Articles | Volume 25, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-819-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-819-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jan 2025
Research article |
| 22 Jan 2025
| 22 Jan 2025
Does total column ozone change during a solar eclipse?
Germar H. Bernhard
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Biospherical Instruments, Inc., San Diego, CA 92110, USA
George T. Janson
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
Scott Simpson
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
Raúl R. Cordero
Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
University of Groningen, 8911 CE Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
Edgardo I. Sepúlveda Araya
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Jose Jorquera
Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
Juan A. Rayas
Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C., 37150 León, Mexico
Randall N. Lind
Biospherical Instruments, Inc., San Diego, CA 92110, USA
Related authors
Kostas Eleftheratos, John Kapsomenakis, Ilias Fountoulakis, Christos S. Zerefos, Patrick Jöckel, Martin Dameris, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Germar Bernhard, Dimitra Kouklaki, Kleareti Tourpali, Scott Stierle, J. Ben Liley, Colette Brogniez, Frédérique Auriol, Henri Diémoz, Stana Simic, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Kaisa Lakkala, and Kostas Douvis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12827–12855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the future evolution of DNA-active ultraviolet (UV) radiation in view of increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) and decreasing ozone depleting substances (ODSs). It is shown that DNA-active UV radiation might increase after 2050 between 50° N–50° S due to GHG-induced reductions in clouds and ozone, something that is likely not to happen at high latitudes, where DNA-active UV radiation will continue its downward trend mainly due to stratospheric ozone recovery from the reduction in ODSs.
Tove M. Svendby, Bjørn Johnsen, Arve Kylling, Arne Dahlback, Germar H. Bernhard, Georg H. Hansen, Boyan Petkov, and Vito Vitale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7881–7899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of total ozone and effective cloud transmittance (eCLT) have been performed since 1995 at three Norwegian sites with GUV multi-filter instruments. The unique data sets of high-time-resolution measurements can be used for a broad range of studies. Data analyses reveal an increase in total ozone above Norway from 1995 to 2019. Measurements of GUV eCLT indicate changes in albedo in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) during the past 25 years, most likely resulting from increased Arctic ice melt.
Kaisa Lakkala, Jukka Kujanpää, Colette Brogniez, Nicolas Henriot, Antti Arola, Margit Aun, Frédérique Auriol, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Germar Bernhard, Veerle De Bock, Maxime Catalfamo, Christine Deroo, Henri Diémoz, Luca Egli, Jean-Baptiste Forestier, Ilias Fountoulakis, Katerina Garane, Rosa Delia Garcia, Julian Gröbner, Seppo Hassinen, Anu Heikkilä, Stuart Henderson, Gregor Hülsen, Bjørn Johnsen, Niilo Kalakoski, Angelos Karanikolas, Tomi Karppinen, Kevin Lamy, Sergio F. León-Luis, Anders V. Lindfors, Jean-Marc Metzger, Fanny Minvielle, Harel B. Muskatel, Thierry Portafaix, Alberto Redondas, Ricardo Sanchez, Anna Maria Siani, Tove Svendby, and Johanna Tamminen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6999–7024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite was launched on 13 October 2017 to provide the atmospheric composition for atmosphere and climate research. Ground-based data from 25 sites located in Arctic, subarctic, temperate, equatorial and Antarctic
areas were used for the validation of the TROPOMI surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product. For most sites 60 %–80 % of TROPOMI data was within ± 20 % of ground-based data.
Kaisa Lakkala, Margit Aun, Ricardo Sanchez, Germar Bernhard, Eija Asmi, Outi Meinander, Fernando Nollas, Gregor Hülsen, Tomi Karppinen, Veijo Aaltonen, Antti Arola, and Gerrit de Leeuw
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 947–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A GUV multi-filter radiometer was set up at Marambio, 64° S, 56° W, Antarctica, in 2017. The instrument continuously measures ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible (VIS) radiation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The measurements are designed for providing high-quality long-term time series that can be used to assess the impact of global climate change in the Antarctic region. The data from the last 5 d are plotted and updated daily.
Paul Ockenfuß, Claudia Emde, Bernhard Mayer, and Germar Bernhard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1961–1976, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We model solar radiation as it would be measured on the Earth's surface in the core shadow of a total solar eclipse. Subsequently, we compare our results to observations during the total eclipse 2017 for ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Moreover, we analyze the effect of the surface reflectance, the ozone profile, aerosol and the topography and give a visualization of the prevailing photons paths in the atmosphere during the eclipse.
Germar Bernhard and Boyan Petkov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4703–4719, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4703-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4703-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Solar radiation at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths was measured during the total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017. Data were used to study the wavelength-dependent changes of solar radiation at Earth’s surface and to validate parameterizations of solar limb darkening (LD), which describes the change in the Sun’s brightness between its center and its edge. The study highlights the importance of the LD effect when calculating total ozone and aerosol optical depth during an eclipse.
Kaisa Lakkala, Alberto Redondas, Outi Meinander, Laura Thölix, Britta Hamari, Antonio Fernando Almansa, Virgilio Carreno, Rosa Delia García, Carlos Torres, Guillermo Deferrari, Hector Ochoa, Germar Bernhard, Ricardo Sanchez, and Gerrit de Leeuw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16019–16031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16019-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16019-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Solar UV irradiances were measured at Ushuaia (54° S) and Marambio (64° S) during 2000–2013. The measurements were part of the Antarctic NILU-UV network, which was maintained as a cooperation between Spain, Argentina and Finland. The time series of the network were analysed for the first time in this study. At both stations maximum UV indices and daily doses were measured when spring-time ozone loss episodes occurred. The maximum UV index was 13 and 12 in Ushuaia and Marambio, respectively.
Martine De Mazière, Anne M. Thompson, Michael J. Kurylo, Jeannette D. Wild, Germar Bernhard, Thomas Blumenstock, Geir O. Braathen, James W. Hannigan, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Thierry Leblanc, Thomas J. McGee, Gerald Nedoluha, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Gunther Seckmeyer, Paul C. Simon, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, and Susan E. Strahan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4935–4964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4935-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4935-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue "Twenty-five years of operations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC)". It describes the origins of the network, its actual status, and some perspectives for its future evolution in the context of atmospheric sciences.
Germar Bernhard, Irina Petropavlovskikh, and Bernhard Mayer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4979–4994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4979-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4979-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone has historically been measured from the ground by analysing the wavelength dependence of zenith radiation. Our method retrieves the same information from global irradiance, which is defined as radiant flux received from the entire upper hemisphere, including the Sun. The new method makes existing long-term data sets of global irradiance available for studying ozone profiles. The accuracy of the new method is similar to that of the legacy method.
William Wandji Nyamsi, Mikko R. A. Pitkänen, Youva Aoun, Philippe Blanc, Anu Heikkilä, Kaisa Lakkala, Germar Bernhard, Tapani Koskela, Anders V. Lindfors, Antti Arola, and Lucien Wald
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4965–4978, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4965-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4965-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a new, fast and accurate method for estimating UV fluxes at ground level in cloud-free conditions at any place and time. The method performs very well with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service products as inputs describing the state of the atmosphere. An accuracy that is close to the uncertainty of the measurements themselves is reached. We believe that our research will be widely used in the near future.
Jonas Witthuhn, Hartwig Deneke, Andreas Macke, and Germar Bernhard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 709–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-709-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-709-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
To improve and extend observational capabilities of a shipborne facility, developed within the OCEANET project for long-term investigation of the transfer of energy and material between ocean and atmosphere, a shadowband radiometer was acquired. With this instrument, automated observations of spectral irradiance components and aerosol optical properties are possible on ships. The results show that the radiometer works fine for its purposes and can compete with state of the art sun photometers.
G. Bernhard, A. Arola, A. Dahlback, V. Fioletov, A. Heikkilä, B. Johnsen, T. Koskela, K. Lakkala, T. Svendby, and J. Tamminen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7391–7412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7391-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7391-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Surface erythemal UV data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) are validated for high northern latitudes (Arctic and Scandinavia) using ground-based measurements. The bias in OMI data caused by incorrect assumptions of the surface albedo are quantified and the mechanism that causes this bias is discussed. Methods to improve the accuracy of OMI data products are presented.
G. Bernhard, A. Dahlback, V. Fioletov, A. Heikkilä, B. Johnsen, T. Koskela, K. Lakkala, and T. Svendby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10573–10590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10573-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10573-2013, 2013
Edgardo I. Sepulveda Araya, Sylvia C. Sullivan, and Aiko Voigt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3212, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3212, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds composed of ice crystals are key when evaluating atmospheric radiation. The morphology of the crystals found in clouds is not clear yet, and even less clear is the impact on cloud heating rate, which is essential to describe precipitation and wind patterns. This motivated us to study how the heating rate behaves under a variety of ice complexity and environmental conditions, finding that increasing complexity in high and dense clouds weakens the heating rate.
Raúl R. Cordero, Sarah Feron, Alessandro Damiani, Pedro J. Llanillo, Jorge Carrasco, Alia L. Khan, Richard Bintanja, Zutao Ouyang, and Gino Casassa
The Cryosphere, 17, 4995–5006, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the response of Antarctic sea ice to year-to-year changes in the tropospheric–stratospheric dynamics. Our findings suggest that, by affecting the tropospheric westerlies, the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex has played a major role in recent record-breaking anomalies in Antarctic sea ice.
Kostas Eleftheratos, John Kapsomenakis, Ilias Fountoulakis, Christos S. Zerefos, Patrick Jöckel, Martin Dameris, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Germar Bernhard, Dimitra Kouklaki, Kleareti Tourpali, Scott Stierle, J. Ben Liley, Colette Brogniez, Frédérique Auriol, Henri Diémoz, Stana Simic, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Kaisa Lakkala, and Kostas Douvis
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12827–12855, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the future evolution of DNA-active ultraviolet (UV) radiation in view of increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) and decreasing ozone depleting substances (ODSs). It is shown that DNA-active UV radiation might increase after 2050 between 50° N–50° S due to GHG-induced reductions in clouds and ozone, something that is likely not to happen at high latitudes, where DNA-active UV radiation will continue its downward trend mainly due to stratospheric ozone recovery from the reduction in ODSs.
Alessandro Damiani, Hitoshi Irie, Dmitry A. Belikov, Shuei Kaizuka, Hossain Mohammed Syedul Hoque, and Raul R. Cordero
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 12705–12726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-12705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the variabilities in tropospheric gases and aerosols within the Greater Tokyo Area, Japan. Beyond highlighting air quality changes caused by the pandemic during the lockdown, we found that the degree of weekly cycling of most gases and aerosols was enhanced during the whole of 2020. The changes were unprecedented in recent years and potentially related to coincident reduced mobility in Japan, which, in contrast to other countries, was anomalously low on weekends in 2020.
Tove M. Svendby, Bjørn Johnsen, Arve Kylling, Arne Dahlback, Germar H. Bernhard, Georg H. Hansen, Boyan Petkov, and Vito Vitale
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7881–7899, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of total ozone and effective cloud transmittance (eCLT) have been performed since 1995 at three Norwegian sites with GUV multi-filter instruments. The unique data sets of high-time-resolution measurements can be used for a broad range of studies. Data analyses reveal an increase in total ozone above Norway from 1995 to 2019. Measurements of GUV eCLT indicate changes in albedo in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) during the past 25 years, most likely resulting from increased Arctic ice melt.
Alia L. Khan, Heidi M. Dierssen, Ted A. Scambos, Juan Höfer, and Raul R. Cordero
The Cryosphere, 15, 133–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present radiative forcing (RF) estimates by snow algae in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) region from multi-year measurements of solar radiation and ground-based hyperspectral characterization of red and green snow algae collected during a brief field expedition in austral summer 2018. Mean daily RF was double for green (~26 W m−2) vs. red (~13 W m−2) snow algae during the peak growing season, which is on par with midlatitude dust attributions capable of advancing snowmelt.
Kaisa Lakkala, Jukka Kujanpää, Colette Brogniez, Nicolas Henriot, Antti Arola, Margit Aun, Frédérique Auriol, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Germar Bernhard, Veerle De Bock, Maxime Catalfamo, Christine Deroo, Henri Diémoz, Luca Egli, Jean-Baptiste Forestier, Ilias Fountoulakis, Katerina Garane, Rosa Delia Garcia, Julian Gröbner, Seppo Hassinen, Anu Heikkilä, Stuart Henderson, Gregor Hülsen, Bjørn Johnsen, Niilo Kalakoski, Angelos Karanikolas, Tomi Karppinen, Kevin Lamy, Sergio F. León-Luis, Anders V. Lindfors, Jean-Marc Metzger, Fanny Minvielle, Harel B. Muskatel, Thierry Portafaix, Alberto Redondas, Ricardo Sanchez, Anna Maria Siani, Tove Svendby, and Johanna Tamminen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6999–7024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite was launched on 13 October 2017 to provide the atmospheric composition for atmosphere and climate research. Ground-based data from 25 sites located in Arctic, subarctic, temperate, equatorial and Antarctic
areas were used for the validation of the TROPOMI surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product. For most sites 60 %–80 % of TROPOMI data was within ± 20 % of ground-based data.
Kaisa Lakkala, Margit Aun, Ricardo Sanchez, Germar Bernhard, Eija Asmi, Outi Meinander, Fernando Nollas, Gregor Hülsen, Tomi Karppinen, Veijo Aaltonen, Antti Arola, and Gerrit de Leeuw
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 947–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A GUV multi-filter radiometer was set up at Marambio, 64° S, 56° W, Antarctica, in 2017. The instrument continuously measures ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible (VIS) radiation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The measurements are designed for providing high-quality long-term time series that can be used to assess the impact of global climate change in the Antarctic region. The data from the last 5 d are plotted and updated daily.
Paul Ockenfuß, Claudia Emde, Bernhard Mayer, and Germar Bernhard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1961–1976, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We model solar radiation as it would be measured on the Earth's surface in the core shadow of a total solar eclipse. Subsequently, we compare our results to observations during the total eclipse 2017 for ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Moreover, we analyze the effect of the surface reflectance, the ozone profile, aerosol and the topography and give a visualization of the prevailing photons paths in the atmosphere during the eclipse.
Germar Bernhard and Boyan Petkov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4703–4719, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4703-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4703-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Solar radiation at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths was measured during the total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017. Data were used to study the wavelength-dependent changes of solar radiation at Earth’s surface and to validate parameterizations of solar limb darkening (LD), which describes the change in the Sun’s brightness between its center and its edge. The study highlights the importance of the LD effect when calculating total ozone and aerosol optical depth during an eclipse.
Kaisa Lakkala, Alberto Redondas, Outi Meinander, Laura Thölix, Britta Hamari, Antonio Fernando Almansa, Virgilio Carreno, Rosa Delia García, Carlos Torres, Guillermo Deferrari, Hector Ochoa, Germar Bernhard, Ricardo Sanchez, and Gerrit de Leeuw
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16019–16031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16019-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16019-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Solar UV irradiances were measured at Ushuaia (54° S) and Marambio (64° S) during 2000–2013. The measurements were part of the Antarctic NILU-UV network, which was maintained as a cooperation between Spain, Argentina and Finland. The time series of the network were analysed for the first time in this study. At both stations maximum UV indices and daily doses were measured when spring-time ozone loss episodes occurred. The maximum UV index was 13 and 12 in Ushuaia and Marambio, respectively.
Alessandro Damiani, Hitoshi Irie, Takashi Horio, Tamio Takamura, Pradeep Khatri, Hideaki Takenaka, Takashi Nagao, Takashi Y. Nakajima, and Raul R. Cordero
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2501–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2501-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2501-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Tohoku Earthquake of March 2011 stressed the need for energy source diversity, and the governmental policy in Japan has been stimulating a broader use of
renewable energy. Solar power is potentially able to mitigate climate change triggered by greenhouse gas emissions, but its instability caused by cloudiness
is a critical issue for suppliers. To develop an appropriate control system, surface solar radiation data must be made available as accurately as possible.
Martine De Mazière, Anne M. Thompson, Michael J. Kurylo, Jeannette D. Wild, Germar Bernhard, Thomas Blumenstock, Geir O. Braathen, James W. Hannigan, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Thierry Leblanc, Thomas J. McGee, Gerald Nedoluha, Irina Petropavlovskikh, Gunther Seckmeyer, Paul C. Simon, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, and Susan E. Strahan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4935–4964, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4935-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4935-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue "Twenty-five years of operations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC)". It describes the origins of the network, its actual status, and some perspectives for its future evolution in the context of atmospheric sciences.
Germar Bernhard, Irina Petropavlovskikh, and Bernhard Mayer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4979–4994, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4979-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4979-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical distribution of atmospheric ozone has historically been measured from the ground by analysing the wavelength dependence of zenith radiation. Our method retrieves the same information from global irradiance, which is defined as radiant flux received from the entire upper hemisphere, including the Sun. The new method makes existing long-term data sets of global irradiance available for studying ozone profiles. The accuracy of the new method is similar to that of the legacy method.
William Wandji Nyamsi, Mikko R. A. Pitkänen, Youva Aoun, Philippe Blanc, Anu Heikkilä, Kaisa Lakkala, Germar Bernhard, Tapani Koskela, Anders V. Lindfors, Antti Arola, and Lucien Wald
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 4965–4978, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4965-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4965-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a new, fast and accurate method for estimating UV fluxes at ground level in cloud-free conditions at any place and time. The method performs very well with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service products as inputs describing the state of the atmosphere. An accuracy that is close to the uncertainty of the measurements themselves is reached. We believe that our research will be widely used in the near future.
Jonas Witthuhn, Hartwig Deneke, Andreas Macke, and Germar Bernhard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 709–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-709-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-709-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
To improve and extend observational capabilities of a shipborne facility, developed within the OCEANET project for long-term investigation of the transfer of energy and material between ocean and atmosphere, a shadowband radiometer was acquired. With this instrument, automated observations of spectral irradiance components and aerosol optical properties are possible on ships. The results show that the radiometer works fine for its purposes and can compete with state of the art sun photometers.
G. Bernhard, A. Arola, A. Dahlback, V. Fioletov, A. Heikkilä, B. Johnsen, T. Koskela, K. Lakkala, T. Svendby, and J. Tamminen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7391–7412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7391-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7391-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Surface erythemal UV data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) are validated for high northern latitudes (Arctic and Scandinavia) using ground-based measurements. The bias in OMI data caused by incorrect assumptions of the surface albedo are quantified and the mechanism that causes this bias is discussed. Methods to improve the accuracy of OMI data products are presented.
G. Bernhard, A. Dahlback, V. Fioletov, A. Heikkilä, B. Johnsen, T. Koskela, K. Lakkala, and T. Svendby
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10573–10590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10573-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10573-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Radiation | Research Activity: Field Measurements | Altitude Range: Stratosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Evidence of a possible turning point in solar UV-B over Canada, Europe and Japan
C. S. Zerefos, K. Tourpali, K. Eleftheratos, S. Kazadzis, C. Meleti, U. Feister, T. Koskela, and A. Heikkilä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2469–2477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2469-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2469-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Akhil Raj, S. T. and Ratnam, M. V.: Ozone vertical distribution during the solar eclipse of 26 December 2019 over Gadanki: Role of background dynamics, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 12, 101116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101116, 2021.
Anderson, G. P., Clough, S. A., Kneizys, F. X., Chetwynd, J. H., and Shettle, E. P.: AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0–120 km), Tech. Rep. AFGL-TR-86-0110,Air Force Geophys. Lab., Bedford, Mass., 43 pp., https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA175173.pdf (last access: 15 May 2024), 1986.
Anderson, R. C. and Keefer, D. R.: Observation of the temperature and pressure changes during the 30 June 1973 solar eclipse, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 228–231, 1975.
Anderson, R. C., Keefer, D. R., and Myers, O. E.: Atmospheric pressure and temperature changes during the 7 March 1970 solar eclipse, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 583–587, 1972.
Antón, M., Serrano, A., Cancillo, M. L., Vaquero, J. M., and Vilaplana, J. M.: Solar irradiance and total ozone over El Arenosillo (Spain) during the solar eclipse of 3 October 2005, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 72, 789–793, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.03.025, 2010.
Bernhard, G. H.: Data complementing the publication: “Does total column ozone change during a solar eclipse?”, Zenodo [data set and code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14201523, 2024.
Bernhard, G. and Petkov, B.: Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4703–4719, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4703-2019, 2019.
Bernhard, G., Booth, C. R., and McPeters, R. D.: Calculation of total column ozone from global UV spectra at high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4532, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003450, 2003.
Bernhard, G., Booth, C. R., and Ehramjian, J. C.: Version 2 data of the National Science Foundation's ultraviolet radiation monitoring network: South Pole, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D21207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004937, 2004.
Blumthaler, M., Bais, A., Webb, A., Kazadzis, S., Kift, R., Kouremeti, N., Schallhart, B., and Kazantzidis, A.: Variations of solar radiation at the Earth's surface during the total solar eclipse of 29 March 2006, P. Soc. Photo.-Opt. Ins., 6362, U126–U133, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.689630, 2006.
Bojkov, R. D.: The ozone variations during the solar eclipse of 20 May 1966, Tellus, 20, 417–421, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1968.tb00382.x (last access: 17 January 2025), 1968.
Chakrabarty, D. K., Shah, N. C., and Pandya, K. V.: Fluctuation in ozone column over Ahmedabad during the solar eclipse of 24 October 1995, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3001–3003, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL03016, 1997.
Chen, L., Ding, M., She, Y., Zhang, L., Zeng, Z., Jia, J., Zheng, Y., Tian, B., Zhu, K., Wang, X., Yao, Z., and Che, H.: Regional aerosol optical depth over Antarctica, Atmos. Res., 308, 107534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107534, 2024.
Chimonas, G.: Internal gravity-wave motions induced in the Earth's atmosphere by a solar eclipse, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 5545–5551, 1970.
Chimonas, G.: Lamb waves generated by the 1970 solar eclipse, Planet. Space Sci., 21, 1843–1854, 1973.
Chimonas, G. and Hines, C. O.: Atmospheric gravity waves induced by a solar eclipse, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 875–875, 1970.
Chimonas, G. and Hines, C. O.: Atmospheric gravity waves induced by a solar eclipse, 2, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 7003–7005, 1971.
Colligan, T., Fowler, J., Godfrey, J., and Spangrude, C.: Detection of stratospheric gravity waves induced by the total solar eclipse of July 2, 2019, Sci. Rep., 10, 1–8, 2020.
Cordero, R. R., Damiani, A., Ferrer, J., Jorquera, J., Tobar, M., Labbe, F., Carrasco, J., and Laroze, D.: UV irradiance and albedo at Union Glacier Camp (Antarctica): A case study, PLoS One, 9, e90705, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090705, 2014.
Dahlback, A.: Measurements of biologically effective UV doses, total ozone abundances, and cloud effects with multichannel, moderate bandwidth filter instruments, Appl. Opt., 35, 6514–6521, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.006514, 1996.
Dikty, S., Schmidt, H., Weber, M., von Savigny, C., and Mlynczak, M. G.: Daytime ozone and temperature variations in the mesosphere: a comparison between SABER observations and HAMMONIA model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8331–8339, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8331-2010, 2010.
Dutta, G., Kumar, P. V., Ratnam, M. V., Mohammad, S., Kumar, M. C. A., Rao, P. V., Rahaman, K., and Basha, H. A.: Response of tropical lower atmosphere to annular solar eclipse of 15 January, 2010, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 73, 1907–1914, 2011.
Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., O'Neill, N. T., Slutsker, I., and Kinne, S.: Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 31333–31349, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900923, 1999.
Eckermann, S. D., Broutman, D., Stollberg, M. T., Ma, J., McCormack, J. P., and Hogan, T. F.: Atmospheric effects of the total solar eclipse of 4 December 2002 simulated with a high-altitude global model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D14105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007880, 2007.
Emde, C. and Mayer, B.: Simulation of solar radiation during a total eclipse: a challenge for radiative transfer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2259–2270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2259-2007, 2007.
Farges, T., Le Pichon, A., Blanc, E., Perez, S., and Alcoverro, B.: Response of the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere to the eclipse of August 11, 1999, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 65, 717–726, 2003.
Fritts, D. C. and Luo, Z.: Gravity wave forcing in the middle atmosphere due to reduced ozone heating during a solar eclipse, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 3011–3021, 1993.
Fuchs, E. C., Oudakker, G., Justinek, M., Dyer, N., Woisetschläger, J., Godines, K., Mäder, M., and Freund, F. T.: Solar eclipses and the surface properties of water, Earth Moon Planet., 123, 15–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11038-019-09529-0, 2019.
Garreaud, R., Bozkurt, D., Spangrude, C., Carrasco-Escaff, T., Rondanelli, R., Muñoz, R., Jubier, X. M., Lazzara, M., Keller, L., and Rojo, P.: Cooling the coldest continent: The 4 December 2021 total solar eclipse over Antarctica, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 104, E2265–E2285, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0272.1, 2023.
Goodwin, G. L. and Hobson, G. J.: Atmospheric gravity waves generated during a solar eclipse, Nature, 275, 109–111, 1978.
Grenfell, T. C., Warren, S. G., and Mullen, P. C.: Reflection of solar radiation by the Antarctic snow surface at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18669–18684, https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd01484, 1994.
Haurwitz, B. and Cowley, A. D.: The diurnal and semidiurnal barometric oscillations global distribution and annual variation, Pure Appl. Geophys., 102, 193–222, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876607, 1973.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5, 1998.
Hooker, S. B., Bernhard, G., Morrow, J. H., Booth, C. R., Comer, T., Lind, R. N., and Quang, V.: Optical Sensors for Planetary Radiant Energy (OSPREy): calibration and validation of current and next-generation NASA missions, NASA/TM–2011–215872, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, USA, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20130003503/downloads/20130003503.pdf (last access: 25 July 2024), 2012.
Jerlov, N., Olsson, H., and Schuepp, W.: Measurements of solar radiation at Lövånger in Sweden during the total eclipse 1945, Tellus A, 6, 44–45, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v6i1.8712, 1954.
Kawabata, Y.: Spectrographic observation of the amount of ozone at the total solar eclipse of June 19 1936, J. Astron. Geophys., 14, 1–3, 1937.
Kazadzis, S., Bais, A., Blumthaler, M., Webb, A., Kouremeti, N., Kift, R., Schallhart, B., and Kazantzidis, A.: Effects of total solar eclipse of 29 March 2006 on surface radiation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5775–5783, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5775-2007, 2007.
Kazantzidis, A., Bais, A. F., Emde, C., Kazadzis, S., and Zerefos, C. S.: Attenuation of global ultraviolet and visible irradiance over Greece during the total solar eclipse of 29 March 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5959–5969, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5959-2007, 2007.
Koepke, P., Reuder, J., and Schween, J.: Spectral variation of the solar radiation during an eclipse, Meteorol. Z., 10, 179–186, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0179, 2001.
Li, J., Jiang, S., Yao, J., Cui, J., Lu, J., Tian, Y., Yang, C., Xiong, S., Wei, G., Zhang, X., Fu, S., Zhu, Z., Wang, J., Li, Z., and Zhang, H.: The Responses of Ozone to the Solar Eclipse on the 21st of June 2020 in the Mesosphere and Upper Stratosphere, Remote Sens., 16, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010014, 2023.
Marlton, G. J., Williams, P. D., and Nicoll, K. A.: On the detection and attribution of gravity waves generated by the 20 March 2015 solar eclipse, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 374, 20150222, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0222, 2016.
Marty, J., Dalaudier, F., Ponceau, D., Blanc, E., and Munkhuu, U.: Surface pressure fluctuations produced by the total solar eclipse of 1 August 2008, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 809–823, 2013.
Mateos, D., Antón, M., and Vaquero, J. M.: Influence of solar eclipse of November 3rd, 2013 on the total ozone column over Badajoz, Spain, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 112, 43–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.02.005, 2014.
Mayer, B. and Kylling, A.: Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations - description and examples of use, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1855–1877, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005, 2005.
Mims, F. M. and Mims, E. R.: Fluctuations in column ozone during the total solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 367–370, https://doi.org/10.1029/93gl00493, 1993.
Morys, M., Mims III, F. M., Hagerup, S., Anderson, S. E., Baker, A., Kia, J., and Walkup, T.: Design, calibration, and performance of MICROTOPS II handheld ozone monitor and Sun photometer, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14573–14582, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900103, 2001.
Natarajan, M., Damadeo, R., and Flittner, D.: Solar occultation measurement of mesospheric ozone by SAGE III/ISS: impact of variations along the line of sight caused by photochemistry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 75–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-75-2023, 2023.
Neckel, H.: Analytical Reference Functions F (λ) for the Sun's Limb Darkening and Its Absolute Continuum Intensities (λλ 300 to 1100 m), Sol. Phys., 229, 13–33, 2005.
Ockenfuß, P., Emde, C., Mayer, B., and Bernhard, G.: Accurate 3-D radiative transfer simulation of spectral solar irradiance during the total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1961–1976, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1961-2020, 2020.
Parrish, A., Boyd, I. S., Nedoluha, G. E., Bhartia, P. K., Frith, S. M., Kramarova, N. A., Connor, B. J., Bodeker, G. E., Froidevaux, L., Shiotani, M., and Sakazaki, T.: Diurnal variations of stratospheric ozone measured by ground-based microwave remote sensing at the Mauna Loa NDACC site: measurement validation and GEOSCCM model comparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 7255–7272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7255-2014, 2014.
Piedehierro, A. A., Cancillo, M. L., Serrano, A., Antón, M., and Vilaplana, J. M.: Selection of suitable wavelengths for estimating total ozone column with multifilter UV radiometers, Atmos. Environ., 160, 124–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.04.022, 2017.
Pierce, A. K. and Slaughter, C.: Solar limb darkening, Sol. Phys., 51, 25–41, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00240442, 1977.
Pierce, A. K., Slaughter, C. D., and Weinberger, D.: Solar limb darkening in the interval 7404-24 018 Å, II, Sol. Phys., 52, 179–189, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00935800, 1977.
Sauvageat, E., Hocke, K., Maillard Barras, E., Hou, S., Errera, Q., Haefele, A., and Murk, A.: Microwave radiometer observations of the ozone diurnal cycle and its short-term variability over Switzerland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7321–7345, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7321-2023, 2023.
Seykora, E. J., Bhatnagar, A., Jain, R. M., and Streete, J. L.: Evidence of atmospheric gravity waves produced during the 11 June 1983 total solar eclipse, Nature, 313, 124–125, 1985.
Sinyuk, A., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Giles, D. M., Slutsker, I., Korkin, S., Schafer, J. S., Smirnov, A., Sorokin, M., and Lyapustin, A.: The AERONET Version 3 aerosol retrieval algorithm, associated uncertainties and comparisons to Version 2, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3375–3411, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3375-2020, 2020.
Stamnes, K., Slusser, J., and Bowen, M.: Derivation of total ozone abundance and cloud effects from spectral irradiance measurements, Appl. Opt., 30, 4418–4426, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.30.004418, 1991.
Trees, V. J. H., de Roode, S. R., Wiltink, J. I., Meirink, J. F., Wang, P., Stammes, P., and Siebesma, A. P.: Clouds dissipate quickly during solar eclipses as the land surface cools, Commun. Earth Environ., 5, 71, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01213-0, 2024.
Uetz, G. W., Hieber, C. S., Jakob, E. M., Wilcox, R. S., Kroeger, D., McCrate, A., and Mostrom, A. M.: Behavior of Colonial Orb-weaving Spiders during a Solar Eclipse, Ethology, 96, 24–32, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb00878.x, 2010.
Waldmeier, M.: Ergebnisse und Probleme der Sonnenforschung – Probleme der kosmischen Physik, Akad. Verlagsges. Becker and Erler, Leipzig, Germany, 1941.
Williams, P. D., Read, P. L., and Haine, T. W. N.: Spontaneous generation and impact of inertia-gravity waves in a stratified, two-layer shear flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2255, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018498, 2003.
Winkler, P., Kaminski, U., Köhler, U., Riedl, J., Schroers, H., and Anwender, D.: Development of meteorological parameters and total ozone during the total solar eclipse of August 11, 1999, Meteorol. Z., 10, 193–199, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0193, 2001.
Witthuhn, J., Deneke, H., Macke, A., and Bernhard, G.: Algorithms and uncertainties for the determination of multispectral irradiance components and aerosol optical depth from a shipborne rotating shadowband radiometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 709–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-709-2017, 2017.
Yoon, H. W., Gibson, C. E., and Barnes, P. Y.: Realization of the National Institute of Standards and Technology detector-based spectral irradiance scale, Appl. Opt., 41, 5879–5890, https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.41.005879, 2002.
Zerefos, C. S., Balis, D. S., Meleti, C., Bais, A. F., Tourpali, K., Kourtidis, K., Vanicek, K., Cappellani, F., Kaminski, U., Colombo, T., Stubi, R., Manea, L., Formenti, P., and Andreae, M. O.: Changes in surface solar UV irradiances and total ozone during the solar eclipse of August 11, 1999, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 26463–26473, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900412, 2000.
Zerefos, C. S., Balis, D. S., Zanis, P., Meleti, C., Bais, A. F., Tourpali, K., Melas, D., Ziomas, I., Galani, E., Kourtidis, K., Papayannis, A., and Gogosheva, Z.: Changes in surface UV solar irradiance and ozone over the Balkans during the eclipse of August 11, 1999, Adv. Space Res., 27, 1955–1963, 2001.
Zerefos, C. S., Gerasopoulos, E., Tsagouri, I., Psiloglou, B. E., Belehaki, A., Herekakis, T., Bais, A., Kazadzis, S., Eleftheratos, C., Kalivitis, N., and Mihalopoulos, N.: Evidence of gravity waves into the atmosphere during the March 2006 total solar eclipse, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4943–4951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4943-2007, 2007.
Zhang, S. R., Erickson, P. J., Goncharenko, L. P., Coster, A. J., Rideout, W., and Vierinen, J.: Ionospheric bow waves and perturbations induced by the 21 August 2017 solar eclipse, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12067–12073 2017.
Short summary
Several publications have reported that total column ozone (TCO) may oscillate during solar eclipses, whereas other researchers have not seen evidence of such fluctuations. Here, we try to resolve these contradictions by measuring variations in TCO during three solar eclipses. In all instances, the variability in TCO was within natural variability. We conclude that solar eclipses do not lead to measurable variations in TCO, drawing into question reports of much larger changes found in the past.
Several publications have reported that total column ozone (TCO) may oscillate during solar...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint