Articles | Volume 23, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4123-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4123-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Apr 2023
Research article |
| 05 Apr 2023
| 05 Apr 2023
Observations of biogenic volatile organic compounds over a mixed temperate forest during the summer to autumn transition
Michael P. Vermeuel
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
now at: Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
Gordon A. Novak
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
now at: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
now at: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Delaney B. Kilgour
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Megan S. Claflin
Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
Brian M. Lerner
Aerodyne Research Inc, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
Amy M. Trowbridge
Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI 53706, USA
Jonathan Thom
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Patricia A. Cleary
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
Ankur R. Desai
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Timothy H. Bertram
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Related authors
Josie K. Radtke, Benjamin N. Kies, Whitney A. Mottishaw, Sydney M. Zeuli, Aidan T. H. Voon, Kelly L. Koerber, Grant W. Petty, Michael P. Vermeuel, Timothy H. Bertram, Ankur R. Desai, Joseph P. Hupy, R. Bradley Pierce, Timothy J. Wagner, and Patricia A. Cleary
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2833–2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The use of uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) to conduct a vertical profiling of ozone and meteorological variables was evaluated using comparisons between tower or ground observations and UAS-based measurements. Changes to the UAS profiler showed an improvement in performance. The profiler was used to see the impact of Chicago pollution plumes on a shoreline area near Lake Michigan.
Gordon A. Novak, Delaney B. Kilgour, Christopher M. Jernigan, Michael P. Vermeuel, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6309–6325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe field measurements of the mixing ratio and oceanic emission flux of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methanethiol (MeSH) from a coastal ocean site. DMS is known to impact aerosol formation and growth in the marine atmosphere, influencing cloud formation and climate. Measurements of MeSH, which is produced by the same oceanic source as DMS, are rare. We show that MeSH emissions are large and must be measured alongside DMS to understand marine sulfur chemistry and aerosol formation.
Yugo Kanaya, Roberto Sommariva, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Andrea Mazzeo, Theodore K. Koenig, Kaori Kawana, James E. Johnson, Aurélie Colomb, Pierre Tulet, Suzie Molloy, Ian E. Galbally, Rainer Volkamer, Anoop Mahajan, John W. Halfacre, Paul B. Shepson, Julia Schmale, Hélène Angot, Byron Blomquist, Matthew D. Shupe, Detlev Helmig, Junsu Gil, Meehye Lee, Sean C. Coburn, Ivan Ortega, Gao Chen, James Lee, Kenneth C. Aikin, David D. Parrish, John S. Holloway, Thomas B. Ryerson, Ilana B. Pollack, Eric J. Williams, Brian M. Lerner, Andrew J. Weinheimer, Teresa Campos, Frank M. Flocke, J. Ryan Spackman, Ilann Bourgeois, Jeff Peischl, Chelsea R. Thompson, Ralf M. Staebler, Amir A. Aliabadi, Wanmin Gong, Roeland Van Malderen, Anne M. Thompson, Ryan M. Stauffer, Debra E. Kollonige, Juan Carlos Gómez Martin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Katie Read, Matthew Rowlinson, Keiichi Sato, Junichi Kurokawa, Yoko Iwamoto, Fumikazu Taketani, Hisahiro Takashima, Mónica Navarro-Comas, Marios Panagi, and Martin G. Schultz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 4901–4932, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4901-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4901-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The first comprehensive dataset of tropospheric ozone over oceans/polar regions is presented, including 77 ship/buoy and 48 aircraft campaign observations (1977–2022, 0–5000 m altitude), supplemented by ozonesonde and surface data. Air masses isolated from land for 72+ hours are systematically selected as essentially oceanic. Among the 11 global regions, they show daytime decreases of 11–16 % in the tropics, while near-zero depletions are rare, unlike in the Arctic, implying different mechanisms.
Ying Zhang, Yuwei Wang, Chuang Li, Yueyang Li, Sijia Yin, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, Douglas Worsnop, and Lin Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3547–3568, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3547-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3547-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides insight into how individual ions measured by proton-transfer-reaction (PTR) mass spectrometry are produced by multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A reference table is provided for attributing the PTR signal to contributing VOC species. The signals are grouped according to the complexity of their potential identities. We find that a number of signal ions such as C6H7+ for benzene and C5H9+ for isoprene merely give an upper limit of their corresponding concentrations.
Qing Ying, Benjamin Poulter, Jennifer D. Watts, Kyle A. Arndt, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Lori Bruhwiler, Youmi Oh, Brendan M. Rogers, Susan M. Natali, Hilary Sullivan, Amanda Armstrong, Eric J. Ward, Luke D. Schiferl, Clayton D. Elder, Olli Peltola, Annett Bartsch, Ankur R. Desai, Eugénie Euskirchen, Mathias Göckede, Bernhard Lehner, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, Oliver Sonnentag, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Torsten Sachs, Aram Kalhori, Masahito Ueyama, and Zhen Zhang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2507–2534, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2507-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2507-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present daily methane (CH4) fluxes of northern wetlands at 10 km resolution during 2016–2022 (WetCH4) derived from a novel machine learning framework. We estimated an average annual CH4 emission of 22.8 ± 2.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 (15.7–51.6 Tg CH4 yr−1). Emissions were intensified in 2016, 2020, and 2022, with the largest interannual variation coming from Western Siberia. Continued, all-season tower observations and improved soil moisture products are needed for future improvement of CH4 upscaling.
Michael F. Link, Megan S. Claflin, Christina E. Cecelski, Ayomide A. Akande, Delaney Kilgour, Paul A. Heine, Matthew Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Andrew Jensen, Jie Yu, Han N. Huynh, Jenna C. Ditto, Carsten Warneke, William Dresser, Keighan Gemmell, Spiro Jorga, Rileigh L. Robertson, Joost de Gouw, Timothy Bertram, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Nadine Borduas-Dedekind, and Dustin Poppendieck
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 1013–1038, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1013-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1013-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is widely used for the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) both indoors and outdoors. An analytical challenge for PTR-MS measurements is the formation of unintended measurement interferences, product ion distributions (PIDs), that may appear in the data as VOCs of interest. We developed a method for quantifying PID formation and use interlaboratory comparison data to put quantitative constraints on PID formation.
Delaney B. Kilgour, Christopher M. Jernigan, Olga Garmash, Sneha Aggarwal, Shengqian Zhou, Claudia Mohr, Matt E. Salter, Joel A. Thornton, Jian Wang, Paul Zieger, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1931–1947, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1931-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1931-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We report simultaneous measurements of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF) in the eastern North Atlantic. We use an observationally constrained box model to show that cloud loss is the dominant sink of HPMTF in this region over 6 weeks, resulting in large reductions in DMS-derived products that contribute to aerosol formation and growth. Our findings indicate that fast cloud processing of HPMTF must be included in global models to accurately capture the sulfur cycle.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Josie K. Radtke, Benjamin N. Kies, Whitney A. Mottishaw, Sydney M. Zeuli, Aidan T. H. Voon, Kelly L. Koerber, Grant W. Petty, Michael P. Vermeuel, Timothy H. Bertram, Ankur R. Desai, Joseph P. Hupy, R. Bradley Pierce, Timothy J. Wagner, and Patricia A. Cleary
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2833–2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2833-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The use of uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) to conduct a vertical profiling of ozone and meteorological variables was evaluated using comparisons between tower or ground observations and UAS-based measurements. Changes to the UAS profiler showed an improvement in performance. The profiler was used to see the impact of Chicago pollution plumes on a shoreline area near Lake Michigan.
Delaney B. Kilgour, Gordon A. Novak, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3729–3742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3729-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3729-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments with seawater mimics suggest ozone deposition to the surface ocean can be a source of reactive carbon to the marine atmosphere. We conduct both field and laboratory measurements to assess abiotic VOC composition and yields from ozonolysis of real surface seawater. We show that C5–C11 aldehydes contribute to the observed VOC emission flux. We estimate that VOCs generated by the ozonolysis of surface seawater are competitive with biological VOC production and emission.
Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Megan S. Claflin, Eva Y. Pfannerstill, Lu Xu, Jessica B. Gilman, Julia Marcantonio, Cong Cao, Kelvin Bates, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Aaron Lamplugh, Erin F. Katz, Caleb Arata, Eric C. Apel, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Felix Piel, Francesca Majluf, Donald R. Blake, Armin Wisthaler, Manjula Canagaratna, Brian M. Lerner, Allen H. Goldstein, John E. Mak, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 801–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mass spectrometry is a tool commonly used to measure air pollutants. This study evaluates measurement artifacts produced in the proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer. We provide methods to correct these biases and better measure compounds that degrade air quality.
Sreenath Paleri, Luise Wanner, Matthias Sühring, Ankur Desai, and Matthias Mauder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1721, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present a description and evaluation of numerical simulations of field experiment days during the CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign, conducted over a heterogeneous forested domain in Northern Wisconsin, USA. Diurnal simulations, informed and constrained by field measurements for two days during the summer and autumn were performed. The model could simulate near surface time series and profiles of atmospheric state variables and fluxes that matched relatively well with observations.
Andrew T. Lambe, Bin Bai, Masayuki Takeuchi, Nicole Orwat, Paul M. Zimmerman, Mitchell W. Alton, Nga L. Ng, Andrew Freedman, Megan S. Claflin, Drew R. Gentner, Douglas R. Worsnop, and Pengfei Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13869–13882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13869-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13869-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method to generate nitrate radicals (NO3) for atmospheric chemistry applications that works by irradiating mixtures containing ceric ammonium nitrate with a UV light at room temperature. It has several advantages over traditional NO3 sources. We characterized its performance over a range of mixture and reactor conditions as well as other irradiation products. Proof of concept was demonstrated by generating and characterizing oxidation products of the β-pinene + NO3 reaction.
Lu Xu, Matthew M. Coggon, Chelsea E. Stockwell, Jessica B. Gilman, Michael A. Robinson, Martin Breitenlechner, Aaron Lamplugh, John D. Crounse, Paul O. Wennberg, J. Andrew Neuman, Gordon A. Novak, Patrick R. Veres, Steven S. Brown, and Carsten Warneke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7353–7373, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7353-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7353-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the development and operation of a chemical ionization mass spectrometer using an ammonium–water cluster (NH4+·H2O) as a reagent ion. NH4+·H2O is a highly versatile reagent ion for measurements of a wide range of oxygenated organic compounds. The major product ion is the cluster with NH4+ produced via ligand-switching reactions. The instrumental sensitivities of analytes depend on the binding energy of the analyte–NH4+ cluster; sensitivities can be estimated using voltage scanning.
Rachel A. Bergin, Monica Harkey, Alicia Hoffman, Richard H. Moore, Bruce Anderson, Andreas Beyersdorf, Luke Ziemba, Lee Thornhill, Edward Winstead, Tracey Holloway, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 15449–15468, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Correctly predicting aerosol surface area concentrations is important for determining the rate of heterogeneous reactions in chemical transport models. Here, we compare aircraft measurements of aerosol surface area with a regional model. In polluted air masses, we show that the model underpredicts aerosol surface area by a factor of 2. Despite this disagreement, the representation of heterogeneous chemistry still dominates the overall uncertainty in the loss rate of molecules such as N2O5.
Sungwoo Kim, Brian M. Lerner, Donna T. Sueper, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5061–5075, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric samples can be complex, and current analysis methods often require substantial human interaction and discard potentially important information. To improve analysis accuracy and computational cost of these large datasets, we developed an automated analysis algorithm that utilizes a factor analysis approach coupled with a decision tree. We demonstrate that this algorithm cataloged approximately 10 times more analytes compared to a manual analysis and in a quarter of the analysis time.
Gordon A. Novak, Delaney B. Kilgour, Christopher M. Jernigan, Michael P. Vermeuel, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6309–6325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe field measurements of the mixing ratio and oceanic emission flux of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and methanethiol (MeSH) from a coastal ocean site. DMS is known to impact aerosol formation and growth in the marine atmosphere, influencing cloud formation and climate. Measurements of MeSH, which is produced by the same oceanic source as DMS, are rare. We show that MeSH emissions are large and must be measured alongside DMS to understand marine sulfur chemistry and aerosol formation.
Patricia A. Cleary, Gijs de Boer, Joseph P. Hupy, Steven Borenstein, Jonathan Hamilton, Ben Kies, Dale Lawrence, R. Bradley Pierce, Joe Tirado, Aidan Voon, and Timothy Wagner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2129–2145, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A field campaign, WiscoDISCO-21, was conducted at the shoreline of Lake Michigan to better understand the role of marine air in pollutants. Two uncrewed aircraft systems were equipped with sensors for meteorological variables and ozone. A Doppler lidar instrument at a ground station measured horizontal and vertical winds. The overlap of observations from multiple instruments allowed for a unique mapping of the meteorology and pollutants as a marine air mass moved over land.
Martin Breitenlechner, Gordon A. Novak, J. Andrew Neuman, Andrew W. Rollins, and Patrick R. Veres
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1159–1169, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1159-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1159-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled a new ion source to a commercially available state-of-the-art trace gas analyzer. The instrument is particularly well suited for conducting high-altitude observations, addressing the challenges of low ambient pressures and a complex sample matrix. The new instrument and ion source provides significant advantages to more traditional modes of operation, without sacrificing the sensitivity and flexibility of this technique.
Delaney B. Kilgour, Gordon A. Novak, Jon S. Sauer, Alexia N. Moore, Julie Dinasquet, Sarah Amiri, Emily B. Franklin, Kathryn Mayer, Margaux Winter, Clare K. Morris, Tyler Price, Francesca Malfatti, Daniel R. Crocker, Christopher Lee, Christopher D. Cappa, Allen H. Goldstein, Kimberly A. Prather, and Timothy H. Bertram
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1601–1613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1601-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1601-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We report measurements of gas-phase volatile organosulfur molecules made during a mesocosm phytoplankton bloom experiment. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol (MeSH), and benzothiazole accounted for on average over 90 % of total gas-phase sulfur emissions. This work focuses on factors controlling the production and emission of DMS and MeSH and the role of non-DMS molecules (such as MeSH and benzothiazole) in secondary sulfate formation in coastal marine environments.
Stefan Metzger, David Durden, Sreenath Paleri, Matthias Sühring, Brian J. Butterworth, Christopher Florian, Matthias Mauder, David M. Plummer, Luise Wanner, Ke Xu, and Ankur R. Desai
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6929–6954, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The key points are the following. (i) Integrative observing system design can multiply the information gain of surface–atmosphere field measurements. (ii) Catalyzing numerical simulations and first-principles machine learning open up observing system simulation experiments to novel applications. (iii) Use cases include natural climate solutions, emission inventory validation, urban air quality, and industry leak detection.
Chenyang Bi, Jordan E. Krechmer, Graham O. Frazier, Wen Xu, Andrew T. Lambe, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, John T. Jayne, Douglas R. Worsnop, Manjula R. Canagaratna, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6835–6850, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Iodide-adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometry (I-CIMS) has been widely used to analyze airborne organics. In this study, I-CIMS sensitivities of isomers within a formula are found to generally vary by 1 and up to 2 orders of magnitude. Comparisons between measured and predicted moles, obtained using a voltage-scanning calibration approach, show that predictions for individual compounds or formulas might carry high uncertainty, yet the summed moles of analytes agree reasonably well.
Kyle B. Delwiche, Sara Helen Knox, Avni Malhotra, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Gavin McNicol, Sarah Feron, Zutao Ouyang, Dario Papale, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, You-Wei Cheah, Danielle Christianson, Ma. Carmelita R. Alberto, Pavel Alekseychik, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Sheel Bansal, David P. Billesbach, Gil Bohrer, Rosvel Bracho, Nina Buchmann, David I. Campbell, Gerardo Celis, Jiquan Chen, Weinan Chen, Housen Chu, Higo J. Dalmagro, Sigrid Dengel, Ankur R. Desai, Matteo Detto, Han Dolman, Elke Eichelmann, Eugenie Euskirchen, Daniela Famulari, Kathrin Fuchs, Mathias Goeckede, Sébastien Gogo, Mangaliso J. Gondwe, Jordan P. Goodrich, Pia Gottschalk, Scott L. Graham, Martin Heimann, Manuel Helbig, Carole Helfter, Kyle S. Hemes, Takashi Hirano, David Hollinger, Lukas Hörtnagl, Hiroki Iwata, Adrien Jacotot, Gerald Jurasinski, Minseok Kang, Kuno Kasak, John King, Janina Klatt, Franziska Koebsch, Ken W. Krauss, Derrick Y. F. Lai, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Giovanni Manca, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Trofim Maximov, Lutz Merbold, Bhaskar Mitra, Timothy H. Morin, Eiko Nemitz, Mats B. Nilsson, Shuli Niu, Walter C. Oechel, Patricia Y. Oikawa, Keisuke Ono, Matthias Peichl, Olli Peltola, Michele L. Reba, Andrew D. Richardson, William Riley, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Youngryel Ryu, Torsten Sachs, Ayaka Sakabe, Camilo Rey Sanchez, Edward A. Schuur, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Oliver Sonnentag, Jed P. Sparks, Ellen Stuart-Haëntjens, Cove Sturtevant, Ryan C. Sullivan, Daphne J. Szutu, Jonathan E. Thom, Margaret S. Torn, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Jessica Turner, Masahito Ueyama, Alex C. Valach, Rodrigo Vargas, Andrej Varlagin, Alma Vazquez-Lule, Joseph G. Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, George L. Vourlitis, Eric J. Ward, Christian Wille, Georg Wohlfahrt, Guan Xhuan Wong, Zhen Zhang, Donatella Zona, Lisamarie Windham-Myers, Benjamin Poulter, and Robert B. Jackson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3607–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane is an important greenhouse gas, yet we lack knowledge about its global emissions and drivers. We present FLUXNET-CH4, a new global collection of methane measurements and a critical resource for the research community. We use FLUXNET-CH4 data to quantify the seasonality of methane emissions from freshwater wetlands, finding that methane seasonality varies strongly with latitude. Our new database and analysis will improve wetland model accuracy and inform greenhouse gas budgets.
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Chenyang Bi, Jordan E. Krechmer, Graham O. Frazier, Wen Xu, Andrew T. Lambe, Megan S. Claflin, Brian M. Lerner, John T. Jayne, Douglas R. Worsnop, Manjula R. Canagaratna, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3895–3907, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3895-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3895-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Measurement techniques that can achieve molecular characterizations are necessary to understand the differences of fate and transport within isomers produced in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this work, we develop an instrument to conduct isomer-resolved measurements of particle-phase organics. We assess the number of isomers per chemical formula in atmospherically relevant samples and examine the feasibility of extending the use of an existing instrument to a broader range of analytes.
Xueying Yu, Dylan B. Millet, Kelley C. Wells, Daven K. Henze, Hansen Cao, Timothy J. Griffis, Eric A. Kort, Genevieve Plant, Malte J. Deventer, Randall K. Kolka, D. Tyler Roman, Kenneth J. Davis, Ankur R. Desai, Bianca C. Baier, Kathryn McKain, Alan C. Czarnetzki, and A. Anthony Bloom
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 951–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-951-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-951-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane concentrations have doubled since 1750. The US Upper Midwest is a key region contributing to such trends, but sources are poorly understood. We collected and analyzed aircraft data to resolve spatial and timing biases in wetland and livestock emission estimates and uncover errors in inventory treatment of manure management. We highlight the importance of intensive agriculture for the regional and US methane budgets and the potential for methane mitigation through improved management.
Megan S. Claflin, Demetrios Pagonis, Zachary Finewax, Anne V. Handschy, Douglas A. Day, Wyatt L. Brown, John T. Jayne, Douglas R. Worsnop, Jose L. Jimenez, Paul J. Ziemann, Joost de Gouw, and Brian M. Lerner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 133–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a field-deployable gas chromatograph with thermal desorption preconcentration and detector switching between two high-resolution mass spectrometers for in situ measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This system combines chromatography with both proton transfer and electron ionization to offer fast time response and continuous molecular speciation. This technique was applied during the 2018 ATHLETIC campaign to characterize VOC emissions in an indoor environment.
Cited articles
Aaltonen, H., Pumpanen, J., Pihlatie, M., Hakola, H., Hellén, H., Kulmala, L., Vesala, T., and Bäck, J.: Boreal pine forest floor biogenic
volatile organic compound emissions peak in early summer and autumn, Agr.
Forest Meteorol., 151, 682–691, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.12.010, 2011.
Acton, W. J. F., Schallhart, S., Langford, B., Valach, A., Rantala, P., Fares, S., Carriero, G., Tillmann, R., Tomlinson, S. J., Dragosits, U.,
Gianelle, D., Hewitt, C. N., and Nemitz, E.: Canopy-scale flux measurements
and bottom-up emission estimates of volatile organic compounds from a mixed
oak and hornbeam forest in northern Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16,
7149–7170, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7149-2016, 2016.
Adams, R. P.: Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf
essential oils and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Biochem. Syst.
Ecol., 28, 515–528, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(99)00089-7, 2000a.
Adams, R. P.: The serrate leaf margined Juniperus (Section Sabina) of the
western hemisphere: systematics and evolution based on leaf essential oils
and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 28,
975–989, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00022-3, 2000b.
Adams, R. P. and Nguyen, S.: Infra-specific variation in Juniperus deppeana
and F. Sperryi in the Davis Mountains of Texas: variation in leaf essential
oils and random amplified polymorphic DNAS (RAPDS), Phytologia, 87, 96–108,
2005.
Adams, R. P., González Elizondo, M. S., Elizondo, M. G., and Slinkman,
E.: DNA fingerprinting and terpenoid analysis of Juniperus blancoi var.
huehuentensis (Cupressaceae), a new subalpine variety from Durango, Mexico,
Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 34, 205–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2005.11.004, 2006.
Affek, H. P. and Yakir, D.: Protection by isoprene against singlet oxygen in
leaves, Plant Physiol., 129, 269–277, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010909, 2002.
Alvarado, A., Tuazon, E. C., Aschmann, S. M., Atkinson, R., and Arey, J.:
Products of the gas-phase reactions of O(3P) atoms and O3 with α-pinene and 1,2-dimethyl-1-cyclohexene, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 25541–25551, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD00524, 1998.
Amiri, H.: Volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of flowers, stems
and leaves of Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Nat. Prod. Res., 26, 109–115,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.534998, 2012.
Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of biogenic volatile organic compounds: A review, Atmos. Environ., 37, 197–219,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00391-1, 2003.
Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. P., Hurst, D. F., and Zhao, C.: Measurements of carbon dioxide on very tall towers: results of the NOAA/CMDL program, Tellus B, 50, 401–415, https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1998.T01-4-00001.X, 1998.
Banwart, W. L. and Bremner, J. M.: Formation of volatile sulfur compounds by
microbial decomposition of sulfur-containing amino acids in soils, Soil
Biol. Biochem., 7, 359–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(75)90050-4, 1975.
Barnes, I., Hjorth, J., and Mihalapoulos, N.: Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl
sulfoxide and their oxidation in the atmosphere, Chem. Rev., 106, 940–975,
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020529+, 2006.
Benjamin, M. T., Sudol, M., Bloch, L., and Winer, A. M.: Low-emitting urban
forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1437–1452, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00439-4, 1996.
Berresheim, H. and Vulcan, V. D.: Vertical distributions of COS, CS2, DMS
and other sulfur compounds in a loblolly pine forest, Atmos. Environ. A, 26, 2031–2036, https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90087-2, 1992.
Bianchi, F., Kurtén, T., Riva, M., Mohr, C., Rissanen, M. P., Roldin, P., Berndt, T., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Junninen, H., Jokinen, T., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Thornton, J. A.,
Donahue, N., Kjaergaard, H. G., and Ehn, M.: Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules (HOM) from Gas-Phase Autoxidation Involving Peroxy Radicals: A Key
Contributor to Atmospheric Aerosol, Chem. Rev., 119, 3472–3509,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00395, 2019.
Bouvier-Brown, N. C., Goldstein, A. H., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., and De Gouw, J. A.: In-situ ambient quantification of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and related oxygenated compounds during BEARPEX 2007: Implications for gas- and particle-phase chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5505–5518, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5505-2009, 2009.
Brown, P. J., Jullion, L., Landschützer, P., and Bakker, D. C. E.:
Dimethyl sulfide in the Amazon rain forest, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 288–306, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004969, 2015.
Bryan, A. M., Bertman, S. B., Carroll, M. A., Dusanter, S., Edwards, G. D.,
Forkel, R., Griffith, S., Guenther, A. B., Hansen, R. F., Helmig, D., Jobson, B. T., Keutsch, F. N., Lefer, B. L., Pressley, S. N., Shepson, P. B., Stevens, P. S., and Steiner, A. L.: In-canopy gas-phase chemistry during CABINEX 2009: Sensitivity of a 1-D canopy model to vertical mixing and
isoprene chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8829–8849,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8829-2012, 2012.
Butterworth, B. J., Desai, A. R., Metzger, S., Townsend, P. A., Schwartz, M.
D., Petty, G. W., Mauder, M., Vogelmann, H., Andresen, C. G., Augustine, T.
J., Bertram, T. H., Brown, W. O. J., Buban, M., Cleary, P., Durden, D. J.,
Florian, C. R., Iglinski, T. J., Kruger, E. L., Lantz, K., Lee, T. R., Meyers, T. P., Mineau, J. K., Olson, E. R., Oncley, S. P., Paleri, S., Pertzborn, R. A., Pettersen, C., Plummer, D. M., Riihimaki, L. D., Guzman,
E. R., Sedlar, J., Smith, E. N., Speidel, J., Stoy, P. C., Sühring, M.,
Thom, J. E., Turner, D. D., Vermeuel, M. P., Wagner, T. J., Wang, Z., Wanner, L., White, L. D., Wilczak, J. M., Wright, D. B., and Zheng, T.: Connecting Land–Atmosphere Interactions to Surface Heterogeneity in CHEESEHEAD19, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E421–E445, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0346.1, 2021.
Chen, J. W. and Cao, K. F.: Changes in activities of antioxidative system and monoterpene and photochemical efficiency during seasonal leaf senescence in Hevea brasiliensis trees, Acta Physiol. Plant., 30, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-007-0070-1, 2008.
Claflin, M. S., Pagonis, D., Finewax, Z., Handschy, A. V., Day, D. A., Brown, W. L., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Jimenez, J. L., Ziemann, P. J., de Gouw, J., and Lerner, B. M.: An in situ gas chromatograph with automatic detector switching between PTR- and EI-TOF-MS: isomer-resolved measurements of indoor air, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 133–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-133-2021, 2021.
Curci, G., Beekmann, M., Vautard, R., Smiatek, G., Steinbrecher, R., Theloke, J., and Friedrich, R.: Modelling study of the impact of isoprene and terpene biogenic emissions on European ozone levels, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1444–1455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.070, 2009.
Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P.
P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: Eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323–336, 2005.
Davis, K. J., Bakwin, P. S., Yi, C., Berger, B. W., Zhao, C., Teclaw, R. M.,
and Isebrands, J. G.: The annual cycles of CO2 and H2O exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower, Global Change Biol., 9, 1278–1293, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00672.x, 2003.
Desai, A. R.: AmeriFlux US-PFa Park Falls/WLEF, AmeriFlux [data set], https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246090, 1996.
Desai, A. R., Noormets, A., Bolstad, P. V., Chen, J., Cook, B. D., Davis, K.
J., Euskirchen, E. S., Gough, C., Martin, J. G., Ricciuto, D. M., Schmid, H.
P., Tang, J., and Wang, W.: Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on
carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 288–308,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.08.001, 2008.
Desai, A. R., Helliker, B. R., Moorcroft, P. R., Andrews, A. E., and Berry,
J. A.: Climatic controls of interannual variability in regional carbon fluxes from top-down and bottom-up perspectives, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G02011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jg001122, 2010.
Desai, A. R., Xu, K., Tian, H., Weishampel, P., Thom, J., Baumann, D., Andrews, A. E., Cook, B. D., King, J. Y., and Kolka, R.: Landscape-level
terrestrial methane flux observed from a very tall tower, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 201, 61–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.10.017, 2015.
Dewitz, J.: National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) 2016 Products, US Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P96HHBIE, 2020.
Duncan, J. B., Bianco, L., Adler, B., Bell, T., Djalalova, I. V., Riihimaki,
L., Sedlar, J., Smith, E. N., Turner, D. D., Wagner, T. J., and Wilczak, J.
M.: Evaluating convective planetary boundary layer height estimations resolved by both active and passive remote sensing instruments during the
CHEESEHEAD19 field campaign, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2479–2502,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2479-2022, 2022.
Ehn, M., Thornton, J. a, Kleist, E., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Pullinen,
I., Springer, M., Rubach, F., Tillmann, R., Lee, B., Lopez-Hilfiker, F.,
Andres, S., Acir, I.-H., Rissanen, M., Jokinen, T., Schobesberger, S.,
Kangasluoma, J., Kontkanen, J., Nieminen, T., Kurtén, T., Nielsen, L.
B., Jørgensen, S., Kjaergaard, H. G., Canagaratna, M., Maso, M. D.,
Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Wahner, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M.,
Worsnop, D. R., Wildt, J., and Mentel, T. F.: A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol, Nature, 506, 476–479,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13032, 2014.
Fall, R., Albritton, D. L., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Kuster, W. C., and Goldan, P.
D.: Laboratory studies of some environmental variables controlling sulfur emissions from plants, J. Atmos. Chem., 6, 341–362, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00051596, 1988.
Faloona, I., Tan, D., Brune, W., Hurst, J., Barket, D., Couch, T. L., Shepson, P., Apel, E., Riemer, D., Thornberry, T., Carroll, M. A., Sillman,
S., Keeler, G. J., Sagady, J., Hooper, D., and Paterson, K.: Nighttime
observations of anomalously high levels of hydroxyl radicals above a
deciduous forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 24315–24333,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900691, 2001.
Foken, T. and Wichura, B.: Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 78, 83–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1, 1996.
Foken, T., Göckede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B. D., and Munger,
J. W.: Post-field data quality control, Handb. micrometeorology a Guid,
Surf. Flux Meas. Anal., 29, 181–208, 2004.
Fuchs, N. A. and Sutugin, A. G.: Highly dispersed aerosols, in: Topics in Current Aerosol Research, edited by: Hidy, G. M. and Brock, J. R., Pergamon, New York, p. 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-016674-2.50006-6, 1971.
Fuentes, J. D. and Wang, D.: On the seasonality of isoprene emissions from a
mixed temperate forest, Ecol. Appl., 9, 1118–1131,
https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1118:OTSOIE]2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Fuentes, J. D., Chamecki, M., Dos Santos, R. M. N., Von Randow, C., Stoy, P.
C., Katul, G., Fitzjarrald, D., Manzi, A., Gerken, T., Trowbridge, A.,
Freire, L. S., Ruiz-Plancarte, J., Maia, J. M. F., Tóta, J., Dias, N.,
Fisch, G., Schumacher, C., Acevedo, O., Mercer, J. R., and Yañez-Serrano, A. M.: Linking meteorology, turbulence, and air chemistry in the amazon rain forest, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 2329–2342, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00152.1, 2016.
Fulgham, S. R., Millet, D. B., Alwe, H. D., Goldstein, A. H., Schobesberger,
S., and Farmer, D. K.: Surface Wetness as an Unexpected Control on Forest
Exchange of Volatile Organic Acids, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088745, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088745, 2020.
Gaona-Colmán, E., Blanco, M. B., Barnes, I., Wiesen, P., and Teruel, M.
A.: OH- and O3-initiated atmospheric degradation of camphene: temperature dependent rate coefficients, product yields and mechanisms, RSC Adv., 7, 2733–2744, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra26656h, 2017.
Geron, C., Rasmussen, R., Arnts, R. R., and Guenther, A.: A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1761–1781, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00364-7, 2000.
Geron, C. D., Guenther, A. B., and Pierce, T. E.: An improved model for
estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds from forests in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12773–12781, 1994.
Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Albritton, D. L., and Fehsenfeld, F. C.: The
Measurement of Natural Sulfur Emissions from Soils and Vegetation: Three Sites in the Eastern United States Revisited, J. Atmos. Chem., 5, 439–467,
1987.
Gratien, A., Johnson, S. N., Ezell, M. J., Dawson, M. L., Bennett, R., and
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J.: Surprising formation of p-cymene in the oxidation of α-pinene in air by the atmospheric oxidants OH, O3, and NO3, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 2755–2760, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103632b, 2011.
Greenberg, J. P., Asensio, D., Turnipseed, A., Guenther, A. B., Karl, T., and Gochis, D.: Contribution of leaf and needle litter to whole ecosystem BVOC fluxes, Atmos. Environ., 59, 302–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.038, 2012.
Guenther, A., Nicholas, C., Fall, R., Klinger, L., Mckay, W. A., and Scholes, B.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995.
Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T.,
Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The model of emissions of gases and aerosols
from nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): An extended and updated framework for
modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Hakola, H., Laurila, T., Rinne, J., and Puhto, K.: The ambient concentrations of biogenic hydrocarbons at a northern European, boreal site, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4971–4982, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00192-8, 2000.
Hakola, H., Tarvainen, V., Laurila, T., Hiltunen, V., Hellén, H., and
Keronen, P.: Seasonal variation of VOC concentrations above a boreal coniferous forest, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1623–1634,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00014-1, 2003.
Haugen, D. E., Freeman, P. C., and Theisen, M. A.: The Forest Resources of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, https://doi.org/10.2737/NC-RB-194, 1998.
Hellén, H., Hakola, H., Pystynen, K. H., Rinne, J., and Haapanala, S.:
C2–C10 hydrocarbon emissions from a boreal wetland and forest floor, Biogeosciences, 3, 167–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-167-2006, 2006.
Helmig, D.: Ozone removal techniques in the sampling of atmospheric volatile organic trace gases, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3635–3651, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00144-1, 1997.
Helmig, D., Klinger, L., Guenther, A., Vierling, L., Geron, C., and Zimmerman, P.: Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (BVOCs) I. Identifications from Three Continental Sites in the U.S., Chemosphere, 38,
2163–2187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00425-1, 1999.
Helmig, D., Daly, R. W., Milford, J., and Guenther, A.: Seasonal trends of
biogenic terpene emissions, Chemosphere, 93, 35–46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.058, 2013.
Holzke, C., Hoffmann, T., Jaeger, L., Koppmann, R., and Zimmer, W.: Diurnal
and seasonal variation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions from Scots
pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Atmos. Environ., 40, 3174–3185,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.039, 2006.
Horst, T. W.: A simple formula for attenuation of eddy fluxes measured with
first order response scalar sensors, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 82, 219–233, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000229130034, 1997.
Huang, G., Brook, R., Crippa, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Schieberle, C., Dore, C., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., and Friedrich, R.: Speciation of anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds: a global gridded data set for 1970–2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7683–7701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7683-2017, 2017.
Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Sueper, D. T., Aikin, K. C., Lerner, B. M., Gilman,
J. B., de Gouw, J. A., Worsnop, D. R., and Goldstein, A. H.: Automated
single-ion peak fitting as an efficient approach for analyzing complex
chromatographic data, J. Chromatogr. A, 1529, 81–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2017.11.005, 2017.
Isaacman-VanWertz, G., Lerner, B. M., and Sueper, D. T.: TAG Explorer and
iNtegration (TERN), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.6940761, 2022.
Isebrands, J. G., Guenther, A. B., Harley, P., Helmig, D., Klinger, L.,
Vierling, L., Zimmerman, P., and Geron, C.: Volatile organic compound emission rates from mixed deciduous and coniferous forests in Northern Wisconsin, USA, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2527–2536, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00250-7, 1999.
Isidorov, V. A., Smolewska, M., Purzyåska-Pugacewicz, A., and Tyszkiewicz, Z.: Chemical composition of volatile and extractive compounds
of pine and spruce leaf litter in the initial stages of decomposition,
Biogeosciences, 7, 2785–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2785-2010, 2010.
Jajic, I., Sarna, T., and Strzalka, K.: Senescence, stress, and reactive oxygen species, Plants, 4, 393–411, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4030393, 2015.
Janson, R. W.: Monoterpene emissions from Scots pine and Norwegian spruce,
J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2839–2850, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD02394, 1993.
Jaoui, M. and Kamens, R. M.: Gaseous and particulate oxidation products
analysis of a mixture of α-pinene + β-pinene/O3/air in the absence of light and α-pinene + β-pinene/NOx/air in the presence of natural sunlight, J. Atmos. Chem., 44, 259–297,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022977427523, 2003.
Jardine, K., Yañez Serrano, A., Arneth, A., Abrell, L., Jardine, A., Van Haren, J., Artaxo, P., Rizzo, L. V., Ishida, F. Y., Karl, T., Kesselmeier, J., Saleska, S., and Huxman, T.: Within-canopy sesquiterpene ozonolysis in Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016243, 2011.
Jenkin, M. E., Young, J. C., and Rickard, A. R.: The MCM v3.3.1 degradation
scheme for isoprene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11433–11459,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11433-2015, 2015.
Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang,
Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y.
L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J.,
Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer,
S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A.,
Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina,
K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A.
M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the
atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.
Johnson, D. and Marston, G.: The gas-phase ozonolysis of unsaturated volatile organic compounds in the troposphere, Chem. Soc. Rev., 37, 699–716, https://doi.org/10.1039/b704260b, 2008.
Jokinen, T., Berndt, T., Makkonen, R., Kerminen, V.-M., Junninen, H., Paasonen, P., Stratmann, F., Herrmann, H., Guenther, A. B., Worsnop, D. R.,
Kulmala, M., Ehn, M., and Sipilä, M.: Production of extremely low volatile organic compounds from biogenic emissions: Measured yields and
atmospheric implications, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 7123–7128,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423977112, 2015.
Jokinen, T., Kausiala, O., Garmash, O., Peräkylä, O., Junninen, H.,
Schobesberger, S., Yan, C., Sipilä, M., and Rissanen, M. P.: Production
of highly oxidized organic compounds from ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene: Laboratory and field measurements, Boreal Environ. Res., 21, 262–273, 2016.
Kallio, M., Jussila, M., Rissanen, T., Anttila, P., Hartonen, K., Reissell,
A., Vreuls, R., Adahchour, M., and Hyötyläinen, T.: Comprehensive
two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass
spectrometry in the identification of organic compounds in atmospheric
aerosols from coniferous forest, J. Chromatogr. A, 1125, 234–243,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.050, 2006.
Kanda, K. I., Tsuruta, H., and Tsuruta, H.: Emissions of sulfur gases from
various types of terrestrial higher plants, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 41, 321–328, https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1995.10419589, 1995.
Karl, T., Guenther, A., Spirig, C., Hansel, A., and Fall, R.: Seasonal
variation of biogenic VOC emissions above a mixed hardwood forest in northern Michigan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018432, 2003.
Kilgour, D. B., Novak, G. A., Sauer, J. S., Moore, A. N., Dinasquet, J., Amiri, S., Franklin, E. B., Mayer, K., Winter, M., Morris, C. K., Price, T., Malfatti, F., Crocker, D. R., Lee, C., Cappa, C. D., Goldstein, A. H., Prather, K. A., and Bertram, T. H.: Marine gas-phase sulfur emissions during an induced phytoplankton bloom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1601–1613, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1601-2022, 2022.
Kim, D., Stevens, P. S., and Hites, R. A.: Rate constants for the gas-phase
reactions of OH and O3 with β-ocimene, β-myrcene, and α-and β-farnesene as a function of temperature, J. Phys. Chem. A, 115, 500–506, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp111173s, 2011.
Kim, S., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Tyndall, G., Orlando, J., Harley, P., Rasmussen, R., and Apel, E.: Emissions and ambient distributions of Biogenic
Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in a ponderosa pine ecosystem: Interpretation of PTR-MS mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1759–1771,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1759-2010, 2010.
Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Almeida, J., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S.,
Franchin, A., Gagné, S., Ickes, L., Kürten, A., Kupc, A., Metzger,
A., Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Schobesberger, S., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Wimmer,
D., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Downard, A., Ehn, M., Flagan, R. C., Haider, S., Hansel, A., Hauser, D., Jud, W., Junninen, H., Kreissl, F., Kvashin, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Lima, J., Lovejoy, E. R., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Mikkilä, J., Minginette, P., Mogo, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pereira, P., Petäjä, T., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipilä, M.,
Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tomé, A., Vanhanen, J., Viisanen, Y., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Walther, H., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Winkler,
P. M., Carslaw, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Kulmala, M.:
Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric
aerosol nucleation, Nature, 476, 429–435, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10343, 2011.
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP),
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3695–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, 2015.
Krechmer, J., Lopez-Hilfiker, F., Koss, A., Hutterli, M., Stoermer, C., Deming, B., Kimmel, J., Warneke, C., Holzinger, R., Jayne, J., Worsnop, D.,
Fuhrer, K., Gonin, M., and De Gouw, J.: Evaluation of a New Reagent-Ion
Source and Focusing Ion-Molecule Reactor for Use in Proton-Transfer-Reaction
Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 90, 12011–12018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02641, 2018.
Laffineur, Q., Aubinet, M., Schoon, N., Amelynck, C., Müller, J. F.,
Dewulf, J., Van Langenhove, H., Steppe, K., Šimpraga, M., and Heinesch,
B.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from a mixed temperate forest, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3157–3168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.054, 2011.
Laffineur, Q., Aubinet, M., Schoon, N., Amelynck, C., Müller, J. F.,
Dewulf, J., Van Langenhove, H., Steppe, K., and Heinesch, B.: Abiotic and
biotic control of methanol exchanges in a temperate mixed forest, Atmos.
Chem. Phys., 12, 577–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-577-2012, 2012.
Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Allwine, G., Bamesberger, L., and Guenther, A.:
Measurement of biogenic sulfur emissions from soils and vegetation: Application of dynamic enclosure methods with Natusch filter and GC/FPD
analysis, J. Atmos. Chem., 5, 469–491, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00113906, 1987.
Langford, B., Acton, W., Ammann, C., Valach, A., and Nemitz, E.:
Eddy-covariance data with low signal-to-noise ratio: Time-lag determination,
uncertainties and limit of detection, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4197–4213,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4197-2015, 2015.
Lee, A., Goldstein, A. H., Keywood, M. D., Gao, S., Varutbangkul, V., Bahreini, R., Ng, N. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the ozonolysis of ten different
terpenes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006437, 2006a.
Lee, A., Goldstein, A. H., Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the photooxidation of 16 different terpenes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007050, 2006b.
Lee, J. H., Batterman, S. A., Jia, C., and Chernyak, S.: Ozone artifacts and carbonyl measurements using tenax GR, tenax TA, carbopack B, and carbopack X adsorbents, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56, 1503–1517, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464560, 2006.
Li, H., Canagaratna, M. R., Riva, M., Rantala, P., Zhang, Y., Thomas, S.,
Heikkinen, L., Flaud, P., Villenave, E., Perraudin, E., Worsnop, D.,
Kulmala, M., Ehn, M., and Bianchi, F.: Atmospheric organic vapors in two
European pine forests measured by a Vocus PTR-TOF: insights into monoterpene
and sesquiterpene oxidation processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 4123–4147,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-4123-2021, 2021.
Lindgren, B. S. and Miller, D. R.: Effect of verbenone on five species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in lodgepole pine forests, Environ.
Entomol., 31, 759–765, https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-31.5.759, 2002.
Loreto, F. and Schnitzler, J. P.: Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs, Trends
Plant Sci., 15, 154–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.006, 2010.
Loreto, F., Pinelli, P., Manes, F., and Kollist, H.: Impact of ozone on
monoterpene emissions and evidence for an isoprene-like antioxidant action
of monoterpenes emitted by Quercus ilex leaves, Tree Physiol., 24, 361–367,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.4.361, 2004.
Lucero, M. E., Fredrickson, E. L., Estell, R. E., Morrison, A. A., and Richman, D. B.: Volatile composition of gutierrezia sarothrae (broom snakeweed) as determined by steam distillation and solid phase
microextraction, J. Essent. Oil Res., 18, 121–125, https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.9699039, 2006.
Mäki, M., Aaltonen, H., Heinonsalo, J., Hellén, H., Pumpanen, J., and Bäck, J.: Boreal forest soil is a significant and diverse source of volatile organic compounds, Plant Soil, 441, 89–110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04092-z, 2019.
Martínez, E., Cabanas, B., Aranda, A., and Martín, P.: Kinetics of
the reactions of NO3 radical with selected monoterpenes: A temperature dependence study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3730–3734,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es970899t, 1998.
McKinney, K. A., Lee, B. H., Vasta, A., Pho, T. V., and Munger, J. W.:
Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds
from a New England mixed forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4807–4831,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4807-2011, 2011.
Medina, A. L., Lucero, M. E., Holguin, F. O., Estell, R. E., Posakony, J. J., Simon, J., and O'Connell, M. A.: Composition and antimicrobial activity of Anemopsis californica leaf oil, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 8694–8698,
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0511244, 2005.
Merle, H., Morón, M., Blázquez, M. A., and Boira, H.: Taxonomical
contribution of essential oils in mandarins cultivars, Biochem. Syst. Ecol.,
32, 491–497, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2003.09.010, 2004.
Mozaffar, A., Schoon, N., Bachy, A., Digrado, A., Heinesch, B., Aubinet, M.,
Fauconnier, M. L., Delaplace, P., du Jardin, P., and Amelynck, C.: Biogenic
volatile organic compound emissions from senescent maize leaves and a
comparison with other leaf developmental stages, Atmos. Environ., 176,
71–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.12.020, 2018.
Peñuelas, J. and Staudt, M.: BVOCs and global change, Trends Plant Sci.,
15, 133–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.005, 2010.
Pfammatter, J. A., Krause, A., and Raffa, K. F.: Evaluating predators and
competitors in Wisconsin red pine forests for attraction to mountain pine
beetle pheromones for anticipatory biological control, Environ. Entomol., 44, 1161–1171, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv091, 2015.
Portillo-Estrada, M. and Niinemets, Ü.: Massive release of volatile
organic compounds due to leaf midrib wounding in Populus tremula, Plant Ecol., 219, 1021–1028, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-018-0854-y, 2018.
Portillo-Estrada, M., Ariza-Carricondo, C., and Ceulemans, R.: Outburst of
senescence-related VOC emissions from a bioenergy poplar plantation, Plant
Physiol. Biochem., 148, 324–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.024, 2020.
Rostad, C. E. and Pereira, W. E.: Kovats and lee retention indices determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for organic compounds of environmental interest, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 9, 328–334,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240090603, 1986.
Savtchenko, A., Ouzounov, D., Ahmad, S., Acker, J., Leptoukh, G., Koziana, J., and Nickless, D.: Terra and Aqua MODIS products available from NASA GES
DAAC, Adv. Space Res., 34, 710–714, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.03.012, 2004.
Seok, B., Helmig, D., Ganzeveld, L., Williams, M. W., and Vogel, C. S.:
Dynamics of nitrogen oxides and ozone above and within a mixed hardwood
forest in northern Michigan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7301–7320,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7301-2013, 2013.
Spirig, C., Neftel, A., Ammann, C., Dommen, J., Grabmer, W., Thielmann, A.,
Schaub, A., Beauchamp, J., Wisthaler, A., and Hansel, A.: Eddy covariance
flux measurements of biogenic VOCs during ECHO 2003 using proton transfer
reaction mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 465–481,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-465-2005, 2005.
Staubes, R., Georgii, H.-W., and Ockelmann, G.: Flux of COS, DMS and CS2 from various soils in Germany, Tellus B, 41, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00309.x, 1989.
Still, C. J., Page, G., Rastogi, B., Griffith, D. M., Aubrecht, D. M., Kim, Y., and Burns, S. P.: No evidence of canopy-scale leaf thermoregulation to cool leaves below air temperature across a range of forest ecosystems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 119, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205682119, 2022.
Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Springer Science & Business Media, 427–428, ISBN 9027727686, 1988.
Takeoka, G., Perrino, C., and Buttery, R.: Volatile constituents of used
frying oils, J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 654–660, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950430m, 1996.
Trowbridge, A. M., Stoy, P. C., and Phillips, R. P.: Soil Biogenic Volatile
Organic Compound Flux in a Mixed Hardwood Forest: Net Uptake at Warmer
Temperatures and the Importance of Mycorrhizal Associations, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeo., 125, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005479, 2020.
Vaněk, T., Halík, J., Vaòková, R., and Valterová, I.:
Formation of trans-Verbenol and Verbenone from α-Pinene Catalysed by
Immobilised Picea abies Cells, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 69, 321–325,
https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.69.321, 2005.
Vermeuel, M. P. and Bertram, T. H.: Observations of biogenic volatile organic compounds over a mixed temperate forest during the summer to autumn transition, MINDS @ UW [data set], http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/83610, last access: 26 September 2022.
Vermeuel, M. P., Novak, G. A., Jernigan, C. M., and Bertram, T. H.: Diel Profile of Hydroperoxymethyl Thioformate: Evidence for Surface Deposition
and Multiphase Chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 12521–12529,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04323, 2020.
Vermeuel, M. P., Cleary, P. A., Desai, A. R., and Bertram, T. H.:
Simultaneous Measurements of O3 and HCOOH Vertical Fluxes Indicate Rapid In-Canopy Terpene Chemistry Enhances O3 Removal Over Mixed Temperate Forests, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL090996,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090996, 2021.
WDNR: Nasturtium officinale, Aquatic Invasive Species Literature Review,
https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Invasives/documents/classification/Nasturtium officinale.pdf (last access: 16 June 2022), 2010.
Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P., and Stage, S. A.: Sonic anemometer tilt
correction algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127–150, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018966204465, 2001.
Wolfe, G. M., Marvin, M. R., Roberts, S. J., Travis, K. R., and Liao, J.:
The framework for 0-D atmospheric modeling (F0AM) v3.1, Geosci. Model Dev.,
9, 3309–3319, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3309-2016, 2016.
Xu, K., Metzger, S., and Desai, A. R.: Upscaling tower-observed turbulent
exchange at fine spatio-temporal resolution using environmental response
functions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 232, 10–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.07.019, 2017.
Yang, Z.: Measurement of Biogenic Sulfur Gases Emission from some Chinese
and Japanese Soils, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2399–2405, 1996.
Yi, Z., Wang, X., Ouyang, M., Zhang, D., and Zhou, G.: Air-soil exchange of
dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and dimethyl disulfide in three
subtropical forests in south China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014130, 2010.
Yonghui, S. and Atkinson, R.: Atmospheric lifetimes and fates of a series of
sesquiterpenes, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7275–7281, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00368, 1995.
Yousefzadi, M., Heidari, M., Akbarpour, M., Mirjalili, M. H., Zeinali, A., and Parsa, M.: In vitro Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil of Dorema
ammoniacum D. Don., Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 7, 511–514, 2011.
Short summary
Reactive carbon species emitted from natural sources such as forests play an important role in the chemistry of the atmosphere. Predictions of these emissions are based on plant responses during the growing season and do not consider potential effects from seasonal changes. To address this, we made measurements of reactive carbon over a forest during the summer to autumn transition. We learned that observed concentrations and emissions for some key species are larger than model predictions.
Reactive carbon species emitted from natural sources such as forests play an important role in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint