Articles | Volume 25, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9803-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9803-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Sep 2025
Research article |
| 04 Sep 2025
| 04 Sep 2025
Monitoring and modeling seasonally varying anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 over a large tropical metropolitan area
Rafaela Cruz Alves Alberti
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Thomas Lauvaux
Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CNRS, GSMA, Reims, France
Angel Liduvino Vara-Vela
Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus, Denmark
Ricard Segura Barrero
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Christoffer Karoff
Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus, Denmark
Maria de Fátima Andrade
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Márcia Talita Amorim Marques
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Noelia Rojas Benavente
Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Osvaldo Machado Rodrigues Cabral
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, Brazil
Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Rita Yuri Ynoue
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Related authors
No articles found.
Bianca C. Baier, John B. Miller, Colm Sweeney, Scott J. Lehman, Chad Wolak, Joshua P. DiGangi, Yonghoon Choi, Kenneth Davis, Sha Feng, and Thomas Lauvaux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10479–10497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10479-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10479-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 radiocarbon content (Δ14CO2) is a unique tracer that helps to accurately quantify anthropogenic CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. Δ14CO2 measured in airborne flask samples is used to distinguish fossil versus biogenic CO2 sources. Mid-Atlantic US CO2 variability is found to be driven by the biosphere. Errors in modeled fossil fuel CO2 are evaluated using Δ14CO2 airborne data as an avenue to improving future regional models of atmospheric CO2 transport.
Guilherme Martins Pereira, Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti, Rubens Fabio Pereira, Djacinto Monteiro dos Santos, Thayná da Silva Santos, José Vinicius Martins, Célia Alves, Cátia Gonçalves, Ismael Casotti Rienda, Nora Kováts, Thiago Nogueira, Luciana Rizzo, Paulo Artaxo, Regina Maura de Miranda, Marcia Akemi Yamasoe, Edmilson Dias de Freitas, Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos, and Maria de Fatima Andrade
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4587–4616, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4587-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4587-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of fine particulate matter was studied in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil) during a polluted period. Vehicular-related sources remain relevant; however, a high contribution of biomass burning was observed and correlated with sample ecotoxicity. Emerging biomass burning sources, such as forest fires and sugarcane-bagasse-based power plants, highlight the need for additional control measures alongside stricter rules concerning vehicular emissions.
Tailine Corrêa dos Santos, Elaine Cristina Araujo, Thaís Andrade da Silva, Enrico Valente Freire, Eduardo Landulfo, and Maria de Fátima Andrade
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-968, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-968, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is widely used in national emission inventories estimated by IPCC emission factors. These estimates are sources of data uncertainty mainly because they do not include local specificities. Addressing this gap through targeted research and data collection is essential to develop effective mitigation policies and strategies. In the case of residential energy use, GHG emissions and indoor pollutants are expected to increase, especially as natural gas use continues to expand.
Hazel Vernier, Demilson Quintão, Bruno Biazon, Eduardo Landulfo, Giovanni Souza, V. Amanda Santos, J. S. Fabio Lopes, C. P. Alex Mendes, A. S. José da Matta, K. Pinheiro Damaris, Benoit Grosslin, P. M. P. Maria Jorge, Maria de Fátima Andrade, Neeraj Rastogi, Akhil Raj, Hongyu Liu, Mahesh Kovilakam, Suvarna Fadnavis, Frank G. Wienhold, Mathieu Colombier, D. Chris Boone, Gwenael Berthet, Nicolas Dumelie, Lilian Joly, and Jean-Paul Vernier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-924, 2025
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai injected large amounts of water vapor and sea salt into the stratosphere, altering traditional views of volcanic aerosols. Using balloon-borne samplers, we collected aerosol samples and found high levels of sea salt and calcium, suggesting sulfate depletion due to gypsum formation. These findings highlight the need to consider sea salt in climate models to better predict volcanic impacts on the atmosphere and climate.
Jamie Robert Cameron Brown, Ross Woods, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Debora Regina Roberti, and Rafael Rosolem
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-883, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-883, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, global and regional weather datasets have emerged, but validation with real-world data is crucial, especially in diverse regions like Brazil. This study compares seven key weather variables from five datasets with measurements from 11 sites across Brazil’s main biomes. Results show varying performance across variables and timescales, with one reanalysis product outperforming others overall. Findings suggest it may be a strong choice for multi-variable studies in Brazil.
Alexandre Danjou, Grégoire Broquet, Andrew Schuh, François-Marie Bréon, and Thomas Lauvaux
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 533–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-533-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-533-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We study the capacity of XCO2 spaceborne imagery to estimate urban CO2 emissions with synthetic data. We define automatic and standard methods and objective criteria for image selection. The wind variability and urban emission budget guide the emission estimation error. Images with low wind variability and high urban emissions account for 47 % of images and give a bias in the emission estimation of −7 % and a spread of 56 %. Other images give a bias of −31 % and a spread of 99 %.
Félix Langot, Cyril Crevoisier, Thomas Lauvaux, Charbel Abdallah, Jérôme Pernin, Xin Lin, Marielle Saunois, Axel Guedj, Thomas Ponthieu, Anke Roiger, Klaus-Dirk Gottschaldt, and Alina Fiehn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3559, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3559, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study compares outputs from meteorological and atmospheric composition models to data from the MAGIC2021 campaign that took place in Sweden. Our results highlight performance differences among models, revealing strengths and weaknesses of different modelling techniques. We also found that wetland emission inventories overestimated emissions in regional simulations. This work helps refining methane emission predictions, essential for understanding climate change.
Jorge E. Pachón, Mariel A. Opazo, Pablo Lichtig, Nicolas Huneeus, Idir Bouarar, Guy Brasseur, Cathy W. Y. Li, Johannes Flemming, Laurent Menut, Camilo Menares, Laura Gallardo, Michael Gauss, Mikhail Sofiev, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Julia Palamarchuk, Andreas Uppstu, Laura Dawidowski, Nestor Y. Rojas, María de Fátima Andrade, Mario E. Gavidia-Calderón, Alejandro H. Delgado Peralta, and Daniel Schuch
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7467–7512, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Latin America (LAC) has some of the most populated urban areas in the world, with high levels of air pollution. Air quality management in LAC has been traditionally focused on surveillance and building emission inventories. This study performed the first intercomparison and model evaluation in LAC, with interesting and insightful findings for the region. A multiscale modeling ensemble chain was assembled as a first step towards an air quality forecasting system.
Noémie Taquet, Wolfgang Stremme, María Eugenia González del Castillo, Victor Almanza, Alejandro Bezanilla, Olivier Laurent, Carlos Alberti, Frank Hase, Michel Ramonet, Thomas Lauvaux, Ke Che, and Michel Grutter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 11823–11848, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-11823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We characterize the variability in CO and CO2 emissions over Mexico City from long-term time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy solar absorption and surface measurements from 2013 to 2021. Using the average intraday CO growth rate from total columns, the average CO / CO2 ratio and TROPOMI data, we estimate the interannual variability in the CO and CO2 anthropogenic emissions of Mexico City, highlighting the effect of an unprecedented drop in activity due to the COVID-19 lockdown.
Jinghui Lian, Olivier Laurent, Mali Chariot, Luc Lienhardt, Michel Ramonet, Hervé Utard, Thomas Lauvaux, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Karina Cucchi, Laurent Millair, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5821–5839, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5821-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have designed and deployed a mid-cost medium-precision CO2 sensor monitoring network in Paris since July 2020. The data are automatically calibrated by a newly implemented data processing system. The accuracies of the mid-cost instruments vary from 1.0 to 2.4 ppm for hourly afternoon measurements. Our model–data analyses highlight prospects for integrating mid-cost instrument data with high-precision measurements to improve fine-scale CO2 emission quantification in urban areas.
Josselin Doc, Michel Ramonet, François-Marie Bréon, Delphine Combaz, Mali Chariot, Morgan Lopez, Marc Delmotte, Cristelle Cailteau-Fischbach, Guillaume Nief, Nathanaël Laporte, Thomas Lauvaux, and Philippe Ciais
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2826, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2826, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Description of the network for measuring greenhouse gas concentrations in the Paris region and analysis of eight years of continuous monitoring.
Apisada Chulakadabba, Maryann Sargent, Thomas Lauvaux, Joshua S. Benmergui, Jonathan E. Franklin, Christopher Chan Miller, Jonas S. Wilzewski, Sébastien Roche, Eamon Conway, Amir H. Souri, Kang Sun, Bingkun Luo, Jacob Hawthrone, Jenna Samra, Bruce C. Daube, Xiong Liu, Kelly Chance, Yang Li, Ritesh Gautam, Mark Omara, Jeff S. Rutherford, Evan D. Sherwin, Adam Brandt, and Steven C. Wofsy
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5771–5785, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5771-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5771-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We show that MethaneAIR, a precursor to the MethaneSAT satellite, demonstrates accurate point source quantification during controlled release experiments and regional observations in 2021 and 2022. Results from our two independent quantification methods suggest the accuracy of our sensor and algorithms is better than 25 % for sources emitting 200 kg h−1 or more. Insights from these measurements help establish the capabilities of MethaneSAT and MethaneAIR.
Angel Liduvino Vara-Vela, Christoffer Karoff, Noelia Rojas Benavente, and Janaina P. Nascimento
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6413–6431, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A 1-year simulation of atmospheric CH4 over Europe is performed and evaluated against observations based on the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). A good general model–observation agreement is found, with discrepancies reaching their minimum and maximum values during the summer peak season and winter months, respectively. A huge and under-explored potential for CH4 inverse modeling using improved TROPOMI XCH4 data sets in large-scale applications is identified.
Ioannis Cheliotis, Thomas Lauvaux, Jinghui Lian, Theodoros Christoudias, George Georgiou, Alba Badia, Frédéric Chevallier, Pramod Kumar, Yathin Kudupaje, Ruixue Lei, and Philippe Ciais
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2487, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2487, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
A consistent estimation of CO2 emissions is complicated due to the scarcity of CO2 observations. In this study, we showcase the potential to improve the CO2 emissions estimations from the NO2 concentrations based on the NO2-to-CO2 ratio, which should be constant for a source co-emitting NO2 and CO2, by comparing satellite observations with atmospheric chemistry and transport model simulations for NO2 and CO2. Furthermore, we demonstrate the significance of the chemistry in NO2 simulations.
Alba Badia, Veronica Vidal, Sergi Ventura, Roger Curcoll, Ricard Segura, and Gara Villalba
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10751–10774, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10751-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10751-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Improving air quality is a top priority in urban areas. In this study, we used an air quality model to analyse the air quality changes occurring over the metropolitan area of Barcelona and other rural areas affected by transport of the atmospheric plume from the city during mobility restrictions. Our results show that mitigation strategies intended to reduce O3 should be designed according to the local meteorology, air transport, and particular ozone chemistry of the urban area.
Jinghui Lian, Thomas Lauvaux, Hervé Utard, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Michel Ramonet, Olivier Laurent, Ivonne Albarus, Mali Chariot, Simone Kotthaus, Martial Haeffelin, Olivier Sanchez, Olivier Perrussel, Hugo Anne Denier van der Gon, Stijn Nicolaas Camiel Dellaert, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8823–8835, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies urban CO2 emissions via an atmospheric inversion for the Paris metropolitan area over a 6-year period from 2016 to 2021. Results show a long-term decreasing trend of about 2 % ± 0.6 % per year in the annual CO2 emissions over Paris. We conclude that our current capacity can deliver near-real-time CO2 emission estimates at the city scale in under a month, and the results agree within 10 % with independent estimates from multiple city-scale inventories.
Joffrey Dumont Le Brazidec, Pierre Vanderbecken, Alban Farchi, Marc Bocquet, Jinghui Lian, Grégoire Broquet, Gerrit Kuhlmann, Alexandre Danjou, and Thomas Lauvaux
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 3997–4016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3997-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of CO2 emissions is key to the development of reduction policies. Local emissions, from cities or power plants, may be estimated from CO2 plumes detected in satellite images. CO2 plumes generally have a weak signal and are partially concealed by highly variable background concentrations and instrument errors, which hampers their detection. To address this problem, we propose and apply deep learning methods to detect the contour of a plume in simulated CO2 satellite images.
Stergios Misios, Ioannis Logothetis, Mads F. Knudsen, Christoffer Karoff, Vassilis Amiridis, and Kleareti Tourpali
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 811–823, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of strong volcanic eruptions on the northerly Etesian winds blowing in the eastern Mediterranean. Μodel simulations of the last millennium demonstrate a robust reduction in the total number of days with Etesian winds in the post-eruption summers. The decline in the Etesian winds is attributed to a weakened Indian summer monsoon in the post-eruption summer. These findings could improve seasonal predictions of the wind circulation in the eastern Mediterranean.
E. Ouerghi, T. Ehret, C. de Franchis, G. Facciolo, T. Lauvaux, E. Meinhardt, and J.-M. Morel
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-3-2022, 147–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-147-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2022-147-2022, 2022
Zhu Deng, Philippe Ciais, Zitely A. Tzompa-Sosa, Marielle Saunois, Chunjing Qiu, Chang Tan, Taochun Sun, Piyu Ke, Yanan Cui, Katsumasa Tanaka, Xin Lin, Rona L. Thompson, Hanqin Tian, Yuanzhi Yao, Yuanyuan Huang, Ronny Lauerwald, Atul K. Jain, Xiaoming Xu, Ana Bastos, Stephen Sitch, Paul I. Palmer, Thomas Lauvaux, Alexandre d'Aspremont, Clément Giron, Antoine Benoit, Benjamin Poulter, Jinfeng Chang, Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Steven J. Davis, Zhu Liu, Giacomo Grassi, Clément Albergel, Francesco N. Tubiello, Lucia Perugini, Wouter Peters, and Frédéric Chevallier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1639–1675, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In support of the global stocktake of the Paris Agreement on climate change, we proposed a method for reconciling the results of global atmospheric inversions with data from UNFCCC national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs). Here, based on a new global harmonized database that we compiled from the UNFCCC NGHGIs and a comprehensive framework presented in this study to process the results of inversions, we compared their results of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).
Pramod Kumar, Grégoire Broquet, Camille Yver-Kwok, Olivier Laurent, Susan Gichuki, Christopher Caldow, Ford Cropley, Thomas Lauvaux, Michel Ramonet, Guillaume Berthe, Frédéric Martin, Olivier Duclaux, Catherine Juery, Caroline Bouchet, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5987–6003, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a simple atmospheric inversion modeling framework for the localization and quantification of unknown CH4 and CO2 emissions from point sources based on near-surface mobile concentration measurements and a Gaussian plume dispersion model. It is applied for the estimate of a series of brief controlled releases of CH4 and CO2 with a wide range of rates during the TOTAL TADI-2018 experiment. Results indicate a ~10 %–40 % average error on the estimate of the release rates.
Jinghui Lian, François-Marie Bréon, Grégoire Broquet, Thomas Lauvaux, Bo Zheng, Michel Ramonet, Irène Xueref-Remy, Simone Kotthaus, Martial Haeffelin, and Philippe Ciais
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10707–10726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10707-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10707-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Currently there is growing interest in monitoring city-scale CO2 emissions based on atmospheric CO2 measurements, atmospheric transport modeling, and inversion technique. We analyze the various sources of uncertainty that impact the atmospheric CO2 modeling and that may compromise the potential of this method for the monitoring of CO2 emission over Paris. Results suggest selection criteria for the assimilation of CO2 measurements into the inversion system that aims at retrieving city emissions.
E. Ouerghi, T. Ehret, C. de Franchis, G. Facciolo, T. Lauvaux, E. Meinhardt, and J.-M. Morel
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-3-2021, 81–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2021-81-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2021-81-2021, 2021
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Mario Eduardo Gavidia-Calderón, Sergio Ibarra-Espinosa, Youngseob Kim, Yang Zhang, and Maria de Fatima Andrade
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3251–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The MUNICH model was used to calculate pollutant concentrations inside the streets of São Paulo. The VEIN emission model provided the vehicular emissions and the coordinates of the streets. We used information from an air quality station to account for pollutant concentrations over the street rooftops. Results showed that when emissions are calibrated, MUNICH satisfied the performance criteria. MUNICH can be used to evaluate the impact of traffic-related air pollution on public health.
Jessica C. A. Baker, Luis Garcia-Carreras, Manuel Gloor, John H. Marsham, Wolfgang Buermann, Humberto R. da Rocha, Antonio D. Nobre, Alessandro Carioca de Araujo, and Dominick V. Spracklen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2279–2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2279-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2279-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a vital part of the Amazon water cycle, but it is difficult to measure over large areas. In this study, we compare spatial patterns, seasonality, and recent trends in Amazon ET from a water-budget analysis with estimates from satellites, reanalysis, and global climate models. We find large differences between products, showing that many widely used datasets and climate models may not provide a reliable representation of this crucial variable over the Amazon.
Cited articles
Andrade, M. F., Ynoue, R. Y., Freitas, E. D., Todesco, E., Vara Vela, A., Ibarra, S., Martins, L. D., Martins, J. A., and Carvalho, V. S. B.: Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil, Front. Environ. Sci., 3, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00009, 2015. a
Benavente, N. R., Vara-Vela, A. L., Nascimento, J. P., Acuna, J. R., Damascena, A. S., Andrade, M. d. F., and Yamasoe, M. A.: Air quality simulation with WRF-Chem over southeastern Brazil, part I: Model description and evaluation using ground-based and satellite data, Urban Clim., 52, 101703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101703, 2023. a
Bencherif, H., Bègue, N., Kirsch Pinheiro, D., du Preez, D. J., Cadet, J.-M., da Silva Lopes, F. J., Shikwambana, L., Landulfo, E., Vescovini, T., Labuschagne, C., Silva, J. J., Anabor, V., Coheur, P.-F., Mbatha, N., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Sivakumar, V., and Clerbaux, C.: Investigating the long-range transport of aerosol plumes following the Amazon fires (August 2019): a multi-instrumental approach from ground-based and satellite observations, Remote Sens., 12, 3846, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223846, 2020. a
Botía, S., Komiya, S., Marshall, J., Koch, T., Gałkowski, M., Lavric, J., Gomes-Alves, E., Walter, D., Fisch, G., and Pinho, D. M.: The CO2 record at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory: A new opportunity to study processes on seasonal and inter-annual scales, Global Change Biol., 28, 588–611, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15937, 2022. a, b, c, d
Cabral, O. M. R., Freitas, H. C., Cuadra, S. V., de Andrade, C. A., Ramos, N. P., Grutzmacher, P., Galdos, M., Packer, A. P. C., da Rocha, H. R., and Rossi, P.: The sustainability of a sugarcane plantation in Brazil assessed by the eddy covariance fluxes of greenhouse gases, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 282, 107864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107864, 2020. a
Caetano, P. M. D., Pereira, H. M. S. B., Figueiredo, L. C. R., Sepe, P. M., and Giatti, L. L.: The City of São Paulo's Environmental Quota: A Policy to Embrace Urban Environmental Services and Green Infrastructure Inequalities in the Global South, Front. Sustain. Cit., 3, 685875, https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.685875, 2021. a
Che, K., Cai, Z., Liu, Y., Wu, L., Yang, D., Chen, Y., Meng, X., Zhou, M., Wang, J., Yao, L., and Wang, P.: Lagrangian inversion of anthropogenic CO2 emissions from Beijing using differential column measurements, Environ. Res. Lett., 17, 075001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac7477, 2022. a
Chen, H. W., Zhang, F., Lauvaux, T., Davis, K. J., Feng, S., Butler, M. P., and Alley, R. B.: Characterization of regional-scale CO2 transport uncertainties in an ensemble with flow-dependent transport errors, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 4049–4058, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081341, 2019. a
Chiquetto, J. B., Machado, P. G., Mouette, D., and Ribeiro, F. N. D.: Air quality improvements from a transport modal change in the São Paulo megacity, Sci. Total Environ., 945, 173968, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173968, 2024. a
Connor, B. J., Boesch, H., Toon, G., Sen, B., Miller, C., and Crisp, D.: Orbiting Carbon Observatory: Inverse method and prospective error analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008336, 2008. a
Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Lo Vullo, E., Solazzo, E., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Olivier, J., and Vignati, E.: EDGAR v6.0 greenhouse gas emissions. European Commission, JRC – Joint Research Centre, http://data.europa.eu/89h/97a67d67-c62e-4826-b873-9d972c4f670b (last access: 10 April 2024), 2021. a, b
Crisp, D.: Measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide from space with the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2), in: Earth observing systems XX, vol. 9607, SPIE, p. 960702, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2187291, 2015. a
Deng, A., Lauvaux, T., Davis, K. J., Gaudet, B. J., Miles, N., Richardson, S. J., Wu, K., Sarmiento, D. P., Hardesty, R. M., Bonin, T. A., Alan, B. W., and Gurney, K. R.: Toward reduced transport errors in a high resolution urban CO2 inversion system, Elem. Sci. Anth., 5, 20, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.133, 2017. a
De Pue, J., Wieneke, S., Bastos, A., Barrios, J. M., Liu, L., Ciais, P., Arboleda, A., Hamdi, R., Maleki, M., Maignan, F., Gellens-Meulenberghs, F., Janssens, I., and Balzarolo, M.: Temporal variability of observed and simulated gross primary productivity, modulated by vegetation state and hydrometeorological drivers, Biogeosciences, 20, 4795–4818, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4795-2023, 2023. a
Feng, S., Lauvaux, T., Newman, S., Rao, P., Ahmadov, R., Deng, A., Díaz-Isaac, L. I., Duren, R. M., Fischer, M. L., Gerbig, C., Gurney, K. R., Huang, J., Seongeun, J., Zhijin, L., Miller, C. E., O'Keeffe, D., Patarasuk, R., Sander, S. P., Yang, S., Wong, K. W., and Yung, Y. L.: Los Angeles megacity: a high-resolution land–atmosphere modelling system for urban CO2 emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9019–9045, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9019-2016, 2016. a
Freitas, H. C.: A influência dos transportes advectivos na estimatitiva do balanço de CO2 do ecossistema: Um estudo de caso para a mata atlântica com uso de técnicas micrometeorológicas, PhD thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-17042012-145144/pt-br.php (last access: 21 July 2024), 2012. a
Gatti, L. V., Miller, J. B., D'amelio, M. T., Martinewski, A., Basso, L. S., Gloor, M. E., Wofsy, S., and Tans, P.: Vertical profiles of CO2 above eastern Amazonia suggest a net carbon flux to the atmosphere and balanced biosphere between 2000 and 2009, Tellus B, 62, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00484.x, 2010. a
Gavidia-Calderón, M., Schuch, D., Vara-Vela, A., Inoue, R., Freitas, E. D., Albuquerque, T. T. d. A., Zhang, Y., Andrade, M. F., and Bell, M. L.: Air quality modeling in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil: A review, Atmosp. Environ., 120301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120301, 2023. a
Gerbig, C., Körner, S., and Lin, J. C.: Vertical mixing in atmospheric tracer transport models: error characterization and propagation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 591–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-591-2008, 2008. a
Gourdji, S. M., Karion, A., Lopez-Coto, I., Ghosh, S., Mueller, K. L., Zhou, Y., Williams, C. A., Baker, I. T., Haynes, K. D., and Whetstone, J. R.: A modified Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) for the eastern USA and Canada, evaluated with comparison to atmospheric observations and other biospheric models, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 127, e2021JG006290, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006290, 2022. a, b
He, J., Li, W., Zhao, Z., Zhu, L., Du, X., Xu, Y., Sun, M., Zhou, J., Ciais, P., Wigneron, J. P., Ronggao, L., Guanghui, L., and Lei, F.: Recent advances and challenges in monitoring and modeling of disturbances in tropical moist forests, Front. Remote Sens., 5, 1332728, https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2024.1332728, 2024. a
Hersbach, H.: ERA5 reanalysis is in production, ECMWF Newsletter, 147, 7–8, 2016. a
Hong, S. Y., Noh, Y., and Dudhia, J.: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2318–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1, 2006. a
Iacono, M. J., Delamere, J. S., Mlawer, E. J., Shephard, M. W., Clough, S. A., and Collins, W. D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944, 2008. a, b
Ibarra-Espinosa, S., Ynoue, R., O'Sullivan, S., Pebesma, E., Andrade, M. D. F., and Osses, M.: VEIN v0.2.2: an R package for bottom–up vehicular emissions inventories, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 2209–2229, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2209-2018, 2018. a, b, c, d
Ibarra Espinosa, S., Schuch, D., Andrade, P. R., Rehbein, A., and Pebesma, E.: atmoschem/vein v0.8.8, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3714187, 2020. a
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: São Paulo: Panorama do município, https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/sp/sao-paulo.html (last access: 8 August 2024), 2021. a
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, in: contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, ISBN 9781107055667, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ (last access: 2 May 2024), 2014. a
Kaiser, W., Zhuravlev, R., Ganshin, A., Valsala, V. K., Andrews, A., Chmura, L., Dlugokencky, E., Haszpra, L., Langenfelds, R. L., Machida, T., Nakazawa, T., Ramonet, M., Sweeney, C., and Worthy, D.: A high-resolution inverse modelling technique for estimating surface CO2 fluxes based on the NIES-TM-FLEXPART coupled transport model and its adjoint, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1245-2021, 2021. a
Lian, J., Bréon, F. M., Broquet, G., Lauvaux, T., Zheng, B., Ramonet, M., Xueref, I. R., Kotthaus, S., Haeffelin, M., and Ciais, P.: Sensitivity to the sources of uncertainties in the modeling of atmospheric CO2 concentration within and in the vicinity of Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10707–10726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10707-2021, 2021. a
Mahadevan, P., Wofsy, S. C., Matross, D. M., Xiao, X., Dunn, A. L., Lin, J. C., Gerbig, C., Munger, J. W., Chow, V. Y., and Gottlieb, E. W.: A satellite-based biosphere parameterization for net ecosystem CO2 exchange: Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002735, 2008. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one-and two-moment schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991–1007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009. a
Nerobelov, G., Timofeyev, Y., Smyshlyaev, S., Foka, S., Mammarella, I., and Virolainen, Y.: Validation of WRF-Chem model and CAMS performance in estimating near-surface atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio in the area of Saint Petersburg (Russia), Atmosphere, 12, 387, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030387, 2021. a
Nogueira, T., Kamigauti, L. Y., Pereira, G. M., Gavidia, M. C. E., Ibarra, S. E., Oliveira, G. L. d., Miranda, R. M., Vasconcellos, P. C., Freitas, E. D., and Andrade, M. F.: Evolution of vehicle emission factors in a megacity affected by extensive biofuel use: results of tunnel measurements in São Paulo, Brazil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 6677–6687, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01006, 2021. a, b
O'Dell, C. W., Connor, B., Bösch, H., O'Brien, D., Frankenberg, C., Castano, R., Christi, M., Eldering, D., Fisher, B., Gunson, M., McDuffie, J. C. Miller, E., Natraj, V., Oyafuso, F., Polonsky, I., Smyth, M., Taylor, T., Toon, G. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Wunch, D.: The ACOS CO2 retrieval algorithm – Part 1: Description and validation against synthetic observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 99–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-99-2012, 2012. a, b
Osterman, G., Eldering, A., Avis, C., Chafin, B., O'Dell, C., Frankenberg, C., Fisher, B., Mandrake, L., Wunch, D., and Granat, R. a.: Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) Data Product User's Guide, Operational L1 and L2 Data Versions 8 and Lite File Version 9, Version 1, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCO-2/documentation/oco-2-v8/OCO2_DUG.V8.pdf (last access: 20 October 2023), 2018. a
Peiro, H., Crowell, S., Schuh, A., Baker, D. F., O'Dell, C., Jacobson, A. R., Chevallier, F., Liu, J., Eldering, A., Crisp, D., Deng, F., Weir, B., Basu, S., Johnson, M. S., Philip, S., and Baker, I.: Four years of global carbon cycle observed from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) version 9 and in situ data and comparison to OCO-2 version 7, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1097–1130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1097-2022, 2022. a
Raju, A., Sijikumar, S., Burman, P. K. D., Valsala, V., Tiwari, Y. K., Mukherjee, S., Lohani, P., and Kumar, K.: Very high-resolution Net Ecosystem Exchange over India using Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) simulations, Ecol. Model., 481, 110340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110340, 2023. a
Ramonet, M., Ciais, P., Apadula, F., Bartyzel, J., Bastos, A., Bergamaschi, P., Blanc, P. E., Brunner, D., Caracciolo di Torchiarolo, L., Calzolari, F., Chen, H., Chmura, L., Colomb, A., Conil, S., Cristofanelli, P., Cuevas, E., Curcoll, R., Delmotte, M., di Sarra, A., Emmenegger, L., Forster, G., Frumau, A., Gerbig, C., Gheusi, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Hatakka, J., Hazan, L., Heliasz, M., Henne, S., Hensen, A., Hermansen, O., Keronen, P., Kivi, R., Komínková, K., Kubistin, D., Laurent, O., Laurila, T., Lavric, J., Lehner, I., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Leskinen, A., Leuenberger, M., Levin, S. A., Lindauer, M., Lopez, M., Lund Myhre, C., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Manning, A., Marek, M. V., Marklund, P., Martin, D., Meinhardt, F., Mihalopoulos, N., Mölder, M., Morguí, J. A., Necki, J., O'Doherty, S., O'Dowd, C., Ottosson, M., Philippon, C., Piacentino, S., Pichon, J. M., Plass-Duelmer, C., Resovsky, A., Rivier, L., Rodó, X., Sha, M. K., Scheeren, H. A., Sferlazzo, D., Spain, T. G., Stanley, K. M., Steinbacher, M., Trisolino, P., Vermeulen, A., Vítková, G., Weyrauch, D., Xueref-Remy, I., Yala, K., and Yver Kwok, C.: The fingerprint of the summer 2018 drought in Europe on ground-based atmospheric CO2 measurements, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 20190513, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0513, 2020. a
Rezende, C. L., Scarano, F. R., Assad, E. D., Joly, C. A., Metzger, J. P., Strassburg, B. B. N., Tabarelli, M., Fonseca, G. A., and Mittermeier, R. A.: From hotspot to hopespot: An opportunity for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Perspect. Ecol. Conserv., 16, 208–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2018.10.002, 2018. a
Rocha, H. R. D., Freitas, H. C., Rosolem, R., Juárez, R. I. N., Tannus, R. N., Ligo, M. A., Cabral, O. M. R., and Dias, M. A. F.: Measurements of CO2 exchange over a woodland savanna (Cerrado Sensu stricto) in southeast Brasil, Biota Neotropica, 2, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032002000100009, 2002. a
SEEG: SEEG – Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals Estimation System, Climate Observatory, Tech. rep., https://seeg.eco.br/ (last access: 9 July 2024), 2019. a
SEEG: Contribuição da Mata Atlântica para a NDC brasileira: análise histórica das emissões de GEE e potencial de mitigação até 2050, Tech. rep., https://seeg.eco.br/ (last access: 9 July 2024), 2021. a
Segura-Barrero, R., Lauvaux, T., Lian, J., Ciais, P., Badia, A., Ventura, S., Bazzi, H., Abbessi, E., Fu, Z., Xiao, J., Li, X., and Villalba, G.: Heat and drought events alter biogenic capacity to balance CO2 budget in south-western Europe, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 39, e2024GB008163, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008163, 2025. a
Seo, M. G., Kim, H. M., and Kim, D. H.: Effect of atmospheric conditions and VPRM parameters on high-resolution regional CO2 simulations over East Asia, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 155, 859–877, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04663-2, 2024. a
Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B., and Hutyra, L. R.: Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools, P. Natla. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 16083–16088, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211658109, 2012. a
Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J. E., Müller, D. B., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A.: Human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning, in: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 923–1000, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415416.018, 2014. a
Shimada, S., Ohsawa, T., Chikaoka, S., and Kozai, K.: Accuracy of the wind speed profile in the lower PBL as simulated by the WRF model, Sola, 7, 109–112, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2011-028, 2011. a
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Liu, Z., Berner, J., Wang, W., Powers, J. G., Duda, M. G., Barker, D. M., and Huang, X.-Y.: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Model Version 4, NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-556+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.5065/1DFH-6P97, 2019 (code available at: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_source.html, last access: 15 April 2022). a
Souto, C. O. E., Marques, M. T. A., Nogueira, T., Lopes, F. J. S., Medeiros, J. A. G., Medeiros, I. M. M. A., Moreira, G. A., Silva, P. D. L., Landulfo, E., and Andrade, M. F.: Impact of extreme wildfires from the Brazilian Forests and sugarcane burning on the air quality of the biggest megacity on South America, Sci. Total Environ., 888, 163439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163439, 2023. a
Souza, C. M., J., Shimbo, J. Z., Rosa, M. R., Parente, L. L., A., A. A., Rudorff, B. F. T., Hasenack, H., Matsumoto, M., Ferreira, L. G., Souza-Filho, P. W. M., de Oliveira, S. W., Rocha, W. F., Fonseca, A. V., Marques, C. B., Diniz, C. G., Costa, D., Monteiro, D., Rosa, E. R., Vélez-Martin, E., Weber, E. J., Lenti, F. E. B., Paternost, F. F., Pareyn, F. G. C., Siqueira, J. V., Vieira, J. L., Ferreira Neto, L. C., Saraiva, M. M., Sales, M. H., Salgado, M. P. G., Vasconcelos, R., Galano, S., Mesquita, V. V., and Azevedo, T.: Reconstructing Three Decades of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Brazilian Biomes with Landsat Archive and Earth Engine, Remote Sens., 12, 2735, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12172735, 2020. a
Tewari, M., Chen, F., Kusaka, H., and Miao, S.: Coupled WRF/Unified Noah/urban-canopy modeling system, Ncar WRF Documentation, NCAR, Boulder, 1–22, https://ral.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/public/product-tool/WRF-LSM-Urban.pdf (last access: 6 February 2024), 2007. a
Vara-Vela, A., Andrade, M. F., Kumar, P., Ynoue, R. Y., and Munoz, A. G.: Impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 777–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-777-2016, 2016. a
Vara-Vela, A., de Andrade, M. F., Zhang, Y., Kumar, P., Ynoue, R. Y., Souto, C. O. E., Lopes, F. S. J., and Landulfo, E.: Modeling of atmospheric aerosol properties in the São Paulo metropolitan area: impact of biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9935–9956, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028768, 2018. a
Vara-Vela, A. L., Herdies, D. L., Alvim, D. S., Vendrasco, E. P., Figueroa, S. N., Pendharkar, J., and Fernandez, J. R. P.: A new predictive framework for Amazon forest fire smoke dispersion over South America, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E1700–E1713, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0018.1, 2021. a
Vermote, E.: MODIS/Terra Surface Reflectance 8-Day L3 Global 500 m SIN Grid V061, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD09A1.061, 2021. a
Wilmot, T. Y., Lin, J. C., Wu, D., Oda, T., and Kort, E. A.: Toward a satellite-based monitoring system for urban CO2 emissions in support of global collective climate mitigation actions, Environ. Res. Lett., 19, 084029, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad6017, 2024. a
Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Li, Q., Wu, B., Cai, X., Song, Y., and Zhang, X.: Complexity of carbon dioxide flux in urban areas: A comparison with natural surfaces, Sci. Total Environ., 895, 165115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165115, 2023. a
Zhang, Y., Dubey, M. K., Olsen, S. C., Zheng, J., and Zhang, R.: Comparisons of WRF/Chem simulations in Mexico City with ground-based RAMA measurements during the 2006-MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3777—3798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3777-2009, 2009. a
Short summary
This study addresses uncertainties in atmospheric models by analyzing CO2 dynamics in a complex urban environment characterized by a dense population and tropical vegetation. High-accuracy sensors were deployed, and the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was utilized to simulate CO2 transport, capturing variations and assessing contributions from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources.
This study addresses uncertainties in atmospheric models by analyzing CO2 dynamics in a complex...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint