D'Alessandro, J. J., McFarquhar, G. M., Stith, J. L., Diao, M., DeMott, P. J., McCluskey, C. S., Hill, T. C. J., Roberts, G. C., and Sanchez, K. J.: An Evaluation of Phase, Aerosol-Cloud Interactions and Microphysical Properties of Single- and Multi-Layer Clouds Over the Southern Ocean Using in Situ Observations From SOCRATES, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2023JD038610, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038610, 2023.
Dorff, H., Ewald, F., Konow, H., Mech, M., Ori, D., Schemann, V., Walbröl, A., Wendisch, M., and Ament, F.: Moisture budget estimates derived from airborne observations in an Arctic atmospheric river during its dissipation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8329–8354, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8329-2025, 2025.
Fast, J. D., Berg, L. K., Feng, Z., Mei, F., Newsom, R., Sakaguchi, K., and Xiao, H.: The Impact of Variable Land-Atmosphere Coupling on Convective Cloud Populations Observed During the 2016 HI-SCALE Field Campaign, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 2629–2654, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001727, 2019.
Fast, J. D., Bell, D. M., Kulkarni, G., Liu, J., Mei, F., Saliba, G., Shilling, J. E., Suski, K., Tomlinson, J., Wang, J., Zaveri, R., and Zelenyuk, A.: Using aircraft measurements to characterize subgrid-scale variability of aerosol properties near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11217–11238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11217-2022, 2022.
Field, P. R. and Furtado, K.: How Biased Is Aircraft Cloud Sampling?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 33, 185–189, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0148.1, 2016.
Gerber, H., Frick, G., Malinowski, S. P., Brenguier, J.-L., and Burnet, F.: Holes and Entrainment in Stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 443–459, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-3399.1, 2005.
Gerber, H., Frick, G., Malinowski, S. P., Jonsson, H., Khelif, D., and Krueger, S. K.: Entrainment rates and microphysics in POST stratocumulus, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 12094–12109, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50878, 2013.
Gryspeerdt, E., McCoy, D. T., Crosbie, E., Moore, R. H., Nott, G. J., Painemal, D., Small-Griswold, J., Sorooshian, A., and Ziemba, L.: The impact of sampling strategy on the cloud droplet number concentration estimated from satellite data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3875–3892, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3875-2022, 2022.
Gustafson, W. I., Vogelmann, A. M., Cheng, X., Endo, S., Krishna, B., Li, Z., Toto, T., and Xiao, H.: Description of the LASSO Alpha 2 Release, DOE/SC–ARM-TR-199, 1376727, https://doi.org/10.2172/1376727, 2017a.
Gustafson, W. I., Vogelmann, A. M., Cheng, X., Endo, S., Krishna, B., Li, Z., Toto, T., and Xiao, H.: LASSO Alpha 2 Data Bundles, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1342961, 2017b.
Gustafson, W. I., Vogelmann, A. M., Li, Z., Cheng, X., Dumas, K. K., Endo, S., Johnson, K. L., Krishna, B., Fairless, T., and Xiao, H.: The Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Symbiotic Simulation and Observation (LASSO) Activity for Continental Shallow Convection, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E462–E479, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0065.1, 2020.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2013.
Katzwinkel, J., Siebert, H., Heus, T., and Shaw, R. A.: Measurements of Turbulent Mixing and Subsiding Shells in Trade Wind Cumuli, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2810–2822, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0222.1, 2014.
Khairoutdinov, M. F. and Randall, D. A.: Cloud Resolving Modeling of the ARM Summer 1997 IOP: Model Formulation, Results, Uncertainties, and Sensitivities, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 607–625, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0607:CRMOTA>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Krämer, M., Twohy, C., Hermann, M., Afchine, A., Dhaniyala, S., and Korolev, A.: Aerosol and Cloud Particle Sampling, in: Airborne Measurements for Environmental Research, edited by: Wendisch, M. and Brenguier, J., Wiley, 303–341, https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527653218.ch6, 2013.
Kulkarni, G., Mei, F., Shilling, J. E., Wang, J., Reveggino, R. P., Flynn, C., Zelenyuk, A., and Fast, J.: Cloud Condensation Nuclei Closure Study Using Airborne Measurements Over the Southern Great Plains, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037964, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037964, 2023.
Liang, J.: KkristineE/SGP-LES: SGP-LES v1.0.0 – ACP Publication Release, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23487510, 2026.
Mather, J. H. and Voyles, J. W.: The Arm Climate Research Facility: A Review of Structure and Capabilities, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 377–392, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00218.1, 2013.
McFarquhar, G., Schmid, B., Korolev, A., Ogren, J. A., Russell, P. B., Tomlinson, J., Turner, D. D., and Wiscombe, W.: Airborne Instrumentation Needs for Climate and Atmospheric Research, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 1193–1196, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS3180.1, 2011.
McPherson, R. A., Fiebrich, C. A., Crawford, K. C., Kilby, J. R., Grimsley, D. L., Martinez, J. E., Basara, J. B., Illston, B. G., Morris, D. A., Kloesel, K. A., Melvin, A. D., Shrivastava, H., Wolfinbarger, J. M., Bostic, J. P., Demko, D. B., Elliott, R. L., Stadler, S. J., Carlson, J. D., and Sutherland, A. J.: Statewide Monitoring of the Mesoscale Environment: A Technical Update on the Oklahoma Mesonet, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 24, 301–321, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1976.1, 2007.
Mei, F. and Gaustad, K.: ARM airborne field campaign data products aboard Gulfstream 159. Between 2013 and 2018, CACTI, ACE-ENA, HiScale, ACME-V, ACAPEX, GoAmazon, BBOP, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility, ARM Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1999133, 2024.
Mei, F., Comstock, J. M., Pekour, M. S., Fast, J. D., Gaustad, K. L., Schmid, B., Tang, S., Zhang, D., Shilling, J. E., Tomlinson, J. M., Varble, A. C., Wang, J., Leung, L. R., Kleinman, L., Martin, S., Biraud, S. C., Ermold, B. D., and Burk, K. W.: Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) airborne field campaign data products between 2013 and 2018, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5429–5448, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5429-2024, 2024.
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009.
Oue, M., Kollias, P., North, K. W., Tatarevic, A., Endo, S., Vogelmann, A. M., and Gustafson, W. I.: Estimation of cloud fraction profile in shallow convection using a scanning cloud radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10998–11006, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070776, 2016.
Passer, S. R., Witte, M. K., and Chuang, P. Y.: Aircraft evaluation of MODIS cloud drop number concentration retrievals, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3819–3831, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3819-2025, 2025.
Petzold, A., Formenti, P., Baumgardner, D., Bundke, U., Coe, H., Curtius, J., DeMott, P. J., Flagan, R. C., Fiebig, M., Hudson, J. G., McQuaid, J., Minikin, A., Roberts, G. C., and Wang, J.: In Situ Measurements of Aerosol Particles, in: Airborne Measurements for Environmental Research, edited by: Wendisch, M. and Brenguier, J., Wiley, 157–223, https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527653218.ch4, 2013.
Sanchez-Marroquin, A., Hedges, D. H. P., Hiscock, M., Parker, S. T., Rosenberg, P. D., Trembath, J., Walshaw, R., Burke, I. T., McQuaid, J. B., and Murray, B. J.: Characterisation of the filter inlet system on the FAAM BAe-146 research aircraft and its use for size-resolved aerosol composition measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5741–5763, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5741-2019, 2019.
Savelyev, I., Thomas, L. N., Smith, G. B., Wang, Q., Shearman, R. K., Haack, T., Christman, A. J., Blomquist, B., Sletten, M., Miller, W. D., and Fernando, H. J. S.: Aerial Observations of Symmetric Instability at the North Wall of the Gulf Stream, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 236–244, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075735, 2018.
Schmid, B., Tomlinson, J. M., Hubbe, J. M., Comstock, J. M., Mei, F., Chand, D., Pekour, M. S., Kluzek, C. D., Andrews, E., Biraud, S. C., and McFarquhar, G. M.: The DOE ARM Aerial Facility, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 723–742, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00040.1, 2014.
Schneider, T., Lan, S., Stuart, A., and Teixeira, J.: Earth System Modeling 2.0: A Blueprint for Models That Learn From Observations and Targeted High-Resolution Simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12396–12417, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076101, 2017.
Schumann, U., Fahey, D. W., Wendisch, M., and Brenguier, J.: Introduction to Airborne Measurements of the Earth Atmospher
e and Surface, in: Airborne Measurements for Environmental Research, edited by: Wendisch, M. and Brenguier, J., Wiley, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527653218.ch1, 2013.
Schutgens, N., Tsyro, S., Gryspeerdt, E., Goto, D., Weigum, N., Schulz, M., and Stier, P.: On the spatio-temporal representativeness of observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9761–9780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9761-2017, 2017.
Shin, H. H., Xue, L., Li, W., Firl, G., D'Amico, D. F., Muñoz-Esparza, D., Ek, M. B., Chu, Y., Wang, Z., Gustafson, W. I., and Vogelmann, A. M.: Large-Scale Forcing Impact on the Development of Shallow Convective Clouds Revealed From LASSO Large-Eddy Simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035208, 2021.
Sisterson, D. L., Peppler, R. A., Cress, T. S., Lamb, P. J., and Turner, D. D.: The ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Site, Meteor. Monogr., 57, 6.1-6.14, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0004.1, 2016.
Stevens, B., Moeng, C.-H., Ackerman, A. S., Bretherton, C. S., Chlond, A., De Roode, S., Edwards, J., Golaz, J.-C., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M., Kirkpatrick, M. P., Lewellen, D. C., Lock, A., Müller, F., Stevens, D. E., Whelan, E., and Zhu, P.: Evaluation of Large-Eddy Simulations via Observations of Nocturnal Marine Stratocumulus, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 1443–1462, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2930.1, 2005.
Stevens, B., Ament, F., Bony, S., Crewell, S., Ewald, F., Gross, S., Hansen, A., Hirsch, L., Jacob, M., Kölling, T., Konow, H., Mayer, B., Wendisch, M., Wirth, M., Wolf, K., Bakan, S., Bauer-Pfundstein, M., Brueck, M., Delanoë, J., Ehrlich, A., Farrell, D., Forde, M., Gödde, F., Grob, H., Hagen, M., Jäkel, E., Jansen, F., Klepp, C., Klingebiel, M., Mech, M., Peters, G., Rapp, M., Wing, A. A., and Zinner, T.: A High-Altitude Long-Range Aircraft Configured as a Cloud Observatory: The NARVAL Expeditions, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 1061–1077, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0198.1, 2019.
Thompson, G. and Eidhammer, T.: A Study of Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation Development in a Large Winter Cyclone, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3636–3658, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0305.1, 2014.
Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., and Hall, W. D.: Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 5095–5115, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1, 2008.
Vogelmann, A. M., McFarquhar, G. M., Ogren, J. A., Turner, D. D., Comstock, J. M., Feingold, G., Long, C. N., Jonsson, H. H., Bucholtz, A., Collins, D. R., Diskin, G. S., Gerber, H., Lawson, R. P., Woods, R. K., Andrews, E., Yang, H.-J., Chiu, J. C., Hartsock, D., Hubbe, J. M., Lo, C., Marshak, A., Monroe, J. W., McFarlane, S. A., Schmid, B., Tomlinson, J. M., and Toto, T.: Racoro Extended-Term Aircraft Observations of Boundary Layer Clouds, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 861–878, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00189.1, 2012.
Wagner, T. J., Turner, D. D., Berg, L. K., and Krueger, S. K.: Ground-Based Remote Retrievals of Cumulus Entrainment Rates, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 30, 1460–1471, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00187.1, 2013.
Wang, Z. and Sassen, K.: Cloud Type and Macrophysical Property Retrieval Using Multiple Remote Sensors, J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1665–1682, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1665:CTAMPR>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Wang, Z., French, J., Vali, G., Wechsler, P., Haimov, S., Rodi, A., Deng, M., Leon, D., Snider, J., Peng, L., and Pazmany, A. L.: Single Aircraft Integration of Remote Sensing and In Situ Sampling for the Study of Cloud Microphysics and Dynamics, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 653–668, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00044.1, 2012.
Wilson Kemsley, S., Ceppi, P., Andersen, H., Cermak, J., Stier, P., and Nowack, P.: A systematic evaluation of high-cloud controlling factors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8295–8316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8295-2024, 2024.
Zelinka, M. D., Myers, T. A., McCoy, D. T., Po-Chedley, S., Caldwell, P. M., Ceppi, P., Klein, S. A., and Taylor, K. E.: Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085782, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085782, 2020.
Zhang, Y. and Klein, S. A.: Mechanisms Affecting the Transition from Shallow to Deep Convection over Land: Inferences from Observations of the Diurnal Cycle Collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2943–2959, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAS3366.1, 2010.
Zhang, Y. and Klein, S. A.: Factors Controlling the Vertical Extent of Fair-Weather Shallow Cumulus Clouds over Land: Investigation of Diurnal-Cycle Observations Collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1297–1315, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0131.1, 2013.
Zhang, H., Su, T., Zheng, Y., and Li, Z.: First Assessment of Cloud-Land Coupling in LASSO Large-Eddy Simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2024GL109774, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL109774, 2024.
Zheng, X., Dong, X., Xi, B., Logan, T., and Wang, Y.: Distinctive aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions in marine boundary layer clouds from the ACE-ENA and SOCRATES aircraft field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10323–10347, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10323-2024, 2024.
Zhu, L., Lu, C., Chen, J., Wang, Y., He, X., Li, J., Wu, X., and Wu, S.: Aircraft Observations Reveal the Relationship Between Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Aerosol Loading, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2024GL110881, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110881, 2024.
