Articles | Volume 26, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14671-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-14671-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Oct 2026
Research article |
| 19 Oct 2026
| 19 Oct 2026
Constraining the vertical profiles of aerosol component and heating rate over east Asia through assimilating CALIOP observations
Yueming Cheng
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratory of Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Daisuke Goto
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Keiya Yumimoto
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Tomoaki Nishizawa
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Rei Kudo
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
Min Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Akiko Higurashi
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Yoshitaka Jin
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Atsushi Shimizu
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Haoran Peng
State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Guangyu Shi
State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Teruyuki Nakajima
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
Related authors
Yike Wang, Yueming Cheng, Boru Mai, Tie Dai, Xuejiao Deng, Tao Deng, Xiaoli Zhao, Yiwei Diao, Feng Xia, Miao Liang, Ying Li, and Yixiao Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6272, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6272, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a carbon assimilation system to construct a near-real-time 4-km anthropogenic inventory in the Pearl River Delta. We analyze spatiotemporal emission distributions, compare the inversion inventories against statistical emissions, and elucidate their relationship with ambient CO2 concentrations. The results of this study provide a robust scientific basis for advancing the dynamic updating and quantitative evaluation of anthropogenic emissions across meso- to microscale domains.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Océane Soares, Sergey Khaykin, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Artem Feofilov, Tetsu Sakai, Yoshita Jin, Isamu Morino, Ben Liley, and Richard Querel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5639, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5639, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfires can send particles high into the atmosphere, where they can remain for months or even years. Using nearly two decades of satellite observations together with measurements from the ground, we compare major events and show that their impacts can last for very different lengths of time. Our results help explain what controls how long these particles remain in the atmosphere.
Pradeep Khatri, Hitoshi Irie, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Isamu Morino, Yoshitaka Jin, Tadahiro Hayasaka, Hironobu Iwabuchi, Tamio Takamura, and Yoshiki Takayama
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 6447–6467, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6447-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-6447-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the spectral characteristics of zenith sky radiances under clear- and cloudy-sky conditions using SKYNET sky radiometer observations. It proposes a simple, physically interpretable method for distinguishing sky states and demonstrates that wavelength-dependent radiance information can support reliable sky-state detection across diverse atmospheric environments.
Erdenebayar Munkhtsetseg, Atsushi Shimizu, Atshushi Matsuki, Dashdondog Batdorj, Darkhijav Bayanjargal, and Hitoshi Matsui
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4685, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4685, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Mineral dust from the Gobi Desert contributes substantially to the global aerosol burden. Using 13 years of PM observations, we found an emerging mixed dust-pollution regime within a Gobi town, where winter coal burning is associated with more fine particles the following spring. Fine particles travel further and interact differently with sunlight than coarse dust, suggesting that urbanisation within dust source regions may alter aerosol radiative effects beyond the local settlement.
William Wandji Nyamsi, Ville Leinonen, Antti Lipponen, Else van den Besselaar, Santtu Mikkonen, Arturo Sanchez-Lorenzo, Martin Wild, Doris Folini, Tero Mielonen, Harri Kokkola, Antti Kukkurainen, Neus Sabater, Rei Kudo, Ben Liley, Raghav Srinivasan, Bruce W. Forgan, Alexandru Dumitrescu, Grzegorz Urban, Michał K. Kowalewski, Márcia Akemi Yamasoe, Nilton Évora do Rosário, Dimitra Founda, Stelios Kazadzis, Veronica Manara, Derbetini A. Vondou, Christian Gueymard, Anders V. Lindfors, Atsumu Ohmura, and Antti Arola
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 10767–10788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10767-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10767-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Worldwide reconstructed historical aerosol load reveals that during the period of:
- 1900–1959: the atmosphere became cleaner in most European cities;
- 1960–1985: anthropogenic aerosols were responsible for the dimming phenomenon in Europe. AOD increased over Southeast Brazil and decreased noticeably over Japan while a small negative trend was found over Oceania;
- 1986–2015: generally, the atmosphere has become much cleaner everywhere after the reversal trend around 1980s mainly observed in Europe.
Gaurav Kumar, Masahiro Momoi, Monica Campanelli, Meritxell Garcia-Suñer, Natalia Kouremeti, Rei Kudo, Roberto Pedrós, and Víctor Estellés
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4267, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-4267, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols are tiny particles suspended in the atmosphere, affecting the air quality and climate. Accurate aerosol measurements are thus important for understanding their effects. Sky radiometers are widely used instruments for the aerosol measurements. We developed a method to improve the calibration coefficients of sky radiometers, using the latest data-processing algorithm and an iterative procedure. The proposed method produced more accurate results, improving long-term aerosol monitoring.
Takuma Miyakawa, Chunmao Zhu, Morihisa Yokokawa, Mitsunobu Mukawa, Akinori Ito, Atsushi Shimizu, Tomoaki Nishizawa, and Yugo Kanaya
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3778, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3778, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Soluble iron (Fesol) in aerosol particles was investigated in the East Asian outflow in winter–spring 2023–2024. Source attribution was essential to account for the variations in Fesol fraction for fine aerosols, whereas those for coarse aerosols were largely affected by aging processes. Fesol-to-black carbon enhancement ratios can be useful constraints for evaluating numerical models to simulate anthropogenic and natural impacts on Fesol concentrations in the East Asian outflow regions.
Mizuo Kajino, Narihiro Orikasa, Rei Kudo, Atsushi Shimizu, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Jin, Kazuo Osada, Satoko Kayaba, Tomoki Kajikawa, Rio Ishikawa, and Keiya Yumimoto
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1666, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1666, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosol size distribution is important for understanding the climate impacts of aerosols; however, it is difficult to validate modeled size distributions. This study introduces a new method that compares physical variables, such as cloud condensation nuclei and light extinction coefficients, derived from size distribution measurements. Using data from Tsukuba, Japan, the method shows that the new model (v2.0) improves predictions of aerosol size distribution by about 17% compared to v1.0.
Tomoaki Nishizawa, Rei Kudo, Eiji Oikawa, Akiko Higurashi, Yoshitaka Jin, Nobuo Sugimoto, Kaori Sato, and Hajime Okamoto
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 729–744, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-729-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-729-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We developed algorithms to produce JAXA ATLID L2 aerosol products using ATLID L1 data. The algorithms estimate layer identifiers such as (1) aerosol or cloud layers, (2) particle optical properties at 355 nm, (3) particle type identifiers, and (4) planetary boundary layer height. We demonstrated the algorithm performance using the simulated ATLID L1 data and found the algorithm’s capability to provide valuable insights into the global distribution of aerosols and clouds.
Sergey Khaykin, Michaël Sicard, Thierry Leblanc, Tetsu Sakai, Nickolay Balugin, Gwenaël Berthet, Stëphane Chevrier, Fernando Chouza, Artem Feofilov, Dominique Gantois, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Arezki Haddouche, Yoshitaka Jin, Isamu Morino, Nicolas Kadygrov, Thomas Lecas, Ben Liley, Richard Querel, Ghasssan Taha, and Vladimir Yushkov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 607–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-607-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-607-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
In April 2024, the Ruang volcano in Indonesia sent large amounts of gas and particles high into the atmosphere, which then spread worldwide. Using the new European EarthCARE satellite and its advanced laser instrument ATLID (Atmospheric LIDar), together with ground and balloon observations, we tracked how these particles doubled levels in the tropics and spread into both hemispheres. The study shows ATLID’s power to reveal how eruptions can affect climate, clouds, and ozone for more than a year.
Yike Wang, Yueming Cheng, Boru Mai, Tie Dai, Xuejiao Deng, Tao Deng, Xiaoli Zhao, Yiwei Diao, Feng Xia, Miao Liang, Ying Li, and Yixiao Zhu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6272, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6272, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a carbon assimilation system to construct a near-real-time 4-km anthropogenic inventory in the Pearl River Delta. We analyze spatiotemporal emission distributions, compare the inversion inventories against statistical emissions, and elucidate their relationship with ambient CO2 concentrations. The results of this study provide a robust scientific basis for advancing the dynamic updating and quantitative evaluation of anthropogenic emissions across meso- to microscale domains.
Jianyu Lin, Tie Dai, Lifang Sheng, Weihang Zhang, Shangfei Hai, and Yawen Kong
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 2231–2248, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2231-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-2231-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The effectiveness of this assimilation system and its sensitivity to the ensemble member size and length of the assimilation window are investigated. This study advances our understanding of the selection of basic parameters in the four-dimensional local ensemble transform Kalman filter assimilation system and the performance of ensemble simulation in a particulate-matter-polluted environment.
Kaori Sato, Hajime Okamoto, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Jin, Takashi Y. Nakajima, Minrui Wang, Masaki Satoh, Woosub Roh, Hiroshi Ishimoto, and Rei Kudo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1325–1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1325-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1325-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces the JAXA EarthCARE Level 2 (L2) cloud product using satellite observations and simulated EarthCARE data. The outputs from the product feature a 3D global view of the dominant ice habit categories and corresponding microphysics. Habit and size distribution transitions from cloud to precipitation are quantified by the L2 cloud algorithms. With Doppler data, the products can be beneficial for further understanding of the coupling of cloud microphysics, radiation, and dynamics.
Yueming Cheng, Tie Dai, Junji Cao, Daisuke Goto, Jianbing Jin, Teruyuki Nakajima, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12643–12659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In March 2021, east Asia experienced an outbreak of severe dust storms after an absence of 1.5 decades. Here, we innovatively used the time-lagged ground-based aerosol size information with the fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother to optimize dust emission and reproduce the dust storm. This work is valuable for not only the quantification of health damage, aviation risks, and profound impacts on the Earth's system but also revealing the climatic driving force and the process of desertification.
Monica Campanelli, Victor Estellés, Gaurav Kumar, Teruyuki Nakajima, Masahiro Momoi, Julian Gröbner, Stelios Kazadzis, Natalia Kouremeti, Angelos Karanikolas, Africa Barreto, Saulius Nevas, Kerstin Schwind, Philipp Schneider, Iiro Harju, Petri Kärhä, Henri Diémoz, Rei Kudo, Akihiro Uchiyama, Akihiro Yamazaki, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Gabriele Mevi, Annalisa Di Bernardino, and Stefano Casadio
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5029–5050, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To retrieve columnar aerosol properties from sun photometers, some calibration factors are needed. The on-site calibrations, performed as frequently as possible to monitor changes in the machine conditions, allow operators to track and evaluate the calibration status on a continuous basis, reducing the data gaps incurred by the periodic shipments for performing centralized calibrations. The performance of the on-site calibration procedures was evaluated, providing very good results.
Hajime Okamoto, Kaori Sato, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Jin, Shota Ogawa, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Yuichiro Hagihara, EIji Oikawa, Maki Kikuchi, Masaki Satoh, and Wooosub Roh
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-103, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-103, 2024
Publication in AMT not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The article gives the descriptions of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) level 2 (L2) cloud mask and cloud particle type algorithms for CPR and ATLID onboard Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite. The 355nm-multiple scattering polarization lidar was used to develop ATLID algorithm. Evaluations show the agreements for CPR-only, ATLID-only and CPR-ATLID synergy algorithms to be about 80%, 85% and 80%, respectively on average for about two EarthCARE orbits.
Hajime Okamoto, Kaori Sato, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Yoshitaka Jin, Takashi Nakajima, Minrui Wang, Masaki Satoh, Kentaroh Suzuki, Woosub Roh, Akira Yamauchi, Hiroaki Horie, Yuichi Ohno, Yuichiro Hagihara, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Rei Kudo, Takuji Kubota, and Toshiyuki Tanaka
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-101, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-101, 2024
Publication in AMT not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
This article gives overviews of the JAXA L2 algorithms and products by Japanese science teams for EarthCARE. The algorithms provide corrected Doppler velocity, cloud particle shape and orientations, microphysics of clouds and aerosols, and radiative fluxes and heating rate. The retrievals by the algorithms are demonstrated and evaluated using NICAM/J-simulator outputs. The JAXA EarthCARE L2 products will bring new scientific knowledge about the clouds, aerosols, radiation and convections.
Zhe Jin, Xiangjun Tian, Yilong Wang, Hongqin Zhang, Min Zhao, Tao Wang, Jinzhi Ding, and Shilong Piao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2857–2876, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2857-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2857-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An accurate estimate of spatial distribution and temporal evolution of CO2 fluxes is a critical foundation for providing information regarding global carbon cycle and climate mitigation. Here, we present a global carbon flux dataset for 2015–2022, derived by assimilating satellite CO2 observations into the GONGGA inversion system. This dataset will help improve the broader understanding of global carbon cycle dynamics and their response to climate change.
Peng Xian, Jeffrey S. Reid, Melanie Ades, Angela Benedetti, Peter R. Colarco, Arlindo da Silva, Tom F. Eck, Johannes Flemming, Edward J. Hyer, Zak Kipling, Samuel Rémy, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Taichu Tanaka, Keiya Yumimoto, and Jianglong Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6385–6411, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study compares and evaluates monthly AOD of four reanalyses (RA) and their consensus (i.e., ensemble mean). The basic verification characteristics of these RA versus both AERONET and MODIS retrievals are presented. The study discusses the strength of each RA and identifies regions where divergence and challenges are prominent. The RA consensus usually performs very well on a global scale in terms of how well it matches the observational data, making it a good choice for various applications.
Daisuke Goto, Tatsuya Seiki, Kentaroh Suzuki, Hisashi Yashiro, and Toshihiko Takemura
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 651–684, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate models with coarse grid sizes include uncertainties about the processes in aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions. To reduce these uncertainties, here we performed numerical simulations using a new version of our global aerosol transport model with a finer grid size over a longer period than in our previous study. As a result, we found that the cloud microphysics module influences the aerosol distributions through both aerosol wet deposition and aerosol–cloud interactions.
Min Zhao, Tie Dai, Daisuke Goto, Hao Wang, and Guangyu Shi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 235–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During a springtime pollution input from South Asia to the Tibetan Plateau, we combined atmospheric chemistry modeling and data assimilation methods to assimilate and forecast aerosols from South Asia and the Tibetan Plateau. Assimilation of observations over a whole time window leads to a more reasonable distribution of daily variations in the aerosol forecast field. We also find that aerosol assimilation can improve the surface solar energy forecast in the Tibetan Plateau region.
Takuma Miyakawa, Akinori Ito, Chunmao Zhu, Atsushi Shimizu, Erika Matsumoto, Yusuke Mizuno, and Yugo Kanaya
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14609–14626, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study conducted semi-continuous measurements of PM2.5 aerosols and their elemental composition in western Japan, during spring 2018. It analyzed the emissions, transport, and wet removal of elements such as Pb, Cu, Fe, and Mn. It also assessed the accuracy of modeled concentrations and found overestimations of BC and underestimations of Cu and anthropogenic Fe in East Asia. Insights into emissions, removals, and source apportionment of trace metals in the East Asian outflow were provided.
Rei Kudo, Akiko Higurashi, Eiji Oikawa, Masahiro Fujikawa, Hiroshi Ishimoto, and Tomoaki Nishizawa
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3835–3863, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A synergistic retrieval method of aerosol components (water-soluble, light-absorbing, dust, and sea salt particles) from CALIOP and MODIS observations was developed. The total global 3-D distributions and those for each component showed good consistency with the CALIOP and MODIS official products and previous studies. The shortwave direct radiative effects of each component at the top and bottom of the atmosphere and for the heating rate were also consistent with previous studies.
Qiuyan Wang, Hua Zhang, Su Yang, Qi Chen, Xixun Zhou, Bing Xie, Yuying Wang, Guangyu Shi, and Martin Wild
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15867–15886, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15867-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15867-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The present-day land energy balance over East Asia is estimated for the first time. Results indicate that high aerosol loadings, clouds, and the Tibet Plateau (TP) over East Asia play vital roles in the shortwave budgets, while the TP is responsible for the longwave budgets during this regional energy budget assessment. This study provides a perspective to understand fully how the potential factors influence the diversifying regional energy budget assessments.
Soon-Young Park, Uzzal Kumar Dash, Jinhyeok Yu, Keiya Yumimoto, Itsushi Uno, and Chul Han Song
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2773–2790, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An EnKF was applied to CMAQ for assimilating ground PM2.5 observations from China and South Korea. The EnKF performed better than that without assimilation and even superior to 3D-Var. The reduced MBs in 24 h predictions were 48 % and 27 % by improving ICs and BCs, respectively.
Monica Campanelli, Henri Diémoz, Anna Maria Siani, Alcide di Sarra, Anna Maria Iannarelli, Rei Kudo, Gabriele Fasano, Giampietro Casasanta, Luca Tofful, Marco Cacciani, Paolo Sanò, and Stefano Dietrich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1171–1183, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aerosol optical depth (AOD) characteristics in an urban area of Rome were retrieved over a period of 11 years (2010–2020) to determine, for the first time, their effect on the incoming ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation. The surface forcing efficiency shows that the AOD is the primary parameter affecting the surface irradiance in Rome, and it is found to be greater for smaller zenith angles and for larger and more absorbing particles in the UV range (such as, e.g., mineral dust).
Cited articles
Babu, S. S., Moorthy, K. K., Manchanda, R. K., Sinha, P. R., Satheesh, S. K., Vajja, D. P., Srinivasan, S., and Kumar, V. H. A.: Free tropospheric black carbon aerosol measurements using high altitude balloon: Do BC layers build “their own homes” up in the atmosphere?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046654, 2011.
Benedetti, A., Morcrette, J.-J., Boucher, O., Dethof, A., Engelen, R. J., Fisher, M., Flentje, H., Huneeus, N., Jones, L., Kaiser, J. W., Kinne, S., Mangold, A., Razinger, M., Simmons, A. J., and Suttie, M.: Aerosol analysis and forecast in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System: 2. Data assimilation, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011115, 2009.
Boylan, J. W. and Russell, A. G.: PM and light extinction model performance metrics, goals, and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4946–4959, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.087, 2006.
Campbell, J. R., Reid, J. S., Westphal, D. L., Zhang, J., Hyer, E. J., and Welton, E. J.: CALIOP Aerosol Subset Processing for Global Aerosol Transport Model Data Assimilation, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 3, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2010.2044868, 2010.
Chen, C., Dubovik, O., Schuster, G. L., Chin, M., Henze, D. K., Lapyonok, T., Li, Z., Derimian, Y., and Zhang, Y.: Multi-angular polarimetric remote sensing to pinpoint global aerosol absorption and direct radiative forcing, Nat. Commun., 13, 7459, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35147-y, 2022.
Chen, F. and Dudhia, J.: Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Cheng, X., Liu, Y., Xu, X., You, W., Zang, Z., Gao, L., Chen, Y., Su, D., and Yan, P.: Lidar data assimilation method based on CRTM and WRF-Chem models and its application in PM2.5 forecasts in Beijing, Sci. Total Environ., 682, 541–552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.186, 2019a.
Cheng, Y., Dai, T., Goto, D., Schutgens, N. A. J., Shi, G., and Nakajima, T.: Investigating the assimilation of CALIPSO global aerosol vertical observations using a four-dimensional ensemble Kalman filter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13445–13467, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13445-2019, 2019b.
Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., Torres, O., Holben, B. N., Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A., Higurashi, A., and Nakajima, T.: Tropospheric aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with satellite and Sun photometer measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 461–483, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<0461:TAOTFT>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Cohen, J. B., Lecoeur, E., and Hui Loong Ng, D.: Decadal-scale relationship between measurements of aerosols, land-use change, and fire over Southeast Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 721–743, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-721-2017, 2017.
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Butler, T., Keating, T., Wu, R., Kaminski, J., Kuenen, J., Kurokawa, J., Chatani, S., Morikawa, T., Pouliot, G., Racine, J., Moran, M. D., Klimont, Z., Manseau, P. M., Mashayekhi, R., Henderson, B. H., Smith, S. J., Suchyta, H., Muntean, M., Solazzo, E., Banja, M., Schaaf, E., Pagani, F., Woo, J.-H., Kim, J., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Pisoni, E., Zhang, J., Niemi, D., Sassi, M., Ansari, T., and Foley, K.: The HTAP_v3 emission mosaic: merging regional and global monthly emissions (2000–2018) to support air quality modelling and policies, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2667–2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2667-2023, 2023.
Di Tomaso, E., Schutgens, N. A. J., Jorba, O., and Pérez García-Pando, C.: Assimilation of MODIS Dark Target and Deep Blue observations in the dust aerosol component of NMMB-MONARCH version 1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1107–1129, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1107-2017, 2017.
Dubovik, O. and King, M. D.: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20673–20696, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900282, 2000.
El Amraoui, L., Sič, B., Piacentini, A., Marécal, V., Frebourg, N., and Attié, J.-L.: Aerosol data assimilation in the MOCAGE chemical transport model during the TRAQA/ChArMEx campaign: lidar observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4645–4667, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4645-2020, 2020.
Escribano, J., Di Tomaso, E., Jorba, O., Klose, M., Gonçalves Ageitos, M., Macchia, F., Amiridis, V., Baars, H., Marinou, E., Proestakis, E., Urbanneck, C., Althausen, D., Bühl, J., Mamouri, R.-E., and Pérez García-Pando, C.: Assimilating spaceborne lidar dust extinction can improve dust forecasts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 535–560, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-535-2022, 2022.
Fernald, F. G.: Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: some comments, Appl. Opt., 23, 652–653, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.23.000652, 1984.
Freitas, S. R., Longo, K. M., Chatfield, R., Latham, D., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Andreae, M. O., Prins, E., Santos, J. C., Gielow, R., and Carvalho Jr., J. A.: Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low resolution atmospheric transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3385–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3385-2007, 2007.
Gao, L., Jiang, L., Sun, W., Yan, P., Qi, B., Ji, C., and Tao, F.: Data assimilation of ceilometer aerosol extinction coefficient profile contributes to predictions of the three-dimensional structures of aerosols in East China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 130, e2024JD042408, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042408, 2025.
Gaspari, G. and Cohn, S. E.: Construction of correlation functions in two and three dimensions, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 723–757, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712555417, 1999.
Giles, D. M., Sinyuk, A., Sorokin, M. G., Schafer, J. S., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Lewis, J. R., Campbell, J. R., Welton, E. J., Korkin, S. V., and Lyapustin, A. I.: Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 database – automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 169–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-169-2019, 2019.
Grell, G. A. and Freitas, S. R.: A scale and aerosol aware stochastic convective parameterization for weather and air quality modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5233–5250, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014, 2014.
Guan, L., Cohen, J. B., Wang, S., Tiwari, P., Liu, Z., Li, Z., and Qin, K.: In-tandem multi-waveband particulate absorption and size observations yield substantial changes in radiative forcing over industrial Central China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 3107–3123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-3107-2026, 2026a.
Guan, L., Cohen, J. B., Wang, S., Tiwari, P., Liu, Z., and Qin, K.: Improving aerosol absorption estimates via size-resolved constraints based on AERONET and in situ measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 53, e2025GL117418, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117418, 2026b.
Haywood, J. M. and Ramaswamy, V.: Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 6043–6058, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD03426, 1998.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5, 1998.
Hong, S.-Y., Noh, Y., and Dudhia, J.: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2318–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1, 2006.
Hu, X.-M., Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., and Zhang, F.: Evaluation of Three Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes in the WRF Model, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 49, 1831–1844, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2432.1, 2010.
Huang, B., Pagowski, M., Trahan, S., Martin, C. R., Tangborn, A., Kondragunta, S., and Kleist, D. T.: JEDI-Based Three-Dimensional Ensemble-Variational Data Assimilation System for Global Aerosol Forecasting at NCEP, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 15, e2022MS003232, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003232, 2023.
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S. A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008.
Jin, J., Pang, M., Segers, A., Han, W., Fang, L., Li, B., Feng, H., Lin, H. X., and Liao, H.: Inverse modeling of the 2021 spring super dust storms in East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6393–6410, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6393-2022, 2022.
Koffi, B., Schulz, M., Bréon, F.-M., Dentener, F., Steensen, B. M., Griesfeller, J., Winker, D., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T., Bian, H., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Ghan, S., Hauglustaine, D. A., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Myhre, G., Rasch, P., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Steenrod, S. D., Stier, P., Tackett, J., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Vuolo, M. R., Yoon, J., and Zhang, K.: Evaluation of the aerosol vertical distribution in global aerosol models through comparison against CALIOP measurements: AeroCom phase II results, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 7254–7283, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024639, 2016.
Kudo, R., Higurashi, A., Oikawa, E., Fujikawa, M., Ishimoto, H., and Nishizawa, T.: Global 3-D distribution of aerosol composition by synergistic use of CALIOP and MODIS observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3835–3863, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3835-2023, 2023.
Li, J., Carlson, B. E., Yung, Y. L., Lv, D., Hansen, J., Penner, J. E., Liao, H., Ramaswamy, V., Kahn, R. A., Zhang, P., Dubovik, O., Ding, A., Lacis, A. A., Zhang, L., and Dong, Y.: Scattering and absorbing aerosols in the climate system, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00296-7, 2022.
Li, Z. Q., Xu, H., Li, K. T., Li, D. H., Xie, Y. S., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Gu, X. F., Zhao, W., Tian, Q. J., Deng, R. R., Su, X. L., Huang, B., Qiao, Y. L., Cui, W. Y., Hu, Y., Gong, C. L., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, X. F., Wang, J. P., Du, W. B., Pan, Z. Q., Li, Z. Z., and Bu, D.: Comprehensive Study of Optical, Physical, Chemical, and Radiative Properties of Total Columnar Atmospheric Aerosols over China: An Overview of Sun–Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) Measurements, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 739–755, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0133.1, 2018.
Loeb, N. G. and Su, W.: Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing Uncertainty Based on a Radiative Perturbation Analysis, J. Climate, 23, 5288–5293, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3543.1, 2010.
Lu, C.-H., Liu, Q., Wei, S.-W., Johnson, B. T., Dang, C., Stegmann, P. G., Grogan, D., Ge, G., Hu, M., and Lueken, M.: The Aerosol Module in the Community Radiative Transfer Model (v2.2 and v2.3): accounting for aerosol transmittance effects on the radiance observation operator, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1317–1329, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1317-2022, 2022.
Mishra, A. K., Koren, I., and Rudich, Y.: Effect of aerosol vertical distribution on aerosol-radiation interaction: A theoretical prospect, Heliyon, 1, e00036, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00036, 2015.
Miyoshi, T., Yamane, S., and Enomoto, T.: Localizing the Error Covariance by Physical Distances within a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF), SOLA, 3, 89–92, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2007-023, 2007.
Nakajima, T., Sekiguchi, M., Momoi, M., Shi, C., Hashimoto, M., Babu, S. S., Gogoi, M. M., Goto, D., Madhavan, B. L., Nakajima, T. Y., Shiomi, K., Takenaka, H., Tang, C., Yao, R., Imasu, R., and Matsunaga, T.: Aerosol retrievals from the GOSAT-2/CAI-2 imager with the 2nd version of the multi-wavelength and multi-pixel method, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 109939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2026.109939, 2026.
Nishizawa, T., Okamoto, H., Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., Shimizu, A., and Aoki, K.: An algorithm that retrieves aerosol properties from dual-wavelength polarized lidar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06212, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007435, 2007.
Pagowski, M., Liu, Z., Grell, G. A., Hu, M., Lin, H.-C., and Schwartz, C. S.: Implementation of aerosol assimilation in Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (v. 3.2) and WRF-Chem (v. 3.4.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1621–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1621-2014, 2014.
Pang, M., Jin, J., Yang, T., Chen, X., Segers, A., Buyantogtokh, B., Gu, Y., Li, J., Lin, H. X., Liao, H., and Han, W.: The sensitivity of aerosol data assimilation to vertical profiles: case study of dust storm assimilation with LOTOS-EUROS v2.2, Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3781–3798, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3781-2025, 2025.
Peng, Z., Lei, L., Liu, Z., Sun, J., Ding, A., Ban, J., Chen, D., Kou, X., and Chu, K.: The impact of multi-species surface chemical observation assimilation on air quality forecasts in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 17387–17404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17387-2018, 2018.
Proestakis, E., Amiridis, V., Marinou, E., Binietoglou, I., Ansmann, A., Wandinger, U., Hofer, J., Yorks, J., Nowottnick, E., Makhmudov, A., Papayannis, A., Pietruczuk, A., Gialitaki, A., Apituley, A., Szkop, A., Muñoz Porcar, C., Bortoli, D., Dionisi, D., Althausen, D., Mamali, D., Balis, D., Nicolae, D., Tetoni, E., Liberti, G. L., Baars, H., Mattis, I., Stachlewska, I. S., Voudouri, K. A., Mona, L., Mylonaki, M., Perrone, M. R., Costa, M. J., Sicard, M., Papagiannopoulos, N., Siomos, N., Burlizzi, P., Pauly, R., Engelmann, R., Abdullaev, S., and Pappalardo, G.: EARLINET evaluation of the CATS Level 2 aerosol backscatter coefficient product, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11743–11764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11743-2019, 2019.
Rijsdijk, P., Eskes, H., Dingemans, A., Boersma, K. F., Sekiya, T., Miyazaki, K., and Houweling, S.: Quantifying uncertainties in satellite NO2 superobservations for data assimilation and model evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 483–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-483-2025, 2025.
Rubin, J. I., Reid, J. S., Hansen, J. A., Anderson, J. L., Holben, B. N., Xian, P., Westphal, D. L., and Zhang, J.: Assimilation of AERONET and MODIS AOT observations using variational and ensemble data assimilation methods and its impact on aerosol forecasting skill, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 4967–4992, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026067, 2017.
Samset, B. H. and Myhre, G.: Vertical dependence of black carbon, sulphate and biomass burning aerosol radiative forcing: Vertical Dependence of Aerosol Forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049697, 2011.
Samset, B. H., Myhre, G., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Bellouin, N., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Iversen, T., Kinne, S., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Penner, J. E., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., and Zhang, K.: Black carbon vertical profiles strongly affect its radiative forcing uncertainty, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2423–2434, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2423-2013, 2013.
Schutgens, N., Tsyro, S., Gryspeerdt, E., Goto, D., Weigum, N., Schulz, M., and Stier, P.: On the spatio-temporal representativeness of observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 9761–9780, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-9761-2017, 2017.
Schutgens, N. A. J., Miyoshi, T., Takemura, T., and Nakajima, T.: Sensitivity tests for an ensemble Kalman filter for aerosol assimilation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6583–6600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6583-2010, 2010.
Sekiyama, T. T., Tanaka, T. Y., Shimizu, A., and Miyoshi, T.: Data assimilation of CALIPSO aerosol observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 39–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-39-2010, 2010.
Shimizu, A., Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., Arao, K., Uno, I., Murayama, T., Kagawa, N., Aoki, K., Uchiyama, A., and Yamazaki, A.: Continuous observations of Asian dust and other aerosols by polarization lidars in China and Japan during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003253, 2004.
Sinyuk, A., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Giles, D. M., Slutsker, I., Korkin, S., Schafer, J. S., Smirnov, A., Sorokin, M., and Lyapustin, A.: The AERONET Version 3 aerosol retrieval algorithm, associated uncertainties and comparisons to Version 2, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3375–3411, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3375-2020, 2020.
Sugimoto, N., Uno, I., Nishikawa, M., Shimizu, A., Matsui, I., Dong, X., Chen, Y., and Quan, H.: Record heavy Asian dust in Beijing in 2002: Observations and model analysis of recent events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1640, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016349, 2003.
Sunilkumar, K., Ajay, A., Anand, N., Dharmesh, T., Stalin, P. G., Kapardhi, B. V. N., Santosh, K., Moorthy, K. K., and Satheesh, S. K.: Persistent Elevated Black Carbon Aerosol Layers in the Upper Troposphere and Its Linkage to Aircraft Emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 52, e2024GL113363, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113363, 2025.
Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., and Hall, W. D.: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 5095–5115, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1, 2008.
Tiwari, P., Cohen, J. B., Lu, L., Wang, S., Li, X., Guan, L., Liu, Z., Li, Z., and Qin, K.: Multi-platform observations and constraints reveal overlooked urban sources of black carbon in Xuzhou and Dhaka, Commun. Earth Environ., 6, 38, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02012-x, 2025.
Tiwari, P., Cohen, J. B., Gao, H., Lu, L., Wang, J., Dubovik, O., and Qin, K.: Microphysical evolution and column loading drive nonlinear regional contrast in black carbon top-of-atmosphere forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 9149–9180, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9149-2026, 2026.
Tsikerdekis, A., Schutgens, N. A. J., and Hasekamp, O. P.: Assimilating aerosol optical properties related to size and absorption from POLDER/PARASOL with an ensemble data assimilation system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2637–2674, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2637-2021, 2021.
Wang, D., You, W., Zang, Z., Pan, X., Hu, Y., and Liang, Y.: A three-dimensional variational data assimilation system for aerosol optical properties based on WRF-Chem v4.0: design, development, and application of assimilating Himawari-8 aerosol observations, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1821–1840, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1821-2022, 2022a.
Wang, S., Cohen, J. B., Deng, W., Qin, K., and Guo, J.: Using a new top-down constrained emissions inventory to attribute the previously unknown source of extreme aerosol loadings observed annually in the Monsoon Asia free troposphere, Earths Future, 9, e2021EF002167, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002167, 2021.
Wang, S., Dai, T., Li, C., Cheng, Y., Huang, G., and Shi, G.: Improving Clear-Sky Solar Power Prediction over China by Assimilating Himawari-8 Aerosol Optical Depth with WRF-Chem-Solar, Remote Sens.-Basel, 14, 4990, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194990, 2022b.
Welton, E. J., Voss, K. J., Quinn, P. K., Flatau, P. J., Markowicz, K., Campbell, J. R., Spinhirne, J. D., Gordon, H. R., and Johnson, J. E.: Measurements of aerosol vertical profiles and optical properties during INDOEX 1999 using micropulse lidars, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000038, 2002.
Wiedinmyer, C., Kimura, Y., McDonald-Buller, E. C., Emmons, L. K., Buchholz, R. R., Tang, W., Seto, K., Joseph, M. B., Barsanti, K. C., Carlton, A. G., and Yokelson, R.: The Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5: an updated global fire emissions model for climate and chemistry applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3873–3891, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3873-2023, 2023.
Willmott, C. J., Robeson, S. M., and Matsuura, K.: A refined index of model performance, Int. J. Climatol., 32, 2088–2094, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2419, 2012.
Yang, T., Li, H., Wang, H., Sun, Y., Chen, X., Wang, F., Xu, L., and Wang, Z.: Vertical aerosol data assimilation technology and application based on satellite and ground lidar: A review and outlook, J. Environ. Sci., 123, 292–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.012, 2023.
Ye, H., Pan, X., You, W., Zhu, X., Zang, Z., Wang, D., Zhang, X., Hu, Y., and Jin, S.: Impact of CALIPSO profile data assimilation on 3-D aerosol improvement in a size-resolved aerosol model, Atmos. Res., 264, 105877, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105877, 2021.
Yumimoto, K. and Takemura, T.: Direct radiative effect of aerosols estimated using ensemble-based data assimilation in a global aerosol climate model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049258, 2011.
Yumimoto, K., Tanaka, T. Y., Oshima, N., and Maki, T.: JRAero: the Japanese Reanalysis for Aerosol v1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3225–3253, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3225-2017, 2017.
Yumimoto, K., Tanaka, T. Y., Yoshida, M., Kikuchi, M., Nagao, T. M., Murakami, H., and Maki, T.: Assimilation and Forecasting Experiment for Heavy Siberian Wildfire Smoke in May 2016 with Himawari-8 Aerosol Optical Thickness, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II, 96B, 133–149, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2018-035, 2018.
Zeng, Y., Wang, M., Zhao, C., Chen, S., Liu, Z., Huang, X., and Gao, Y.: WRF-Chem v3.9 simulations of the East Asian dust storm in May 2017: modeling sensitivities to dust emission and dry deposition schemes, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2125-2020, 2020.
Zhang, J. and Reid, J. S.: MODIS aerosol product analysis for data assimilation: Assessment of over-ocean level 2 aerosol optical thickness retrievals, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D22207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006898, 2006.
Zhang, J., Campbell, J. R., Reid, J. S., Westphal, D. L., Baker, N. L., Campbell, W. F., and Hyer, E. J.: Evaluating the impact of assimilating CALIOP-derived aerosol extinction profiles on a global mass transport model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047737, 2011.
Zhang, L., Li, J., Jiang, Z., Dong, Y., Ying, T., and Zhang, Z.: Clear-Sky Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing Uncertainty Associated with Aerosol Vertical Distribution Based on CMIP6 models, J. Climate, 35, 3021–3035, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0479.1, 2022.
Short summary
To understand how air pollution affects climate, we must know where different particles reside in the sky. We combined satellite lidar measurements of specific particle types with a numerical model to build a three-dimensional map of pollution over East Asia. Our method successfully located hidden layers of heat-absorbing soot high in the atmosphere that previous models missed. This greatly improves our ability to calculate how these particles trap sunlight and alter regional temperatures.
To understand how air pollution affects climate, we must know where different particles reside...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint