Articles | Volume 23, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6383-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6383-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Jun 2023
Research article |
| 12 Jun 2023
| 12 Jun 2023
Simulated long-term evolution of the thermosphere during the Holocene – Part 2: Circulation and solar tides
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of
Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Xinan Yue
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of
Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Yihui Cai
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of
Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Zhipeng Ren
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of
Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of
Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Yongxin Pan
Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment, Institute of
Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Related authors
Yihui Cai, Xinan Yue, Xu Zhou, Zhipeng Ren, Yong Wei, and Yongxin Pan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5009–5021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
On timescales longer than the solar cycle, secular changes in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field play a key role in influencing the thermosphere. We performed four sets of ~12000-year control runs with the coupled thermosphere–ionosphere model to examine the effects of the geomagnetic field, CO2, and solar activity on thermospheric density and temperature, deepening our understanding of long-term changes in the thermosphere and making projections for future thermospheric changes.
Yihui Cai, Xinan Yue, Xu Zhou, Zhipeng Ren, Yong Wei, and Yongxin Pan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5009–5021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
On timescales longer than the solar cycle, secular changes in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field play a key role in influencing the thermosphere. We performed four sets of ~12000-year control runs with the coupled thermosphere–ionosphere model to examine the effects of the geomagnetic field, CO2, and solar activity on thermospheric density and temperature, deepening our understanding of long-term changes in the thermosphere and making projections for future thermospheric changes.
Yungang Wang, Liping Fu, Fang Jiang, Xiuqing Hu, Chengbao Liu, Xiaoxin Zhang, Jiawei Li, Zhipeng Ren, Fei He, Lingfeng Sun, Ling Sun, Zhongdong Yang, Peng Zhang, Jingsong Wang, and Tian Mao
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1577–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1577-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1577-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Far-ultraviolet (FUV) airglow radiation is particularly well suited for space-based remote sensing. The Ionospheric Photometer (IPM) instrument carried aboard the Feng Yun 3-D satellite measures the spectral radiance of the Earth FUV airglow. IPM is a tiny, highly sensitive, and robust remote sensing instrument. Initial results demonstrate that the performance of IPM meets the designed requirement and therefore can be used to study the thermosphere and ionosphere in the future.
Mingzhe Li and Xinan Yue
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3003–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3003-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3003-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we statistically analyzed the correlation between the ionospheric irregularity and the quality of the GNSS atmospheric radio occultation (RO) products. The results show that the ionospheric irregularity could affect the GNSS atmospheric RO in terms of causing failed inverted RO events and the bending angle oscillation. Awareness of the ionospheric irregularity effect on RO could be beneficial to improve the RO data quality for weather and climate research.
Bingkun Yu, Xianghui Xue, Christopher J. Scott, Jianfei Wu, Xinan Yue, Wuhu Feng, Yutian Chi, Daniel R. Marsh, Hanli Liu, Xiankang Dou, and John M. C. Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4219–4230, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A long-standing mystery of metal ions within Es layers in the Earth's upper atmosphere is the marked seasonal dependence, with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. We report a large-scale winter-to-summer transport of metal ions from 6-year multi-satellite observations and worldwide ground-based stations. A global atmospheric circulation is responsible for the phenomenon. Our results emphasise the effect of this atmospheric circulation on the transport of composition in the upper atmosphere.
Kun Wu, Jiyao Xu, Xinan Yue, Chao Xiong, Wenbin Wang, Wei Yuan, Chi Wang, Yajun Zhu, and Ji Luo
Ann. Geophys., 38, 163–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-163-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-163-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) event, emerging near dawn and developing after sunrise, was simultaneously observed by an all-sky imager and the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network. The observed EPBs showed westward drifts, different from post-sunset EPBs. The EPBs occurred in the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm, possibly playing a key role in initializing their developments. The results provide a new perspective of EPBs, enriching our knowledge of ionospheric irregularity.
Bingkun Yu, Xianghui Xue, Xin'an Yue, Chengyun Yang, Chao Yu, Xiankang Dou, Baiqi Ning, and Lianhuan Hu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 4139–4151, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4139-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4139-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
It reports the long-term climatology of the intensity of Es layers from COSMIC satellites. The global Es maps present high-resolution spatial distributions and seasonal dependence. It mainly occurs at mid-latitudes and polar regions. Based on wind shear theory, simulation results indicate the convergence of vertical ion velocity could partially explain the Es seasonal dependence and some disagreements between observations and simulations suggest other processes play roles in the Es variations.
X. Yue, W. S. Schreiner, Z. Zeng, Y.-H. Kuo, and X. Xue
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 225–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-225-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-225-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The occurrence of sporadic E (Es) layers has been a hot scientific topic for a long time. GNSS (global navigation satellite system)-based radio occultation (RO) has proven to be a powerful technique for detecting the global Es layers. In this paper, we show some examples of multiple Es layers occurring in one RO event and the occurrence of Es in a broad region during a certain time interval. The results are then evaluated by independent observations such as lidar and ionosondes.
Related subject area
Subject: Dynamics | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Mesosphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Observation and simulation of neutral air density in the middle atmosphere during the 2021 sudden stratospheric warming event
Effects of Nonmigrating Diurnal Tides on the Na Layer in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
Studies on the propagation dynamics and source mechanism of quasi-monochromatic gravity waves observed over São Martinho da Serra (29° S, 53° W), Brazil
Quasi-10 d wave activity in the southern high-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region and its relation to large-scale instability and gravity wave drag
Impact of a strong volcanic eruption on the summer middle atmosphere in UA-ICON simulations
Simulated long-term evolution of the thermosphere during the Holocene – Part 1: Neutral density and temperature
Numerical modelling of relative contribution of planetary waves to the atmospheric circulation
Decay times of atmospheric acoustic–gravity waves after deactivation of wave forcing
Suppressed migrating diurnal tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region during El Niño in northern winter and its possible mechanism
Intercomparison of middle atmospheric meteorological analyses for the Northern Hemisphere winter 2009–2010
Self-consistent global transport of metallic ions with WACCM-X
Does the coupling of the semiannual oscillation with the quasi-biennial oscillation provide predictability of Antarctic sudden stratospheric warmings?
The sporadic sodium layer: a possible tracer for the conjunction between the upper and lower atmospheres
Modelled effects of temperature gradients and waves on the hydroxyl rotational distribution in ground-based airglow measurements
A study of the dynamical characteristics of inertia–gravity waves in the Antarctic mesosphere combining the PANSY radar and a non-hydrostatic general circulation model
Forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide
Local time dependence of polar mesospheric clouds: a model study
The role of the winter residual circulation in the summer mesopause regions in WACCM
Influence of the sudden stratospheric warming on quasi-2-day waves
On the impact of the temporal variability of the collisional quenching process on the mesospheric OH emission layer: a study based on SD-WACCM4 and SABER
Environmental influences on the intensity changes of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific
Modeling of very low frequency (VLF) radio wave signal profile due to solar flares using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation coupled with ionospheric chemistry
The genesis of Typhoon Nuri as observed during the Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 (TCS08) field experiment – Part 2: Observations of the convective environment
CO at 40–80 km above Kiruna observed by the ground-based microwave radiometer KIMRA and simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Junfeng Yang, Jianmei Wang, Dan Liu, Wenjie Guo, and Yiming Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10113–10127, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric drag may vary dramatically under the influence of atmospheric density over aircraft flights at 20–100 km. This indicates that the natural density evolution needs to be analyzed. However, the middle-atmospheric density response to sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events has rarely been reported. In this study, the density distribution and mass transport process are illustrated based on observation data and global numerical model simulations during the 2021 major SSW event.
Jianfei Wu, Wuhu Feng, Xianghui Xue, Daniel R. Marsh, and John Maurice Campbell Plane
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1792, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Metal layers occur in the MLT region (80–120 km) from the ablation of cosmic dust. The nonmigrating diurnal tides are the persistent global oscillations. We investigate the nonmigrating diurnal tidal variations in the metal layers using satellite observations and global climate model simulations; this has not been studied previously due to the limitations of measurements. We show that the nonmigrating diurnal tides in temperature are strongly linked to the corresponding change in metal layers.
Cristiano M. Wrasse, Prosper K. Nyassor, Ligia A. da Silva, Cosme A. O. B. Figueiredo, José V. Bageston, Kleber P. Naccarato, Diego Barros, Hisao Takahashi, and Delano Gobbi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5405–5431, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This present work investigates the propagation dynamics and the sources–source mechanisms of quasi-monochromatic gravity waves (QMGWs) observed between April 2017 and April 2022 at São Martinho da Serra. The QMGW parameters were estimated using a 2D spectral analysis, and their source locations were identified using a backward ray-tracing model. Furthermore, the propagation conditions, sources, and source mechanisms of the QMGWs were extensively studied.
Wonseok Lee, In-Sun Song, Byeong-Gwon Song, and Yong Ha Kim
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3559–3575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the seasonal variation of westward-propagating quasi-10 d wave (Q10DW) activity in the southern high-latitude mesosphere. The observed Q10DW is amplified around equinoxes. The model experiments indicate that the Q10DW can be enhanced in the high-latitude mesosphere due to large-scale instability. However, an excessively strong instability in the summer mesosphere spuriously generates the Q10DW in the model, potentially leading to inaccurate model dynamics.
Sandra Wallis, Hauke Schmidt, and Christian von Savigny
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7001–7014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7001-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7001-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Strong volcanic eruptions are able to alter the temperature and the circulation of the middle atmosphere. This study simulates the atmospheric response to an idealized strong tropical eruption and focuses on the impact on the mesosphere. The simulations show a warming of the polar summer mesopause in the first November after the eruption. Our study indicates that this is mainly due to dynamical coupling in the summer hemisphere with a potential contribution from interhemispheric coupling.
Yihui Cai, Xinan Yue, Xu Zhou, Zhipeng Ren, Yong Wei, and Yongxin Pan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5009–5021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
On timescales longer than the solar cycle, secular changes in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field play a key role in influencing the thermosphere. We performed four sets of ~12000-year control runs with the coupled thermosphere–ionosphere model to examine the effects of the geomagnetic field, CO2, and solar activity on thermospheric density and temperature, deepening our understanding of long-term changes in the thermosphere and making projections for future thermospheric changes.
Andrey V. Koval, Olga N. Toptunova, Maxim A. Motsakov, Ksenia A. Didenko, Tatiana S. Ermakova, Nikolai M. Gavrilov, and Eugene V. Rozanov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4105–4114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4105-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4105-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Periodic changes in all hydrodynamic parameters are constantly observed in the atmosphere. The amplitude of these fluctuations increases with height due to a decrease in the atmospheric density. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, waves are the dominant form of motion. We use a model of the general circulation of the atmosphere to study the contribution to the formation of the dynamic and temperature regimes of the middle and upper atmosphere made by different global-scale atmospheric waves.
Nikolai M. Gavrilov, Sergey P. Kshevetskii, and Andrey V. Koval
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13713–13724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13713-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We make high-resolution simulations of poorly understood decays of nonlinear atmospheric acoustic–gravity waves (AGWs) after deactivations of the wave forcing. The standard deviations of AGW perturbations, after fast dispersions of traveling modes, experience slower exponential decreases. AGW decay times are estimated for the first time and are 20–100 h in the stratosphere and mesosphere. This requires slow, quasi-standing and secondary modes in parameterizations of AGW impacts to be considered.
Yetao Cen, Chengyun Yang, Tao Li, James M. Russell III, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7861–7874, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The MLT DW1 amplitude is suppressed during El Niño winters in both satellite observation and SD-WACCM simulations. The suppressed Hough mode (1, 1) in the tropopause region propagates vertically to the MLT region, leading to decreased DW1 amplitude. The latitudinal zonal wind shear anomalies during El Niño winters would narrow the waveguide and prevent the vertical propagation of DW1. The gravity wave drag excited by ENSO-induced anomalous convection could also modulate the MLT DW1 amplitude.
John P. McCormack, V. Lynn Harvey, Cora E. Randall, Nicholas Pedatella, Dai Koshin, Kaoru Sato, Lawrence Coy, Shingo Watanabe, Fabrizio Sassi, and Laura A. Holt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17577–17605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In order to have confidence in atmospheric predictions, it is important to know how well different numerical model simulations of the Earth’s atmosphere agree with one another. This work compares four different data assimilation models that extend to or beyond the mesosphere. Results shown here demonstrate that while the models are in close agreement below ~50 km, large differences arise at higher altitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere that will need to be reconciled in the future.
Jianfei Wu, Wuhu Feng, Han-Li Liu, Xianghui Xue, Daniel Robert Marsh, and John Maurice Campbell Plane
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15619–15630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15619-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Metal layers occur in the MLT region (80–120 km) from the ablation of cosmic dust. The latest lidar observations show these metals can reach a height approaching 200 km, which is challenging to explain. We have developed the first global simulation incorporating the full life cycle of metal atoms and ions. The model results compare well with lidar and satellite observations of the seasonal and diurnal variation of the metals and demonstrate the importance of ion mass and ion-neutral coupling.
Viktoria J. Nordström and Annika Seppälä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 12835–12853, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The winter winds over Antarctica form a stable vortex. However, in 2019 the vortex was disrupted and the temperature in the polar stratosphere rose by 50°C. This event, called a sudden stratospheric warming, is a rare event in the Southern Hemisphere, with the only known major event having taken place in 2002. The 2019 event helps us unravel its causes, which are largely unknown. We have discovered a unique behaviour of the equatorial winds in 2002 and 2019 that may signal an impending SH SSW.
Shican Qiu, Ning Wang, Willie Soon, Gaopeng Lu, Mingjiao Jia, Xingjin Wang, Xianghui Xue, Tao Li, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11927–11940, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our results suggest that lightning strokes would probably influence the ionosphere and thus give rise to the occurrence of a sporadic sodium layer (NaS), with the overturning of the electric field playing an important role. Model simulation results show that the calculated first-order rate coefficient could explain the efficient recombination of Na+→Na in this NaS case study. A conjunction between the lower and upper atmospheres could be established by these inter-connected phenomena.
Christoph Franzen, Patrick Joseph Espy, and Robert Edward Hibbins
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 333–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-333-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-333-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based observations of the hydroxyl (OH) airglow have indicated that the rotational energy levels may not be in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding gas. Here we use simulations of the OH airglow to show that temperature changes across the extended airglow layer, either climatological or those temporarily caused by atmospheric waves, can mimic this effect for thermalized OH. Thus, these must be considered in order to quantify the non-thermal nature of the OH airglow.
Ryosuke Shibuya and Kaoru Sato
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3395–3415, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3395-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3395-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The first long-term simulation using the high-top non-hydrostatic general circulation model (NICAM) was executed to analyze mesospheric gravity waves. A new finding in this paper is that the spectrum of the vertical fluxes of the zonal momentum has an isolated peak at frequencies slightly lower than f at latitudes from 30 to 75° S at a height of 70 km. This study discusses the physical mechanism for an explanation of the existence of the isolated spectrum peak in the mesosphere.
Friederike Lilienthal, Christoph Jacobi, and Christoph Geißler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15725–15742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15725-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15725-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The terdiurnal solar tide is an atmospheric wave, owing to the daily variation of solar heating with a period of 8 h. Here, we present model simulations of this tide and investigate the relative importance of possible forcing mechanisms because they are still under debate. These are, besides direct solar heating, nonlinear interactions between other tides and gravity wave–tide interactions. As a result, solar heating is most important and nonlinear effects partly counteract this forcing.
Francie Schmidt, Gerd Baumgarten, Uwe Berger, Jens Fiedler, and Franz-Josef Lübken
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8893–8908, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8893-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8893-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Local time variations of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) in the Northern Hemisphere are studied using a combination of a global circulation model and a microphysical model. We investigate the brightness, altitude, and occurrence of the clouds and find a good agreement between model and observations. The variations are caused by tidal structures in background parameters. The temperature varies by about 2 K and water vapor by about 3 ppmv at the altitude of ice particle sublimation near 81.5 km.
Maartje Sanne Kuilman and Bodil Karlsson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4217–4228, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4217-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4217-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the role of the winter residual circulation in the summer mesopause region using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. In addition, we study the role of the summer stratosphere in shaping the conditions of the summer polar mesosphere. We strengthen the evidence that the variability in the summer mesopause region is mainly driven by changes in the summer mesosphere rather than in the summer stratosphere.
Sheng-Yang Gu, Han-Li Liu, Xiankang Dou, and Tao Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 4885–4896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4885-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4885-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The influences of sudden stratospheric warming in the Northern Hemisphere on quasi-2-day waves are studied with both observations and simulations. We found the energy of W3 is transferred to W2 through the nonlinear interaction with SPW1 and the instability at winter mesopause could provide additional amplification for W3. The summer easterly is enhanced during SSW, which is more favorable for the propagation of quasi-2-day waves.
S. Kowalewski, C. von Savigny, M. Palm, I. C. McDade, and J. Notholt
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10193–10210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10193-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10193-2014, 2014
Shoujuan Shu, Fuqing Zhang, Jie Ming, and Yuan Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6329–6342, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6329-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6329-2014, 2014
S. Palit, T. Basak, S. K. Mondal, S. Pal, and S. K. Chakrabarti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9159–9168, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9159-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9159-2013, 2013
M. T. Montgomery and R. K. Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4001–4009, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4001-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4001-2012, 2012
C. G. Hoffmann, D. E. Kinnison, R. R. Garcia, M. Palm, J. Notholt, U. Raffalski, and G. Hochschild
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3261–3271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3261-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3261-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Akmaev, R. A. and Fomichev, V. I.: A model estimate of cooling in the
mesosphere and lower thermosphere due to the CO2 Increase over the last 3–4 decades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2113–2116, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011333, 2000.
Akmaev, R. A., Fomichev, V. I., and Zhu, X.: Impact of middle-atmospheric
composition changes on greenhouse cooling in the upper atmosphere, J. Atmos.
Sol.-Terr. Phy., 68, 1879–1889, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2006.03.008, 2006.
Alken, P., Thébault, E., Beggan, C. D., Amit, H., Aubert, J., Baerenzung, J., Bondar, T. N., Brown, W. J., Califf, S., Chambodut, A., Chulliat, A., Cox, G. A., Finlay, C. C., Fournier, A., Gillet, N., Grayver, A., Hammer, M. D., Holschneider, M., Huder, L., Hulot, G., Jager, T., Kloss, C., Korte, M., Kuang, W., Kuvshinov, A., Langlais, B., Léger, J. M., Lesur, V., Livermore, P. W., Lowes, F. J., Macmillan, S., Magnes, W., Mandea, M., Marsal, S., Matzka, J., Metman, M. C., Minami, T., Morschhauser, A., Mound, J. E., Nair, M., Nakano, S., Olsen, N., Pavón-Carrasco, F. J., Petrov, V. G., Ropp, G., Rother, M., Sabaka, T. J., Sanchez, S., Saturnino, D., Schnepf, N. R., Shen, X., Stolle, C., Tangborn, A., Tøffner-Clausen, L., Toh, H., Torta, J. M., Varner, J., Vervelidou, F., Vigneron, P., Wardinski, I., Wicht, J., Woods, A., Yang, Y., Zeren, Z., and Zhou, B.: International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation, Earth Planets Space, 73, 49, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01288-x, 2021.
Beagley, S. R., Boone, C. D., Fomichev, V. I., Jin, J. J., Semeniuk, K.,
McConnell, J. C., and Bernath, P. F.: First multi-year occultation
observations of CO2 in the MLT by ACE satellite: observations and analysis using the extended CMAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1133–1153,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1133-2010, 2010.
Beig, G., Keckhut, P., Lowe, R. P., Roble, R. G., Mlynczak, M. G., Scheer, J., Fomichev, V. I., Offermann, D., French, W. J. R., Shepherd, M. G., Semenov, A. I., Remsberg, E. E., She, C. Y., Lübken, F. J., Bremer, J., Clemesha, B. R., Stegman, J., Sigernes, F., and Fadnavis S.: Review of mesospheric temperature trends, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RG000121, 2003.
Cai, Y.: Simulated Long-term Evolution of the Thermosphere during the Holocene: 1. Neutral Density and Temperature, IGGCAS, [date set], https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZQ8HY, 2023.
Cai, Y., Yue, X., Wang, W., Zhang, S., Liu, L., Liu, H., and Wan, W.: Long-term trend of topside ionospheric electron density derived from DMSP data during 1995–2017, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 124, 10708–10727, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027522, 2019.
Cai, Y., Yue, X., Zhou, X., Ren, Z., Wei, Y., and Pan, Y.: Simulated long-term evolution of the thermosphere during the Holocene – Part 1: Neutral density and temperature, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5009–5021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5009-2023, 2023.
Cnossen, I.: The importance of geomagnetic field changes versus rising CO2 levels for long-term change in the upper atmosphere, J. Space Weather Space Clim., 4, A18, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2014016, 2014.
Cnossen, I.: A Realistic Projection of Climate Change in the Upper Atmosphere Into the 21st Century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100693,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl100693, 2022.
Cnossen, I. and Maute, A.: Simulated Trends in Ionosphere-Thermosphere Climate Due to Predicted Main Magnetic Field Changes From 2015 to 2065, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space., 125, e2019JA027738, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ja027738, 2020.
Cnossen, I. and Richmond, A. D.: How changes in the tilt angle of the
geomagnetic dipole affect the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere
system, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, A10317, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018056, 2012.
Cnossen, I., Richmond, A. D., and Wiltberger, M.: The dependence of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system on the Earth's magnetic
dipole moment, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 117, A05302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017555, 2012.
Constable, C., Korte, M., and Panovska, S.: Persistent high paleosecular
variation activity in southern hemisphere for at least 10 000 years, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 453, 78-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.015, 2016.
EarthRef: EarthRef.org Digital Archive (ERDA), EarthRef [data set], https://earthref.org/ERDA/2207 (last access: 26 April 2023), 2023.
Elias, A. G., de Haro Barbas, B. F., Zossi, B. S., Medina, F. D., Fagre, M.,
and Venchiarutti, J. V.: Review of long-term trends in the equatorial
ionosphere due the geomagnetic field secular variations and its relevance to
space weather, Atmosphere, 13, 40, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010040, 2022.
Forbes, J. M.: Dynamics of the thermosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 85, 193–213, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.85B.193, 2007.
Forbes, J. M. and Zhang, X.: Hough Mode Extensions (HMEs) and solar tide
behavior in the dissipative thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e2022JA030962, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030962, 2022.
Gu, H. and Du, J.: On the Roles of Advection and Solar Heating in Seasonal
Variation of the Migrating Diurnal Tide in the Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and
Lower Thermosphere, Atmosphere, 9, 440, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110440, 2018.
Huang, F. T., Mayr, H. G., Russell III, J. M., and Mlynczak, M. G.: Ozone
and temperature decadal trends in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower
thermosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED, Ann. Geophys., 32,
935–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-935-2014, 2014.
IPCC: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report, in: Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K., and Meyer, L. A., IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp., ISBN 978-92-9169-143-2, 2014.
Jiang, J., Wan, W., Ren, Z., and Yue, X.: Asymmetric de3 causes wn3 in the
ionosphere, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 173, 14–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.04.006, 2018.
Jin, H., Miyoshi, Y., Fujiwara, H., Shinagawa, H., Terada, K., Terada, N., Ishii, M., Otsuka, Y., and Saito, A.: Vertical connection from the tropospheric activities to the ionospheric longitudinal structure simulated by a new Earth's whole atmosphere-ionosphere coupled model, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A01316, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015925, 2011.
Keeling, C. D., Whorf, T. P., Wahlen, M., and vander Plicht, J. : Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980, Nature, 375, 666–670, https://doi.org/10.1038/375666a0, 1995.
Kogure, M., Liu, H., and Tao, C.: Mechanisms for zonal mean wind responses
in the thermosphere to doubled CO2 concentration, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e2022JA030643, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030643, 2022.
Korte, M., Constable, C., Donadini, F., and Holme, R.: Reconstructing the
Holocene geomagnetic field, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 312, 497–505, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.031, 2011.
Laštovička, J., R. Akmaev, A., Beig, G., Bremer, J., and Emmert J. T.: Global change in the upper atmosphere, Science, 314, 1253–1254,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135134, 2006.
Laštovička, J.: A review of recent progress in trends in the upper
atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 163, 2–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.03.009, 2017.
Liu, H., Tao, C., Jin, H., and Nakamoto, Y.: Circulation and tides in a
cooler upper atmosphere: Dynamical effects of CO2 doubling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087413, 2020.
Liu, H., Tao, C., Jin, H., and Abe, T.: Geomagnetic activity effect on
CO2-driven trend in the thermosphere and ionosphere: Ideal model experiments with GAIA, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126, e2020JA028607,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028607, 2021.
Liu, H.-L., Bardeen, C. G., Foster, B. T., Lauritzen, P., Liu, J., Lu, G., Marsh, D. R., Maute, A., McInerney, J. M., Pedatella, N. M., Qian, L., Richmond, A. D., Roble, R. G., Solomon, S. C., Vitt, F. M., and Wang W.: Development and validation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X 2.0), J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 10, 381–402, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001232, 2018.
Lübken, F.-J., Berger, U., and Baumgartner, G.: Temperature trends in
the midlatitude summer mesosphere. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 13347–13360, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020576, 2013.
Lüthi, D., Le Floch, M., Bereiter, B., Blunier, T., Barnola, J.-M., Siegenthaler, U., Raynaud, D., Jouzel, J., Fischer, H., Kawamura, K., and Stocker, T. F.: High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000–800,000 yr before present, Nature, 453, 379–382, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06949, 2008.
MacFarling Meure, C., Etheridge, D., Trudinger, C., Steele, P., Langenfelds, R., van Ommen, T, Smith, A., and Elkins, J.: Law Dome CO2, CH4, and N2O ice core records extended to 2,000 yr BP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026152, 2006.
Marsh, D. R., Mills, M. J., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J. F., Calvo, N., and
Polvani, L. M.: Climate change from 1850 to 2005 simulated in CESM1(WACCM),
J. Climate, 26, 7372–7391, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00558.1, 2013.
NOAA: International Geomagnetic Reference Field, NOAA [data set], https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vmod/igrf.html (last access: 26 April 2023), 2019a.
NOAA: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – AICC2012 800 KYr Antarctic Ice Core Chronology, NOAA [data set],
https://data.noaa.gov/dataset/dataset/noaa-wds-paleoclimatology-aicc2012-800kyr-antarctic-ice-core- (last access: 26 April 2023), 2019b.
NOAA: NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology – Law Dome Ice Core 2000-Year CO2, CH4, and N2O Data, NOAA [data set], https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=noaa-icecore-9959 (last access: 26 April 2023), 2022.
NOAA: Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, NOAA [data set], https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/data.html (last access: 26 April 2023), 2023.
Oberheide, J., Forbes, J. M., Häusler, K., Wu, Q., and Bruinsma, S. L.:
Tropospheric tides from 80 to 400 km: Propagation, interannual variability,
and solar cycle effects, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D00I05,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012388, 2009.
Ogawa, Y., Motoba, T., Buchert, S. C., Häggström, I., and Nozawa, S.: Upper atmosphere cooling over the past 33 yr, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
5629–5635, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060591, 2014.
Qian, L., Roble, R. G., Solomon, S. C., and Kane, T. J.: Calculated and
observed climate change in the thermosphere, and a prediction for solar
cycle 24, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23705, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027185, 2006.
Qian, L., Laštovička, J., Roble, R. G., and Solomon, S. C.: Progress
in observations and simulations of global change in the upper atmosphere, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, A00H03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016317, 2011.
Qian, L., Burns, A. G., Solomon, S. C., and Wang, W. B.: Carbon dioxide trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 122,
4474–4488, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023825, 2017.
Qian, L., McInerney, J. M., Solomon, S. S., Liu, H., and Burns, A. G.: Climate changes in the upper atmosphere: Contributions by the changing greenhouse gas concentrations and Earth's magnetic field from the 1960s to
2010s, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 126(3), e2020JA029067, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA029067, 2021.
Ren, Z., Wan, W., and Liu, L.: GCITEM-IGGCAS: A new global coupled ionosphere–thermosphere-electrodynamics model, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 71, 2064–2076, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.09.015, 2009.
Ren, Z., Wan, W., Xiong, J., and Liu, L.: Simulated wave number 4 structure
in equatorial F-region vertical plasma drifts, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 115, A05301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009ja014746, 2010.
Ren, Z., Wan, W., Liu, L., and Xiong, J.: Simulated longitudinal variations
in the lower thermospheric nitric oxide induced by nonmigrating tides, J.
Geophys. Res.-Space, 116, A04301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010ja016131, 2011.
Ren, Z., Wan, W., Xiong, J., and Li, X.: A Simulation of the Influence of
DE3 Tide on Nitric Oxide Infrared Cooling, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 125, e2019JA027131, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ja027131, 2020.
Rezac, L., Jian, Y., Yue, J., Russell ?, J. M., Kutepov, A., Garcia, R., Walker, K., and Bernath, P.: Validation of the global distribution of CO2 volume mixing ratio in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from SABER, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 12067–12081, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023955, 2015.
Richards, P. G., Fennelly, J. A., and Torr, D. G.: EUVAC: A solar EUV Flux Model for aeronomic calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8981–8992, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA00518, 1994.
Richmond, A. D.: Ionospheric Electrodynamics Using Magnetic Apex Coordinates, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 47, 191–212, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.47.191, 1995.
Rind, D., Suozzo, R., Balachandran, N. K., and Prather, M. J.: Climate
change and the middle atmosphere Part I: The doubled CO2 climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 475–494, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0876:CCATMA>2.0.CO;2, 1990.
Roble, R. G. and Dickinson, R. E.: How will changes in carbon dioxide and
methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1441–1444, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i012p01441, 1989.
Roble, R. G., Ridley, E. C., Richmond, A. D., and Dickinson, R. E.: A
coupled thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 15, 1325–1328, https://doi.org/10.1029/gl015i012p01325, 1988.
Solomon, S. C., Qian, L., and Roble, R. G.: New 3-D simulations of climate
change in the thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 120, 2183–2193, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014ja020886, 2015.
Solomon, S. C., Liu, H. L., Marsh, D. R., McInerney, J. M., Qian, L., and
Vitt, F. M.: Whole Atmosphere Simulation of Anthropogenic Climate Change,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 1567–1576, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076950, 2018.
Sun, R., Gu, S., Dou, X., and Li, N.: Tidal Structures in the Mesosphere and
Lower Thermosphere and Their Solar Cycle Variations, Atmosphere, 13, 2036, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122036, 2022.
Vogt, J., Sinnhuber, M., and Kallenrode, M. B.: Effects of Geomagnetic Variations on System Earth, in: Geomagnetic Field Variations, Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76939-2_5, 2009.
Weimer, D. R.: A flexible, IMF dependent model of high-latitude electric
potentials having “space weather” applications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2549–2552, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02255, 1996.
Yue, J., Wang, W., Richmond, A. D., Liu, H.-L., and Chang, L. C.: Wavenumber
broadening of the quasi 2 day planetary wave in the ionosphere, J. Geophys.
Res.-Space, 118, 3515–3526, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50307, 2013.
Yue, X., Hu, L., Wei, Y., Wan, W., and Ning, B.: Ionospheric trend over Wuhan during 1947–2017: Comparison between simulation and observation, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 123, 1396–1409, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024675, 2018.
Yue, X., Cai, Y., Ren, Z., Zhou, X., Wei, Y., and Pan, Y.: Simulated Long-Term Evolution of the Ionosphere During the Holocene, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 127, e2022JA031042, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ja031042, 2022.
Zhang, R., Liu, L., Liu, H., Le, H., Chen, Y., and Zhang, H.: Interhemispheric transport of the ionospheric F region plasma during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087078,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087078, 2020.
Zhang, S.-R., Holt, J. M., Erickson, P. J., Goncharenko, L. P., Nicolls, M.
J., McCready, M., and Kelly, J.: Ionospheric ion temperature climate and
upper atmospheric long-term cooling, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 121, 8951–8968, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022971, 2016.
Zhong, J., Wan, W. X., Wei, Y., Fu, S. Y., Jiao, W. X., Rong, Z. J., Chai, L. H., and Han, X. H.: Increasing exposure of geosynchronous orbit in solar wind due to decay of Earth's dipole field, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 119, 9816–9822, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020549, 2014.
Zhou, X., Yue, X. A., Liu, H. L., Wei, Y., and Pan, Y. X.: Response of
atmospheric carbon dioxide to the secular variation of weakening geomagnetic
field in whole atmosphere simulations, Earth Planet. Phys., 5, 327–336, https://doi.org/10.26464/epp2021040, 2021.
Zhou, X., Yue, X., Ren, Z., Liu, Y., Cai, Y., Ding, F., and Wei, Y.: Impact
of Anthropogenic Emission Changes on the Occurrence of Equatorial Plasma
Bubbles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL09735, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl097354, 2022.
Zossi, B. S., Elias, A. G., and Fagre, M.: Ionospheric conductance spatial
distribution during geomagnetic field reversals, J. Geophys. Res., 123,
2379–2397, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024925, 2018.
Short summary
Secular variations in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field can affect the dynamics of the upper atmosphere. We examine how these two factors influence the dynamics of the upper atmosphere during the Holocene, using two sets of ~ 12 000-year control runs by the coupled thermosphere–ionosphere model. The main results show that (a) increased CO2 enhances the thermospheric circulation, but non-linearly; and (b) geomagnetic variation induced a significant hemispheric asymmetrical effect.
Secular variations in CO2 concentration and geomagnetic field can affect the dynamics of the...
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint