Articles | Volume 26, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10379-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-10379-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Jul 2026
Research article |
| 24 Jul 2026
| 24 Jul 2026
Spatiotemporal optimization of NOx and VOC emissions using a hybrid inversion framework and implications for ozone sensitivity-regime diagnosis
Jeonghyeok Moon
Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
BK21 School of Earth and Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Sujong Jeong
Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
Department of Environmental Management, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
Climate Tech Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
Institute for Sustainable Development, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
Yunsoo Choi
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
Hyun Cheol Kim
Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Soon-Young Park
Department of Science Education, Daegu National University of Education, Daegu 42411, South Korea
Juseon Bak
Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Jung-Woo Yoo
Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Jaehyeong Park
Division of Earth Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Dongjin Kim
BK21 School of Earth and Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Division of Earth Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Hyeonsik Choe
BK21 School of Earth and Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Division of Earth Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Chae-Yeong Yang
BK21 School of Earth and Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Division of Earth Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
BK21 School of Earth and Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
Division of Earth Environmental System, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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Donghee Kim, Sujong Jeong, Dong Yeong Chang, and Jaewon Joo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 7789–7802, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7789-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-7789-2026, 2026
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This study uses data and machine learning to better estimate methane emissions from a major landfill in South Korea. By considering local weather conditions like temperature and rain, the research improves how landfill methane is tracked over time. The results help us understand how climate affects emissions and provide tools that can be used worldwide to improve greenhouse gas monitoring and climate action planning.
Jaewon Joo, Sujong Jeong, Hyuckjae Lee, Yeonsoo Kim, Jaewon Shin, Donghee Kim, and Dong Yeong Chang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 3019–3030, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3019-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-3019-2026, 2026
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This research presents an assessment of fugitive methane emissions from a liquefied natural gas (LNG) power plant in Seoul, using a mobile greenhouse gas (GHG) measurement platform. Three key emission hotspots were identified, including continuous methane leaks and one stochastic super-emitter from the LNG power plant facilities. Our measurements revealed significant discrepancies compared to bottom-up inventories, which fail to capture these intermittent, high-emission events.
Anna Martin, Klaus Klingmüller, Benedikt Steil, Sergey Gromov, Yu-Ri Lee, Dong Yeong Chang, Nic Surawski, Jos Lelieveld, Sujong Jeong, and Andrea Pozzer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-371, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-371, 2026
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We evaluate a new model simulating soil uptake of methane and hydrogen from the atmosphere. Coupled to an atmospheric chemistry and land surface model, it accounts for weather and soil conditions. Our results match observations, showing accurate removal depending on soil properties, temperature, moisture, and atmospheric conditions. This work improves the model’s ability to represent natural cycles of methane and hydrogen.
Juseon Bak, Arno Keppens, Daesung Choi, Sungjae Hong, Jae-Hwan Kim, Cheol-Hee Kim, Hyo-Jung Lee, Wonbae Jeon, Jhoon Kim, Ja-Ho Koo, Joowan Kim, Kanghyun Baek, Kai Yang, Xiong Liu, Gonzalo González Abad, Klaus-Peter Heue, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Yeonjin Jung, Hyunkee Hong, and Won-Jin Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 19, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-119-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-119-2026, 2026
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This study presents the first complete description of the operational version 3 ozone profile retrieval algorithm for the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) and its performance characteristics. Improvements in radiometric and wavelength calibration reduce spectral fitting uncertainties and enhance agreement with ozonesonde profiles and Pandora total ozone measurements.
Sojung Sim and Sujong Jeong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 18509–18526, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18509-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-18509-2025, 2025
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This study develops a high-resolution inverse modeling framework that combines ground-based and satellite CO2 observations to improve urban emission estimates in Seoul. By integrating atmospheric data and transport models, the research reduces uncertainties in CO2 emissions and reveals spatial and temporal patterns. The method offers a valuable tool for supporting climate policies and can be applied to other cities for better emission verification.
Ran Chen, Jin-Soo Kim, Jung-Eun Chu, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Bora Lee, Sujong Jeong, and Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5805, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5805, 2025
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We investigated the responses of mangroves to temperature and solar radiation, and further projected future climate favourability for mangroves across East Asia. East Asian mangrove growth is positively linked to temperature and solar radiation, particularly in cumulative anomalies on seasonal time scales. Winter isotherm shifts suggest northward mangrove expansion under global warming, but low solar radiation from aerosol emissions in East Asia may still constrain their growth.
Ke Li, Rong Tan, Wenhao Qiao, Taegyung Lee, Yufen Wang, Danyuting Zhang, Minglong Tang, Wenqing Zhao, Yixuan Gu, Shaojia Fan, Jinqiang Zhang, Xiaopu Lyu, Likun Xue, Jianming Xu, Zhiqiang Ma, Mohd Talib Latif, Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen, Junsu Gil, Mee-Hye Lee, Juseon Bak, Joowan Kim, Hong Liao, Yugo Kanaya, Xiao Lu, Tatsuya Nagashima, and Ja-Ho Koo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 11575–11596, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11575-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11575-2025, 2025
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East Asia and Southeast Asia have been identified as a global hot spot, with the fastest ozone increase. This paper presents the most comprehensive observational review of ozone distributions and evolution over East Asia and Southeast Asia across different spatiotemporal scales in the past two decades, which will have important implications for assessing ozone impacts on public health and crop yields and for developing future ozone control strategies.
Jincheol Park, Yunsoo Choi, and Sagun Kayastha
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4291–4311, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4291-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4291-2025, 2025
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We investigated NOx emission contributions to NOy loadings across five regions of East Asia during the 2022 winter–spring transition through chemical transport modeling informed by satellite data. As seasons progress, local contributions within each region to its NOy budget decreased from 32 %–43 % to 23 %–30 %, while transboundary contributions increased from 16 %–33 % to 27 %–37 %, driven by a shift in synoptic settings that allowed pollutants to spread more broadly across the regions.
Juseon Bak, Xiong Liu, Kai Yang, Gonzalo Gonzalez Abad, Ewan O'Sullivan, Kelly Chance, and Cheol-Hee Kim
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1891–1911, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1891-2024, 2024
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The new version (V2) of the OMI ozone profile product is introduced to improve retrieval quality and long-term consistency of tropospheric ozone by incorporating the recent collection 4 OMI L1b spectral products and refining radiometric correction, forward model calculation, and a priori ozone data.
Kanghyun Baek, Jae Hwan Kim, Juseon Bak, David P. Haffner, Mina Kang, and Hyunkee Hong
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5461–5478, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5461-2023, 2023
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The GEMS mission was the first mission of the geostationary satellite constellation for hourly atmospheric composition monitoring. The GEMS ozone measurements were cross-compared to those of Pandora, OMPS, and TROPOMI satellite sensors and excellent agreement was found. GEMS has proven to be a powerful new instrument for monitoring and assessing the diurnal variation in atmospheric ozone. This experience can be used to advance research with future geostationary environmental satellite missions.
Jincheol Park, Jia Jung, Yunsoo Choi, Hyunkwang Lim, Minseok Kim, Kyunghwa Lee, Yun Gon Lee, and Jhoon Kim
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3039–3057, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3039-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3039-2023, 2023
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In response to the recent release of new geostationary platform-derived observational data generated by the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) and its sister instruments, this study utilized the GEMS data fusion product and its proxy data in adjusting aerosol precursor emissions over East Asia. The use of spatiotemporally more complete observation references in updating the emissions resulted in more promising model performances in estimating aerosol loadings in East Asia.
Lei Shu, Lei Zhu, Juseon Bak, Peter Zoogman, Han Han, Song Liu, Xicheng Li, Shuai Sun, Juan Li, Yuyang Chen, Dongchuan Pu, Xiaoxing Zuo, Weitao Fu, Xin Yang, and Tzung-May Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3731–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3731-2023, 2023
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We quantify the benefit of multisource observations (GEMS, LEO satellite, and surface) on ozone simulations in Asia. Data assimilation improves the monitoring of exceedance, spatial pattern, and diurnal variation of surface ozone, with the regional mean bias reduced from −2.1 to −0.2 ppbv. Data assimilation also better represents ozone vertical distributions in the middle to upper troposphere at low latitudes. Our results offer a valuable reference for future ozone simulations.
Brendan Byrne, David F. Baker, Sourish Basu, Michael Bertolacci, Kevin W. Bowman, Dustin Carroll, Abhishek Chatterjee, Frédéric Chevallier, Philippe Ciais, Noel Cressie, David Crisp, Sean Crowell, Feng Deng, Zhu Deng, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Manvendra K. Dubey, Sha Feng, Omaira E. García, David W. T. Griffith, Benedikt Herkommer, Lei Hu, Andrew R. Jacobson, Rajesh Janardanan, Sujong Jeong, Matthew S. Johnson, Dylan B. A. Jones, Rigel Kivi, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Shamil Maksyutov, John B. Miller, Scot M. Miller, Isamu Morino, Justus Notholt, Tomohiro Oda, Christopher W. O'Dell, Young-Suk Oh, Hirofumi Ohyama, Prabir K. Patra, Hélène Peiro, Christof Petri, Sajeev Philip, David F. Pollard, Benjamin Poulter, Marine Remaud, Andrew Schuh, Mahesh K. Sha, Kei Shiomi, Kimberly Strong, Colm Sweeney, Yao Té, Hanqin Tian, Voltaire A. Velazco, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Thorsten Warneke, John R. Worden, Debra Wunch, Yuanzhi Yao, Jeongmin Yun, Andrew Zammit-Mangion, and Ning Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 963–1004, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-963-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-963-2023, 2023
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Changes in the carbon stocks of terrestrial ecosystems result in emissions and removals of CO2. These can be driven by anthropogenic activities (e.g., deforestation), natural processes (e.g., fires) or in response to rising CO2 (e.g., CO2 fertilization). This paper describes a dataset of CO2 emissions and removals derived from atmospheric CO2 observations. This pilot dataset informs current capabilities and future developments towards top-down monitoring and verification systems.
Juseon Bak, Eun-Ji Song, Hyo-Jung Lee, Xiong Liu, Ja-Ho Koo, Joowan Kim, Wonbae Jeon, Jae-Hwan Kim, and Cheol-Hee Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14177–14187, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14177-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14177-2022, 2022
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Our study investigates the temporal variations of ozone profiles at Pohang in the Korean Peninsula from multiple ozone products. We discuss the quantitative relationships between daily surface measurements and key meteorological variables, different seasonality of ozone between the troposphere and stratosphere, and interannual changes in the lower tropospheric ozone, linked by the weather pattern driven by the East Asian summer monsoon.
Carlos Alberti, Frank Hase, Matthias Frey, Darko Dubravica, Thomas Blumenstock, Angelika Dehn, Paolo Castracane, Gregor Surawicz, Roland Harig, Bianca C. Baier, Caroline Bès, Jianrong Bi, Hartmut Boesch, André Butz, Zhaonan Cai, Jia Chen, Sean M. Crowell, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Dragos Ene, Jonathan E. Franklin, Omaira García, David Griffith, Bruno Grouiez, Michel Grutter, Abdelhamid Hamdouni, Sander Houweling, Neil Humpage, Nicole Jacobs, Sujong Jeong, Lilian Joly, Nicholas B. Jones, Denis Jouglet, Rigel Kivi, Ralph Kleinschek, Morgan Lopez, Diogo J. Medeiros, Isamu Morino, Nasrin Mostafavipak, Astrid Müller, Hirofumi Ohyama, Paul I. Palmer, Mahesh Pathakoti, David F. Pollard, Uwe Raffalski, Michel Ramonet, Robbie Ramsay, Mahesh Kumar Sha, Kei Shiomi, William Simpson, Wolfgang Stremme, Youwen Sun, Hiroshi Tanimoto, Yao Té, Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu, Voltaire A. Velazco, Felix Vogel, Masataka Watanabe, Chong Wei, Debra Wunch, Marcia Yamasoe, Lu Zhang, and Johannes Orphal
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2433–2463, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2433-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2433-2022, 2022
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Space-borne greenhouse gas missions require ground-based validation networks capable of providing fiducial reference measurements. Here, considerable refinements of the calibration procedures for the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) are presented. Laboratory and solar side-by-side procedures for the characterization of the spectrometers have been refined and extended. Revised calibration factors for XCO2, XCO and XCH4 are provided, incorporating 47 new spectrometers.
Soon-Young Park, Uzzal Kumar Dash, Jinhyeok Yu, Keiya Yumimoto, Itsushi Uno, and Chul Han Song
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2773–2790, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2773-2022, 2022
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An EnKF was applied to CMAQ for assimilating ground PM2.5 observations from China and South Korea. The EnKF performed better than that without assimilation and even superior to 3D-Var. The reduced MBs in 24 h predictions were 48 % and 27 % by improving ICs and BCs, respectively.
Amir H. Souri, Kelly Chance, Juseon Bak, Caroline R. Nowlan, Gonzalo González Abad, Yeonjin Jung, David C. Wong, Jingqiu Mao, and Xiong Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18227–18245, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18227-2021, 2021
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The global pandemic is believed to have an impact on emissions of air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO). This study quantifies the changes in the amount of NOx and VOC emissions via state-of-the-art inverse modeling technique using satellite observations during the lockdown 2020 with respect to a baseline over Europe, which in turn, it permits unraveling atmospheric processes being responsible for ozone formation in a less cloudy month.
Bavand Sadeghi, Arman Pouyaei, Yunsoo Choi, and Bernhard Rappenglueck
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-565, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
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The most significant contributions of VOCs over the Houston Ship Channel came from alkanes. Light alkanes were dominant sources in both seasons. We explored the photochemical reaction of organic compounds and studied their contributions to ozone formation. Ethylene and propylene have the highest. Through weighted trajectory, VOCs at Lynchburg Ferry site was influenced by petrochemical sectors of Baytown and Galveston Bay refineries and industrial facilities of the Bayport industrial district.
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Short summary
This study develops a hybrid inverse modeling framework to better estimate the spatiotemporal distributions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions over South Korea. The optimized emissions improve ozone simulations and clarify whether ozone formation is more sensitive to NOx or to VOC. By identifying when precursor emissions exert the strongest influence on ozone, this work provides time-resolved guidance for region-specific air quality strategies.
This study develops a hybrid inverse modeling framework to better estimate the spatiotemporal...
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