging brominated flame retardant (BFR) called TBECH (1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane) has never been produced or imported for use in Canada yet is found to be one of the most abundant gaseous BFRs in the Canadian atmosphere. The recorded spatial and temporal variability of TBECH suggest that the release from imported consumer products containing TBECH is the most likely explanation for its environmental occurrence in Canada.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Olivia E. Clifton, Donna Schwede, Christian Hogrefe, Jesse O. Bash, Sam Bland, Philip Cheung, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Johannes Flemming, Erick Fredj, Stefano Galmarini, Laurens Ganzeveld, Orestis Gazetas, Ignacio Goded, Christopher D. Holmes, László Horváth, Vincent Huijnen, Qian Li, Paul A. Makar, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, J. William Munger, Juan L. Pérez-Camanyo, Jonathan Pleim, Limei Ran, Roberto San Jose, Sam J. Silva, Ralf Staebler, Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, Eran Tas, Timo Vesala, Tamás Weidinger, Zhiyong Wu, and Leiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9911–9961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A primary sink of air pollutants is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across the models used to simulate atmospheric chemistry. Here, we introduce an effort to examine dry deposition schemes from atmospheric chemistry models. We provide our approach’s rationale, document the schemes, and describe datasets used to drive and evaluate the schemes. We also launch the analysis of results by evaluating against observations and identifying the processes leading to model–model differences.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Qindan Zhu, Bryan Place, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Sha Tong, Huanxin Zhang, Jun Wang, Clara M. Nussbaumer, Paul Wooldridge, Benjamin C. Schulze, Caleb Arata, Anthony Bucholtz, John H. Seinfeld, Allen H. Goldstein, and Ronald C. Cohen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9669–9683, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9669-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9669-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a hazardous air pollutant, and it is the precursor of short-lived climate forcers like tropospheric ozone and aerosol particles. While NOx emissions from transportation has been strictly regulated, soil NOx emissions are overlooked. We use the airborne flux measurements to observe NOx emissions from highways and urban and cultivated soil land cover types. We show non-negligible soil NOx emissions, which are significantly underestimated in current model simulations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Money Ossohou, Jonathan Edward Hickman, Lieven Clarisse, Pierre-François Coheur, Martin Van Damme, Marcellin Adon, Véronique Yoboué, Eric Gardrat, Maria Dias Alvès, and Corinne Galy-Lacaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9473–9494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The updated analyses of ground-based concentrations and satellite total vertical columns of atmospheric ammonia help us to better understand 21st century ammonia dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa. We conclude that the drivers of trends are agriculture in the dry savanna of Katibougou, Mali; air temperature and agriculture in the wet savanna of Djougou, Benin, and Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire; and leaf area index, air temperature, residential, and agriculture in forests of Bomassa, Republic of Congo.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hyeri Park, Jooil Kim, Haklim Choi, Sohyeon Geum, Yeaseul Kim, Rona L. Thompson, Jens Mühle, Peter K. Salameh, Christina M. Harth, Kieran M. Stanley, Simon O'Doherty, Paul J. Fraser, Peter G. Simmonds, Paul B. Krummel, Ray F. Weiss, Ronald G. Prinn, and Sunyoung Park
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9401–9411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on atmospheric HFC-23 observations, the first estimate of post-CDM HFC-23 emissions in eastern Asia for 2008–2019 shows that these emissions contribute significantly to the global emissions rise. The observation-derived emissions were much larger than the bottom-up estimates expected to approach zero after 2015 due to national abatement activities. These discrepancies could be attributed to unsuccessful factory-level HFC-23 abatement and inaccurate quantification of emission reductions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Philipp Eger, Theresa Mathes, Alex Zavarsky, and Lars Duester
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8769–8788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the contribution of inland shipping to air pollution at the river Rhine in Germany. Land-based measurements of gaseous and particulate pollutants were carried out for more than 1 year to provide a realistic estimate for the exposure of people to air pollution close to the riverside. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter relative to the amount of fuel used, as well as their dependence on ship size, engine type and operating conditions, were examined.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Imran A. Girach, Narendra Ojha, Prabha R. Nair, Kandula V. Subrahmanyam, Neelakantan Koushik, Mohammed M. Nazeer, Nadimpally Kiran Kumar, Surendran Nair Suresh Babu, Jos Lelieveld, and Andrea Pozzer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1524, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1524, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated surface ozone variability at East Antarctica based on the measurements and EMAC global model simulations during austral summer. Nearly half of the surface ozone is found to be of stratospheric origin. The east coast of Antarctica acts as a stronger sink of ozone than surrounding regions. Photochemical loss of ozone is counterbalanced by downward transport of ozone. Study highlights intertwined role of chemistry and dynamics in governing the ozone variations over East Antarctica.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hejun Hu, Haichao Wang, Keding Lu, Jie Wang, Zelong Zheng, Xuezhen Xu, Tianyu Zhai, Xiaorui Chen, Xiao Lu, Wenxing Fu, Xin Li, Limin Zeng, Min Hu, Yuanhang Zhang, and Shaojia Fan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8211–8223, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrate radical chemistry is critical to the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and secondary organic aerosol formation. This work investigated the level, seasonal variation, and trend of nitrate radical reactivity towards volatile organic compounds (kNO3) in Beijing. We show the key role of isoprene and styrene in regulating seasonal variation in kNO3 and rebuild a long-term record of kNO3 based on the reported VOC measurements.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eliane Gomes Alves, Raoni Aquino Santana, Cléo Quaresma Dias-Júnior, Santiago Botía, Tyeen Taylor, Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Jonathan Williams, Pedro Ivo Lembo Silveira de Assis, Giordane Martins, Rodrigo de Souza, Sérgio Duvoisin Júnior, Alex Guenther, Dasa Gu, Anywhere Tsokankunku, Matthias Sörgel, Bruce Nelson, Davieliton Pinto, Shujiro Komiya, Diogo Martins Rosa, Bettina Weber, Cybelli Barbosa, Michelle Robin, Kenneth J. Feeley, Alvaro Duque, Viviana Londoño Lemos, Maria Paula Contreras, Alvaro Idarraga, Norberto López, Chad Husby, Brett Jestrow, and Iván Mauricio Cely Toro
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8149–8168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8149-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene is emitted mainly by plants and can influence atmospheric chemistry and air quality. But, there are uncertainties in model emission estimates and follow-up atmospheric processes. In our study, with long-term observational datasets of isoprene and biological and environmental factors from central Amazonia, we show that isoprene emission estimates could be improved when biological processes were mechanistically incorporated into the model.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Thais Luarte, Victoria A. Gómez-Aburto, Ignacio Poblete-Castro, Eduardo Castro-Nallar, Nicolas Huneeus, Marco Molina-Montenegro, Claudia Egas, Germán Azcune, Andrés Pérez-Parada, Rainier Lohmann, Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto, Jordi Dachs, Susan Bengtson-Nash, Gustavo Chiang, Karla Pozo, and Cristóbal J. Galbán-Malagón
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8103–8118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8103-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8103-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In the last 40 years, different research groups have reported on the atmospheric concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in Antarctica. In the present work, we make a compilation to understand the historical trends and estimate the atmospheric half-life of each compound. Of the compounds studied, HCB was the only one that showed no clear trend, while the rest of the studied compounds showed a significant decrease over time. This is consistent with results for polar and sub-polar zones.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Midhun George, Maria Dolores Andrés Hernández, Vladyslav Nenakhov, Yangzhuoran Liu, John Philip Burrows, Birger Bohn, Eric Förster, Florian Obersteiner, Andreas Zahn, Theresa Harlaß, Helmut Ziereis, Hans Schlager, Benjamin Schreiner, Flora Kluge, Katja Bigge, and Klaus Pfeilsticker
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7799–7822, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7799-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7799-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The applicability of photostationary steady-state (PSS) assumptions to estimate the amount of the sum of peroxy radicals (RO2*) during the EMeRGe airborne observations from the known radical chemistry and onboard measurements of RO2* precursors, photolysis frequencies, and other trace gases such as NOx and O3 was investigated. The comparison of the calculated RO2* with the actual measurements provides an insight into the main processes controlling their concentration in the air masses measured.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ross Petersen, Thomas Holst, Meelis Mölder, Natascha Kljun, and Janne Rinne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7839–7858, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7839-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate variability in the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in boreal forest, determined through multiyear measurements at several heights in a boreal forest in Sweden. VOC source/sink seasonality in canopy was explored using these vertical profiles and with measurements from a collection of sonic anemometers on the station flux tower. Our results show seasonality in the source/sink distribution for several VOCs, such as monoterpenes and water-soluble compounds.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wanyun Xu, Yuxuan Bian, Weili Lin, Yingjie Zhang, Yaru Wang, Zhiqiang Ma, Xiaoyi Zhang, Gen Zhang, Chunxiang Ye, and Xiaobin Xu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7635–7652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7635-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7635-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropospheric ozone (O3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are both photochemical pollutants harmful to the ecological environment and human health, especially in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the factors determining their variations in the TP have not been comprehensively investigated. Results from field measurements and observation-based models revealed that day-to-day variations in O3 and PAN were in fact controlled by distinct physiochemical processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Megan E. McCabe, Ilana B. Pollack, Emily V. Fischer, Kathryn M. Steinmann, and Dana R. Caulton
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7479–7494, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agriculture emissions, including those from beef and dairy cattle feeding operations, make up a large portion of the United States’ total greenhouse gas emissions, but many of these operations reside in areas where methane from oil and natural gas is prevalent, making it difficult to attribute methane in these areas. This work investigates two approaches to emission attribution for cattle feeding operations and provides guidance for emission attribution in other complicated regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kai Qin, Wei Hu, Qin He, Fan Lu, and Jason Blake Cohen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1210, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Shanxi accounts for 10 % of the world’s coal production. This work computes CH4 emissions and uncertainty on a mine-by-mine basis, including underground, overground, and abandoned. This work uses a flux tower to observe and calculate emissions at one mine over 4 months. The half-hour variability and bias correction are propagated over the emissions dataset. Comparisons show the emissions are higher where mines are located, and regions with significant emissions but no mines are identified.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Haeyoung Lee, Wonick Seo, Shanlan Li, Soojeong Lee, Samuel Takele Kenea, and Sangwon Joo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7141–7159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduced three Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) monitoring stations with monitoring systems and measurement uncertainty. We also analyzed the regional characteristics of CH4 at each KMA station. CH4 levels measured at KMA stations are compared to those measured at other Asian stations. From the long-term records of CH4 and δ13CH4 at AMY, we confirmed that the source of CH4xs changed from the past (2006 to 2010) to recent (2016 to 2020) years in East Asia.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert G. Ryan, Eloise A. Marais, Eleanor Gershenson-Smith, Robbie Ramsay, Jan-Peter Muller, Jan-Lukas Tirpitz, and Udo Frieß
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7121–7139, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7121-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7121-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the first data retrieval from a newly installed instrument providing measurements of vertical profiles of air pollution over Central London during heatwaves in summer 2022. We use these observations with surface air quality network measurements to support interpretation that an exponential increase in biogenic emissions of isoprene during heatwaves provides the limiting ingredient for severe ozone pollution, leading to non-compliance with the national ozone air quality standard.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhouxing Zou, Qianjie Chen, Men Xia, Qi Yuan, Yi Chen, Yanan Wang, Enyu Xiong, Zhe Wang, and Tao Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7057–7074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present OH observation and model simulation results at a coastal site in Hong Kong. The model predicted the OH concentration under high-NOx well but overpredicted it under low-NOx conditions. This implies an insufficient understanding of OH chemistry under low-NOx conditions. We show evidence of missing OH sinks as a possible cause of the overprediction.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yaqin Gao, Hongli Wang, Lingling Yuan, Shengao Jing, Bin Yuan, Guofeng Shen, Liang Zhu, Abigail Koss, Yingjie Li, Qian Wang, Dan Dan Huang, Shuhui Zhu, Shikang Tao, Shengrong Lou, and Cheng Huang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6633–6646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6633-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6633-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A near-complete speciation of reactive organic gases from residential combustion was developed to get more insights into their atmospheric effects. Oxygenated species, higher hydrocarbons and nitrogen-containing species played larger roles in these emissions compared with common hydrocarbons. Based on the near-complete speciation, these emissions were largely underestimated, leading to more underestimation of their hydroxyl radical reactivity and secondary organic aerosol formation potential.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Guoxian Zhang, Renzhi Hu, Pinhua Xie, Changjin Hu, Xiaoyan Liu, Liujun Zhong, Haotian Cai, Bo Zhu, Shiyong Xia, Xiaofeng Huang, Xin Li, and Wenqing Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-550, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-550, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Comprehensive observations of HOx radicals were conducted at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta. Radical chemistry was time-varyingly influenced by different air masses. Land mass (LAM) promotes a more active photochemical process, with daily averages of 7.1 × 106 cm−3 and 5.2 × 108 cm−3 for OH and HO2, respectively. The rapid oxidation process was accompanied by a higher diurnal HONO concentration, which influences the ozone-sensitive system and eventually magnifies the ozone background.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Katrin Müller, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Peter von der Gathen, Christoph Ritter, Sharon Patris, Justus Notholt, and Markus Rex
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1023, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Palau Atmospheric Observatory is introduced as an ideal site to detect changes in atmospheric composition and dynamics above the remote Tropical West Pacific. We focus on the ozone sounding program from 2016–2021, including El Nino 2016. The year-round high convective activity is reflected in dominant low tropospheric ozone and high relative humidity. The seasonal distribution of both constituents is unique compared to other tropical sites and modulated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Agnan, Y., Le Dantec, T., Moore, C. W., Edwards, G. C., and Obrist, D.: New constraints on terrestrial surface–atmosphere fluxes of gaseous elemental mercury using a global database, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 507–524, 2016.
Aldén, M., Edner, H., and Svanberg, S.: Remote measurement of atmospheric mercury using differential absorption lidar, Opt. Lett., 7, 221–223, 1982.
Allard, B. and Arsenie, I.: Abiotic reduction of mercury by humic substances in aquatic system – an important process for the mercury cycle, Water Air Soil Poll., 56, 457–464, 1991.
Almeida, M. D., Marins, R. V., Paraquetti, H. H. M., Bastos, W. R., and Lacerda, L. D.: Mercury degassing from forested and open field soils in Rondonia, Western Amazon, Brazil, Chemosphere, 77, 60–66, 2009.
AMAP/UNEP: Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway/UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, 1–263, 2013.
Amyot, M., Mierle, G., Lean, D. R. S., and Mcqueen, D. J.: Sunlight-induced formation of dissolved gaseous mercury in lake waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 2366–2371, 1994.
Amyot, M., Lean, D., and Mierle, G.: Photochemical formation of volatile mercury in high Arctic lakes, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 2054–2063, 1997a.
Amyot, M., Mierle, G., Lean, D., and McQueen, D. J.: Effect of solar radiation on the formation of dissolved gaseous mercury in temperate lakes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 975–987, 1997b.
Amyot, M., Southworth, G., Lindberg, S. E., Hintelmann, H., Lalonde, J. D., Ogrinc, N., Poulain, A. J., and Sandilands, K. A.: Formation and evasion of dissolved gaseous mercury in large enclosures amended with 200HgCl2, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4279–4289, 2004.
Amyot, M., Morel, F. M. M., and Ariya, P. A.: Dark oxidation of dissolved and liquid elemental mercury in aquatic environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 110–114, 2005.
Andersson, M. E., Gårdfeldt, K., Wängberg, I., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., and Lindqvist, O.: Seasonal and daily variation of mercury evasion at coastal and off shore sites from the Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Chem., 104, 214–226, 2007.
Andersson, M. E., Sommar, J., Gårdfeldt, K., and Lindqvist, O.: Enhanced concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury in the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 110, 190–194, 2008.
Andersson, M. E., Sommar, J., Gårdfeldt, K., and Jutterstrom, S.: Air-sea exchange of volatile mercury in the North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 125, 1–7, 2011.
Ariya, P. A., Amyot, M., Dastoor, A., Deeds, D., Feinberg, A., Kos, G., Poulain, A., Ryjkov, A., Semeniuk, K., Subir, M., and Toyota, K.: Mercury physicochemical and biogeochemical transformation in the atmosphere and at atmospheric interfaces: a review and future directions, Chem. Rev., 115, 3760–3802, 2015.
Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., and Papale, D.: Eddy covariance: a practical guide to measurement and data analysis, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Springer, 1–424, 2012.
Baeyens, W. and Leermakers, M.: Elemental mercury concentrations and formation rates in the Scheldt estuary and the North Sea, Mar. Chem., 60, 257–266, 1998.
Bahlmann, E., Ebinghaus, R., and Ruck, W.: Development and application of a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) for the investigation of the kinetics of mercury emissions from soils, J. Environ. Manage., 81, 114–125, 2006.
Barkay, T., Miller, S. M., and Summers, A. O.: Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 27, 355–384, 2003.
Bash, J. O.: Description and initial simulation of a dynamic bidirectional air-surface exchange model for mercury in Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D06305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012834, 2010.
Bash, J. O. and Miller, D. R.: A note on elevated total gaseous mercury concentrations downwind from an agriculture field during tilling, Sci. Total Environ., 388, 379–388, 2007.
Bash, J. O. and Miller, D. R.: A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring surface fluxes of total gaseous mercury, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 25, 244–257, 2008.
Bash, J. O. and Miller, D. R.: Growing season total gaseous mercury (TGM) flux measurements over an Acer rubrum L. stand, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5953–5961, 2009.
Bash, J. O., Miller, D. R., Meyer, T. H., and Bresnahan, P. A.: Northeast United States and Southeast Canada natural mercury emissions estimated with a surface emission model, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5683–5692, 2004.
Bash, J. O., Bresnahan, P., and Miller, D. R.: Dynamic surface interface exchanges of mercury: A review and compartmentalized modeling framework, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 46, 1606–1618, 2007.
Battke, F., Ernst, D., and Halbach, S.: Ascorbate promotes emission of mercury vapour from plants, Plant Cell Environ., 28, 1487–1495, 2005.
Battke, F., Ernst, D., Fleischmann, F., and Halbach, S.: Phytoreduction and volatilization of mercury by ascorbate in Arabidopsis thaliana, European beech and Norway spruce, Appl. Geochem., 23, 494–502, 2008.
Bauer, D., Campuzano-Jost, P., and Hynes, A. J.: Rapid, ultra-sensitive detection of gas phase elemental mercury under atmospheric conditions using sequential two-photon laser induced fluorescence, J. Environ. Monitor., 4, 339–343, 2002.
Bauer, D., Everhart, S., Remeika, J., Tatum Ernest, C., and Hynes, A. J.: Deployment of a sequential two-photon laser-induced fluorescence sensor for the detection of gaseous elemental mercury at ambient levels: fast, specific, ultrasensitive detection with parts-per-quadrillion sensitivity, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4251–4265, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4251-2014, 2014.
Baya, A. P. and Van Heyst, B.: Assessing the trends and effects of environmental parameters on the behaviour of mercury in the lower atmosphere over cropped land over four seasons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8617–8628, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8617-2010, 2010.
Ben-Bassat, D. and Mayer, A. M.: Volatilization of Mercury by Algae, Physiol. Plant., 33, 128–132, 1975.
Beverland, I. J., Oneill, D. H., Scott, S. L., and Moncrieff, J. B.: Design, construction and operation of flux measurement systems using the conditional sampling technique, Atmos. Environ., 30, 3209–3220, 1996.
Bishop, K. H., Lee, Y. H., Munthe, J., and Dambrine, E.: Xylem sap as a pathway for total mercury and methylmercury transport from soils to tree canopy in the boreal forest, Biogeochemistry, 40, 101–113, 1998.
Blackwell, B. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: Deposition of Mercury in Forests along a Montane Elevation Gradient, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 5363–5370, 2015a.
Blackwell, B. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: Using foliar and forest floor mercury concentrations to assess spatial patterns of mercury deposition, Environ. Poll., 202, 126–134, 2015b.
Blackwell, B., Driscoll, C., Maxwell, J., and Holsen, T.: Changing climate alters inputs and pathways of mercury deposition to forested ecosystems, Biogeochemistry, 119, 215–228, 2014.
Bouchet, S., Tessier, E., Monperrus, M., Bridou, R., Clavier, J., Thouzeau, G., and Amouroux, D.: Measurements of gaseous mercury exchanges at the sediment-water, water-atmosphere and sediment-atmosphere interfaces of a tidal environment (Arcachon Bay, France), J. Environ. Monitor., 13, 1351–1359, 2011.
Boudala, F. S., Folkins, I., Beauchamp, S., Tordon, R., Neima, J., and Johnson, B.: Mercury Flux Measurements over Air and Water in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Water Air Soil Poll., 122, 183–202, 2000.
Brooks, S. B., Saiz-Lopez, A., Skov, H., Lindberg, S. E., Plane, J. M. C., and Goodsite, M. E.: The mass balance of mercury in the springtime arctic environment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L13812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025525, 2006.
Bushey, J. T., Nallana, A. G., Montesdeoca, M. R., and Driscoll, C. T.: Mercury dynamics of a northern hardwood canopy, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6905–6914, 2008.
Carpi, A. and Lindberg, S. E.: Sunlight-mediated emission of elemental mercury from soil amended with municipal sewage sludge, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2085–2091, 1997.
Carpi, A. and Lindberg, S. E.: Application of a Teflon (TM) dynamic flux chamber for quantifying soil mercury flux: Tests and results over background soil, Atmos. Environ., 32, 873–882, 1998.
Carpi, A., Frei, A., Cocris, D., McCloskey, R., Contreras, E., and Ferguson, K.: Analytical artifacts produced by a polycarbonate chamber compared to a Teflon chamber for measuring surface mercury fluxes, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 388, 361–365, 2007.
Carpi, A., Fostier, A. H., Orta, O. R., dos Santos, J. C., and Gittings, M.: Gaseous mercury emissions from soil following forest loss and land use changes: Field experiments in the United States and Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 96, 423–429, 2014.
Castelle, S., Schäfer, J., Blanc, G., Dabrin, A., Lanceleur, L., and Masson, M.: Gaseous mercury at the air–water interface of a highly turbid estuary (Gironde Estuary, France), Mar. Chem., 117, 42–51, 2009.
Choi, H. D. and Holsen, T. M.: Gaseous mercury fluxes from the forest floor of the Adirondacks, Environ. Poll., 157, 592–600, 2009a.
Choi, H. D. and Holsen, T. M.: Gaseous mercury emissions from unsterilized and sterilized soils: The effect of temperature and UV radiation, Environ. Poll., 157, 1673–1678, 2009b.
Ci, Z., Wang, C., Wang, Z., and Zhang, X.: Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: Concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux, Chemosphere, 119, 199–208, 2015.
Ci, Z. J., Zhang, X. S., and Wang, Z. W.: Elemental mercury in coastal seawater of Yellow Sea, China: Temporal variation and air-sea exchange, Atmos. Environ., 45, 183–190, 2011a.
Ci, Z. J., Zhang, X. S., Wang, Z. W., Niu, Z. C., Diao, X. Y., and Wang, S. W.: Distribution and air-sea exchange of mercury (Hg) in the Yellow Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2881–2892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2881-2011, 2011b.
Clarkson, T. W. and Magos, L.: The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 36, 609–662, 2006.
Cobbett, F. D. and Van Heyst, B. J.: Measurements of GEM fluxes and atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM, RGM and Hg-P) from an agricultural field amended with biosolids in Southern Ont., Canada (October 2004–November 2004), Atmos. Environ., 41, 2270–2282, 2007.
Cobbett, F. D., Steffen, A., Lawson, G., and Van Heyst, B. J.: GEM fluxes and atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM, RGM and Hg-P) in the Canadian Arctic at Alert, Nunavut, Canada (February-June 2005), Atmos. Environ., 41, 6527–6543, 2007.
Cobos, D. R., Baker, J. M., and Nater, E. A.: Conditional sampling for measuring mercury vapor fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 36, 4309–4321, 2002.
Colombo, M. J., Ha, J., Reinfelder, J. R., Barkay, T., and Yee, N.: Anaerobic oxidation of Hg(0) and methylmercury formation by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 112, 166–177, 2013.
Conaway, C. H., Squire, S., Mason, R. P., and Flegal, A. R.: Mercury speciation in the San Francisco Bay estuary, Mar. Chem., 80, 199–225, 2003.
Converse, A. D., Riscassi, A. L., and Scanlon, T. M.: Seasonal variability in gaseous mercury fluxes measured in a high-elevation meadow, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2176–2185, 2010.
Coolbaugh, M. F., Gustin, M. S., and Rytuba, J. J.: Annual emissions of mercury to the atmosphere from natural sources in Nevada and California, Environ. Geol., 42, 338–349, 2002.
Corbett-Hains, H., Walters, N. E., and Van Heyst, B. J.: Evaluating the effects of sub-zero temperature cycling on mercury flux from soils, Atmos. Environ., 102, 102–108, 2012.
Corbitt, E. S., Jacob, D. J., Holmes, C. D., Streets, D. G., and Sunderland, E. M.: Global source-receptor relationships for mercury deposition under present-day and 2050 emissions scenarios, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10477–10484, 2011.
Costa, M. and Liss, P. S.: Photoreduction of mercury in sea water and its possible implications for Hg-0 air-sea fluxes, Mar. Chem., 68, 87–95, 1999.
Cui, L., Feng, X., Lin, C.-J., Wang, X., Meng, B., Wang, X., and Wang, H.: Accumulation and translocation of 198Hg in four crop species, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 33, 334–340, 2014.
Dalziel, J. and Tordon, R.: Gaseous mercury flux measurements from two mine tailing sites in the Seal Harbour area of Nova Scotia, Geochem. Explor. Env. A., 14, 17–24, 2014.
Demers, J. D., Blum, J. D., and Zak, D. R.: Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem: Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 222–238, 2013.
Deng, L., Fu, D., and Deng, N.: Photo-induced transformations of mercury(II) species in the presence of algae, Chlorella vulgaris, J. Hazard. Mater., 164, 798–805, 2009.
Dommergue, A., Ferrari, C. P., Gauchard, P.-A., Boutron, C. F., Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Jitaru, P., and Adams, F. C.: The fate of mercury species in a sub-arctic snowpack during snowmelt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1621, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017308, 2003.
Driscoll, C. T., Mason, R. P., Chan, H. M., Jacob, D. J., and Pirrone, N.: Mercury as a global pollutant: Sources, pathways, and effects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 4967–4983, 2013.
Du, B., Wang, Q., Luo, Y., and Duan, L.: Field measurements of soil Hg emission in a masson pine forest in Tieshanping, Chongqing in Southwestern China, Huanjing Kexue, 10, 35, 3830–3835, 2014 (in Chinese with English Abstract).
Eckley, C. S. and Branfireun, B.: Gaseous mercury emissions from urban surfaces: Controls and spatiotemporal trends, Appl. Geochem., 23, 369–383, 2008.
Eckley, C. S., Gustin, M., Lin, C. J., Li, X., and Miller, M. B.: The influence of dynamic chamber design and operating parameters on calculated surface-to-air mercury fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 44, 194–203, 2010.
Eckley, C. S., Gustin, M., Marsik, F., and Miller, M. B.: Measurement of surface mercury fluxes at active industrial gold mines in Nevada (USA), Sci. Total Environ., 409, 514–522, 2011a.
Eckley, C. S., Gustin, M., Miller, M. B., and Marsik, F.: Scaling non-point-source mercury emissions from two active industrial gold mines: Influential Variables and Annual Emission Estimates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 392–399, 2011b.
Eckley, C. S., Blanchard, P., McLennan, D., Mintz, R., and Sekela, M.: Soil–air mercury flux near a large industrial emission source before and after Closure (Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada), Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 9750–9757, 2015.
Edner, H., Faris, G., Sunesson, A., Svanberg, S., Bjarnason, J. Ö., Kristmannsdottir, H., and Sigurdsson, K.: Lidar search for atmospheric atomic mercury in Icelandic geothermal fields, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 96, 2977–2986, 1991.
Edwards, G. C. and Howard, D. A.: Air-surface exchange measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over naturally enriched and background terrestrial landscapes in Australia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5325–5336, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5325-2013, 2013.
Edwards, G. C., Rasmussen, P. E., Schroeder, W. H., Kemp, R. J., Dias, G. M., Fitzgerald-Hubble, C. R., Wong, E. K., Halfpenny-Mitchell, L., and Gustin, M. S.: Sources of variability in mercury flux measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 5421–5435, 2001.
Edwards, G. C., Rasmussen, P. E., Schroeder, W. H., Wallace, D. M., Halfpenny-Mitchell, L., Dias, G. M., Kemp, R. J., and Ausma, S.: Development and evaluation of a sampling system to determine gaseous mercury fluxes using an aerodynamic micrometeorological gradient method, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D10306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005187, 2005.
Engle, M. A. and Gustin, M. S.: Scaling of atmospheric mercury emissions from three naturally enriched areas: Flowery Peak, Nevada; Peavine Peak, Nevada; and Long Valley Caldera, California, Sci. Total Environ., 290, 91–104, 2002.
Engle, M. A., Gustin, M. S., and Zhang, H.: Quantifying natural source mercury emissions from the Ivanhoe Mining District, north-central Nevada, USA, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3987–3997, 2001.
Engle, M. A., Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., Gertler, A. W., and Ariya, P. A.: The influence of ozone on atmospheric emissions of gaseous elemental mercury and reactive gaseous mercury from substrates, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7506–7517, 2005.
Engle, M. A., Gustin, M. S., Goff, F., Counce, D. A., Janik, C. J., Bergfeld, D., and Rytuba, J. J.: Atmospheric mercury emissions from substrates and fumaroles associated with three hydrothermal systems in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D17304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006563, 2006.
Ericksen, J. A. and Gustin, M. S.: Foliar exchange of mercury as a function of soil and air mercury concentrations, Sci. Total Environ., 324, 271–279, 2004.
Ericksen, J. A., Gustin, M. S., Schorran, D. E., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. E., and Coleman, J. S.: Accumulation of atmospheric mercury in forest foliage, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1613–1622, 2003.
Ericksen, J. A., Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., Olund, S. D., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Assessing the potential for re-emission of mercury deposited in precipitation from arid soils using a stable isotope, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8001–8007, 2005.
Ericksen, J. A., Gustin, M. S., Xin, M., Weisberg, P. J., and Femandez, G. C. J.: Air-soil exchange of mercury from background soils in the United States, Sci. Total Environ., 366, 851–863, 2006.
Faïn, X., Grangeon, S., Bahlmann, E., Fritsche, J., Obrist, D., Dommergue, A., Ferrari, C. P., Cairns, W., Ebinghaus, R., and Barbante, C.: Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the alpine snowpack before snowmelt, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D21311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008520, 2007.
Faïn, X., Moosmüller, H., and Obrist, D.: Toward real-time measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2879–2892, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2879-2010, 2010.
Fang, F., Wang, Q., and Luo, J.: Mercury concentration, emission flux in urban land surface and its factors, Shengtai Huanjing, 12, 260–262, 2003 (in Chinese with English Abstract).
Fantozzi, L., Ferrara, R., Dini, F., Tamburello, L., Pirrone, N., and Sprovieri, F.: Study on the reduction of atmospheric mercury emissions from mine waste enriched soils through native grass cover in the Mt. Amiata region of Italy, Environ. Res., 125, 69–74, 2013.
Fay, L. and Gustin, M.: Assessing the influence of different atmospheric and soil mercury concentrations on foliar mercury concentrations in a controlled environment, Water Air Soil Poll., 181, 373–384, 2007a.
Fay, L. and Gustin, M. S.: Investigation of mercury accumulation in cattails growing in constructed wetland mesocosms, Wetlands, 27, 1056–1065, 2007b.
Feng, X., Chen, Y., and Zhu, W.: Vertical fluxes of volatile mercury over soil surfaces in Guizhou Province, China, J. Environ. Sci., 9, 241–245, 1997.
Feng, X., Shang, L., Tang, S., Yan, H., and Liu, C.: Gaseous mercury exchange rate between air and water over Baihua reservoir, Guizhou, China during cold season, J. Phys. Iv, 107, 451–454, 2003.
Feng, X. B., Sommar, J., Gårdfeldt, K., and Lindqvist, O.: Exchange flux of total gaseous mercury between air and natural water surfaces in summer season, Sci. China Ser. D, 45, 211–220, 2002.
Feng, X. B., Yan, H. Y., Wang, S. F., Qiu, G. L., Tang, S. L., Shang, L. H., Dai, Q. J., and Hou, Y. M.: Seasonal variation of gaseous mercury exchange rate between air and water surface over Baihua reservoir, Guizhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4721–4732, 2004.
Feng, X. B., Wang, S. F., Qiu, G. L., Hou, Y. M., and Tang, S. L.: Total gaseous mercury emissions from soil in Guiyang, Guizhou, China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D14306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005643, 2005.
Feng, X. B., Li, P., Qiu, G. L., Wang, S., Li, G. H., Shang, L. H., Meng, B., Jiang, H. M., Bai, W. Y., Li, Z. G., and Fu, X. W.: Human exposure to methylmercury through rice intake in mercury mining areas, guizhou province, china, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 326–332, 2008a.
Feng, X. B., Wang, S. F., Qiu, G. G., He, T. R., Li, G. H., Li, Z. G., and Shang, L. H.: Total gaseous mercury exchange between water and air during cloudy weather conditions over Hongfeng Reservoir, Guizhou, China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D15309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009600, 2008b.
Ferrara, R. and Mazzolai, B.: A dynamic flux chamber to measure mercury emission from aquatic systems, Sci. Total Environ., 215, 51–57, 1998.
Ferrara, R., Maserti, B. E., Andersson, M., Edner, H., Ragnarson, P., and Svanberg, S.: Mercury degassing rate from mineralized areas in the Mediterranean basin, Water Air Soil Poll., 93, 59–66, 1997.
Ferrara, R., Maserti, B. E., Andersson, M., Edner, H., Ragnarson, P., Svanberg, S., and Hernandez, A.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations and fluxes in the Almadén district (Spain), Atmos. Environ., 32, 3897–3904, 1998a.
Ferrara, R., Mazzolai, B., Edner, H., Svanberg, S., and Wallinder, E.: Atmospheric mercury sources in the Mt. Amiata area, Italy, Sci. Total Environ., 213, 13–23, 1998b.
Ferrara, R., Lanzillotta, E., and Ceccarini, C.: Dissolved gaseous mercury concentration and mercury evasional flux from seawater in front of a chlor-alkali plant, Environ. Technol., 22, 971–978, 2001.
Ferrari, C. P., Dommergue, A., Boutron, C. F., Skov, H., Goodsite, M., and Jensen, B.: Nighttime production of elemental gaseous mercury in interstitial air of snow at Station Nord, Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2727–2735, 2004.
Ferrari, C. P., Gauchard, P. A., Aspmo, K., Dommergue, A., Magand, O., Bahlmann, E., Nagorski, S., Temme, C., Ebinghaus, R., and Steffen, A.: Snow-to-air exchanges of mercury in an Arctic seasonal snow pack in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7633–7645, 2005.
Fitzgerald, W. F. and Gill, G. A.: Subnanogram determination of mercury by two-stage gold amalgamation and gas phase detection applied to atmospheric analysis, Anal. Chem., 51, 1714–1720, 1979.
Frescholtz, T. F., Gustin, M. S., Schorran, D. E., and Fernandez, G. C. J.: Assessing the source of mercury in foliar tissue of quaking aspen, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 2114–2119, 2003.
Frescholtz, T. F. and Gustin, M. S.: Soil and foliar mercury emission as a function of soil concentration, Water Air Soil Poll., 155, 223–237, 2004.
Fritsche, J., Obrist, D., and Alewell, C.: Evidence of microbial control of Hg0 emissions from uncontaminated terrestrial soils, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 171, 200–209, 2008a.
Fritsche, J., Obrist, D., Zeeman, M. J., Conen, F., Eugster, W., and Alewell, C.: Elemental mercury fluxes over a sub-alpine grassland determined with two micrometeorological methods, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2922–2933, 2008b.
Fritsche, J., Wohlfahrt, G., Ammann, C., Zeeman, M., Hammerle, A., Obrist, D., and Alewell, C.: Summertime elemental mercury exchange of temperate grasslands on an ecosystem-scale, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7709–7722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7709-2008, 2008c.
Fritsche, J., Osterwalder, S., Nilsson, M. B., Sagerfors, J., Åkerblom, S., Bishop, K., and Alewell, C.: Evasion of Elemental Mercury from a Boreal Peatland Suppressed by Long-Term Sulfate Addition, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 1, 421–425, 2014.
Fu, X., Feng, X., Zhang, H., Yu, B., and Chen, L.: Mercury emissions from natural surfaces highly impacted by human activities in Guangzhou province, South China, Atmos. Environ., 54, 185–193, 2012a.
Fu, X. W., Feng, X., Liang, P., Deliger, Zhang, H., Ji, J., and Liu, P.: Temporal trend and sources of speciated atmospheric mercury at Waliguan GAW station, Northwestern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1951–1964, 2012b.
Fu, X., Feng, X., Guo, Y., Meng, B., Yin, R., and Yao, H.: Distribution and production of reactive mercury and dissolved gaseous mercury in surface waters and water/air mercury flux in reservoirs on Wujiang River, Southwest China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 3905–3917, 2013a.
Fu, X., Feng, X., Yin, R., and Zhang, H.: Diurnal variations of total mercury, reactive mercury, and dissolved gaseous mercury concentrations and water/air mercury flux in warm and cold seasons from freshwaters of southwestern China, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32, 2256–2265, 2013b.
Fu, X. W., Feng, X. B., and Wang, S. F.: Exchange fluxes of Hg between surfaces and atmosphere in the eastern flank of Mount Gongga, Sichuan province, southwestern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D20306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009814, 2008a.
Fu, X. W., Feng, X. B., Wang, S. F., Qiu, G. L., and Li, P.: Mercury flux rate of two types of grasslands in Guiyang, Huanjing Kexue Yanjiu, 20, 33–37, 2008b (in Chinese with English Abstract).
Fu, X. W., Feng, X. B., Wan, Q., Meng, B., Yan, H. Y., and Guo, Y. N.: Probing Hg evasion from surface waters of two Chinese hyper/meso-eutrophic reservoirs, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 5887–5896, 2010a.
Fu, X. W., Feng, X. B., Zhang, G., Xu, W. H., Li, X. D., Yao, H., Liang, P., Li, J., Sommar, J., Yin, R. S., and Liu, N.: Mercury in the marine boundary layer and seawater of the South China Sea: Concentrations, sea/air flux, and implication for land outflow, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D06303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012958, 2010b.
Fu, X. W., Zhang, H., Lin, C.-J., Feng, X. B., Zhou, L. X., and Fang, S. X.: Correlation slopes of GEM ∕ CO, GEM ∕ CO2, and GEM ∕ CH4 and estimated mercury emissions in China, South Asia, the Indochinese Peninsula, and Central Asia derived from observations in northwestern and southwestern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1013–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1013-2015, 2015a.
Fu, X. W., Zhang, H., Yu, B., Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X. B.: Observations of atmospheric mercury in China: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9455–9476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9455-2015, 2015b.
Fu, X. W., Zhu, W., Zhang, H., Wang, X., Sommar, J., Yang, X., Lin, C. J., and Feng, X. B.: Depletion of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury by plant uptake at Mt. Changbai, Northeast China, Unpublished Data, 2016.
Gabriel, M. C., Williamson, D. G., Brooks, S., Zhang, H., and Lindberg, S.: Spatial variability of mercury emissions from soils in a southeastern US urban environment, Environ. Geol., 48, 955–964, 2005.
Gabriel, M. C., Williamson, D. G., Zhang, H., Brooks, S., and Lindberg, S.: Diurnal and seasonal trends in total gaseous mercury flux from three urban ground surfaces, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4269–4284, 2006.
García-Sánchez, A., Contreras, F., Adams, M., and Santos, F.: Atmospheric mercury emissions from polluted gold mining areas (Venezuela), Environ. Geochem. Hlth., 28, 529–540, 2006.
Gårdfeldt, K., Feng, X., Sommar, J., and Lindqvist, O.: Total gaseous mercury exchange between air and water at river and sea surfaces in Swedish coastal regions, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3027–3038, 2001.
Gårdfeldt, K., Sommar, J., Ferrara, R., Ceccarini, C., Lanzillotta, E., Munthe, J., Wängberg, I., Lindqvist, O., Pirrone, N., Sprovieri, F., Pesenti, E., and Strömberg, D.: Evasion of mercury from coastal and open waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, Atmos. Environ., 37, 73–84, 2003.
Gbor, P., Wen, D., Meng, F., Yang, F., Zhang, B., and Sloan, J.: Improved model for mercury emission, transport and deposition, Atmos. Environ., 40, 973–983, 2006.
Gillis, A. and Miller, D. R.: Some potential errors in the measurement of mercury gas exchange at the soil surface using a dynamic flux chamber, Sci. Total Environ., 260, 181–189, 2000a.
Gillis, A. A. and Miller, D. R.: Some local environmental effects on mercury emission and absorption at a soil surface, Sci. Total Environ., 260, 191–200, 2000b.
Goodrow, S. M., Miskewitz, R., Hires, R. I., Eisenreich, S. J., Douglas, W. S., and Reinfelder, J. R.: Mercury emissions from cement-stabilized dredged material, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8185–8190, 2005.
Graydon, J. A., St Louis, V. L., Lindberg, S. E., Hintelmann, H., and Krabbenhoft, D. P.: Investigation of mercury exchange between forest canopy vegetation and the atmosphere using a new dynamic chamber, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4680–4688, 2006.
Grigal, D. F.: Mercury sequestration in forests and peatlands: A review, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 393–405, 2003.
Gronholm, T., Haapanala, S., Launiainen, S., Rinne, J., Vesala, T., and Rannik, U.: The dependence of the beta coefficient of REA system with dynamic deadband on atmospheric conditions, Environ. Poll., 152, 597–603, 2008.
Gu, B. H., Bian, Y. R., Miller, C. L., Dong, W. M., Jiang, X., and Liang, L. Y.: Mercury reduction and complexation by natural organic matter in anoxic environments, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 1479–1483, 2011.
Guédron, S., Grangeon, S., Jouravel, G., Charlet, L., and Sarret, G.: Atmospheric mercury incorporation in soils of an area impacted by a chlor-alkali plant (Grenoble, France): Contribution of canopy uptake, Sci. Total Environ., 445, 356–364, 2013.
Gustin, M. S.: Exchange of mercury between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, in: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury, edited by: Liu, G. L., Cai, Y., and O'Driscoll, N., 423–451, 2011.
Gustin, M. and Jaffe, D.: Reducing the Uncertainty in Measurement and Understanding of Mercury in the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2222–2227, 2010.
Gustin, M. S. and Stamenkovic, J.: Effect of watering and soil moisture on mercury emissions from soils, Biogeochemistry, 76, 215–232, 2005.
Gustin, M. S., Taylor, G. E., and Maxey, R. A.: Effect of temperature and air movement on the flux of elemental mercury from substrate to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 3891–3898, 1997.
Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S., Marsik, F., Casimir, A., Ebinghaus, R., Edwards, G., Hubble-Fitzgerald, C., Kemp, R., Kock, H., Leonard, T., London, J., Majewski, M., Montecinos, C., Owens, J., Pilote, M., Poissant, L., Rasmussen, P., Schaedlich, F., Schneeberger, D., Schroeder, W., Sommar, J., Turner, R., Vette, A., Wallschlaeger, D., Xiao, Z., and Zhang, H.: Nevada STORMS project: Measurement of mercury emissions from naturally enriched surfaces, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 21831–21844, 1999.
Gustin, M. S., Biester, H., and Kim, C. S.: Investigation of the light-enhanced emission of mercury from naturally enriched substrates, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3241–3254, 2002.
Gustin, M. S., Coolbaugh, M. F., Engle, M. A., Fitzgerald, B. C., Keislar, R. E., Lindberg, S. E., Nacht, D. M., Quashnick, J., Rytuba, J. J., Sladek, C., Zhang, H., and Zehner, R. E.: Atmospheric mercury emissions from mine wastes and surrounding geologically enriched terrains, Environ. Geol., 43, 339–351, 2003.
Gustin, M. S., Ericksen, J. A., Schorran, D. E., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. E., and Coleman, J. S.: Application of controlled mesocosms for understanding mercury air-soil-plant exchange, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 6044–6050, 2004.
Gustin, M. S., Engle, M., Ericksen, J., Lyman, S., Stamenkovic, J., and Xin, M.: Mercury exchange between the atmosphere and low mercury containing substrates, Appl. Geochem., 21, 1913–1923, 2006.
Gustin, M. S., Lindberg, S. E., and Weisberg, P. J.: An update on the natural sources and sinks of atmospheric mercury, Appl. Geochem., 23, 482–493, 2008.
Gustin, M. S., Huang, J., Miller, M. B., Peterson, C., Jaffe, D. A., Ambrose, J., Finley, B. D., Lyman, S. N., Call, K., Talbot, R., Feddersen, D., Mao, H., and Lindberg, S. E.: Do we understand what the mercury speciation instruments are actually measuring? Results of RAMIX, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7295–7306, 2013.
Gustin, M. S., Amos, H. M., Huang, J., Miller, M. B., and Heidecorn, K.: Measuring and modeling mercury in the atmosphere: a critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5697–5713, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5697-2015, 2015.
Hanson, P. J., Lindberg, S. E., Tabberer, T. A., Owens, J. G., and Kim, K. H.: Foliar exchange of mercury-vapor - evidence for a compensation point, Water Air Soil Poll., 80, 373–382, 1995.
Hartman, J. S., Weisberg, P. J., Pillai, R., Ericksen, J. A., Kuiken, T., Lindberg, S. E., Zhang, H., Rytuba, J. J., and Gustin, M. S.: Application of a rule-based model to estimate mercury exchange for three background biomes in the Continental United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4989–4994, 2009.
He, F., Zhao, W., Liang, L., and Gu, B.: Photochemical oxidation of dissolved elemental mercury by carbonate radicals in water, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 1, 499–503, 2014.
He, J., Tan, H., Sommar, J., Xiao, Z., and Lindqvist, O.: Mercury pollution in a mining area of Guizhou, China: Fluxes over contaminated surfaces and concentrations in air, biological and geological samples, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 67, 225–236, 1998.
Heaton, A. P., Rugh, C., Wang, N.-J., and Meagher, R.: Physiological responses of transgenic merA-tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) to foliar and root mercury exposure, Water Air Soil Poll., 161, 137–155, 2005.
Hines, N. A. and Brezonik, P. L.: Mercury dynamics in a small Northern Minnesota lake: water to air exchange and photoreactions of mercury, Mar. Chem., 90, 137–149, 2004.
Hintelmann, H., Harris, R., Heyes, A., Hurley, J. P., Kelly, C. A., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Lindberg, S., Rudd, J. W. M., Scott, K. J., and St Louis, V. L.: Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a Boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5034–5040, 2002.
Holland, K.: Standard operation procedures: Ohio lumex mercury analyzer (Lumex RA 915), available at: http://www.renewnyc.com/content/pdfs/130liberty/SeptemberDeconstruction/B_SOP_for_OhioLumex.pdf (last access: 25 March 2016), 2005.
Hu, H., Lin, H., Zheng, W., Tomanicek, S. J., Johs, A., Feng, X., Elias, D. A., Liang, L., and Gu, B.: Oxidation and methylation of dissolved elemental mercury by anaerobic bacteria, Nat. Geosci., 6, 751–754, 2013.
Jaffe, D., Prestbo, E., Swartzendruber, P., Weiss-Penzias, P., Kato, S., Takami, A., Hatakeyama, S., and Kajii, Y.: Export of atmospheric mercury from Asia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3029–3038, 2005.
Jiskra, M., Wiederhold, J. G., Skyllberg, U., Kronberg, R.-M., Hajdas, I., and Kretzschmar, R.: Mercury deposition and re-emission pathways in boreal forest soils investigated with Hg isotope signatures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7188–7196, 2015.
Kikuchi, T., Ikemoto, H., Takahashi, K., Hasome, H., and Ueda, H.: Parameterizing soil emission and atmospheric oxidation-reduction in a model of the global biogeochemical cycle of mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 12266–12274, 2013.
Kim, J. P. and Fitzgerald, W. F.: Sea-air partitioning of mercury in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Science, 231, 1131–1133, 1986.
Kim, K. H. and Kim, M. Y.: The exchange of gaseous mercury across soil-air interface in a residential area of Seoul, Korea, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3153–3165, 1999.
Kim, K. H. and Lindberg, S. E.: Design and initial tests of a dynamic enclosure chamber for measurements of vapor-phase mercury fluxes over soils, Water Air Soil Poll., 80, 1059–1068, 1995.
Kim, K. H., Lindberg, S. E., and Meyers, T. P.: Micrometeorological measurements of mercury-vapor fluxes over background forest soils in eastern Tennessee, Atmos. Environ., 29, 267–282, 1995.
Kim, K. H., Kim, M. Y., and Lee, G.: The soil-air exchange characteristics of total gaseous mercury from a large-scale municipal landfill area, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3475–3493, 2001.
Kim, K.-H., Kim, M.-Y., Kim, J., and Lee, G.: The concentrations and fluxes of total gaseous mercury in a western coastal area of Korea during late March 2001, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3413–3427, 2002.
Kim, K. H., Kim, M. Y., Kim, J., and Lee, G.: Effects of changes in environmental conditions on atmospheric mercury exchange: Comparative analysis from a rice paddy field during the two spring periods of 2001 and 2002, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003375, 2003.
Kirk, J. L., St. Louis, V. L., and Sharp, M. J.: Rapid reduction and reemission of mercury deposited into snowpacks during atmospheric mercury depletion events at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7590–7596, 2006.
Kocman, D. and Horvat, M.: A laboratory based experimental study of mercury emission from contaminated soils in the River Idrijca catchment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1417–1426, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1417-2010, 2010.
Kocman, D. and Horvat, M.: Non-point source mercury emission from the Idrija Hg-mine region: GIS mercury emission model, J. Environ. Manage., 92, 2038–2046, 2011.
Kocman, D., Horvat, M., Pirrone, N., and Cinnirella, S.: Contribution of contaminated sites to the global mercury budget, Environ. Res., 125, 160–170, 2013.
Kotnik, J., Horvat, M., and Dizdarevic, T.: Current and past mercury distribution in air over the Idrija Hg mine region, Slovenia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7570–7579, 2005.
Kuiken, T., Zhang, H., Gustin, M., and Lindberg, S.: Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA. Part I: Air/surface exchange of mercury within a southeastern deciduous forest (Tennessee) over one year, Appl. Geochem., 23, 345–355, 2008a.
Kuiken, T., Gustin, M., Zhang, H., Lindberg, S., and Sedinger, B.: Mercury emission from terrestrial background surfaces in the eastern USA. II: Air/surface exchange of mercury within forests from South Carolina to New England, Appl. Geochem., 23, 356–368, 2008b.
Kuss, J.: Water–air gas exchange of elemental mercury: An experimentally determined mercury diffusion coefficient for Hg0 water–air flux calculations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 59, 1461–1467, 2014.
Kuss, J. and Schneider, B.: Variability of the gaseous elemental mercury sea-air flux of the Baltic Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 8018–8023, 2007.
Kuss, J., Holzmann, J., and Ludwig, R.: An elemental mercury diffusion coefficient for natural waters determined by molecular dynamics simulation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3183–3186, 2009.
Kuss, J., Wasmund, N., Nausch, G., and Labrenz, M.: Mercury Emission by the Baltic Sea: A consequence of cyanobacterial activity, photochemistry, and low-light mercury Transformation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 11449–11457, 2015.
Kyllonen, K., Hakola, H., Hellen, H., Korhonen, M., and Verta, M.: Atmospheric mercury fluxes in a southern boreal forest and wetland, Water Air Soil Poll., 223, 1171–1182, 2012.
Laacouri, A., Nater, E. A., and Kolka, R. K.: Distribution and uptake dynamics of mercury in leaves of common deciduous tree species in Minnesota, U.S.A, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 10462–10470, 2013.
Lalonde, J. D., Amyot, M., Kraepiel, A. M. L., and Morel, F. M. M.: Photooxidation of Hg(0) in artificial and natural waters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1367–1372, 2001.
Lalonde, J. D., Poulain, A. J., and Amyot, M.: The role of mercury redox reactions in snow on snow-to-air mercury transfer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 174–178, 2002.
Lalonde, J. D., Amyot, M., Doyon, M.-R., and Auclair, J.-C.: Photo-induced Hg(II) reduction in snow from the remote and temperate Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4200, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001534, 2003.
Laurier, F. J. G., Mason, R. P., Whalin, L., and Kato, S.: Reactive gaseous mercury formation in the North Pacific Ocean's marine boundary layer: A potential role of halogen chemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003625, 2003.
Lee, X., Benoit, G., and Hu, X. Z.: Total gaseous mercury concentration and flux over a coastal saltmarsh vegetation in Connecticut, USA, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4205–4213, 2000.
Leonard, T. L., Taylor, G. E., Gustin, M. S., and Fernandez, G. C. J.: Mercury and plants in contaminated soils: 1. Uptake, partitioning, and emission to the atmosphere, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 2063–2071, 1998a.
Leonard, T. L., Taylor, G. E., Gustin, M. S., and Fernandez, G. C. J.: Mercury and plants in contaminated soils: 2. Environmental and physiological factors governing mercury flux to the atmosphere, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 2072–2079, 1998b.
Li, Z.-G., Feng, X., Li, P., Liang, L., Tang, S.-L., Wang, S.-F., Fu, X.-W., Qiu, G.-L., and Shang, L.-H.: Emissions of air-borne mercury from five municipal solid waste landfills in Guiyang and Wuhan, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3353–3364, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3353-2010, 2010.
Li, Z. G., Feng, X. B., Li, G. H., Bi, X. Y., Sun, G. Y., Zhu, J. M., Qin, H. B., and Wang, J. X.: Mercury and other metal and metalloid soil contamination near a Pb/Zn smelter in east Hunan province, China, Appl. Geochem., 26, 160–166, 2011.
Lin, C.-C., Yee, N., and Barkay, T.: Microbial Transformations in the Mercury Cycle, in: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 155–191, 2011.
Lin, C.-J. and Pehkonen, S. O.: Aqueous free radical chemistry of mercury in the presence of iron oxides and ambient aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 31, 4125–4137, 1997.
Lin, C.-J., Zhu, W., Li, X., Feng, X., Sommar, J., and Shang, L.: Novel dynamic flux chamber for measuring air–surface exchange of Hgo from soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 8910–8920, 2012.
Lin, C. J. and Pehkonen, S. O.: The chemistry of atmospheric mercury: a review, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2067–2079, 1999.
Lin, C. J., Gustin, M. S., Singhasuk, P., Eckley, C., and Miller, M.: Empirical models for estimating mercury flux from soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8522–8528, 2010a.
Lin, C.-J., Pan, L., Streets, D. G., Shetty, S. K., Jang, C., Feng, X., Chu, H.-W., and Ho, T. C.: Estimating mercury emission outflow from East Asia using CMAQ-Hg, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1853–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1853-2010, 2010b.
Lindberg, S. and Meyers, T.: Development of an automated micrometeorological method for measuring the emission of mercury vapor from wetland vegetation, Wetl. Ecol. Manag., 9, 333–347, 2001.
Lindberg, S. E. and Price, J. L.: Airborne Emissions of Mercury from Municipal Landfill Operations: A Short-Term Measurement Study in Florida, J. Air Waste Manage., 49, 520–532, 1999.
Lindberg, S., Meyers, T., Taylor Jr, G., Turner, R., and Schroeder, W.: Atmosphere-surface exchange of mercury in a forest: results of modeling and gradient approaches, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 97, 2519–2528, 1992.
Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X. B., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E., and Seigneur, C.: A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition, Ambio, 36, 19–32, 2007.
Lindberg, S. E., Kim, K. H., Meyers, T. P., and Owens, J. G.: Micrometeorological gradient approach for quantifying air-surface exchange of mercury-vapor - tests over contaminated soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 126–135, 1995a.
Lindberg, S. E., Meyers, T. P., and Munthe, J.: Evasion of mercury vapor from the surface of a recently limed acid forest lake in Sweden, Water Air Soil Poll., 85, 725–730, 1995b.
Lindberg, S. E., Hanson, P. J., Meyers, T. P., and Kim, K. H.: Air/surface exchange of mercury vapor over forests – The need for a reassessment of continental biogenic emissions, Atmos. Environ., 32, 895–908, 1998.
Lindberg, S. E., Zhang, H., Gustin, M., Vette, A., Marsik, F., Owens, J., Casimir, A., Ebinghaus, R., Edwards, G., Fitzgerald, C., Kemp, J., Kock, H. H., London, J., Majewski, M., Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Rasmussen, P., Schaedlich, F., Schneeberger, D., Sommar, J., Turner, R., Wallschlager, D., and Xiao, Z.: Increases in mercury emissions from desert soils in response to rainfall and irrigation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 21879–21888, 1999.
Lindberg, S. E. and Zhang, H.: Air/water exchange of mercury in the Everglades II: measuring and modeling evasion of mercury from surface waters in the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project, Sci. Total Environ., 259, 135–143, 2000.
Lindberg, S. E., Brooks, S., Lin, C. J., Scott, K. J., Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Goodsite, M., and Richter, A.: Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1245–1256, 2002a.
Lindberg, S. E., Dong, W. J., and Meyers, T.: Transpiration of gaseous elemental mercury through vegetation in a subtropical wetland in Florida, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5207–5219, 2002b.
Lindberg, S. E., Zhang, H., Vette, A. F., Gustin, M. S., Barnett, M. O., and Kuiken, T.: Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils: Part 2 – effect of flushing flow rate and verification of a two-resistance exchange interface simulation model, Atmos. Environ., 36, 847–859, 2002c.
Lindberg, S. E., Southworth, G. R., Bogle, M. A., Blasing, T. J., Owens, J., Roy, K., Zhang, H., Kuiken, T., Price, J., Reinhart, D., and Sfeir, H.: Airborne emissions of mercury from municipal solid waste. I: New measurements from six operating landfills in Florida, J. Air Waste Manage., 55, 859–869, 2005.
Lindqvist, O., Johansson, K., Bringmark, L., Timm, B., Aastrup, M., Andersson, A., Hovsenius, G., Håkanson, L., Iverfeldt, Å., and Meili, M.: Mercury in the Swedish environment – Recent research on causes, consequences and corrective methods, Water Air Soil Poll., 55, xi-261, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00542429, 1991.
Liu, F., Cheng, H., Yang, K., Zhao, C., Liu, Y., Peng, M., and Li, K.: Characteristics and influencing factors of mercury exchange flux between soil and air in Guangzhou City, J. Geochem. Explor., 139, 115–121, 2014.
Lodenius, M. and Tulisalo, E.: Environmental mercury contamination around a chlor-alkali plant, B. Environ. Contam. Tox., 32, 439–444, 1984.
Loubet, B., Milford, C., Hensen, A., Daemmgen, U., Erisman, J.-W., Cellier, P., and Sutton, M. A.: Advection of NH3 over a pasture field and its effect on gradient flux measurements, Biogeosciences, 6, 1295–1309, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1295-2009, 2009.
Ma, M., Wang, D., Sun, R., Shen, Y., and Huang, L.: Gaseous mercury emissions from subtropical forested and open field soils in a national nature reserve, southwest China, Atmos. Environ., 64, 116–123, 2013.
Magarelli, G. and Fostier, A. H.: Influence of deforestation on the mercury air/soil exchange in the Negro River Basin, Amazon, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7518–7528, 2005.
Mann, E. A., Mallory, M. L., Ziegler, S. E., Avery, T. S., Tordon, R., and O'Driscoll, N. J.: Photoreducible mercury loss from Arctic snow is influenced by temperature and snow age, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 12120–12126, 2015a.
Mann, E. A., Mallory, M. L., Ziegler, S. E., Tordon, R., and O'Driscoll, N. J.: Mercury in Arctic snow: quantifying the kinetics of photochemical oxidation and reduction, Sci. Total Environ., 509, 115–132, 2015b.
Marsik, F. J., Keeler, G. J., Lindberg, S. E., and Zhang, H.: Air-surface exchange of gaseous mercury over a mixed sawgrass-cattail stand within the Florida Everglades, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 4739–4746, 2005.
Marumoto, K. and Imai, S.: Determination of dissolved gaseous mercury in seawater of Minamata Bay and estimation for mercury exchange across air–sea interface, Mar. Chem., 168, 9–17, 2015.
Mason, R. P. and Fitzgerald, W. F.: The distribution and biogeochemical cycling of mercury in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 40, 1897–1924, 1993.
Mason, R. P. and Sullivan, K. A.: Mercury in Lake Michigan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 942–947, 1997.
Mason, R. P., Fitzgerald, W. F., Hurley, J., Hanson, A. K., Donaghay, P. L., and Sieburth, J. M.: Mercury biogeochemical cycling in a stratified estuary, Limnol. Oceanogr., 38, 1227–1241, 1993.
Mason, R. P., Rolfhus, K. R., and Fitzgerald, W. F.: Mercury in the North Atlantic, Mar. Chem., 61, 37–53, 1998.
Mason, R. P., Lawson, N. M., Lawrence, A. L., Leaner, J. J., Lee, J. G., and Sheu, G.-R.: Mercury in the Chesapeake Bay, Mar. Chem., 65, 77–96, 1999.
Mason, R. P., Lawson, N. M., and Sheu, G. R.: Mercury in the Atlantic Ocean: factors controlling air–sea exchange of mercury and its distribution in the upper waters, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II:, 48, 2829–2853, 2001.
Mason, R. P., Choi, A. L., Fitzgerald, W. F., Hammerschmidt, C. R., Lamborg, C. H., Soerensen, A. L., and Sunderland, E. M.: Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications, Environ. Res., 119, 101–117, 2012.
Mauclair, C., Layshock, J., and Carpi, A.: Quantifying the effect of humic matter on the emission of mercury from artificial soil surfaces, Appl. Geochem., 23, 594–601, 2008.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and instruction manual of EC Software Package TK2, 2004.
Maxwell, J. A., Holsen, T. M., and Mondal, S.: Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) emissions from snow surfaces in Northern New York, PloS One, 8, e69342, 2013.
Mazur, M., Mitchell, C. P. J., Eckley, C. S., Eggert, S. L., Kolka, R. K., Sebestyen, S. D., and Swain, E. B.: Gaseous mercury fluxes from forest soils in response to forest harvesting intensity: A field manipulation experiment, Sci. Total Environ., 496, 678–687, 2014.
Mergler, D., Anderson, H. A., Chan, L. H. M., Mahaffey, K. R., Murray, M., Sakamoto, M., and Stern, A. H.: Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: a worldwide concern, AMBIO, 36, 3–11, 2007.
Millhollen, A. G., Gustin, M. S., and Obrist, D.: Foliar mercury accumulation and exchange for three tree species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6001–6006, 2006a.
Millhollen, A. G., Obrist, D., and Gustin, M. S.: Mercury accumulation in grass and forb species as a function of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and mercury exposures in air and soil, Chemosphere, 65, 889–897, 2006b.
Moncrieff, J. B., Beverland, I. J., ÓNéill, D. H., and Cropley, F. D.: Controls on trace gas exchange observed by a conditional sampling method, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3265–3274, 1998.
Moore, C. and Carpi, A.: Mechanisms of the emission of mercury from soil: Role of UV radiation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D24302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005567, 2005.
Moore, C. W., Obrist, D., Steffen, A., Staebler, R. M., Douglas, T. A., Richter, A., and Nghiem, S. V.: Convective forcing of mercury and ozone in the Arctic boundary layer induced by leads in sea ice, Nature, 506, 81–84, 2014.
Moreno, F., Anderson, C. N., Stewart, R., Robinson, B., Nomura, R., Ghomshei, M., and Meech, J. A.: Effect of thioligands on plant-Hg accumulation and volatilisation from mercury-contaminated mine tailings, Plant Soil, 275, 233–246, 2005a.
Moreno, F. N., Anderson, C. W. N., Stewart, R. B., Robinson, B. H., Ghomshei, M., and Meech, J. A.: Induced plant uptake and transport of mercury in the presence of sulphur-containing ligands and humic acid, New Phytol., 166, 445–454, 2005b.
Nacht, D. M. and Gustin, M. S.: Mercury emissions from background and altered geologic units throughout Nevada, Water Air Soil Poll., 151, 179–193, 2004.
Nacht, D. M., Gustin, M. S., Engle, M. A., Zehner, R. E., and Giglini, A. D.: Atmospheric mercury emissions and speciation at the sulphur bank mercury mine superfund site, Northern California, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1977–1983, 2004.
Narukawa, M., Sakata, M., Marumoto, K., and Asakura, K.: Air-sea exchange of mercury in Tokyo Bay, J. Oceanogr., 62, 249–257, 2006.
Nemitz, E., Flynn, M., Williams, P., Milford, C., Theobald, M., Blatter, A., Gallagher, M., and Sutton, M.: A relaxed eddy accumulation system for the automated measurement of atmospheric ammonia fluxes, Water Air Soil Poll., 1, 189–202, 2001.
Nguyen, H. T., Kim, K. H., Kim, M. Y., and Shon, Z. H.: Exchange pattern of gaseous elemental mercury in an active urban landfill facility, Chemosphere, 70, 821–832, 2008.
Niu, Z. C., Zhang, X. S., Wang, Z. W., and Ci, Z. J.: Field controlled experiments of mercury accumulation in crops from air and soil, Environ. Poll., 159, 2684–2689, 2011.
O'Driscoll, N. J., Beauchamp, S., Siciliano, S. D., Rencz, A. N., and Lean, D. R. S.: Continuous analysis of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) and mercury flux in two freshwater lakes in Kejimkujik Park, Nova Scotia: Evaluating mercury flux models with quantitative data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 2226–2235, 2003.
O'Driscoll, N. J., Siciliano, S. D., Lean, D. R. S., and Amyot, M.: Gross photoreduction kinetics of mercury in temperate freshwater lakes and rivers: Application to a general model of DGM dynamics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 837–843, 2006.
O'Driscoll, N. J., Poissant, L., Canario, J., Ridal, J., and Lean, D. R. S.: Continuous analysis of dissolved gaseous mercury and mercury volatilization in the upper St. Lawrence River: Exploring temporal relationships and UV attenuation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5342–5348, 2007.
O'Driscoll, N. J., Poissant, L., Canario, J., and Lean, D. R. S.: Dissolved gaseous mercury concentrations and mercury volatilization in a frozen freshwater fluvial lake, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5125–5130, 2008.
Obrist, D.: Atmospheric mercury pollution due to losses of terrestrial carbon pools?, Biogeochemistry, 85, 119–123, 2007.
Obrist, D., Gustin, M. S., Arnone, J. A., Johnson, D. W., Schorran, D. E., and Verburg, P. S. J.: Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury fluxes over intact tallgrass prairie monoliths during one full year, Atmos. Environ., 39, 957–965, 2005.
Obrist, D., Conen, F., Vogt, R., Siegwolf, R., and Alewell, C.: Estimation of Hg0 exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere using 222Rn and Hg0 concentration changes in the stable nocturnal boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 40, 856–866, 2006.
Obrist, D., Johnson, D. W., Lindberg, S. E., Luo, Y., Hararuk, O., Bracho, R., Battles, J. J., Dail, D. B., Edmonds, R. L., Monson, R. K., Ollinger, S. V., Pallardy, S. G., Pregitzer, K. S., and Todd, D. E.: Mercury distribution across 14 U.S. forests. Part I: spatial patterns of concentrations in biomass, litter, and soils, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 3974–3981, 2011.
Olofsson, M., Sommar, J., Ljungström, E., Andersson, M., and Wängberg, I.: Application of relaxed eddy accumulation technique to quantify Hg0 fluxes over modified soil surfaces, Water Air Soil Poll., 167, 331–352, 2005.
Osterwalder, S., Fritsche, J., Alewell, C., Schmutz, M., Nilsson, M. B., Jocher, G., Sommar, J., Rinne, J., and Bishop, K.: A dual-inlet, single detector relaxed eddy accumulation system for long-term measurement of mercury flux, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 509–524, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-509-2016, 2016.
Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Fudala, J., Strzelecka-Jastrzab, E., Hlawiczka, S., and Panasiuk, D.: Mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in Europe in 2000 and their scenarios until 2020, Sci. Total Environ., 370, 147–156, 2006.
Pannu, R., Siciliano, S. D., and O'Driscoll, N. J.: Quantifying the effects of soil temperature, moisture and sterilization on elemental mercury formation in boreal soils, Environ. Poll., 193, 138–146, 2014.
Pierce, A., Obrist, D., Moosmüller, H., Faïn, X., and Moore, C.: Cavity ring-down spectroscopy sensor development for high-time-resolution measurements of gaseous elemental mercury in ambient air, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1477–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1477-2013, 2013.
Pierce, A. M., Moore, C. W., Wohlfahrt, G., Hörtnagl, L., Kljun, N., and Obrist, D.: Eddy covariance flux measurements of gaseous elemental mercury using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1559–1568, 2015.
Pirrone, N., Cinnirella, S., Feng, X., Finkelman, R. B., Friedli, H. R., Leaner, J., Mason, R., Mukherjee, A. B., Stracher, G. B., Streets, D. G., and Telmer, K.: Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5951–5964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5951-2010, 2010.
Poissant, L. and Casimir, A.: Water-air and soil-air exchange rate of total gaseous mercury measured at background sites, Atmos. Environ., 32, 883–893, 1998.
Poissant, L., Pilote, M., and Casimir, A.: Mercury flux measurements in a naturally enriched area: Correlation with environmental conditions during the Nevada Study and Tests of the Release of Mercury From Soils (STORMS), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 21845–21857, 1999.
Poissant, L., Amyot, M., Pilote, M., and Lean, D.: Mercury water-air exchange over the Upper St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3069–3078, 2000.
Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Constant, P., Beauvais, C., Zhang, H. H., and Xu, X.: Mercury gas exchanges over selected bare soil and flooded sites in the bay St. Francois wetlands (Quebec, Canada), Atmos. Environ., 38, 4205–4214, 2004a.
Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Xu, X. H., Zhang, H., and Beauvais, C.: Atmospheric mercury speciation and deposition in the Bay St. Francois wetlands, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D11301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004364, 2004b.
Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Yumvihoze, E., and Lean, D.: Mercury concentrations and foliage/atmosphere fluxes in a maple forest ecosystem in Quebec, Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D10307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009510, 2008.
Poulain, A. J., Lalonde, J. D., Amyot, M., Shead, J. A., Raofie, F., and Ariya, P. A.: Redox transformations of mercury in an Arctic snowpack at springtime, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6763–6774, 2004.
Poulain, A. J., Roy, V., and Amyot, M.: Influence of temperate mixed and deciduous tree covers on Hg concentrations and photoredox transformations in snow, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 2448–2462, 2007.
Quinones, J. L. and Carpi, A.: An Investigation of the kinetic processes influencing mercury emissions from sand and soil samples of varying thickness, J. Environ. Qual., 40, 647–652, 2011.
Qureshi, A., O'Driscoll, N. J., MacLeod, M., Neuhold, Y. M., and Hungerbuhler, K.: Photoreactions of mercury in surface ocean water: gross reaction kinetics and possible pathways, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 644–649, 2010.
Qureshi, A., MacLeod, M., and Hungerbuhler, K.: Quantifying uncertainties in the global mass balance of mercury, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB4012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004068, 2011a.
Qureshi, A., MacLeod, M., Sunderland, E., and Hungerbühler, K.: Exchange of elemental mercury between the oceans and the atmosphere, in: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury, edited by: Liu, G. L., Cai, Y., and O'Driscoll, N., John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, NJ, 389–421, 2011b.
Ravichandran, M.: Interactions between mercury and dissolved organic matter – a review, Chemosphere, 55, 319–331, 2004.
Rea, A. W., Lindberg, S. E., Scherbatskoy, T., and Keeler, G. J.: Mercury accumulation in foliage over time in two northern mixed-hardwood forests, Water Air Soil Poll., 133, 49–67, 2002.
Rinklebe, J., During, A., Overesch, M., Wennrich, R., Stark, H. J., Mothes, S., and Neue, H. U.: Optimization of a simple field method to determine mercury volatilization from soils-Examples of 13 sites in floodplain ecosystems at the Elbe River (Germany), Ecol. Eng., 35, 319–328, 2009.
Rolfhus, K. R. and Fitzgerald, W. F.: The evasion and spatial/temporal distribution of mercury species in Long Island Sound, CT-NY, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 407–418, 2001.
Rutter, A. P., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., Creswell, J., Olson, M. R., Clary, A., Robinson, M., Parman, A. M., and Katzman, T. L.: Climate Sensitivity of Gaseous Elemental Mercury Dry Deposition to Plants: Impacts of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Plant Species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 569–575, 2011a.
Rutter, A. P., Schauer, J. J., Shafer, M. M., Creswell, J. E., Olson, M. R., Robinson, M., Collins, R. M., Parman, A. M., Katzman, T. L., and Mallek, J. L.: Dry deposition of gaseous elemental mercury to plants and soils using mercury stable isotopes in a controlled environment, Atmos. Environ., 45, 848–855, 2011b.
Scholtz, M. T., Van Heyst, B. J., and Schroeder, W.: Modelling of mercury emissions from background soils, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 185–207, 2003.
Schroeder, W., Lindqvist, O., Munthe, J., and Xiao, Z. F.: Volatilization of mercury from lake surfaces, Sci. Total Environ., 125, 47–66, 1992.
Schroeder, W., Anlauf, K., Barrie, L., Lu, J., Steffen, A., Schneeberger, D., and Berg, T.: Arctic springtime depletion of mercury, Nature, 394, 331–332, 1998.
Schroeder, W. H., Munthe, J., and Lindqvist, O.: Cycling of mercury between water, air, and soil compartments of the environment, Water Air Soil Poll., 48, 337–347, 1989.
Schroeder, W. H., Steffen, A., Scott, K., Bender, T., Prestbo, E., Ebinghaus, R., Lu, J. Y., and Lindberg, S. E.: Summary report: first international Arctic atmospheric mercury research workshop, Atmos. Environ., 37, 2551–2555, 2003.
Schroeder, W. H., Beauchamp, S., Edwards, G., Poissant, L., Rasmussen, P., Tordon, R., Dias, G., Kemp, J., Van Heyst, B., and Banic, C. M.: Gaseous mercury emissions from natural sources in Canadian landscapes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D18302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005699, 2005.
Selin, N. E.: Global Biogeochemical Cycling of Mercury: A Review, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour., 34, 43–63, 2009.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., and Jaffe, D.: Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D02308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007450, 2007.
Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., and Sunderland, E. M.: Global 3-D land-ocean-atmosphere model for mercury: Present-day versus preindustrial cycles and anthropogenic enrichment factors for deposition, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003040, 2008.
Sherman, L. S., Blum, J. D., Johnson, K. P., Keeler, G. J., Barres, J. A., and Douglas, T. A.: Mass-independent fractionation of mercury isotopes in Arctic snow driven by sunlight, Nat. Geosci., 3, 173–177, 2010.
Shetty, S. K., Lin, C. J., Streets, D. G., and Jang, C.: Model estimate of mercury emission from natural sources in East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8674–8685, 2008.
Si, L. and Ariya, P. A.: Photochemical reactions of divalent mercury with thioglycolic acid: Formation of mercuric sulfide particles, Chemosphere, 119, 467–472, 2015.
Siciliano, S. D., O'Driscoll, N. J., and Lean, D. R. S.: Microbial Reduction and Oxidation of Mercury in Freshwater Lakes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3064–3068, 2002.
Sigler, J. M. and Lee, X.: Gaseous mercury in background forest soil in the northeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, G02007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JG000106, 2006.
Sjöholm, M., Weibring, P., Edner, H., and Svanberg, S.: Atomic mercury flux monitoring using an optical parametric oscillator based lidar system, Opt. Express, 12, 551–556, 2004.
Skyllberg, U., Bloom, P. R., Qian, J., Lin, C. M., and Bleam, W. F.: Complexation of mercury(II) in soil organic matter: EXAFS evidence for linear two-coordination with reduced sulfur groups, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4174–4180, 2006.
Slemr, F., Seiler, W., Eberling, C., and Roggendorf, P.: The determination of total gaseous mercury in air at background levels, Anal. Chim. Acta, 110, 35–47, 1979.
Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Whittlestone, S., Zahorowski, W., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., and Labuschagne, C.: 222Rn-calibrated mercury fluxes from terrestrial surface of southern Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6421–6428, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6421-2013, 2013.
Smith-Downey, N. V., Sunderland, E. M., and Jacob, D. J.: Anthropogenic impacts on global storage and emissions of mercury from terrestrial soils: Insights from a new global model, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001124, 2010.
Smith, L. M. and Reinfelder, J. R.: Mercury volatilization from salt marsh sediments, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 114, G00C09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG000979, 2009.
Soerensen, A. L., Sunderland, E. M., Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Skov, H., Christensen, J. H., Strode, S. A., and Mason, R. P.: An improved global model for air-sea exchange of mercury: high concentrations over the North Atlantic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8574–8580, 2010.
Sommar, J., Wängberg, I., Berg, T., Gårdfeldt, K., Munthe, J., Richter, A., Urba, A., Wittrock, F., and Schroeder, W. H.: Circumpolar transport and air-surface exchange of atmospheric mercury at Ny-Ålesund (79° N), Svalbard, spring 2002, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 151–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-151-2007, 2007.
Sommar, J., Zhu, W., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Field approaches to measure Hg exchange between natural surfaces and the atmosphere – a review, Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec., 43, 1657–1739, 2013a.
Sommar, J., Zhu, W., Shang, L., Feng, X., and Lin, C.-J.: A whole-air relaxed eddy accumulation measurement system for sampling vertical vapour exchange of elemental mercury, Tellus B, 65, 19940, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19940, 2013b.
Sommar, J., Zhu, W., Shang, L., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X. B.: Seasonal variations in metallic mercury (Hg0) vapor exchange over biannual wheat – corn rotation cropland in the North China Plain, Biogeosciences Discuss., 12, 16105–16158, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-16105-2015, 2015.
Song, X. X. and Van Heyst, B.: Volatilization of mercury from soils in response to simulated precipitation, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7494–7505, 2005.
Southworth, G., Lindberg, S., Hintelmann, H., Amyot, M., Poulain, A., Bogle, M., Peterson, M., Rudd, J., Harris, R., Sandilands, K., Krabbenhoft, D., and Olsen, M.: Evasion of added isotopic mercury from a northern temperate lake, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 26, 53–60, 2007.
Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., and Dommergue, A.: A review of worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8245–8265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8245-2010, 2010.
St. Louis, V. L., Sharp, M. J., Steffen, A., May, A., Barker, J., Kirk, J. L., Kelly, D. J. A., Arnott, S. E., Keatley, B., and Smol, J. P.: Some sources and sinks of monomethyl and inorganic mercury on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian high Arctic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2686–2701, 2005.
Stamenkovic, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Evaluation of use of EcoCELL technology for quantifying total gaseous mercury fluxes over background substrates, Atmos. Environ., 41, 3702–3712, 2007.
Stamenkovic, J., Gustin, M. S., Arnone, J. A., Johnson, D. W., Larsen, J. D., and Verburg, P. S. J.: Atmospheric mercury exchange with a tallgrass prairie ecosystem housed in mesocosms, Sci. Total Environ., 406, 227–238, 2008.
Stamenkovic, J. and Gustin, M. S.: Nonstomatal versus stomatal uptake of atmospheric mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1367–1372, 2009.
Steen, A. O., Berg, T., Dastoor, A. P., Durnford, D. A., Hole, L. R., and Pfaffhuber, K. A.: Dynamic exchange of gaseous elemental mercury during polar night and day, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5604–5610, 2009.
Steffen, A., Douglas, T., Amyot, M., Ariya, P., Aspmo, K., Berg, T., Bottenheim, J., Brooks, S., Cobbett, F., Dastoor, A., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Ferrari, C., Gardfeldt, K., Goodsite, M. E., Lean, D., Poulain, A. J., Scherz, C., Skov, H., Sommar, J., and Temme, C.: A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1445–1482, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1445-2008, 2008.
Steffen, A., Bottenheim, J., Cole, A., Douglas, T. A., Ebinghaus, R., Friess, U., Netcheva, S., Nghiem, S., Sihler, H., and Staebler, R.: Atmospheric mercury over sea ice during the OASIS-2009 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7007–7021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7007-2013, 2013.
Strode, S. A., Jaegle, L., Selin, N. E., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Mason, R. P., and Slemr, F.: Air-sea exchange in the global mercury cycle, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002766, 2007.
Sun, R., Wang, D., Mao, W., Zhao, S., and Zhang, C.: Roles of chloride ion in photo-reduction/oxidation of mercury, Chinese Sci. Bull., 59, 3390–3397, 2014.
Sutton, M. A., Nemitz, E., Erisman, J. W., Beier, C., Bahl, K. B., Cellier, P., de Vries, W., Cotrufo, F., Skiba, U., Di Marco, C., Jones, S., Laville, P., Soussana, J. F., Loubet, B., Twigg, M., Famulari, D., Whitehead, J., Gallagher, M. W., Neftel, A., Flechard, C. R., Herrmann, B., Calanca, P. L., Schjoerring, J. K., Daemmgen, U., Horvath, L., Tang, Y. S., Emmett, B. A., Tietema, A., Penuelas, J., Kesik, M., Brueggemann, N., Pilegaard, K., Vesala, T., Campbell, C. L., Olesen, J. E., Dragosits, U., Theobald, M. R., Levy, P., Mobbs, D. C., Milne, R., Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Smith, J. U., Smith, P., Bergamaschi, P., Fowler, D., and Reis, S.: Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species, Environ. Pollu., 150, 125–139, 2007.
Temme, C., Baukau, J., Schneider, B., Aspmo, K., Fain, X., Ferrari, C., Gauchard, P.-A., and Ebinghaus, R.: Air/water exchange of mercury in the North Atlantic Ocean during arctic summer, Proceedings of the XIII International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Rio de Janeiro, June 2005.
Tseng, C., Lamborg, C., Fitzgerald, W., and Engstrom, D.: Cycling of dissolved elemental mercury in Arctic Alaskan lakes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 68, 1173–1184, 2004.
UNEP Minamata Convention on Mercury: available at: http://www.mercuryconvention.org (last access: 25 March 2016), 2013.
Vost, E. E., Amyot, M., and O'Driscoll, N. J.: Photoreactions of mercury in aquatic systems, in: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 193–218, 2011.
Wallschläger, D., Turner, R. R., London, J., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., Sommar, J., and Xiao, Z. F.: Factors affecting the measurement of mercury emissions from soils with flux chambers, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 21859–21871, 1999.
Wallschläger, D., Kock, H. H., Schroeder, W. H., Lindberg, S. E., Ebinghaus, R., and Wilken, R. D.: Estimating gaseous mercury emissions from contaminated floodplain soils to the atmosphere with simple field measurement techniques, Water Air Soil Poll., 135, 39–54, 2002.
Wang, D. Y., He, L., Shi, X. J., Wei, S. Q., and Feng, X. B.: Release flux of mercury from different environmental surfaces in Chongqing, China, Chemosphere, 64, 1845–1854, 2006.
Wang, J. X., Feng, X. B., Anderson, C. W. N., Wang, H., Zheng, L. R., and Hu, T. D.: Implications of mercury speciation in thiosulfate treated plants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 5361–5368, 2012.
Wang, S., Feng, X., Qiu, G., and Fu, X.: Comparison of air/soil mercury exchange between warm and cold season in Hongfeng Reservoir region, Huanjing Kexue, 25, 123–127, 2004 (in Chinese with English Abstract).
Wang, S., Feng, X., Qiu, G., Shang, L., Li, P., and Wei, Z.: Mercury concentrations and air/soil fluxes in Wuchuan mercury mining district, Guizhou province, China, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5984–5993, 2007a.
Wang, S. F., Feng, X. B., Qiu, G. L., Fu, X. W., and Wei, Z. Q.: Characteristics of mercury exchange flux between soil and air in the heavily air-polluted area, eastern Guizhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5584–5594, 2007b.
Wang, S. F., Feng, X. B., Qiu, G. L., Wei, Z. Q., and Xiao, T. F.: Mercury emission to atmosphere from Lanmuchang Hg-Tl mining area, Southwestern Guizhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7459–7473, 2005.
Wang, X., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Sensitivity analysis of an updated bidirectional air-surface exchange model for elemental mercury vapor, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6273–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6273-2014, 2014.
Wängberg, I., Munthe, J., Pirrone, N., Iverfeldt, Å., Bahlman, E., Costa, P., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X., Ferrara, R., and Gårdfeldt, K.: Atmospheric mercury distribution in Northern Europe and in the Mediterranean region, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3019–3025, 2001a.
Wängberg, I., Schmolke, S., Schager, P., Munthe, J., Ebinghaus, R., and Iverfeldt, A.: Estimates of air-sea exchange of mercury in the Baltic Sea, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5477–5484, 2001b.
Wängberg, I., Edner, H., Ferrara, R., Lanzillotta, E., Munthe, J., Sommar, J., Sjöholm, M., Svanberg, S., and Weibring, P.: Atmospheric mercury near a chlor-alkali plant in Sweden, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 29–41, 2003.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind-speed and gas-exchange over the Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans., 97, 7373–7382, 1992.
Wanninkhof, R., Asher, W. E., Ho, D. T., Sweeney, C., and McGillis, W. R.: Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 213–244, 2009.
Wesely, M. L. and Hicks, B. B.: A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261–2282, 2000.
Wiatrowski, H. A., Ward, P. M., and Barkay, T.: Novel reduction of mercury(II) by mercury-sensitive dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6690–6696, 2006.
Wright, L. P. and Zhang, L.: An approach estimating bidirectional air-surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury at AMNet sites, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 7, 35–49, 2015.
Xiao, Z. F., Munthe, J., Schroeder, W. H., and Lindqvist, O.: Vertical fluxes of volatile mercury over forest soil and lake surfaces in Sweden, Tellus B, 43, 267–279, 1991.
Xin, M., Gustin, M. S., Ladwig, K., and Pflughoeft-Hassett, D. F.: Air-substrate mercury exchange associated with landfill disposal of coal combustion products, J. Air Waste Manage., 56, 1167–1176, 2006.
Xin, M. and Gustin, M. S.: Gaseous elemental mercury exchange with low mercury containing soils: Investigation of controlling factors, Appl. Geochem., 22, 1451–1466, 2007.
Xu, L. Q., Liu, R. H., Wang, J. Y., Tan, H. W., Tang, A. K., and Yu, P.: Mercury emission flux in the Jiaozhou Bay measured by flux chamber, Procedia Environmental Sci., 13, 1500–1506, 2012.
Xu, X. H., Yang, X. S., Miller, D. R., Helble, J. J., and Carley, R. J.: Formulation of bi-directional atmosphere-surface exchanges of elemental mercury, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4345–4355, 1999.
Yamamoto, M.: Stimulation of elemental mercury oxidation in the presence of chloride ion in aquatic environments, Chemosphere, 32, 1217–1224, 1996.
Yang, Y. K., Zhang, C., Shi, X. J., Lin, T., and Wang, D. Y.: Effect of organic matter and pH on mercury release from soils, J. Environ. Sci., 19, 1349–1354, 2007.
Yin, R., Feng, X., and Meng, B.: Stable Hg isotope variation in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) from the Wanshan Hg mining district, SW China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 2238–2245, 2013.
Zehner, R. E. and Gustin, M. S.: Estimation of mercury vapor flux from natural substrate in Nevada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4039–4045, 2002.
Zhang, H.: Photochemical redox reactions of mercury, in: Recent Developments in Mercury Science, edited by: Atwood, D. A., 37–79, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.
Zhang, H. and Lindberg, S. E.: Processes influencing the emission of mercury from soils: A conceptual model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 21889–21896, 1999.
Zhang, H. and Lindberg, S. E.: Sunlight and iron(III)-induced photochemical production of dissolved gaseous mercury in freshwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 928–935, 2001.
Zhang, H., Lindberg, S. E., Marsik, F. J., and Keeler, G. J.: Mercury air/surface exchange kinetics of background soils of the Tahquamenon River watershed in the Michigan Upper Peninsula, Water Air Soil Poll., 126, 151–169, 2001.
Zhang, H., Lindberg, S. E., Barnett, M. O., Vette, A. F., and Gustin, M. S.: Dynamic flux chamber measurement of gaseous mercury emission fluxes over soils. Part 1: simulation of gaseous mercury emissions from soils using a two-resistance exchange interface model, Atmos. Environ., 36, 835–846, 2002.
Zhang, H., Dill, C., Kuiken, T., Ensor, M., and Crocker, W. C.: Change of dissolved gaseous mercury concentrations in a southern reservoir lake (Tennessee) following seasonal variation of solar radiation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2114–2119, 2006a.
Zhang, H. H., Poissant, L., Xu, X. H., Pilote, M., Beauvais, C., Amyot, M., Garcia, E., and Laroulandie, J.: Air-water gas exchange of mercury in the Bay Saint Francois wetlands: Observation and model parameterization, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D17307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006930, 2006b.
Zhang, H., Lindberg, S. E., and Kuiken, T.: Mysterious diel cycles of mercury emission from soils held in the dark at constant temperature, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5424–5433, 2008.
Zhang, H., Feng, X., Larssen, T., Qiu, G., and Vogt, R. D.: In inland China, rice, rather than fish, is the major pathway for methylmercury exposure, Environ. Health. Persp., 118, 1183–1188, 2010.
Zhang, H. H., Poissant, L., Xu, X. H., and Pilote, M.: Explorative and innovative dynamic flux bag method development and testing for mercury air-vegetation gas exchange fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7481–7493, 2005.
Zhang, L. M., Wright, L. P., and Blanchard, P.: A review of current knowledge concerning dry deposition of atmospheric mercury, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5853–5864, 2009.
Zhang, L., Blanchard, P., Gay, D. A., Prestbo, E. M., Risch, M. R., Johnson, D., Narayan, J., Zsolway, R., Holsen, T. M., Miller, E. K., Castro, M. S., Graydon, J. A., Louis, V. L. St., and Dalziel, J.: Estimation of speciated and total mercury dry deposition at monitoring locations in eastern and central North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4327–4340, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4327-2012, 2012a.
Zhang, Y. T., Sun, R. G., Ma, M., and Wang, D. Y.: Study of inhibition mechanism of NO3− on photoreduction of Hg(II) in artificial water, Chemosphere, 87, 171–176, 2012b.
Zhang, Y. T., Chen, X., Yang, Y. K., Wang, D. Y., and Liu, X.: Effect of dissolved organic matter on mercury release from water body, J. Environ. Sci., 23, 912–917, 2011.
Zheng, N., Liu, J. S., Wang, Q. C., and Liang, Z. Z.: Mercury contamination due to zinc smelting and chlor-alkali production in NE China, Appl. Geochem., 26, 188–193, 2011.
Zheng, W. and Hintelmann, H.: Isotope fractionation of mercury during its photochemical reduction by low-molecular-weight organic compounds, J. Phys. Chem. A, 114, 4246–4253, 2010.
Zheng, W., Liang, L. Y., and Gu, B. H.: Mercury reduction and oxidation by reduced natural organic matter in anoxic environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 292–299, 2012.
Zheng, W., Lin, H., Mann, B. F., Liang, L., and Gu, B.: Oxidation of dissolved elemental mercury by thiol compounds under anoxic conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 12827–12834, 2013.
Zhu, J. S., Wang, D. Y., Liu, X. A., and Zhang, Y. T.: Mercury fluxes from air/surface interfaces in paddy field and dry land, Appl. Geochem., 26, 249–255, 2011.
Zhu, J. S., Wang, D. Y., and Ma, M.: Mercury release flux and its influencing factors at the air-water interface in paddy field in Chongqing, China, Chinese Sci. Bull., 58, 266–274, 2013a.
Zhu, W., Li, Z., Chai, X., Hao, Y., Lin, C.-J., Sommar, J., and Feng, X.: Emission characteristics and air–surface exchange of gaseous mercury at the largest active landfill in Asia, Atmos. Environ., 79, 188–197, 2013b.
Zhu, W., Sommar, J., Li, Z., Feng, X., Lin, C.-J., and Li, G.: Highly elevated emission of mercury vapor due to the spontaneous combustion of refuse in a landfill, Atmos. Environ., 79, 540–545, 2013c.
Zhu, W., Sommar, J., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Mercury vapor air-surface exchange measured by collocated micrometeorological and enclosure methods – Part II: Bias and uncertainty analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5359–5376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5359-2015, 2015a.
Zhu, W., Sommar, J., Lin, C.-J., and Feng, X.: Mercury vapor air-surface exchange measured by collocated micrometeorological and enclosure methods – Part I: Data comparability and method characteristics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 685–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-685-2015, 2015b.
Short summary
Reliable quantification of air-surfaces flux of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) is crucial for understanding Hg global biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review on the state of science in the atmosphere-surface exchange of elemental Hg. We compiled an up-to-date global observational flux database and discuss the implication of flux data on global Hg budget. The knowledge gap and research needs for future measurements and modeling efforts were discussed.
Reliable quantification of air-surfaces flux of elemental mercury vapor (Hg0) is crucial for...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint