Articles | Volume 25, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2763-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2763-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The critical role of aqueous-phase processes in aromatic-derived nitrogen-containing organic aerosol formation in cities with different energy consumption patterns
Yi-Jia Ma
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai 200240, China
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai 200240, China
Ting Yang
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai 200240, China
Lin Gui
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai 200240, China
Hong-Wei Xiao
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai 200240, China
Hao Xiao
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai 200240, China
Hua-Yun Xiao
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shanghai 200240, China
Related authors
Yu Xu, Yi-Jia Ma, Ting Yang, Qi-Bin Sun, Yu-Chen Wang, Lin Gui, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2409, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2409, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents the inaugural instance of simultaneous comprehensive characterization of organosulfates and nitrogen-containing organic compounds (detected in both ESI+ and ESI- modes) in PM2.5 in tropical marine areas with minimal anthropogenic pollution. The overall results provide the observation-based molecular evidence that marine emissions may play a significant role in the formation of aromatic and aliphatic organic sulfur and nitrogen aerosols in the South China Sea.
Ting Yang, Yu Xu, Yu-Chen Wang, Yi-Jia Ma, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2967–2978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2967-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2967-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Previous measurement–model comparisons of atmospheric isoprene levels showed a significant unidentified source of isoprene in some northern Chinese cities during winter. Here, the first combination of large-scale observations and field combustion experiments provides novel insights into biomass burning emissions as a significant source of isoprene-derived organosulfates during winter in northern cities of China.
Yu Xu, Tang Liu, Yi-Jia Ma, Qi-Bin Sun, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, Hua-Yun Xiao, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10531–10542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the characteristics of aminiums and ammonium in PM2.5 on clean and polluted winter days in 11 Chinese cities, highlighting the possibility of the competitive uptake of ammonia versus amines on acidic aerosols or the displacement of aminiums by ammonia under high-ammonia conditions. The overall results deepen the understanding of the spatiotemporal differences in aminium characteristics and formation in China.
Yi-Jia Ma, Yu Xu, Ting Yang, Hong-Wei Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4331–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides field-based evidence about the differential impacts of combustion of fresh and aged biomass materials on aerosol nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in different seasons in Ürümqi, bridging the linkages between the observations and previous laboratory studies showing the formation mechanisms of NOCs.
Ting Yang, Yu Xu, Qing Ye, Yi-Jia Ma, Yu-Chen Wang, Jian-Zhen Yu, Yu-Sen Duan, Chen-Xi Li, Hong-Wei Xiao, Zi-Yue Li, Yue Zhao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13433–13450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, 130 OS species were quantified in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in urban and suburban Shanghai (East China) in the summer of 2021. The daytime OS formation was concretized based on the interactions among OSs, ultraviolet (UV), ozone (O3), and sulfate. Our finding provides field evidence for the influence of photochemical process and anthropogenic sulfate on OS formation and has important implications for the mitigation of organic particulate pollution.
Ren-Guo Zhu, Hua-Yun Xiao, Meiju Yin, Hao Xiao, Zhongkui Zhou, Yuanyuan Pan, Guo Wei, and Cheng Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 7699–7718, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7699-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7699-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The concentrations and δ15N isotopic values of CAAs (combined amino acids) in surface soil and plants from the Gobi Desert, as well as in PM2.5 samples from four cities in Northern China, were measured. CAAs transported by Gobi dust were rich in alanine, glycine and glutamic acid. Glycine and leucine in Gobi Desert sources exhibited δ15N depletion by more than 6 ‰ compared to their values in urban PM2.5. Substantial protein-N deposition can be transported by the Gobi Desert to northern China over brief periods.
Yu Xu, Yi-Jia Ma, Ting Yang, Qi-Bin Sun, Yu-Chen Wang, Lin Gui, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2409, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2409, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
This study represents the inaugural instance of simultaneous comprehensive characterization of organosulfates and nitrogen-containing organic compounds (detected in both ESI+ and ESI- modes) in PM2.5 in tropical marine areas with minimal anthropogenic pollution. The overall results provide the observation-based molecular evidence that marine emissions may play a significant role in the formation of aromatic and aliphatic organic sulfur and nitrogen aerosols in the South China Sea.
Huilin Hu, Yunyi Liang, Ting Li, Yongliang She, Yao Wang, Ting Yang, Min Zhou, Ziyue Li, Chenxi Li, Huayun Xiao, Jianlin Hu, Jingyi Li, and Yue Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1909, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1909, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (iSOA) is a major type of biogenic SOA in the atmosphere, yet its response to long-term anthropogenic emission reductions remains poorly understood. Here, combing field observations and model simulations, we characterized the abundance, trend, and underlying drivers of iSOA in Shanghai, China during 2015–2021, which will advance our understandings of the formation and impacts of biogenic SOA under rapidly evolving emission scenarios in urban regions.
Ting Yang, Yu Xu, Yu-Chen Wang, Yi-Jia Ma, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2967–2978, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2967-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2967-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Previous measurement–model comparisons of atmospheric isoprene levels showed a significant unidentified source of isoprene in some northern Chinese cities during winter. Here, the first combination of large-scale observations and field combustion experiments provides novel insights into biomass burning emissions as a significant source of isoprene-derived organosulfates during winter in northern cities of China.
Wei Guo, Zicong Li, Renguo Zhu, Zhongkui Zhou, Hongwei Xiao, and Huayun Xiao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3793, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3793, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Through a comprehensive year-long analysis of major polar organic compounds in PM2.5, we elucidate the complex composition and sources of organic aerosols (OAs) within the urban environment of Nanchang, China. Given the significant health and environmental impacts of PM2.5, our research provides critical insights into the contributions of primary emissions and secondary formation processes to urban OA, and confirm the sources and the influencing factors of OA during pollution episodes.
Yu Xu, Tang Liu, Yi-Jia Ma, Qi-Bin Sun, Hong-Wei Xiao, Hao Xiao, Hua-Yun Xiao, and Cong-Qiang Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10531–10542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the characteristics of aminiums and ammonium in PM2.5 on clean and polluted winter days in 11 Chinese cities, highlighting the possibility of the competitive uptake of ammonia versus amines on acidic aerosols or the displacement of aminiums by ammonia under high-ammonia conditions. The overall results deepen the understanding of the spatiotemporal differences in aminium characteristics and formation in China.
Hao Xiao, Qinkai Li, Shiyuan Ding, Wenjing Dai, Gaoyang Cui, and Xiaodong Li
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1621, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1621, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study established a refined isotopic fingerprint of NOx sources in local Tianjin, which included previously uncharacterized sources in China. Results shown that the representative nature and region-specific characteristics of isotopic fingerprints for six categories of NOx sources in Tianjin. A reasonable source-resolved structure of NO3– could obtained by MixSIAR model using the δ15N values of NOx source established in this study, suggest the important of the refined isotopic fingerprint.
Yi-Jia Ma, Yu Xu, Ting Yang, Hong-Wei Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4331–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides field-based evidence about the differential impacts of combustion of fresh and aged biomass materials on aerosol nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in different seasons in Ürümqi, bridging the linkages between the observations and previous laboratory studies showing the formation mechanisms of NOCs.
Ting Yang, Yu Xu, Qing Ye, Yi-Jia Ma, Yu-Chen Wang, Jian-Zhen Yu, Yu-Sen Duan, Chen-Xi Li, Hong-Wei Xiao, Zi-Yue Li, Yue Zhao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13433–13450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, 130 OS species were quantified in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in urban and suburban Shanghai (East China) in the summer of 2021. The daytime OS formation was concretized based on the interactions among OSs, ultraviolet (UV), ozone (O3), and sulfate. Our finding provides field evidence for the influence of photochemical process and anthropogenic sulfate on OS formation and has important implications for the mitigation of organic particulate pollution.
Han Zang, Dandan Huang, Jiali Zhong, Ziyue Li, Chenxi Li, Huayun Xiao, and Yue Zhao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 12691–12705, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12691-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-12691-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Acylperoxy radicals (RO2) are key intermediates in the atmospheric oxidation of organic compounds, yet our knowledge of their identities and chemistry remains poor. Using direct measurements and kinetic modeling, we identify the composition and formation pathways of acyl RO2 and quantify their contribution to highly oxygenated organic molecules during α-pinene ozonolysis, which will help to understand oxidation chemistry of monoterpenes and sources of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere.
Chenxi Li, Yuyang Li, Xiaoxiao Li, Runlong Cai, Yaxin Fan, Xiaohui Qiao, Rujing Yin, Chao Yan, Yishuo Guo, Yongchun Liu, Jun Zheng, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Markku Kulmala, Huayun Xiao, and Jingkun Jiang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6879–6896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6879-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6879-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
New particle formation and growth in polluted environments are not fully understood despite intensive research. We applied a cluster dynamics–multicomponent sectional model to simulate the new particle formation events observed in Beijing, China. The simulation approximately captures how the events evolve. Further diagnosis shows that the oxygenated organic molecules may have been under-detected, and modulating their abundance leads to significantly improved simulation–observation agreement.
Yu Xu, Xin-Ni Dong, Chen He, Dai-She Wu, Hong-Wei Xiao, and Hua-Yun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6775–6788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6775-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6775-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The air pollution associated with fine particles and secondary organic aerosol is not weakened by the application of mist cannon trucks but rather is aggravated. Our results provide not only new insights into the formation processes of aerosol water-soluble organic compounds associated with the water mist sprayed by mist cannon trucks in the road atmospheric environment but also crucial information for the decision makers to regulate the operation of mist cannon trucks in many cities in China.
Ren-Guo Zhu, Hua-Yun Xiao, Liqin Cheng, Huixiao Zhu, Hongwei Xiao, and Yunyun Gong
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14019–14036, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sugars and amino acids are major classes of organic components in atmospheric fine particles and play important roles in the atmosphere. To identify their sources in different regions, the concentrations and compositions of sugar amino acids in fine particles were analysed. Our findings suggest that combining specific sugar tracers and chemical profiles of combined amino acids in local emission sources can identify various source characteristics of primary sources.
Han Zang, Yue Zhao, Juntao Huo, Qianbiao Zhao, Qingyan Fu, Yusen Duan, Jingyuan Shao, Cheng Huang, Jingyu An, Likun Xue, Ziyue Li, Chenxi Li, and Huayun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4355–4374, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Particulate nitrate plays an important role in wintertime haze pollution in eastern China, yet quantitative constraints on detailed nitrate formation mechanisms remain limited. Here we quantified the contributions of the heterogeneous N2O5 hydrolysis (66 %) and gas-phase OH + NO2 reaction (32 %) to nitrate formation in this region and identified the atmospheric oxidation capacity (i.e., availability of O3 and OH radicals) as the driving factor of nitrate formation from both processes.
Yao Wang, Yue Zhao, Yuchen Wang, Jian-Zhen Yu, Jingyuan Shao, Ping Liu, Wenfei Zhu, Zhen Cheng, Ziyue Li, Naiqiang Yan, and Huayun Xiao
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2959–2980, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2959-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2959-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Organosulfates (OSs) are important constituents and tracers of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the atmosphere. Here we characterized the OS species in ambient aerosols in Shanghai, China. We find that the contributions of OSs and SOAs to organic aerosols have increased in recent years and that OS production was largely controlled by the oxidant level (Ox), particularly in summer. We infer that mitigation of Ox pollution can effectively reduce the production of OSs and SOAs in eastern China.
Ren-Guo Zhu, Hua-Yun Xiao, Li Luo, Hongwei Xiao, Zequn Wen, Yuwen Zhu, Xiaozheng Fang, Yuanyuan Pan, and Zhenping Chen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 2585–2600, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2585-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2585-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Amino acids (AAs), as important organic nitrogen compounds, play key roles in the nitrogen cycles, climate change and public health. The sources and transformation of AAs in two size-segregated aerosol particles were explored. This study presents the first isotopic evidence that the sources of AAs for fine and coarse aerosol particles may be similar. And the potentially significant role of bacterial degradation processes in aerosol protein degradation state was suggested.
Cited articles
Abudumutailifu, M., Shang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, M., Kang, H., Chen, Y., Li, L., Ju, R., Li, B., Ouyang, H., Tang, X., Li, C., Wang, L., Wang, X., George, C., Rudich, Y., Zhang, R., and Chen, J.: Unveiling the Molecular Characteristics, Origins, and Formation Mechanism of Reduced Nitrogen Organic Compounds in the Urban Atmosphere of Shanghai Using a Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 7099–7112, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04071, 2024.
Arimoto, R., Duce, R. A., Savoie, D. L., Prospero, J. M., Talbot, R., Cullen, J. D., Tomza, U., Lewis, N. F., and Ray, B. J.: Relationships among aerosol constituents from Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-West A, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 2011–2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD01071, 1996.
Ayers, G. P. and Gras, J. L.: Seasonal relationship between cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol methanesulphonate in marine air, Nature, 353, 834–835, https://doi.org/10.1038/353834a0, 1991.
Bond, T. C., Wehner, B., Plewka, A., Wiedensohler, A., Heintzenberg, J., and Charlson, R. J.: Climate-relevant properties of primary particulate emissions from oil and natural gas combustion, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3574–3587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.030, 2006.
Cape, J. N., Cornell, S. E., Jickells, T. D., and Nemitz, E.: Organic nitrogen in the atmosphere – Where does it come from? A review of sources and methods, Atmos. Res., 102, 30–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.07.009, 2011.
Chao, A., Chazdon, R. L., Colwell, R. K., and Shen, T.-J.: Abundance-Based Similarity Indices and Their Estimation When There Are Unseen Species in Samples, Biometrics, 62, 361–371, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00489.x, 2006.
Chen, Y., Guo, H., Nah, T., Tanner, D. J., Sullivan, A. P., Takeuchi, M., Gao, Z., Vasilakos, P., Russell, A. G., Baumann, K., Huey, L. G., Weber, R. J., and Ng, N. L.: Low-Molecular-Weight Carboxylic Acids in the Southeastern U.S.: Formation, Partitioning, and Implications for Organic Aerosol Aging, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 6688–6699, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01413, 2021.
Chen, Z. M., Wang, H. L., Zhu, L. H., Wang, C. X., Jie, C. Y., and Hua, W.: Aqueous-phase ozonolysis of methacrolein and methyl vinyl ketone: a potentially important source of atmospheric aqueous oxidants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2255–2265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2255-2008, 2008.
Ditto, J. C., Machesky, J., and Gentner, D. R.: Analysis of reduced and oxidized nitrogen-containing organic compounds at a coastal site in summer and winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3045–3065, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3045-2022, 2022.
Dong, P., Chen, Z., Qin, X., and Gong, Y.: Water Significantly Changes the Ring-Cleavage Process During Aqueous Photooxidation of Toluene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 16316–16325, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04770, 2021.
Ehhalt, D. H. and Rohrer, F.: Dependence of the OH concentration on solar UV, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 3565–3571, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD901070, 2000.
Gani, S., Bhandari, S., Seraj, S., Wang, D. S., Patel, K., Soni, P., Arub, Z., Habib, G., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., and Apte, J. S.: Submicron aerosol composition in the world's most polluted megacity: the Delhi Aerosol Supersite study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6843–6859, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6843-2019, 2019.
Gao, J., Li, Y., Li, J., Shi, G., Liu, Z., Han, B., Tian, X., Wang, Y., Feng, Y., and Russell, A. G.: Impact of Formation Pathways on Secondary Inorganic Aerosol During Haze Pollution in Beijing: Quantitative Evidence From High-Resolution Observation and Modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL095623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095623, 2021.
Gui, L., Xu, Y., You, Y.-C., Ma, Y.-J., Yang, T., Liu, T., Xiao, H.-W., Xiao, H., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Oxidative Degradation of Higher-Molecular-Weight Aromatic Amine Compounds Is a Potential Source of Anilinium in Urban Aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 11, 1355–1361, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00935, 2024.
Guo, S., Hu, M., Zamora, M. L., Peng, J., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Du, Z., Wu, Z., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 17373–17378, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419604111, 2014.
Guo, Y., Yan, C., Liu, Y., Qiao, X., Zheng, F., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Li, C., Fan, X., Lin, Z., Feng, Z., Zhang, Y., Zheng, P., Tian, L., Nie, W., Wang, Z., Huang, D., Daellenbach, K. R., Yao, L., Dada, L., Bianchi, F., Jiang, J., Liu, Y., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Seasonal variation in oxygenated organic molecules in urban Beijing and their contribution to secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 10077–10097, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-10077-2022, 2022.
Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5236, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.
Han, Y., Zhang, X., Li, L., Lin, Y., Zhu, C., Zhang, N., Wang, Q., and Cao, J.: Enhanced Production of Organosulfur Species during a Severe Winter Haze Episode in the Guanzhong Basin of Northwest China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 8708–8718, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c02914, 2023.
He, C., Che, H., Bao, Z., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Hu, M., Zhou, J., Zhang, S., Yao, X., Shi, Q., Chen, C., Han, Y., Meng, L., Long, X., Yang, F., and Chen, Y.: Evolution of nucleophilic high molecular-weight organic compounds in ambient aerosols: a case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1627–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1627-2024, 2024.
He, Q.-F., Ding, X., Fu, X.-X., Zhang, Y.-Q., Wang, J.-Q., Liu, Y.-X., Tang, M.-J., Wang, X.-M., and Rudich, Y.: Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation From Isoprene Epoxides in the Pearl River Delta, South China: IEPOX- and HMML-Derived Tracers, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6999–7012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028242, 2018.
Heald, C. L., Kroll, J. H., Jimenez, J. L., Docherty, K. S., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Chen, Q., Martin, S. T., Farmer, D. K., and Artaxo, P.: A simplified description of the evolution of organic aerosol composition in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042737, 2010.
Hodas, N., Sullivan, A. P., Skog, K., Keutsch, F. N., Collett Jr., J. L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Carlton, A. G., Laaksonen, A., and Turpin, B. J.: Aerosol Liquid Water Driven by Anthropogenic Nitrate: Implications for Lifetimes of Water-Soluble Organic Gases and Potential for Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11127–11136, https://doi.org/10.1021/es5025096, 2014.
Huang, D., Zhang, X., Chen, Z. M., Zhao, Y., and Shen, X. L.: The kinetics and mechanism of an aqueous phase isoprene reaction with hydroxyl radical, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7399–7415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7399-2011, 2011.
Huang, S., Shen, Z., Yang, X., Bai, G., Zhang, L., Zeng, Y., Sun, J., Xu, H., Ho, S. S. H., Zhang, Y., and Cao, J.: Nitroaromatic compounds in six major Chinese cities: Influence of different formation mechanisms on light absorption properties, Sci. Total Environ., 930, 172672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172672, 2024.
Jiang, H., Li, J., Tang, J., Zhao, S., Chen, Y., Tian, C., Zhang, X., Jiang, B., Liao, Y., and Zhang, G.: Factors Influencing the Molecular Compositions and Distributions of Atmospheric Nitrogen-Containing Compounds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036284, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036284, 2022.
Jiang, H., Cai, J., Feng, X., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Jiang, B., Liao, Y., Li, J., Zhang, G., Mu, Y., and Chen, J.: Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Anthropogenic Emissions Lead to the High Chemodiversity of Atmospheric Nitrogen-Containing Compounds during the Haze Event, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 16500–16511, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c06648, 2023.
Jimenez, N. G., Sharp, K. D., Gramyk, T., Ugland, D. Z., Tran, M.-K., Rojas, A., Rafla, M. A., Stewart, D., Galloway, M. M., Lin, P., Laskin, A., Cazaunau, M., Pangui, E., Doussin, J.-F., and De Haan, D. O.: Radical-Initiated Brown Carbon Formation in Sunlit Carbonyl–Amine–Ammonium Sulfate Mixtures and Aqueous Aerosol Particles, ACS Earth Space Chem., 6, 228–238, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00395, 2022.
Kellerman, A. M., Dittmar, T., Kothawala, D. N., and Tranvik, L. J.: Chemodiversity of dissolved organic matter in lakes driven by climate and hydrology, Nat. Commun., 5, 3804, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4804, 2014.
Koch, B. P. and Dittmar, T.: From mass to structure: an aromaticity index for high-resolution mass data of natural organic matter, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20, 926–932, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2386, 2006.
Kroflič, A., Grilc, M., and Grgić, I.: Does toxicity of aromatic pollutants increase under remote atmospheric conditions?, Sci. Rep., 5, 8859, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08859, 2015.
Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., Mazzoleni, L. R., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nat. Chem., 3, 133–139, https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.948, 2011.
Křůmal, K., Mikuška, P., Horák, J., Hopan, F., and Krpec, K.: Comparison of emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants from the combustion of biomass and coal in modern and old-type boilers used for residential heating in the Czech Republic, Central Europe, Chemosphere, 229, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.137, 2019.
Kuwata, M. and Martin, S. T.: Phase of atmospheric secondary organic material affects its reactivity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 17354–17359, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1209071109, 2012.
Laskin, J., Laskin, A., Nizkorodov, S. A., Roach, P., Eckert, P., Gilles, M. K., Wang, B., Lee, H. J., and Hu, Q.: Molecular Selectivity of Brown Carbon Chromophores, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12047–12055, https://doi.org/10.1021/es503432r, 2014.
Lee, A. K. Y., Zhao, R., Li, R., Liggio, J., Li, S.-M., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Formation of Light Absorbing Organo-Nitrogen Species from Evaporation of Droplets Containing Glyoxal and Ammonium Sulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 12819–12826, https://doi.org/10.1021/es402687w, 2013.
Li, X., Song, S., Zhou, W., Hao, J., Worsnop, D. R., and Jiang, J.: Interactions between aerosol organic components and liquid water content during haze episodes in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12163–12174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12163-2019, 2019a.
Li, Y., Fu, T.-M., Yu, J. Z., Yu, X., Chen, Q., Miao, R., Zhou, Y., Zhang, A., Ye, J., Yang, X., Tao, S., Liu, H., and Yao, W.: Dissecting the contributions of organic nitrogen aerosols to global atmospheric nitrogen deposition and implications for ecosystems, Natl. Sci. Rev., 10, nwad244, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad244, 2023.
Li, Z., Nizkorodov, S. A., Chen, H., Lu, X., Yang, X., and Chen, J.: Nitrogen-containing secondary organic aerosol formation by acrolein reaction with ammonia/ammonium, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1343–1356, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1343-2019, 2019b.
Lian, L., Yan, S., Zhou, H., and Song, W.: Overview of the Phototransformation of Wastewater Effluents by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1816–1826, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04669, 2020.
Lin, X., Xu, Y., Zhu, R.-G., Xiao, H.-W., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Proteinaceous Matter in PM2.5 in Suburban Guiyang, Southwestern China: Decreased Importance in Long-Range Transport and Atmospheric Degradation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2023JD038516, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038516, 2023.
Liu, T., Xu, Y., Sun, Q.-B., Xiao, H.-W., Zhu, R.-G., Li, C.-X., Li, Z.-Y., Zhang, K.-Q., Sun, C.-X., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Characteristics, Origins, and Atmospheric Processes of Amines in Fine Aerosol Particles in Winter in China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2023JD038974, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038974, 2023a.
Liu, X., Wang, H., Wang, F., Lv, S., Wu, C., Zhao, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, S., Xu, X., Lei, Y., and Wang, G.: Secondary Formation of Atmospheric Brown Carbon in China Haze: Implication for an Enhancing Role of Ammonia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 11163–11172, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03948, 2023b.
Liu, X.-Y., He, K.-B., Zhang, Q., Lu, Z.-F., Wang, S.-W., Zhang, Y.-X., and Streets, D. G.: Analysis of the origins of black carbon and carbon monoxide transported to Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in China, Sci. Total Environ., 653, 1364–1376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.274, 2019.
Liu, Y., Nie, W., Li, Y., Ge, D., Liu, C., Xu, Z., Chen, L., Wang, T., Wang, L., Sun, P., Qi, X., Wang, J., Xu, Z., Yuan, J., Yan, C., Zhang, Y., Huang, D., Wang, Z., Donahue, N. M., Worsnop, D., Chi, X., Ehn, M., and Ding, A.: Formation of condensable organic vapors from anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is strongly perturbed by NOx in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14789–14814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14789-2021, 2021.
Liu, Z., Zhu, B., Zhu, C., Ruan, T., Li, J., Chen, H., Li, Q., Wang, X., Wang, L., Mu, Y., Collett, J., George, C., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Su, J., Yu, S., Mellouki, A., Chen, J., and Jiang, G.: Abundant nitrogenous secondary organic aerosol formation accelerated by cloud processing, iScience, 26, 108317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108317, 2023c.
Lv, S., Wang, F., Wu, C., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Zhang, S., Li, D., Du, W., Zhang, F., Wang, H., Huang, C., Fu, Q., Duan, Y., and Wang, G.: Gas-to-Aerosol Phase Partitioning of Atmospheric Water-Soluble Organic Compounds at a Rural Site in China: An Enhancing Effect of NH3 on SOA Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 3915–3924, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06855, 2022.
Ma, L., Li, B., Liu, Y., Sun, X., Fu, D., Sun, S., Thapa, S., Geng, J., Qi, H., Zhang, A., and Tian, C.: Characterization, sources and risk assessment of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in Harbin, a cold city in Northern China, J. Clean. Prod., 264, 121673, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121673, 2020.
Ma, Y.-J., Xu, Y., Yang, T., Xiao, H.-W., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Measurement report: Characteristics of nitrogen-containing organics in PM2.5 in Ürümqi, northwestern China – differential impacts of combustion of fresh and aged biomass materials, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 4331–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-4331-2024, 2024.
Mafusire, G., Annegarn, H. J., Vakkari, V., Beukes, J. P., Josipovic, M., van Zyl, P. G., and Laakso, L.: Submicrometer aerosols and excess CO as tracers for biomass burning air mass transport over southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 10262–10282, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023965, 2016.
MEEPRC: Technical Regulation on Ambient Air Quality Index (on trial): HJ 633–2012, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/jcffbz/201203/t20120302_224166.shtml (last access: 10 December 2024), 2012.
Montoya-Aguilera, J., Hinks, M. L., Aiona, P. K., Wingen, L. M., Horne, J. R., Zhu, S., Dabdub, D., Laskin, A., Laskin, J., Lin, P., and Nizkorodov, S. A.: Reactive Uptake of Ammonia by Biogenic and Anthropogenic Organic Aerosols, in: Multiphase Environmental Chemistry in the Atmosphere, edited by: Hunt, S. W., Laskin, A., and Nizkorodov, S. A., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 127–147, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2018-1299.ch007, 2018.
Ng, N. L., Brown, S. S., Archibald, A. T., Atlas, E., Cohen, R. C., Crowley, J. N., Day, D. A., Donahue, N. M., Fry, J. L., Fuchs, H., Griffin, R. J., Guzman, M. I., Herrmann, H., Hodzic, A., Iinuma, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Lee, B. H., Luecken, D. J., Mao, J., McLaren, R., Mutzel, A., Osthoff, H. D., Ouyang, B., Picquet-Varrault, B., Platt, U., Pye, H. O. T., Rudich, Y., Schwantes, R. H., Shiraiwa, M., Stutz, J., Thornton, J. A., Tilgner, A., Williams, B. J., and Zaveri, R. A.: Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2103–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017, 2017.
Nguyen, T. B., Bates, K. H., Crounse, J. D., Schwantes, R. H., Zhang, X., Kjaergaard, H. G., Surratt, J. D., Lin, P., Laskin, A., Seinfeld, J. H., and Wennberg, P. O.: Mechanism of the hydroxyl radical oxidation of methacryloyl peroxynitrate (MPAN) and its pathway toward secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 17914–17926, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP02001H, 2015.
Nie, W., Yan, C., Huang, D. D., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Qiao, X., Guo, Y., Tian, L., Zheng, P., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Xu, Z., Qi, X., Sun, P., Wang, J., Zheng, F., Li, X., Yin, R., Dallenbach, K. R., Bianchi, F., Petäjä, T., Zhang, Y., Wang, M., Schervish, M., Wang, S., Qiao, L., Wang, Q., Zhou, M., Wang, H., Yu, C., Yao, D., Guo, H., Ye, P., Lee, S., Li, Y. J., Liu, Y., Chi, X., Kerminen, V.-M., Ehn, M., Donahue, N. M., Wang, T., Huang, C., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D., Jiang, J., and Ding, A.: Secondary organic aerosol formed by condensing anthropogenic vapours over China's megacities, Nat. Geosci., 15, 255–261, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00922-5, 2022.
Nozière, B., Kalberer, M., Claeys, M., Allan, J., D'Anna, B., Decesari, S., Finessi, E., Glasius, M., Grgić, I., Hamilton, J. F., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jaoui, M., Kahnt, A., Kampf, C. J., Kourtchev, I., Maenhaut, W., Marsden, N., Saarikoski, S., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Surratt, J. D., Szidat, S., Szmigielski, R., and Wisthaler, A.: The Molecular Identification of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: State of the Art and Challenges, Chem. Rev., 115, 3919–3983, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5003485, 2015.
Oksanen, J.: Vegan: Community Ecology Package, 2.6-8, CRAN [code], https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.vegan, 2010.
Perraud, V., Bruns, E. A., Ezell, M. J., Johnson, S. N., Yu, Y., Alexander, M. L., Zelenyuk, A., Imre, D., Chang, W. L., Dabdub, D., Pankow, J. F., and Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Nonequilibrium atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation and growth, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 2836–2841, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119909109, 2012.
Rollins, A. W., Browne, E. C., Min, K.-E., Pusede, S. E., Wooldridge, P. J., Gentner, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., Liu, S., Day, D. A., Russell, L. M., and Cohen, R. C.: Evidence for NOx Control over Nighttime SOA Formation, Science, 337, 1210–1212, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1221520, 2012.
Shen, Z., Cao, J., Arimoto, R., Han, Z., Zhang, R., Han, Y., Liu, S., Okuda, T., Nakao, S., and Tanaka, S.: Ionic composition of TSP and PM2.5 during dust storms and air pollution episodes at Xi'an, China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2911–2918, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.005, 2009.
Shi, X., Qiu, X., Cheng, Z., Chen, Q., Rudich, Y., and Zhu, T.: Isomeric Identification of Particle-Phase Organic Nitrates through Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Coupled with an Electron Capture Negative Ionization Source, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 707–713, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05818, 2020.
Shi, X., Qiu, X., Li, A., Jiang, X., Wei, G., Zheng, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, S., Hu, M., Rudich, Y., and Zhu, T.: Polar Nitrated Aromatic Compounds in Urban Fine Particulate Matter: A Focus on Formation via an Aqueous-Phase Radical Mechanism, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 5160–5168, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07324, 2023.
Singh, S. and Kumar, R.: Air Pollution and Its Associated Impacts on Atmosphere and Biota Health, in: Extremes in Atmospheric Processes and Phenomenon: Assessment, Impacts and Mitigation, edited by: Saxena, P., Shukla, A., and Gupta, A. K., Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, 29–58, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7727-4_3, 2022.
Song, J., Li, M., Jiang, B., Wei, S., Fan, X., and Peng, P. A.: Molecular Characterization of Water-Soluble Humic like Substances in Smoke Particles Emitted from Combustion of Biomass Materials and Coal Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 2575–2585, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b06126, 2018.
Song, J., Li, M., Zou, C., Cao, T., Fan, X., Jiang, B., Yu, Z., Jia, W., and Peng, P. a.: Molecular Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Humic-like Substances Emitted from Biomass Burning and Coal Combustion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04451, 2022.
Stockwell, C. E., Veres, P. R., Williams, J., and Yokelson, R. J.: Characterization of biomass burning emissions from cooking fires, peat, crop residue, and other fuels with high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 845–865, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-845-2015, 2015.
Streets, D. G. and Waldhoff, S. T.: Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China:: SO2, NOx, and CO, Atmos. Environ., 34, 363–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00167-3, 2000.
Su, S., Xie, Q., Lang, Y., Cao, D., Xu, Y., Chen, J., Chen, S., Hu, W., Qi, Y., Pan, X., Sun, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, C.-Q., Jiang, G., and Fu, P.: High Molecular Diversity of Organic Nitrogen in Urban Snow in North China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 4344–4356, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06851, 2021.
Suess, E., Aemisegger, F., Sonke, J. E., Sprenger, M., Wernli, H., and Winkel, L. H. E.: Marine versus Continental Sources of Iodine and Selenium in Rainfall at Two European High-Altitude Locations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 1905–1917, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05533, 2019.
Sun, W., Hu, X., Fu, Y., Zhang, G., Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Yan, C., Xue, L., Meng, H., Jiang, B., Liao, Y., Wang, X., Peng, P., and Bi, X.: Different formation pathways of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in aerosols and fog water in northern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6987–6999, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6987-2024, 2024.
Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Eddingsaas, N. C., Chan, M., Loza, C. L., Kwan, A. J., Hersey, S. P., Flagan, R. C., Wennberg, P. O., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6640–6645, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911114107, 2010.
Vione, D., Maurino, V., Minero, C., and Pelizzetti, E.: Aqueous Atmospheric Chemistry: Formation of 2,4-Dinitrophenol upon Nitration of 2-Nitrophenol and 4-Nitrophenol in Solution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7921–7931, https://doi.org/10.1021/es050824m, 2005.
Vu, T. V., Shi, Z., Cheng, J., Zhang, Q., He, K., Wang, S., and Harrison, R. M.: Assessing the impact of clean air action on air quality trends in Beijing using a machine learning technique, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11303–11314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11303-2019, 2019.
Wang, D., Shen, Z., Yang, X., Huang, S., Luo, Y., Bai, G., and Cao, J.: Insight into the Role of NH3 NH and NOx NO in the Formation of Nitrogen-Containing Brown Carbon in Chinese Megacities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 4281–4290, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10374, 2024.
Wang, J., Sun, S., Zhang, C., Xue, C., Liu, P., Zhang, C., Mu, Y., Wu, H., Wang, D., Chen, H., and Chen, J.: The pollution levels, variation characteristics, sources and implications of atmospheric carbonyls in a typical rural area of North China Plain during winter, J. Environ. Sci., 95, 256–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.003, 2020.
Wang, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Wu, Y., Li, J., Liu, D., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Wu, C., Xie, C., Qin, Y., Lei, Y., Huang, X., Guo, J., Liu, P., Fu, P., Li, Y., Lee, H. C., Choi, H., Zhang, J., Liao, H., Chen, M., Sun, Y., Ge, X., Martin, S. T., and Jacob, D. J.: Aqueous production of secondary organic aerosol from fossil-fuel emissions in winter Beijing haze, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2022179118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022179118, 2021a.
Wang, K., Zhang, Y., Huang, R.-J., Cao, J., and Hoffmann, T.: UHPLC-Orbitrap mass spectrometric characterization of organic aerosol from a central European city (Mainz, Germany) and a Chinese megacity (Beijing), Atmos. Environ., 189, 22–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.06.036, 2018.
Wang, K., Huang, R.-J., Brüggemann, M., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Ni, H., Guo, J., Wang, M., Han, J., Bilde, M., Glasius, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Urban organic aerosol composition in eastern China differs from north to south: molecular insight from a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9089–9104, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9089-2021, 2021b.
Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Zhang, X., Huang, K., Xu, C., Tang, A., Chen, J., and An, Z.: The ion chemistry, seasonal cycle, and sources of PM2.5 and TSP aerosol in Shanghai, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2935–2952, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.051, 2006.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Lin, P., Guo, Q., Wu, Z., Li, M., Zeng, L., Song, Y., Zeng, L., Wu, Y., Guo, S., Huang, X., and He, L.: Molecular Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds in Humic-like Substances Emitted from Straw Residue Burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 5951–5961, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00248, 2017.
Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Li, C., Yan, N., and Xiao, H.: Importance of Hydroxyl Radical Chemistry in Isoprene Suppression of Particle Formation from α-Pinene Ozonolysis, ACS Earth Space Chem., 5, 487–499, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00294, 2021c.
Wang, Y., Hu, M., Hu, W., Zheng, J., Niu, H., Fang, X., Xu, N., Wu, Z., Guo, S., Wu, Y., Chen, W., Lu, S., Shao, M., Xie, S., Luo, B., and Zhang, Y.: Secondary Formation of Aerosols Under Typical High-Humidity Conditions in Wintertime Sichuan Basin, China: A Contrast to the North China Plain, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034560, 2021d.
Wen, W., Shi, L., Li, L., Wang, L., and Chen, J.: Molecular characteristics of ambient organic aerosols in Shanghai winter before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, Sci. Total Environ., 869, 161811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161811, 2023.
Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Tan, T., Zhu, Y., Li, M., Shang, D., Wang, H., Lu, K., Guo, S., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol Liquid Water Driven by Anthropogenic Inorganic Salts: Implying Its Key Role in Haze Formation over the North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 5, 160–166, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00021, 2018.
Xi, Y., Wang, Q., Zhu, J., Yang, M., Hao, T., Chen, Y., Zhang, Q., He, N., and Yu, G.: Atmospheric wet organic nitrogen deposition in China: Insights from the national observation network, Sci. Total Environ., 898, 165629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165629, 2023.
Xiao, H.-Y. and Liu, C.-Q.: Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components in TSP over Guiyang, SW China, 2003, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6297–6306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.033, 2004.
Xu, B., Zhang, G., Gustafsson, Ö., Kawamura, K., Li, J., Andersson, A., Bikkina, S., Kunwar, B., Pokhrel, A., Zhong, G., Zhao, S., Li, J., Huang, C., Cheng, Z., Zhu, S., Peng, P., and Sheng, G.: Large contribution of fossil-derived components to aqueous secondary organic aerosols in China, Nat. Commun., 13, 5115, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32863-3, 2022a.
Xu, Y., Xiao, H., Wu, D., and Long, C.: Abiotic and Biological Degradation of Atmospheric Proteinaceous Matter Can Contribute Significantly to Dissolved Amino Acids in Wet Deposition, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 6551–6561, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00421, 2020a.
Xu, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Tachibana, E., Sato, K., Ramasamy, S., Mochizuki, T., Sadanaga, Y., Nakashima, Y., Sakamoto, Y., Matsuda, K., and Kajii, Y.: Aerosol Liquid Water Promotes the Formation of Water-Soluble Organic Nitrogen in Submicrometer Aerosols in a Suburban Forest, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 1406–1414, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05849, 2020b.
Xu, Y., Dong, X.-N., Xiao, H.-Y., He, C., and Wu, D.-S.: Water-Insoluble Components in Rainwater in Suburban Guiyang, Southwestern China: A Potential Contributor to Dissolved Organic Carbon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD037721, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037721, 2022b.
Xu, Y., Dong, X.-N., Xiao, H.-Y., Zhou, J.-X., and Wu, D.-S.: Proteinaceous Matter and Liquid Water in Fine Aerosols in Nanchang, Eastern China: Seasonal Variations, Sources, and Potential Connections, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2022JD036589, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036589, 2022c.
Xu, Y., Dong, X.-N., He, C., Wu, D.-S., Xiao, H.-W., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Mist cannon trucks can exacerbate the formation of water-soluble organic aerosol and PM2.5 pollution in the road environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6775–6788, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6775-2023, 2023.
Xu, Y., Lin, X., Sun, Q.-B., Xiao, H.-W., Xiao, H., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Elaborating the Atmospheric Transformation of Combined and Free Amino Acids From the Perspective of Observational Studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2024JD040730, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD040730, 2024a.
Xu, Y., Liu, T., Ma, Y.-J., Sun, Q.-B., Xiao, H.-W., Xiao, H., Xiao, H.-Y., and Liu, C.-Q.: Measurement report: Occurrence of aminiums in PM2.5 during winter in China – aminium outbreak during polluted episodes and potential constraints, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10531–10542, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10531-2024, 2024b.
Yan, F., Su, H., Cheng, Y., Huang, R., Liao, H., Yang, T., Zhu, Y., Zhang, S., Sheng, L., Kou, W., Zeng, X., Xiang, S., Yao, X., Gao, H., and Gao, Y.: Frequent haze events associated with transport and stagnation over the corridor between the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2365–2376, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2365-2024, 2024.
Yang, L., Huang, R.-J., Yuan, W., Huang, D. D., and Huang, C.: pH-Dependent Aqueous-Phase Brown Carbon Formation: Rate Constants and Implications for Solar Absorption and Atmospheric Photochemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 1236–1243, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c07631, 2024a.
Yang, T., Xu, Y., Ye, Q., Ma, Y.-J., Wang, Y.-C., Yu, J.-Z., Duan, Y.-S., Li, C.-X., Xiao, H.-W., Li, Z.-Y., Zhao, Y., and Xiao, H.-Y.: Spatial and diurnal variations of aerosol organosulfates in summertime Shanghai, China: potential influence of photochemical processes and anthropogenic sulfate pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13433–13450, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13433-2023, 2023.
Yang, T., Xu, Y., Ma, Y.-J., Wang, Y.-C., Yu, J. Z., Sun, Q.-B., Xiao, H.-W., Xiao, H.-Y., and Liu, C.-Q.: Field Evidence for Constraints of Nearly Dry and Weakly Acidic Aerosol Conditions on the Formation of Organosulfates, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 11, 981–987, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00522, 2024b.
Yang, X., Huang, S., Li, D., Xu, H., Zeng, Y., Yang, L., Wang, D., Zhang, N., Cao, J., and Shen, Z.: Water-soluble organic matter with various polarities in PM2.5 over Xi'an, China: Abundance, functional groups, and light absorption, Particuology, 84, 281–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2023.07.005, 2024c.
Yassine, M. M., Harir, M., Dabek-Zlotorzynska, E., and Schmitt-Kopplin, P.: Structural characterization of organic aerosol using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Aromaticity equivalent approach, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 28, 2445–2454, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7038, 2014.
Yu, X., Pan, Y., Song, W., Li, S., Li, D., Zhu, M., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Li, D., Yu, J., Wang, X., and Wang, X.: Wet and Dry Nitrogen Depositions in the Pearl River Delta, South China: Observations at Three Typical Sites With an Emphasis on Water-Soluble Organic Nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD030983, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030983, 2020.
Yuan, W., Huang, R.-J., Shen, J., Wang, K., Yang, L., Wang, T., Gong, Y., Cao, W., Guo, J., Ni, H., Duan, J., and Hoffmann, T.: More water-soluble brown carbon after the residential “coal-to-gas” conversion measure in urban Beijing, npj Clim. Atmos. Sci., 6, 20, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00355-w, 2023.
Zeng, Y., Ning, Y., Shen, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Lei, Y., Zhang, Q., Li, G., Xu, H., Ho, S. S. H., and Cao, J.: The Roles of N, S, and O in Molecular Absorption Features of Brown Carbon in PM2.5 in a Typical Semi-Arid Megacity in Northwestern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034791, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034791, 2021.
Zhang, B., Shen, Z., He, K., Zhang, L., Huang, S., Sun, J., Xu, H., Li, J., Yang, L., and Cao, J.: Source Profiles of Particle-Bound Phenolic Compounds and Aromatic Acids From Fresh and Aged Solid Fuel Combustion: Implication for the Aging Mechanism and Newly Proposed Source Tracers, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2023JD039758, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039758, 2023a.
Zhang, H., He, P., Liu, L., Dai, H., Zhao, B., Zeng, Y., Bi, J., Liu, M., and Ji, J. S.: Trade-offs between cold protection and air pollution–induced mortality of China's heating policy, PNAS Nexus, 2, pgad387, https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad387, 2023b.
Zhang, T., Cao, J. J., Tie, X. X., Shen, Z. X., Liu, S. X., Ding, H., Han, Y. M., Wang, G. H., Ho, K. F., Qiang, J., and Li, W. T.: Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an, China: Seasonal variations and sources, Atmos. Res., 102, 110–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.06.014, 2011.
Zhang, Y.-L. and Cao, F.: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China at a city level, Sci. Rep., 5, 14884, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14884, 2015.
Zhang, Z., Guan, H., Xiao, H., Liang, Y., Zheng, N., Luo, L., Liu, C., Fang, X., and Xiao, H.: Oxidation and sources of atmospheric NOx during winter in Beijing based on δ18O-δ15N space of particulate nitrate, Environ. Pollut., 276, 116708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116708, 2021a.
Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Zhao, N., Li, H., Tohniyaz, B., Mperejekumana, P., Hong, Q., Wu, R., Li, G., Sultan, M., Zayan, A. M. I., Cao, J., Ahmad, R., and Dong, R.: Clean heating during winter season in Northern China: A review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 149, 111339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111339, 2021b.
Zhao, D. and Sun, B.: Atmospheric Pollution from Coal Combustion in China, JAPCA J. Air Waste Ma., 36, 371–374, https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1986.10466074, 1986.
Zhao, R., Zhang, Q., Xu, X., Wang, W., Zhao, W., Zhang, W., and Zhang, Y.: Effect of photooxidation on size distribution, light absorption, and molecular compositions of smoke particles from rice straw combustion, Environ. Pollut., 311, 119950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119950, 2022.
Zheng, P., Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Pu, W., Yu, C., Xia, M., Xu, Y., Guo, J., Guo, Y., Tian, L., Qiao, X., Huang, D. D., Yan, C., Nie, W., Worsnop, D. R., Lee, S., and Wang, T.: Molecular Characterization of Oxygenated Organic Molecules and Their Dominating Roles in Particle Growth in Hong Kong, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 7764–7776, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c09252, 2023.
Short summary
The abundance, potential precursors, and main formation mechanisms of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in PM2.5 during winter were compared among cities with different energy consumption patterns. The aerosol NOC pollution during winter in China is closely associated with the intensity of precursor emissions and the aqueous-phase processes. Our results highlight the importance of emission reduction strategies in controlling aerosol NOCs pollution during winter in China.
The abundance, potential precursors, and main formation mechanisms of nitrogen-containing...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint