Open access publishing is a milestone in the history of academic dissemination, and ACP has been at the forefront of this movement. This paper is co-authored by four scientists who played key roles in initiating ACP, and establishing and maintaining it as a leading journal in atmospheric science. It articulates the vision of 'open science' that motivated the establishment of ACP and provides a comprehensive overview of the publication process of ACP and other EGU journals and how open science is enabled and promoted within that process. Detailed statistics and commentary reveal how open science practices in publication in EGU journals have developed and evolved over the last 25 years, and how this may continue to develop into the future.

Aerosol particles emitted by ships substantially influence the microphysical properties of marine clouds. In 2020, regulatory changes led to a marked reduction in sulphur emissions, resulting in measurable decreases in cloud droplet concentrations. This study exploits a unique “accidental experiment” triggered by military conflict, which caused a rerouting of shipping traffic in the Red Sea. The authors use this event to robustly quantify how cloud droplet concentrations responded to changes in aerosol emissions associated with the changes in regulations.

The manuscript provides an opinion and perspectives on the extent to which we can use snapshots of aerosol and cloud data (e.g. from satellite measurements) to infer understanding about the processes in the system. It draws on existing work and adds some new work to demonstrate the applicability of ergodicity, space-time exchange, and the Deborah number to the problem. The manuscript is conceptual and original. It is our hope that this work will encourage the atmospheric sciences community to explore the value of these concepts more deeply.

Following the 2020 global reduction in shipping fuel sulphur, a natural experiment revealed significant changes in marine boundary layer (MBL) cloud properties over the Eastern North Atlantic. These new observations show a ~15% drop in cloud condensation nuclei, leading to fewer but larger cloud droplets. Normally, this would change how clouds reflect sunlight, but an increase in liquid water path (LWP) counteracted these effects. As a result, cloud optical depth and albedo changed very little. Simultaneous shifts in large-scale meteorology, including weaker inversion strength and increased dry air mixing, further complicated attribution of the observed cloud changes. The study suggests that overall, the cooling influence of marine boundary layer clouds seems to be weakening with implications for future climate feedbacks.

This paper provides a guideline The Role of AerChemMIP and will therefore be helpful both for future assessments and for the development of the MIPs in general. Rolf Müller

Aerosols moderate climate change by modifying cloud properties to make them more reflective to sunlight, but the magnitude of the effect remains very uncertain, with important implications for future climate change. This study combines satellite observations and reanalysis data to calculate a much weaker radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions than previous studies. The implication is that aerosols may play a smaller role in climate change than has been widely supposed.

The paper presents the first quantification of the freezing behaviour of siver iodide (AgI) containg seed particles derived from glaciogenic cloud seeding experiments in the real atmosphere. The study uses a unique approach by releasing the seeding particles from an unmanned airborne vehicle in supercooled low stratus clouds and measuring the formed ice crystals by a tethered balloon placed downwind. Based on their unique observation data the authors propose a novel freezing mechanism based on the hygroscopic growth of the particles in to solution droplets, subsequent freezing of droplets and further growth of ice crystals while ruling out competing freezing mechanisms like contact freezing.

The cause of fluctuations of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) period has been debated since its discovery. Explanations for variations in the QBO period are of great interest given the relevance of the QBO as one of the major modes of atmospheric interannual variability that affects not only the tropics, but also on the surface weather and climate in the extra-tropics. This study analyses the latest versions of atmospheric reanalyses, which resolve a part of the gravity wave spectrum, to show that the period fluctuations can be explained by seasonal variations in the forcing by small-scale (gravity) waves in the equatorial region. In doing so, the study improves our understanding of one of the fundamental modes of stratospheric variability and suggests that improvements in our ability to capture multi-scale interactions in the models can improve the accuracy of seasonal forecasts and the reliability of future climate projections.

Climate models are indispensable tools for quantitatively predicting changes in global mean surface temperature in response to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Despite decades of effort within the modeling community, large uncertainties persist. This opinion paper advocates for prioritizing the use of perturbed parameter ensembles (PPEs) as an effective strategy for reducing uncertainty in climate projections, rather than focusing on increases in model complexity or spatial resolution. Based on a synthesis of the existing literature, the authors evaluate the broad applicability and demonstrated effectiveness of PPEs and propose a strategic agenda for their expanded use within the climate modelling community.

An important parameter for calculation of the impact of cirrus clouds on climate is the asymmetry parameter. The asymmetry parameter captures the degree to which light is scattered by individual ice crystals towards the ground rather than reflected upwards to space. The measurements presented in this study show that, for a common type of ice crystal called bullet rosettes, cirrus clouds may be far more efficient at reflecting sunlight than is typically assumed in the radiative transfer models used to represent the role of clouds in climate.

It is widely accepted that secondary organic aerosols formed from the atmospheric processing of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs represent a major component of particulate matter globally, affecting air quality, meteorology and climate, but predictive skill in atmospheric models remains poor. It has previously been theorised that water vapour may assist organic molecules forming particulates by condensing together, but until now this process has not generally been implemented in models. This paper demonstrates that by including this process using a new efficient parameterisation in the popular GEOS-CHEM global chemistry model, the effects on predicted aerosol formation can be substantial, so this effect warrants consideration going forward.