Articles | Volume 21, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue overview
| 
24 Nov 2021
Special issue overview |
| 24 Nov 2021
| 24 Nov 2021
Overview towards improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to heavy precipitation in the western Mediterranean: lessons learned from HyMeX
Samira Khodayar
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Mediterranean Centre for Environmental Studies (CEAM), Valencia, Spain
Silvio Davolio
National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, (CNR-ISAC), Bologna, Italy
Paolo Di Girolamo
Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata
(SI-UNIBAS), Potenza, Italy
Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Emmanouil Flaounas
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Athens, Greece
Nadia Fourrie
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Keun-Ok Lee
Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS,
Toulouse, France
Laboratoire de L'Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR 8105 (CNRS,
Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint Denis, France
Didier Ricard
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Benoit Vie
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Francois Bouttier
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Veronique Ducrocq
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Related authors
Emmanouil Flaounas, Silvio Davolio, Shira Raveh-Rubin, Florian Pantillon, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Maria Hatzaki, Victor Homar, Samira Khodayar, Gerasimos Korres, Vassiliki Kotroni, Jonilda Kushta, Marco Reale, and Didier Ricard
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a collective effort to describe the state of the art in Mediterranean cyclone dynamics, climatology, prediction (weather and climate scales) and impacts. More than that, the paper focuses on the future directions of research that would advance the broader field of Mediterranean cyclones as a whole. Thereby, we propose interdisciplinary cooperation and additional modelling and forecasting strategies, and we highlight the need for new impact-oriented approaches to climate prediction.
Samiro Khodayar and Johannes Hoerner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12011–12031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, 2020
Marie Taufour, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Christelle Barthe, Benoît Vié, and Chien Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-946, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-946, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a complete 2-moment version of the LIMA microphysics scheme. We have focused on collection processes, where the hydrometeor number transfer is often estimated in proportion to the mass transfer. The impact of these parameterisations on a convective system and the prospects for more realistic estimates of secondary parameters (reflectivity, hydrometeor size) are shown in a first test on an idealised case.
Ethel Villeneuve, Philippe Chambon, and Nadia Fourrié
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3567–3582, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In cloudy situations, infrared and microwave observations are complementary, with infrared being sensitive to cloud tops and microwave sensitive to precipitation. However, infrared satellite observations are underused. This study aims to quantify if the inconsistencies in the modelling of clouds prevent the use of cloudy infrared observations in the process of weather forecasting. It shows that the synergistic use of infrared and microwave observations is beneficial, despite inconsistencies.
Gabriel Colas, Valéry Masson, François Bouttier, Ludovic Bouilloud, Laura Pavan, and Virve Karsisto
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1039, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Snow-covered or icy roads increase the risk of accidents for drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists. To avoid these slippery conditions, road winter maintenance must plan their operations in advance using weather forecasts. We improved the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban climate model to simulate the dangerous road slippery conditions in cities or in remote areas. Evaluations showed that the results are promising for using TEB to inform road winter maintenance decisions.
Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Elenio Avolio, Carlos Calvo-Sancho, Diego S. Carrió, Stavros Dafis, Emmanouil Flaounas, Emanuele Silvio Gentile, Juan Jesus Gonzalez-Aleman, Suzanne Gray, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Platon Patlakas, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Didier Ricard, Antonio Ricchi, and Claudio Sanchez
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1105, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone Ianos of September 2020 was a high impact but poorly predicted medicane ("Mediterranean hurricane"). A community effort of numerical modeling provides robust results to improve its prediction. It is found that the representation of local thunderstorms controls the interaction of Ianos with a jet stream at larger scales and its subsequent evolution. The results help understanding the peculiar dynamics of medicanes and provide guidance for the next generation of weather and climate models.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 419–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the formation of Mediterranean cyclones follows the presence of cyclones over the North Atlantic. The distinct regions of cyclone activity in the Mediterranean in the different seasons can be linked to the atmospheric state, in particular the position of the polar jet over the North Atlantic. With this we now better understand the processes that lead to the formation of Mediterranean cyclones. We used a novel simulation framework in which we directly show and probe this connection.
Dimitra Denaxa, Gerasimos Korres, Emmanouil Flaounas, and Maria Hatzaki
Ocean Sci., 20, 433–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores extreme marine summers (EMSs) in the Mediterranean Sea using sea surface temperature (SST) data. EMSs arise mainly due to the warmest summer days being unusually warm. Air–sea heat fluxes drive EMSs in northern regions, where also enhanced marine heatwave conditions are found during EMSs. Long-term SST changes lead to warmer EMSs while not affecting the way daily SST values are organized during EMSs. Findings enhance comprehension of anomalously warm conditions in the basin.
Francesca Vittorioso, Vincent Guidard, and Nadia Fourrié
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-24, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-24, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
The future Meteosat Third Generation Infrared Sounder (MTG-IRS) will represent a major innovation for the monitoring of the chemical state of the atmosphere. MTG-IRS will have the advantage of being based on a geostationary platform and to acquire data with a high temporal frequency. This work aims to evaluate the potential impact over Europe within a chemical transport model (MOCAGE). The results indicate that the assimilation of these data always has a positive impact on the ozone analysis.
José Alex Zenteno-Hernández, Adolfo Comerón, Federico Dios, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Michaël Sicard, Noemi Franco, Andreas Behrendt, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-32, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the spectral characteristics of a solid-state laser in an atmospheric temperature profiling lidar using the Raman technique impact the temperature retrieval accuracy. We find that the spectral widening, with respect to a seeded laser, has virtually no impact, while crystal-rod temperature variations in the laser must be kept within 1 K for the uncertainty in the atmospheric temperature be kept below 1 K. The study is carried out through spectroscopy simulations.
Yonatan Givon, Or Hess, Emmanouil Flaounas, Jennifer Louise Catto, Michael Sprenger, and Shira Raveh-Rubin
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 133–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel classification of Mediterranean cyclones is presented, enabling a separation between storms driven by different atmospheric processes. The surface impact of each cyclone class differs greatly by precipitation, winds, and temperatures, providing an invaluable tool to study the climatology of different types of Mediterranean storms and enhancing the understanding of their predictability, on both weather and climate scales.
François Bouttier and Hugo Marchal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3111, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Weather prediction uncertainties can be described as sets of possible scenarios – a technique called 'ensemble prediction'. Our machine learning technique translates them into more easily interpretable scenarios for various users, balancing the detection of high precipitation with false alarms. Key parameters are precipitation intensity, space and time scales of interest. We show that the approach can be used to facilitate warnings of extreme precipitations.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Sylvie Malardel, Aurore Voldoire, and César Sauvage
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 117–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In numerical models, the turbulent exchanges of heat and momentum at the air–sea interface are not represented explicitly but with parameterisations depending on the surface parameters. A new parameterisation of turbulent fluxes (WASP) has been implemented in the surface model SURFEX v8.1 and validated on four case studies. It combines a close fit to observations including cyclonic winds, a dependency on the wave growth rate, and the possibility of being used in atmosphere–wave coupled models.
Juliette Godet, Olivier Payrastre, Pierre Javelle, and François Bouttier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3355–3377, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This article results from a master's research project which was part of a natural hazards programme developed by the French Ministry of Ecological Transition. The objective of this work was to investigate a possible way to improve the operational flash flood warning service by adding rainfall forecasts upstream of the forecasting chain. The results showed that the tested forecast product, which is new and experimental, has a real added value compared to other classical forecast products.
Claudio Sanchez, Suzanne Gray, Ambrogio Volonte, Florian Pantillon, Segolene Berthou, and Silvio Davolio
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2431, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2431, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Medicane Ianos was a very intense cyclone which led to harmful impacts over Greece. We explore what processes are important for the forecasting of medicane Ianos, with the use of the MetOffice weather model. There is a preceding precipitation event before Ianos’s birth, whose energetics generate a bubble in the tropopause. This bubble creates the necessary conditions for Ianos to emerge and strengthen, the processes are enhanced in simulations with a warmer Mediterranean Sea.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Leonardo Aragão, Lisa Bernini, Stavros Dafis, Benjamin Doiteau, Helena Flocas, Suzanne L. Gray, Alexia Karwat, John Kouroutzoglou, Piero Lionello, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Claudia Pasquero, Platon Patlakas, María Ángeles Picornell, Federico Porcù, Matthew D. K. Priestley, Marco Reale, Malcolm J. Roberts, Hadas Saaroni, Dor Sandler, Enrico Scoccimarro, Michael Sprenger, and Baruch Ziv
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 639–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone detection and tracking methods (CDTMs) have different approaches in defining and tracking cyclone centers. This leads to disagreements on extratropical cyclone climatologies. We present a new approach that combines tracks from individual CDTMs to produce new composite tracks. These new tracks are shown to correspond to physically meaningful systems with distinctive life stages.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Hendrik Feldmann, Etor Lucio-Eceiza, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 543–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-543-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-543-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate convection-permitting modelling (CPM) simulations for the greater Alpine area to assess its added value compared to a 25 km resolution. A new method for severe precipitation detection is used, and the associated synoptic weather types are considered. Our results document the added value of CPM for precipitation representation with higher intensities, better rank correlation, better hit rates, and an improved amount and structure, but with an overestimation of the rates.
Christian Ferrarin, Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Marco Bajo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Elenio Avolio, Diego S. Carrió, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Claudio Sanchez, Platon Patlakas, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2273–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The combined use of meteorological and ocean models enabled the analysis of extreme sea conditions driven by Medicane Ianos, which hit the western coast of Greece on 18 September 2020, flooding and damaging the coast. The large spread associated with the ensemble highlighted the high model uncertainty in simulating such an extreme weather event. The different simulations have been used for outlining hazard scenarios that represent a fundamental component of the coastal risk assessment.
Maryse Charpentier-Noyer, Daniela Peredo, Axelle Fleury, Hugo Marchal, François Bouttier, Eric Gaume, Pierre Nicolle, Olivier Payrastre, and Maria-Helena Ramos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2001–2029, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2001-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2001-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a methodological framework designed for event-based evaluation in the context of an intense flash-flood event. The evaluation adopts the point of view of end users, with a focus on the anticipation of exceedances of discharge thresholds. With a study of rainfall forecasts, a discharge evaluation and a detailed look at the forecast hydrographs, the evaluation framework should help in drawing robust conclusions about the usefulness of new rainfall ensemble forecasts.
Patrick Ludwig, Florian Ehmele, Mário J. Franca, Susanna Mohr, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, James E. Daniell, Uwe Ehret, Hendrik Feldmann, Marie Hundhausen, Peter Knippertz, Katharina Küpfer, Michael Kunz, Bernhard Mühr, Joaquim G. Pinto, Julian Quinting, Andreas M. Schäfer, Frank Seidel, and Christina Wisotzky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1287–1311, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy precipitation in July 2021 led to widespread floods in western Germany and neighboring countries. The event was among the five heaviest precipitation events of the past 70 years in Germany, and the river discharges exceeded by far the statistical 100-year return values. Simulations of the event under future climate conditions revealed a strong and non-linear effect on flood peaks: for +2 K global warming, an 18 % increase in rainfall led to a 39 % increase of the flood peak in the Ahr river.
Susanna Mohr, Uwe Ehret, Michael Kunz, Patrick Ludwig, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, James E. Daniell, Florian Ehmele, Hendrik Feldmann, Mário J. Franca, Christian Gattke, Marie Hundhausen, Peter Knippertz, Katharina Küpfer, Bernhard Mühr, Joaquim G. Pinto, Julian Quinting, Andreas M. Schäfer, Marc Scheibel, Frank Seidel, and Christina Wisotzky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 525–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flood event in July 2021 was one of the most severe disasters in Europe in the last half century. The objective of this two-part study is a multi-disciplinary assessment that examines the complex process interactions in different compartments, from meteorology to hydrological conditions to hydro-morphological processes to impacts on assets and environment. In addition, we address the question of what measures are possible to generate added value to early response management.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamical origin of the lower-atmospheric potential vorticity (PV; linked to the intensity of cyclones) in Mediterranean cyclones. We quantify the contribution of the cyclone and the environment by tracing PV backward in time and space and linking it to the track of the cyclone. We find that the lower-tropospheric PV is produced shortly before the cyclone's stage of highest intensity. We investigate the driving processes and use a global dataset and a process-resolving one.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Markus Augenstein, Georgy Ayzel, Klemens Barfus, Ribu Cherian, Lisa Dillenardt, Felix Fauer, Hendrik Feldmann, Maik Heistermann, Alexia Karwat, Frank Kaspar, Heidi Kreibich, Etor Emanuel Lucio-Eceiza, Edmund P. Meredith, Susanna Mohr, Deborah Niermann, Stephan Pfahl, Florian Ruff, Henning W. Rust, Lukas Schoppa, Thomas Schwitalla, Stella Steidl, Annegret H. Thieken, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Johannes Quaas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3701–3724, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In a warming climate, extreme precipitation events are becoming more frequent. To advance our knowledge on such phenomena, we present a multidisciplinary analysis of a selected case study that took place on 29 June 2017 in the Berlin metropolitan area. Our analysis provides evidence of the extremeness of the case from the atmospheric and the impacts perspectives as well as new insights on the physical mechanisms of the event at the meteorological and climate scales.
Paolo Dandini, Céline Cornet, Renaud Binet, Laetitia Fenouil, Vadim Holodovsky, Yoav Y. Schechner, Didier Ricard, and Daniel Rosenfeld
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6221–6242, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
3D cloud envelope and development velocity are retrieved from realistic simulations of multi-view
CLOUD (C3IEL) images. Cloud development velocity is derived by finding matching features
between acquisitions separated by 20 s. The tie points are then mapped from image to space via 3D
reconstruction of the cloud envelope obtained from 2 simultaneous images. The retrieved cloud
topography as well as the velocities are in good agreement with the estimates obtained from the
physical models.
Donato Summa, Fabio Madonna, Noemi Franco, Benedetto De Rosa, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4153–4170, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4153-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4153-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) has an important impact on meteorology. However, the complexity of the phenomena occurring within the ABL and the influence of advection and local accumulation processes often prevent an unambiguous determination of the ABLH. The paper reports results from an inter-comparison effort involving different sensors and techniques to measure the ABLH. Correlations between the ABLH and other atmospheric variables are also assessed.
Alexane Lovat, Béatrice Vincendon, and Véronique Ducrocq
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2697–2714, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The hydrometeorological skills of two new nowcasting systems for forecasting Mediterranean intense rainfall events and floods are investigated. The results reveal that up to 75 or 90 min of forecast the performance of the nowcasting system blending numerical weather prediction and extrapolation of radar estimation is higher than the numerical weather model. For lead times up to 3 h the skills are equivalent in general. Using these nowcasting systems for flash flood forecasting is also promising.
Joris Pianezze, Jonathan Beuvier, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Guillaume Samson, Ghislain Faure, and Gilles Garric
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1301–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most numerical weather and oceanic prediction systems do not consider ocean–atmosphere feedback during forecast, and this can lead to significant forecast errors, notably in cases of severe situations. A new high-resolution coupled ocean–atmosphere system is presented in this paper. This forecast-oriented system, based on current regional operational systems and evaluated using satellite and in situ observations, shows that the coupling improves both atmospheric and oceanic forecasts.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Silvio Davolio, Shira Raveh-Rubin, Florian Pantillon, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Maria Hatzaki, Victor Homar, Samira Khodayar, Gerasimos Korres, Vassiliki Kotroni, Jonilda Kushta, Marco Reale, and Didier Ricard
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a collective effort to describe the state of the art in Mediterranean cyclone dynamics, climatology, prediction (weather and climate scales) and impacts. More than that, the paper focuses on the future directions of research that would advance the broader field of Mediterranean cyclones as a whole. Thereby, we propose interdisciplinary cooperation and additional modelling and forecasting strategies, and we highlight the need for new impact-oriented approaches to climate prediction.
Mario Marcello Miglietta and Silvio Davolio
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 627–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The main results emerging from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign and in the subsequent research activity in three Italian target areas are highlighted through conceptual models and through the identification of the relevant mesoscale environmental characteristics conducive to heavy rain events.
Ian Boutle, Wayne Angevine, Jian-Wen Bao, Thierry Bergot, Ritthik Bhattacharya, Andreas Bott, Leo Ducongé, Richard Forbes, Tobias Goecke, Evelyn Grell, Adrian Hill, Adele L. Igel, Innocent Kudzotsa, Christine Lac, Bjorn Maronga, Sami Romakkaniemi, Juerg Schmidli, Johannes Schwenkel, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, and Benoît Vié
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fog forecasting is one of the biggest problems for numerical weather prediction. By comparing many models used for fog forecasting with others used for fog research, we hoped to help guide forecast improvements. We show some key processes that, if improved, will help improve fog forecasting, such as how water is deposited on the ground. We also showed that research models were not themselves a suitable baseline for comparison, and we discuss what future observations are required to improve them.
César Sauvage, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, and Marie-Noëlle Bouin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11857–11887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea processes are key elements during Mediterranean heavy precipitation events. We aim to progress in their representation in high-resolution weather forecast. Using coupled ocean–air–wave simulations, we investigated air–sea mechanisms modulated by ocean and waves during a case that occurred in southern France. Results showed significant impact of the forecast on low-level dynamics and air–sea fluxes and illustrated potential benefits of coupled numerical weather prediction systems.
Alistair Bell, Pauline Martinet, Olivier Caumont, Benoît Vié, Julien Delanoë, Jean-Charles Dupont, and Mary Borderies
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4929–4946, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents work towards making retrievals on the liquid water content in fog and low clouds. Future retrievals will rely on a radar simulator and high-resolution forecast. In this work, real observations are used to assess the errors associated with the simulator and forecast. A selection method to reduce errors associated with the forecast is proposed. It is concluded that the distribution of errors matches the requirements for future retrievals.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Samiro Khodayar, and Peter Knippertz
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 561–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The prediction capabilities of GPS, operational (low-resolution) and targeted (high-resolution) radiosondes for data assimilation in a Mediterranean heavy precipitation event at different model resolutions are investigated. The results show that even if GPS provides accurate observations, their lack of vertical information hampers the improvement, demonstrating the need for assimilating radiosondes, where the location and timing of release was more determinant than the vertical resolution.
Maxi Boettcher, Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Harald Sodemann, Stefan Kaufmann, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Donato Summa, Paolo Di Girolamo, Daniele Nerini, Urs Germann, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5477–5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important airstreams in extratropical cyclones, often leading to the formation of intense precipitation. We present a case study that involves aircraft, lidar and radar observations of water and clouds in a WCB ascending from western Europe across the Alps towards the Baltic Sea during the field campaigns HyMeX and T-NAWDEX-Falcon in October 2012. A probabilistic trajectory measure and an airborne tracer experiment were used to confirm the long pathway of the WCB.
Olivier Caumont, Marc Mandement, François Bouttier, Judith Eeckman, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Alexane Lovat, Olivier Nuissier, and Olivier Laurantin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1135–1157, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the heavy precipitation event of 14 and 15 October 2018, which caused deadly flash floods in the Aude basin in south-western France.
The case is studied from a meteorological point of view using various operational numerical weather prediction systems, as well as a unique combination of observations from both standard and personal weather stations. The peculiarities of this case compared to other cases of Mediterranean heavy precipitation events are presented.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Suzanne L. Gray, and Franziska Teubler
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 255–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify the relative contribution of different atmospheric processes to the development of 100 intense Mediterranean cyclones and show that both upper tropospheric systems and diabatic processes contribute to cyclone development. However, these contributions are complex and present high variability among the cases. For this reason, we analyse several exemplary cases in more detail, including 10 systems that have been identified in the past as tropical-like cyclones.
Nadia Fourrié, Mathieu Nuret, Pierre Brousseau, and Olivier Caumont
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 463–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation impact of four observation data sets on forecasts is studied in a mesoscale weather model. The ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) zenithal total delay data set with information on humidity has the largest impact on analyses and forecasts, representing an evenly spread and frequent data set for each analysis time over the model domain. Moreover, the reprocessing of these data also improves the forecast quality, but this impact is not statistically significant.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Matthias Röthlisberger, Maxi Boettcher, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we identify the wettest seasons globally and address their meteorological characteristics. We show that in different regions the wettest seasons occur in different times of the year and result from either unusually high frequencies of wet days and/or daily extremes. These high frequencies can be largely attributed to four specific weather systems, especially cyclones. Our analysis uses a thoroughly explained, novel methodology that could also be applied to climate models.
Olivier Nuissier, Fanny Duffourg, Maxime Martinet, Véronique Ducrocq, and Christine Lac
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14649–14667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14649-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14649-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This present article demonstrates how numerical simulations with very high horizontal resolution (150 m) can contribute to better understanding the key physical processes (turbulence and microphysics) that lead to Mediterranean heavy precipitation.
Samiro Khodayar and Johannes Hoerner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12011–12031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, 2020
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez and Samiro Khodayar
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2753–2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy precipitation causes serious losses and several casualties in the western Mediterranean every year. To predict this phenomenon better, we aim at understanding how the models represent the interaction between atmospheric moisture and precipitation by nudging a 10 min, state-of-the-art GPS data set. We found, for the selected case in autumn 2012, that the improvement in the modelling of precipitation stems from relevant variations of atmospheric instability and humidity above 1.5 km.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin and Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier
Ocean Sci., 16, 1125–1142, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A kilometre-scale coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation is used to study the impact of a medicane on the oceanic upper layer. The processes responsible for the surface cooling are comparable to those of weak tropical cyclones. The oceanic response is influenced by the dynamics of the central Mediterranean. In particular, a cyclonic eddy leads to weaker cooling. Heavy rain occuring early in the event creates a salinity barrier layer, reinforcing the effects of the surface fluxes on the cooling.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin and Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6861–6881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6861-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6861-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A coupled, kilometre-scale simulation of a medicane is used to assess the impact of the ocean feedback and role of surface fluxes. Sea surface temperature (SST) drop is much weaker than for tropical cyclones, resulting in no impact on the cyclone. Surface fluxes depend mainly on wind and SST for evaporation and on air temperature for sensible heat. Processes in the Mediterranean, like advection of continental air, rain evaporation and dry air intrusion, play a role in cyclone development.
Olivier Coopmann, Vincent Guidard, Nadia Fourrié, Béatrice Josse, and Virginie Marécal
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2659–2680, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2659-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2659-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of this paper is to make a new selection of IASI channels by taking into account inter-channel observation-error correlations. Our selection further reduces the analysis error by 3 % in temperature, 1.8 % in humidity and 0.9 % in ozone compared to Collard’s selection, when using the same number of channels. A selection of 400 IASI channels is proposed at the end of the paper which is able to further reduce analysis errors.
César Sauvage, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Marie-Noëlle Bouin, and Véronique Ducrocq
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1675–1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1675-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea exchanges during Mediterranean heavy precipitation events are key and their representation must be improved for high-resolution weather forecasts. This study investigates the mechanisms acting at the air–sea interface during a case that occurred in southern France. To focus on the impact of sea state, we developed and used an original coupled air–wave model. Results show modifications of the forecast for the air–sea fluxes, the near-surface wind and the location of precipitation.
Benedetto De Rosa, Paolo Di Girolamo, and Donato Summa
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 405–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-405-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-405-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Temperature and water vapour profiles measured by the BASIL lidar are compared with profiles from several sensors/models, namely radiosondes, the IASI and AIRS satellite sensors and model reanalyses data (ECMWF & ECMWF-ERA). The comparison effort allows for the performance of all of the sensors and models to be assessed in terms of bias and RMS deviation. BASIL measurement quality is confirmed to be high enough for long-term monitoring of atmospheric composition and thermal structure changes.
Maria Laura Poletti, Francesco Silvestro, Silvio Davolio, Flavio Pignone, and Nicola Rebora
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3823–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3823-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3823-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this work a probabilistic rainfall nowcasting model, a non-hydrostatic high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model corrected with data assimilation, and a distributed hydrological model are used together with radar observations to implement a hydrological nowcasting chain. This chain is used to obtain a useful discharge prediction in small catchments with a time horizon of 2–8 h.
Nadia Fourrié, Mathieu Nuret, Pierre Brousseau, Olivier Caumont, Alexis Doerenbecher, Eric Wattrelot, Patrick Moll, Hervé Bénichou, Dominique Puech, Olivier Bock, Pierre Bosser, Patrick Chazette, Cyrille Flamant, Paolo Di Girolamo, Evelyne Richard, and Frédérique Saïd
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2657–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2657-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2657-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The AROME-WMED (western Mediterranean) model is a dedicated version of the mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction AROME-France model that ran in real time during the first special observation period of HyMeX. Two reanalyses were performed after the campaign. This paper depicts the main differences between the real-time version and the benefits brought by both HyMeX reanalyses. The second reanalysis is found to be closer to observations than the previous AROME-WMED analyses.
Imane Farouk, Nadia Fourrié, and Vincent Guidard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3001–3017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3001-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3001-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A selection for homogeneous scenes for the assimilation of IASI radiances is proposed by using information on the collocated imager pixels inside each infrared observation. A revised method for the selection, which represents a compromise between two methods to select homogeneous scenes using homogeneity criteria already proposed in the literature, has a positive impact on the observation minus the simulation statistics. It has been tested in a numerical weather prediction model for clear sky.
Mary Borderies, Olivier Caumont, Julien Delanoë, Véronique Ducrocq, Nadia Fourrié, and Pascal Marquet
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-907-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-907-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The potential of W-band radar reflectivity to improve the quality of analyses and forecasts of heavy precipitation events in the Mediterranean area is investigated. The 1D + 3DVar assimilation method has been adapted to assimilate the W-band reflectivity in the Météo-France kilometre-scale NWP model AROME. The results suggest that the joint assimilation of W-band reflectivity and horizontal wind profiles lead to a slight improvement of moisture analyses and rainfall precipitation forecasts.
Mary Borderies, Olivier Caumont, Julien Delanoë, Véronique Ducrocq, and Nadia Fourrié
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 821–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-821-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-821-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The study reports on the impact of the assimilation of wind data from airborne Doppler cloud-profiling radar in a kilometre-scale NWP model on predicting heavy precipitation events in the Mediterranean area. The positive impact of the assimilation of such data is particularly evidenced for a heavy precipitation event and results are slightly encouraging over a 45-day period. In addition, the impact of the length of the assimilation window in a 3h-3DVar assimilation system is investigated.
Dario Stelitano, Paolo Di Girolamo, Andrea Scoccione, Donato Summa, and Marco Cacciani
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 2183–2199, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2183-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2183-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical profiles of the particle backscattering coefficient at 355, 532 and 1064 nm measured by the Raman lidar system BASIL are compared with simulated particle backscatter profiles obtained through the application of a Mie scattering code and the use of simultaneous and co-located measurements by an optical particle counter on board the French research aircraft ATR42 operated by SAFIRE in the framework of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment – Special Observation Period 1.
Alexane Lovat, Béatrice Vincendon, and Véronique Ducrocq
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1801–1818, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1801-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1801-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims to estimate the extent to which the terrain descriptors and the spatial resolution of the hydrological model influence flash-flood modelling at the local and basin scale. The skill of the hydrological simulations is evaluated with conventional data (such as discharge measurements) and impact data (post-event surveys and high-water marks). The results reveal that the spatial resolution has the largest impact on the hydrological simulations, larger than soil texture and land cover.
Keun-Ok Lee, Cyrille Flamant, Fanny Duffourg, Véronique Ducrocq, and Jean-Pierre Chaboureau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16845–16862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16845-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16845-2018, 2018
Christine Lac, Jean-Pierre Chaboureau, Valéry Masson, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Pierre Tulet, Juan Escobar, Maud Leriche, Christelle Barthe, Benjamin Aouizerats, Clotilde Augros, Pierre Aumond, Franck Auguste, Peter Bechtold, Sarah Berthet, Soline Bielli, Frédéric Bosseur, Olivier Caumont, Jean-Martial Cohard, Jeanne Colin, Fleur Couvreux, Joan Cuxart, Gaëlle Delautier, Thibaut Dauhut, Véronique Ducrocq, Jean-Baptiste Filippi, Didier Gazen, Olivier Geoffroy, François Gheusi, Rachel Honnert, Jean-Philippe Lafore, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Quentin Libois, Thibaut Lunet, Céline Mari, Tomislav Maric, Patrick Mascart, Maxime Mogé, Gilles Molinié, Olivier Nuissier, Florian Pantillon, Philippe Peyrillé, Julien Pergaud, Emilie Perraud, Joris Pianezze, Jean-Luc Redelsperger, Didier Ricard, Evelyne Richard, Sébastien Riette, Quentin Rodier, Robert Schoetter, Léo Seyfried, Joël Stein, Karsten Suhre, Marie Taufour, Odile Thouron, Sandra Turner, Antoine Verrelle, Benoît Vié, Florian Visentin, Vincent Vionnet, and Philippe Wautelet
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 1929–1969, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1929-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1929-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4, which is an atmospheric non-hydrostatic research model that is applied on synoptic to turbulent scales. The model includes advanced numerical techniques and state-of-the-art physics parameterization schemes. It has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling.
Paolo Di Girolamo, Andrea Scoccione, Marco Cacciani, Donato Summa, Benedetto De Rosa, and Jan H. Schween
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 4885–4896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4885-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4885-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper illustrates what we believe are the first measurements of a phenomenon taking place in upper portion of the convective boundary layer in clear-air conditions leading to the appearance of a persistent minimum in lidar backscatter echoes, with alternating intensifications and attenuations. The paper gives experimental evidence of the phenomenon and provides possible interpretations for its occurrence referring to both hygroscopic and scattering properties of sounded aerosol particles.
Frédérique Saïd, Bernard Campistron, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1669–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1669-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1669-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical profiles of the atmospheric water vapor mixing ratio are retrieved with an algorithm based on the combination of measurements from a wind profiler radar and radiosoundings at a coarser time resolution. The major advance with respect to previous works is the use of the radar capacity to detect transition levels, such as the top level of the boundary layer, marked by a maximum in the radar reflectivity.
Javier Andrey-Andrés, Nadia Fourrié, Vincent Guidard, Raymond Armante, Pascal Brunel, Cyril Crevoisier, and Bernard Tournier
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 803–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-803-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-803-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A new generation of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) sounders, whose highly accurate measurements are commonly used in environment applications, has already been designed: IASI New Generation (IASI-NG). A database of IASI and IASI-NG simulated observations was built to set a common framework for future impact studies. This first study showed the IASI-NG benefit with an improvement of the temperature retrievals throughout the atmosphere and a lower benefit for the humidity.
Aurore Voldoire, Bertrand Decharme, Joris Pianezze, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Florence Sevault, Léo Seyfried, Valérie Garnier, Soline Bielli, Sophie Valcke, Antoinette Alias, Mickael Accensi, Fabrice Ardhuin, Marie-Noëlle Bouin, Véronique Ducrocq, Stéphanie Faroux, Hervé Giordani, Fabien Léger, Patrick Marsaleix, Romain Rainaud, Jean-Luc Redelsperger, Evelyne Richard, and Sébastien Riette
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4207–4227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4207-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4207-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the principles of the new coupling interface based on the SURFEX multi-surface model and the OASIS3-MCT coupler. As SURFEX can be plugged into several atmospheric models, it can be used in a wide range of applications. The objective of this development is to build and share a common structure for the atmosphere–surface coupling of all these applications, involving on the one hand atmospheric models and on the other hand ocean, ice, hydrology, and wave models.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Vassiliki Kotroni, Konstantinos Lagouvardos, Martina Klose, Cyrille Flamant, and Theodore M. Giannaros
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2925–2945, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2925-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2925-2017, 2017
Alberto Caldas-Álvarez, Samiro Khodayar, and Olivier Bock
Adv. Sci. Res., 14, 157–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-157-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-157-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The representation of the atmospheric moisture distribution in weather and climate prediction models has been identified as a source of error in the representation of heavy precipitation events. This research work shows the relevance of overcoming deficiencies in the representation of the moisture content in the vertical direction, even after assimilating humidity data for a case study characteristic of the western Mediterranean by early autumn.
Andreas Macke, Patric Seifert, Holger Baars, Christian Barthlott, Christoph Beekmans, Andreas Behrendt, Birger Bohn, Matthias Brueck, Johannes Bühl, Susanne Crewell, Thomas Damian, Hartwig Deneke, Sebastian Düsing, Andreas Foth, Paolo Di Girolamo, Eva Hammann, Rieke Heinze, Anne Hirsikko, John Kalisch, Norbert Kalthoff, Stefan Kinne, Martin Kohler, Ulrich Löhnert, Bomidi Lakshmi Madhavan, Vera Maurer, Shravan Kumar Muppa, Jan Schween, Ilya Serikov, Holger Siebert, Clemens Simmer, Florian Späth, Sandra Steinke, Katja Träumner, Silke Trömel, Birgit Wehner, Andreas Wieser, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Xinxin Xie
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 4887–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4887-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4887-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This article provides an overview of the instrumental setup and the main results obtained during the two HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiments HOPE-Jülich and HOPE-Melpitz conducted in Germany in April–May and Sept 2013, respectively. Goal of the field experiments was to provide high-resolution observational datasets for both, improving the understaning of boundary layer and cloud processes, as well as for the evaluation of the new ICON model that is run at 156 m horizontal resolution.
Paolo Di Girolamo, Marco Cacciani, Donato Summa, Andrea Scoccione, Benedetto De Rosa, Andreas Behrendt, and Volker Wulfmeyer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 745–767, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-745-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-745-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports what we believe are the first measurements throughout the atmospheric convective boundary layer of higher-order moments (up to the fourth) of the turbulent fluctuations of water vapour mixing ratio and temperature performed by a single lidar system, i.e. the Raman lidar system BASIL. These measurements, in combination with measurements from other lidar systems, are fundamental to verify and possibly improve turbulence parametrisation in weather and climate models.
María Barrera-Verdejo, Susanne Crewell, Ulrich Löhnert, Emiliano Orlandi, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4013–4028, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4013-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4013-2016, 2016
Emmanouil Flaounas, Vassiliki Kotroni, Konstantinos Lagouvardos, Martina Klose, Cyrille Flamant, and Theodore M. Giannaros
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-307, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-307, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
P. Stocchi and S. Davolio
Adv. Sci. Res., 13, 7–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-7-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-7-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Three heavy rain events over NE Alps were simulated using a high-resolution model to evaluate the effect of the SST of the Adriatic Sea.
These preliminary results show that SST influences the surface heat fluxes over the sea, but does not necessary affect the vertical integrated water vapour flux across the coast.
The response of heavy precipitation to a SST change is complex: SST affects the PBL characteristics and thus the flow dynamics and its interaction with orography.
B. Vié, J.-P. Pinty, S. Berthet, and M. Leriche
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 567–586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-567-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-567-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
LIMA, a new quasi two-moment, mixed-phase microphysical scheme, is introduced. LIMA relies on the prognostic evolution of a multimodal aerosol population and the careful description of their nucleating properties that enable cloud droplets and pristine ice to form. This paper describes LIMA and illustrates its ability to represent aerosol-cloud interactions for 2-D idealized simulations of a squall line and orographic cold clouds.
C. Flamant, J.-P. Chaboureau, P. Chazette, P. Di Girolamo, T. Bourrianne, J. Totems, and M. Cacciani
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12231–12249, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12231-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12231-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze the direct radiative impact of an intense African dust plume on orographic precipitation in the western Mediterranean in the fall of 2012 using high-resolution simulations from a convection permitting mesoscale model validated against measurements acquired during the first special observation period of HyMeX. We show that the dust's direct radiative effect in such a dynamical environment is not sufficient to impact 24h of accumulated rainfall over the Cevennes in the dust simulation.
A. Foth, H. Baars, P. Di Girolamo, and B. Pospichal
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7753–7763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to derive water vapour profiles from Raman lidar measurements calibrated by the integrated water vapour from a collocated microwave radiometer. These simultaneous observations provide an operational and continuous measurement of water vapour profiles. The stability of the calibration factor allows for the calibration of the lidar even in the presence of clouds. Based on this approach, water vapour profiles can be retrieved during all non-precipitating conditions.
N. Fourrié, É. Bresson, M. Nuret, C. Jany, P. Brousseau, A. Doerenbecher, M. Kreitz, O. Nuissier, E. Sevault, H. Bénichou, M. Amodei, and F. Pouponneau
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1919–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1919-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1919-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
To support the instrument deployment during HyMeX, aiming at studying the high precipitation in the Mediterranean area, a dedicated version of the operational convective-scale AROME-France model was developed: the AROME-WMED model. This paper presents the main features of this numerical weather prediction system in terms of data assimilation and forecast. The forecast skill of the model is then assessed during the HyMeX special observation periods and compared to the operational AROME-France.
M. Barrera-Verdejo, S. Crewell, U. Löhnert, E. Orlandi, and P. Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-5467-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-5467-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
A. Hally, O. Caumont, L. Garrote, E. Richard, A. Weerts, F. Delogu, E. Fiori, N. Rebora, A. Parodi, A. Mihalović, M. Ivković, L. Dekić, W. van Verseveld, O. Nuissier, V. Ducrocq, D. D'Agostino, A. Galizia, E. Danovaro, and A. Clematis
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 537–555, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-537-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-537-2015, 2015
S. Steinke, S. Eikenberg, U. Löhnert, G. Dick, D. Klocke, P. Di Girolamo, and S. Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2675–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2675-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2675-2015, 2015
E. Defer, J.-P. Pinty, S. Coquillat, J.-M. Martin, S. Prieur, S. Soula, E. Richard, W. Rison, P. Krehbiel, R. Thomas, D. Rodeheffer, C. Vergeiner, F. Malaterre, S. Pedeboy, W. Schulz, T. Farges, L.-J. Gallin, P. Ortéga, J.-F. Ribaud, G. Anderson, H.-D. Betz, B. Meneux, V. Kotroni, K. Lagouvardos, S. Roos, V. Ducrocq, O. Roussot, L. Labatut, and G. Molinié
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 649–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-649-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-649-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The paper summarizes the scientific objectives and the observational/modeling strategy of the atmospheric electricity PEACH project of the HyMeX program focusing on the lightning activity and the electrical state of Mediterranean thunderstorms. Examples of concurrent observations from radio frequency to acoustic for regular and atypical lightning flashes and for storms are discussed, showing the unique and comprehensive description of lightning flashes recorded during a dedicated field campaign.
E. Flaounas, V. Kotroni, K. Lagouvardos, and I. Flaounas
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1841–1853, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1841-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1841-2014, 2014
R. Ferretti, E. Pichelli, S. Gentile, I. Maiello, D. Cimini, S. Davolio, M. M. Miglietta, G. Panegrossi, L. Baldini, F. Pasi, F. S. Marzano, A. Zinzi, S. Mariani, M. Casaioli, G. Bartolini, N. Loglisci, A. Montani, C. Marsigli, A. Manzato, A. Pucillo, M. E. Ferrario, V. Colaiuda, and R. Rotunno
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1953–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, 2014
A. Buzzi, S. Davolio, P. Malguzzi, O. Drofa, and D. Mastrangelo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1325–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1325-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1325-2014, 2014
A. Hally, E. Richard, and V. Ducrocq
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1071–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1071-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1071-2014, 2014
H. Brenot, A. Walpersdorf, M. Reverdy, J. van Baelen, V. Ducrocq, C. Champollion, F. Masson, E. Doerflinger, P. Collard, and P. Giroux
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 553–578, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-553-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-553-2014, 2014
S. Davolio, M. M. Miglietta, T. Diomede, C. Marsigli, and A. Montani
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2107–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2107-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2107-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Clouds and Precipitation | Research Activity: Atmospheric Modelling and Data Analysis | Altitude Range: Troposphere | Science Focus: Physics (physical properties and processes)
Finite domains cause bias in measured and modeled distributions of cloud sizes
A systematic evaluation of high-cloud controlling factors
Tracking precipitation features and associated large-scale environments over southeastern Texas
Revisiting the evolution of downhill thunderstorms over Beijing: a new perspective from a radar wind profiler mesonet
How well can persistent contrails be predicted? An update
Present-day correlations are insufficient to predict cloud albedo change by anthropogenic aerosols in E3SM v2
Simulations of primary and secondary ice production during an Arctic mixed-phase cloud case from the Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT) campaign
Microphysical characteristics of precipitation within convective overshooting over East China observed by GPM DPR and ERA5
Effects of radiative cooling on advection fog over the northwest Pacific Ocean: observations and large-eddy simulations
Evaluating the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process in ICON in large-eddy mode with in situ observations from the CLOUDLAB project
Aerosol-induced closure of marine cloud cells: enhanced effects in the presence of precipitation
Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study
Developing a climatological simplification of aerosols to enter the cloud microphysics of a global climate model
Interactions between trade wind clouds and local forcings over the Great Barrier Reef: a case study using convection-permitting simulations
Variability in the properties of the distribution of the relative humidity with respect to ice: implications for contrail formation
Simulating the seeder–feeder impacts on cloud ice and precipitation over the Alps
Cloud response to co-condensation of water and organic vapors over the boreal forest
Distribution and morphology of non-persistent contrail and persistent contrail formation areas in ERA5
Glaciation of Mixed-Phase Clouds: Insights from Bulk Model and Bin-Microphysics Large-Eddy Simulation Informed by Laboratory Experiment
Above-cloud concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei help to sustain some Arctic low-level clouds
Contrail formation on ambient aerosol particles for aircraft with hydrogen combustion: a box model trajectory study
Effects of intermittent aerosol forcing on the stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition
Cloud properties and their projected changes in CMIP models with low to high climate sensitivity
Thermal-Driven Graupel Generation Process to Explain Dry-Season Convective Vigor over the Amazon
Water isotopic characterisation of the cloud–circulation coupling in the North Atlantic trades – Part 2: The imprint of the atmospheric circulation at different scales
Impact of urban land use on mean and heavy rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon
Understanding Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in a Single-Column Model: Intercomparison with Process-Level Models and Evaluation against ACTIVATE Field Measurements
Towards a more reliable forecast of ice supersaturation: concept of a one-moment ice-cloud scheme that avoids saturation adjustment
Microphysical processes involving the vapour phase dominate in simulated low-level Arctic clouds
Opinion: Tropical cirrus – from micro-scale processes to climate-scale impacts
Exploring aerosol-cloud interactions in liquid-phase clouds over eastern China and its adjacent ocean using the WRF-Chem-SBM model
Water isotopic characterisation of the cloud–circulation coupling in the North Atlantic trades – Part 1: A process-oriented evaluation of COSMOiso simulations with EUREC4A observations
Assimilation of 3D polarimetric microphysical retrievals in a convective-scale NWP system
Sensitivity of cloud-phase distribution to cloud microphysics and thermodynamics in simulated deep convective clouds and SEVIRI retrievals
Assessing the destructiveness of tropical cyclones induced by anthropogenic aerosols in an atmosphere–ocean coupled framework
Opinion: A critical evaluation of the evidence for aerosol invigoration of deep convection
Historical (1960–2014) lightning and LNOx trends and their controlling factors in a chemistry–climate model
The chance of freezing – a conceptional study to parameterize temperature-dependent freezing by including randomness of ice-nucleating particle concentrations
On the sensitivity of aerosol-cloud interactions to changes in sea surface temperature in radiative-convective equilibrium
Evaluation of hygroscopic cloud seeding in warm-rain processes by a hybrid microphysics scheme using a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model: a real case study
Radiation fog properties in two consecutive events under polluted and clean conditions in the Yangtze River Delta, China: a simulation study
A bin microphysics parcel model investigation of secondary ice formation in an idealised shallow convective cloud
Influence of atmospheric rivers and associated weather systems on precipitation in the Arctic
Insights of warm-cloud biases in Community Atmospheric Model 5 and 6 from the single-column modeling framework and Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) observations
Interaction of microphysics and dynamics in a warm conveyor belt simulated with the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model
Does prognostic seeding along flight tracks produce the desired effects of cirrus cloud thinning?
Large-eddy simulation of a two-layer boundary-layer cloud system from the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition
Opposing trends of cloud coverage over land and ocean under global warming
Aerosol–cloud–radiation interaction during Saharan dust episodes: the dusty cirrus puzzle
Aerosol–cloud impacts on aerosol detrainment and rainout in shallow maritime tropical clouds
Thomas D. DeWitt and Timothy J. Garrett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8457–8472, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is considerable disagreement on mathematical parameters that describe the number of clouds of different sizes as well as the size of the largest clouds. Both are key defining characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. A previous study provided an incorrect explanation for the disagreement. Instead, the disagreement may be explained by prior studies not properly accounting for the size of their measurement domain. We offer recommendations for how the domain size can be accounted for.
Sarah Wilson Kemsley, Paulo Ceppi, Hendrik Andersen, Jan Cermak, Philip Stier, and Peer Nowack
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8295–8316, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8295-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8295-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Aiming to inform parameter selection for future observational constraint analyses, we incorporate five candidate meteorological drivers specifically targeting high clouds into a cloud controlling factor framework within a range of spatial domain sizes. We find a discrepancy between optimal domain size for predicting locally and globally aggregated cloud radiative anomalies and identify upper-tropospheric static stability as an important high-cloud controlling factor.
Ye Liu, Yun Qian, Larry K. Berg, Zhe Feng, Jianfeng Li, Jingyi Chen, and Zhao Yang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8165–8181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection under various large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) shows distinct precipitation features. In southeastern Texas, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute significantly to precipitation year-round, while isolated deep convection (IDC) is prominent in summer and fall. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) reveal convection can occur without large-scale lifting or moisture convergence. MCSs and IDC events have distinct life cycles influenced by specific LSMPs.
Xiaoran Guo, Jianping Guo, Tianmeng Chen, Ning Li, Fan Zhang, and Yuping Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8067–8083, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The prediction of downhill thunderstorms (DSs) remains elusive. We propose an objective method to identify DSs, based on which enhanced and dissipated DSs are discriminated. A radar wind profiler (RWP) mesonet is used to derive divergence and vertical velocity. The mid-troposphere divergence and prevailing westerlies enhance the intensity of DSs, whereas low-level divergence is observed when the DS dissipates. The findings highlight the key role that an RWP mesonet plays in the evolution of DSs.
Sina Hofer, Klaus Gierens, and Susanne Rohs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7911–7925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7911-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7911-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We try to improve the forecast of ice supersaturation (ISS) and potential persistent contrails using data on dynamical quantities in addition to temperature and relative humidity in a modern kind of regression model. Although the results are improved, they are not good enough for flight routing. The origin of the problem is the strong overlap of probability densities conditioned on cases with and without ice-supersaturated regions (ISSRs) in the important range of 70–100 %.
Naser Mahfouz, Johannes Mülmenstädt, and Susannah Burrows
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7253–7260, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7253-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7253-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are our primary tool to probe past, present, and future climate states unlike the more recent observation record. By constructing a hypothetical model configuration, we show that present-day correlations are insufficient to predict a persistent uncertainty in climate projection (how much sun because clouds will reflect in a changing climate). We hope our result will contribute to the scholarly conversation on better utilizing observations to constrain climate uncertainties.
Britta Schäfer, Robert Oscar David, Paraskevi Georgakaki, Julie Thérèse Pasquier, Georgia Sotiropoulou, and Trude Storelvmo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7179–7202, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7179-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7179-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Mixed-phase clouds, i.e., clouds consisting of ice and supercooled water, are very common in the Arctic. However, how these clouds form is often not correctly represented in standard weather models. We show that both ice crystal concentrations in the cloud and precipitation from the cloud can be improved in the model when aerosol concentrations are prescribed from observations and when more processes for ice multiplication, i.e., the production of new ice particles from existing ice, are added.
Nan Sun, Gaopeng Lu, and Yunfei Fu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 7123–7135, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7123-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-7123-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microphysical characteristics of convective overshooting are essential but poorly understood, and we examine them by using the latest data. (1) Convective overshooting events mainly occur over NC (Northeast China) and northern MEC (Middle and East China). (2) Radar reflectivity of convective overshooting over NC accounts for a higher proportion below the zero level, while the opposite is the case for MEC and SC (South China). (3) Droplets of convective overshooting are large but sparse.
Liu Yang, Saisai Ding, Jing-Wu Liu, and Su-Ping Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6809–6824, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Advection fog occurs when warm and moist air moves over a cold sea surface. In this situation, the temperature of the foggy air usually drops below the sea surface temperature (SST), particularly at night. High-resolution simulations show that the cooling effect of longwave radiation from the top of the fog layer permeates through the fog, resulting in a cooling of the surface air below SST. This study emphasizes the significance of monitoring air temperature to enhance sea fog forecasting.
Nadja Omanovic, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Christopher Fuchs, Jan Henneberger, Anna J. Miller, Kevin Ohneiser, Fabiola Ramelli, Patric Seifert, Robert Spirig, Huiying Zhang, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6825–6844, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present simulations with a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model to study the growth of ice crystals in low clouds following glaciogenic seeding. We show that the simulated ice crystals grow slower than observed and do not consume as many cloud droplets as measured in the field. This may have implications for forecasting precipitation, as the ice phase is crucial for precipitation at middle and high latitudes.
Matthew W. Christensen, Peng Wu, Adam C. Varble, Heng Xiao, and Jerome D. Fast
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6455–6476, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6455-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6455-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds are essential to keep Earth cooler by reflecting sunlight back to space. We show that an increase in aerosol concentration suppresses precipitation in clouds, causing them to accumulate water and expand in a polluted environment with stronger turbulence and radiative cooling. This process enhances their reflectance by 51 %. It is therefore prudent to account for cloud fraction changes in assessments of aerosol–cloud interactions to improve predictions of climate change.
Jing Yang, Shiye Huang, Tianqi Yang, Qilin Zhang, Yuting Deng, and Yubao Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5989–6010, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study contributes to filling the dearth of understanding the impacts of different secondary ice production (SIP) processes on the cloud electrification in cold-season thunderstorms. The results suggest that SIP, especially the rime-splintering process and the shattering of freezing drops, has significant impacts on the charge structure of the storm. In addition, the modeled radar composite reflectivity and flash rate are improved after implementing the SIP processes in the model.
Ulrike Proske, Sylvaine Ferrachat, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5907–5933, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models include treatment of aerosol particles because these influence clouds and radiation. Over time their representation has grown increasingly detailed. This complexity may hinder our understanding of model behaviour. Thus here we simplify the aerosol representation of our climate model by prescribing mean concentrations, which saves run time and helps to discover unexpected model behaviour. We conclude that simplifications provide a new perspective for model study and development.
Wenhui Zhao, Yi Huang, Steven Siems, Michael Manton, and Daniel Harrison
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5713–5736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5713-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5713-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how shallow clouds and rain behave over the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) using a detailed weather model. We found that the shape of the land, especially mountains, and particles in the air play big roles in influencing these clouds. Surprisingly, the sea's temperature had a smaller effect. Our research helps us understand the GBR's climate and how various factors can influence it, where the importance of the local cloud in thermal coral bleaching has recently been identified.
Sidiki Sanogo, Olivier Boucher, Nicolas Bellouin, Audran Borella, Kevin Wolf, and Susanne Rohs
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5495–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Relative humidity relative to ice (RHi) is a key variable in the formation of cirrus clouds and contrails. This study shows that the properties of the probability density function of RHi differ between the tropics and higher latitudes. In line with RHi and temperature variability, aircraft are likely to produce more contrails with bioethanol and liquid hydrogen as fuel. The impact of this fuel change decreases with decreasing pressure levels but increases from high latitudes to the tropics.
Zane Dedekind, Ulrike Proske, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Ulrike Lohmann, and David Neubauer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5389–5404, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5389-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5389-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice particles precipitating into lower clouds from an upper cloud, the seeder–feeder process, can enhance precipitation. A numerical modeling study conducted in the Swiss Alps found that 48 % of observed clouds were overlapping, with the seeder–feeder process occurring in 10 % of these clouds. Inhibiting the seeder–feeder process reduced the surface precipitation and ice particle growth rates, which were further reduced when additional ice multiplication processes were included in the model.
Liine Heikkinen, Daniel G. Partridge, Sara Blichner, Wei Huang, Rahul Ranjan, Paul Bowen, Emanuele Tovazzi, Tuukka Petäjä, Claudia Mohr, and Ilona Riipinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5117–5147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The organic vapor condensation with water vapor (co-condensation) in rising air below clouds is modeled in this work over the boreal forest because the forest air is rich in organic vapors. We show that the number of cloud droplets can increase by 20 % if considering co-condensation. The enhancements are even larger if the air contains many small, naturally produced aerosol particles. Such conditions are most frequently met in spring in the boreal forest.
Kevin Wolf, Nicolas Bellouin, and Olivier Boucher
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5009–5024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5009-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5009-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The contrail formation potential and its tempo-spatial distribution are estimated for the North Atlantic flight corridor. Meteorological conditions of temperature and relative humidity are taken from the ERA5 re-analysis and IAGOS. Based on IAGOS flight tracks, crossing length, size, orientation, frequency of occurrence, and overlap of persistent contrail formation areas are determined. The presented conclusions might provide a guide for statistical flight track optimization to reduce contrails.
Aaron Wang, Steve Krueger, Sisi Chen, Mikhail Ovchinnikov, Will Cantrell, and Raymond A. Shaw
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1140, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1140, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study employs two methods to examine a laboratory experiment on clouds with both ice and liquid phases. The first assumes well-mixed properties; the second resolves the spatial distribution of turbulence and cloud particles. Results show that while the trends in mean properties generally align, when turbulence is resolved, liquid droplets are not fully depleted by ice due to incomplete mixing. This underscores the threshold of ice mass fraction in distinguishing mixed-phase from ice clouds.
Lucas J. Sterzinger and Adele L. Igel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 3529–3540, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-3529-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using idealized large eddy simulations, we find that clouds forming in the Arctic in environments with low concentrations of aerosol particles may be sustained by mixing in new particles through the cloud top. Observations show that higher concentrations of these particles regularly exist above cloud top in concentrations that are sufficient to promote this sustenance.
Andreas Bier, Simon Unterstrasser, Josef Zink, Dennis Hillenbrand, Tina Jurkat-Witschas, and Annemarie Lottermoser
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2319–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using hydrogen as aviation fuel affects contrails' climate impact. We study contrail formation behind aircraft with H2 combustion. Due to the absence of soot emissions, contrail ice crystals are assumed to form only on ambient particles mixed into the plume. The ice crystal number, which strongly varies with temperature and aerosol number density, is decreased by more than 80 %–90 % compared to kerosene contrails. However H2 contrails can form at lower altitudes due to higher H2O emissions.
Prasanth Prabhakaran, Fabian Hoffmann, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1919–1937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1919-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1919-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we explore the impact of deliberate aerosol perturbation in the northeast Pacific region using large-eddy simulations. Our results show that cloud reflectivity is sensitive to the aerosol sprayer arrangement in the pristine system, whereas in the polluted system it is largely proportional to the total number of aerosol particles injected. These insights would aid in assessing the efficiency of various aerosol injection strategies for climate intervention applications.
Lisa Bock and Axel Lauer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1587–1605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate model simulations still show a large range of effective climate sensitivity (ECS) with high uncertainties. An important contribution to ECS is cloud climate feedback. We investigate the representation of cloud physical and radiative properties from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models grouped by ECS. We compare the simulated cloud properties of today’s climate from three ECS groups and quantify how the projected changes in cloud properties and cloud radiative effects differ.
Toshi Matsui, Daniel Hernandez-Deckers, Scott Giangrande, Thiago Biscaro, Ann Fridlind, and Scott Braun
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using computer simulations and real measurements, we discovered that during the dry periods, storms were narrower but more intense, producing heavier rain and more ice particles in the clouds. Our research showed that cumulus bubbles played a key role in creating these intense storms. This study can improve how continental and ocean environments affect tropical regions' rainfall patterns.
Leonie Villiger and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 957–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-957-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-957-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Three numerical simulations performed with an isotope-enabled weather forecast model are used to investigate the cloud–circulation coupling between shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds and atmospheric circulations on different scales. It is shown that stable water isotopes near cloud base in the tropics reflect (1) the diel cycle of the atmospheric circulation, which drives the formation and dissipation of clouds, and (2) changes in the large-scale circulation over the North Atlantic.
Renaud Falga and Chien Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-631-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-631-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of urban land use on regional meteorology and rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon has been assessed in this study. Using a cloud-resolving model centered around Kolkata, we have shown that the urban heat island effect led to a rainfall enhancement via the amplification of convective activity, especially during the night. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the kinetic effect of the city induced the initiation of a nighttime storm.
Shuaiqi Tang, Hailong Wang, Xiang-Yu Li, Jingyi Chen, Armin Sorooshian, Xubin Zeng, Ewan Crosbie, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Luke D. Ziemba, and Christiane Voigt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3149, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3149, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We examined marine boundary-layer clouds and their interactions with aerosols in the E3SM single-column model (SCM) for a case study. The SCM shows good agreement in simulating the clouds with high-resolution models. It reproduces the relationship between cloud droplet and aerosol particle number concentrations as produced in global models. However, the relationship between cloud liquid water and droplet number concentration are different, which warrants further investigation.
Dario Sperber and Klaus Gierens
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15609–15627, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A significant share of aviation's climate impact is due to persistent contrails. Avoiding their creation is a step toward sustainable air transportation. For this purpose, a reliable forecast of so-called ice-supersaturated regions is needed, which then allows one to plan aircraft routes without persistent contrails. Here, we propose a method that leads to the better prediction of ice-supersaturated regions.
Theresa Kiszler, Davide Ori, and Vera Schemann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2986, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2986, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates microphysical processes in simulated clouds. The focus lies on low-level clouds in the Arctic and their phase-partitioning. We found that the dominating phase changes are via the vapour phase and that there are differences between the polar night and day. We quantified the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process and showed that it decreases the liquid substantially. This study improves our understanding of microphysical processes in models and gives ideas for improvements.
Blaž Gasparini, Sylvia C. Sullivan, Adam B. Sokol, Bernd Kärcher, Eric Jensen, and Dennis L. Hartmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 15413–15444, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-15413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cirrus clouds are essential for climate, but our understanding of these clouds is limited due to their dependence on a wide range of small- and large-scale climate processes. In this opinion paper, we review recent advances in the study of tropical cirrus clouds, point out remaining open questions, and suggest ways to resolve them.
Jianqi Zhao, Xiaoyan Ma, Johannes Quaas, and Hailing Jia
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2858, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2858, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explore aerosol-cloud interactions in liquid-phase clouds over eastern China and its adjacent ocean in winter based on WRF-Chem-SBM model which couples a spectral-bin cloud microphysics and online aerosol module. Our study highlights the differences in aerosol-cloud interactions between land and ocean, precipitation clouds and non-precipitation clouds, and differentiates and quantifies their underlying mechanisms.
Leonie Villiger, Marina Dütsch, Sandrine Bony, Marie Lothon, Stephan Pfahl, Heini Wernli, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Patrick Chazette, Pierre Coutris, Julien Delanoë, Cyrille Flamant, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Martin Werner, and Franziska Aemisegger
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14643–14672, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates three numerical simulations performed with an isotope-enabled weather forecast model and investigates the coupling between shallow trade-wind cumulus clouds and atmospheric circulations on different scales. We show that the simulations reproduce key characteristics of shallow trade-wind clouds as observed during the field experiment EUREC4A and that the spatial distribution of stable-water-vapour isotopes is shaped by the overturning circulation associated with these clouds.
Lucas Reimann, Clemens Simmer, and Silke Trömel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14219–14237, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14219-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14219-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polarimetric radar observations were assimilated for the first time in a convective-scale numerical weather prediction system in Germany and their impact on short-term precipitation forecasts was evaluated. The assimilation was performed using microphysical retrievals of liquid and ice water content and yielded slightly improved deterministic 9 h precipitation forecasts for three intense summer precipitation cases with respect to the assimilation of radar reflectivity alone.
Cunbo Han, Corinna Hoose, Martin Stengel, Quentin Coopman, and Andrew Barrett
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14077–14095, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14077-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14077-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud phase has been found to significantly impact cloud thermodynamics and Earth’s radiation budget, and various factors influence it. This study investigates the sensitivity of the cloud-phase distribution to the ice-nucleating particle concentration and thermodynamics. Multiple simulation experiments were performed using the ICON model at the convection-permitting resolution of 1.2 km. Simulation results were compared to two different retrieval products based on SEVIRI measurements.
Yun Lin, Yuan Wang, Jen-Shan Hsieh, Jonathan H. Jiang, Qiong Su, Lijun Zhao, Michael Lavallee, and Renyi Zhang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13835–13852, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) can cause catastrophic damage to coastal regions. We used a numerical model that explicitly simulates aerosol–cloud interaction and atmosphere–ocean coupling. We show that aerosols and ocean coupling work together to make TC storms bigger but weaker. Moreover, TCs in polluted air have more rainfall and higher sea levels, leading to more severe storm surges and flooding. Our research highlights the roles of aerosols and ocean-coupling feedbacks in TC hazard assessment.
Adam C. Varble, Adele L. Igel, Hugh Morrison, Wojciech W. Grabowski, and Zachary J. Lebo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13791–13808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13791-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13791-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As atmospheric particles called aerosols increase in number, the number of droplets in clouds tends to increase, which has been theorized to increase storm intensity. We critically evaluate the evidence for this theory, showing that flaws and limitations of previous studies coupled with unaddressed cloud process complexities draw it into question. We provide recommendations for future observations and modeling to overcome current uncertainties.
Yanfeng He and Kengo Sudo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13061–13085, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lightning has big social impacts. Lightning-produced NOx (LNOx) plays a vital role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. Investigating past lightning and LNOx trends can provide essential indicators of all lightning-related phenomena. Simulations show almost flat global lightning and LNOx trends during 1960–2014. Past global warming enhances the trends positively, but increases in aerosol have the opposite effect. Moreover, global lightning decreased markedly after the Pinatubo eruption.
Hannah C. Frostenberg, André Welti, Mikael Luhr, Julien Savre, Erik S. Thomson, and Luisa Ickes
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10883–10900, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10883-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations show that ice-nucleating particle concentrations (INPCs) have a large variety and follow lognormal distributions for a given temperature. We introduce a new immersion freezing parameterization that applies this lognormal behavior. INPCs are drawn randomly from a temperature-dependent lognormal distribution. We then show that the ice content of the modeled Arctic stratocumulus cloud is highly sensitive to the probability of drawing large INPCs.
Suf Lorian and Guy Dagan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2096, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2096, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the combined effect of aerosols and sea surface temperature (SST) on clouds under equilibrium conditions in cloud-resolving radiative-convective equilibrium simulations. We demonstrate that the aerosol-cloud interaction effect on top-of-atmosphere energy gain strongly depends on the underlying SST, while the short-wave part of the spectrum is significantly more sensitive to SST. Furthermore, increasing aerosols influences upper troposphere stability and thus anvil cloud fraction.
Kai-I Lin, Kao-Shen Chung, Sheng-Hsiang Wang, Li-Hsin Chen, Yu-Chieng Liou, Pay-Liam Lin, Wei-Yu Chang, Hsien-Jung Chiu, and Yi-Hui Chang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10423–10438, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10423-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10423-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops a hybrid microphysics scheme to enable the complex model simulation of cloud seeding based on observational cloud condensation nuclei size distribution. Our results show that more precipitation can be developed in the scenarios seeding in the in-cloud region, and seeding over an area of tens km2 is the most efficient strategy due to the strengthening of the accretion process. Moreover, particles bigger than 0.4 μm are the main factor contributing to cloud-seeding effects.
Naifu Shao, Chunsong Lu, Xingcan Jia, Yuan Wang, Yubin Li, Yan Yin, Bin Zhu, Tianliang Zhao, Duanyang Liu, Shengjie Niu, Shuxian Fan, Shuqi Yan, and Jingjing Lv
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9873–9890, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9873-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9873-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fog is an important meteorological phenomenon that affects visibility. Aerosols and the planetary boundary layer (PBL) play critical roles in the fog life cycle. In this study, aerosol-induced changes in fog properties become more remarkable in the second fog (Fog2) than in the first fog (Fog1). The reason is that aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) delays Fog1 dissipation, leading to the PBL meteorological conditions being more conducive to Fog2 formation and to stronger ACI in Fog2.
Rachel L. James, Jonathan Crosier, and Paul J. Connolly
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9099–9121, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9099-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9099-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) may significantly enhance the ice particle concentration in mixed-phase clouds. We present a systematic modelling study of secondary ice formation in idealised shallow convective clouds for various conditions. Our results suggest that the SIP mechanism of collisions of supercooled water drops with more massive ice particles may be a significant ice formation mechanism in shallow convective clouds outside the rime-splintering temperature range (−3 to −8 °C).
Melanie Lauer, Annette Rinke, Irina Gorodetskaya, Michael Sprenger, Mario Mech, and Susanne Crewell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8705–8726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method to analyse the influence of atmospheric rivers (ARs), cyclones, and fronts on the precipitation in the Arctic, based on two campaigns: ACLOUD (early summer 2017) and AFLUX (early spring 2019). There are differences between both campaign periods: in early summer, the precipitation is mostly related to ARs and fronts, especially when they are co-located, while in early spring, cyclones isolated from ARs and fronts contributed most to the precipitation.
Yuan Wang, Xiaojian Zheng, Xiquan Dong, Baike Xi, and Yuk L. Yung
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8591–8605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8591-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8591-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Marine boundary layer clouds remain poorly predicted in global climate models due to multiple entangled uncertainty sources. This study uses the in situ observations from a recent field campaign to constrain and evaluate cloud physics in a simplified version of a climate model. Progress and remaining issues in the cloud physics parameterizations are identified. We systematically evaluate the impacts of large-scale forcing, microphysical scheme, and aerosol concentrations on the cloud property.
Annika Oertel, Annette K. Miltenberger, Christian M. Grams, and Corinna Hoose
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8553–8581, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8553-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8553-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are cloud- and precipitation-producing airstreams in extratropical cyclones that are important for the large-scale flow and cloud radiative forcing. We analyze cloud formation processes during WCB ascent in a two-moment microphysics scheme. Quantification of individual diabatic heating rates shows the importance of condensation, vapor deposition, rain evaporation, melting, and cloud-top radiative cooling for total heating and WCB-related potential vorticity structure.
Colin Tully, David Neubauer, Diego Villanueva, and Ulrike Lohmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7673–7698, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7673-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7673-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study details the first attempt with a GCM to simulate a fully prognostic aerosol species specifically for cirrus climate intervention. The new approach is in line with the real-world delivery mechanism via aircraft. However, to achieve an appreciable signal from seeding, smaller particles were needed, and their mass emissions needed to be scaled by at least a factor of 100. These biases contributed to either overseeding or small and insignificant effects in response to seeding cirrus.
Ines Bulatovic, Julien Savre, Michael Tjernström, Caroline Leck, and Annica M. L. Ekman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7033–7055, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7033-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7033-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use numerical modeling with detailed cloud microphysics to investigate a low-altitude cloud system consisting of two cloud layers – a type of cloud situation which was commonly observed during the summer of 2018 in the central Arctic (north of 80° N). The model generally reproduces the observed cloud layers and the thermodynamic structure of the lower atmosphere well. The cloud system is maintained unless there are low aerosol number concentrations or high large-scale wind speeds.
Huan Liu, Ilan Koren, Orit Altaratz, and Mickaël D. Chekroun
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6559–6569, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6559-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6559-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds' responses to global warming contribute the largest uncertainty in climate prediction. Here, we analyze 42 years of global cloud cover in reanalysis data and show a decreasing trend over most continents and an increasing trend over the tropical and subtropical oceans. A reduction in near-surface relative humidity can explain the decreasing trend in cloud cover over land. Our results suggest potential stress on the terrestrial water cycle, associated with global warming.
Axel Seifert, Vanessa Bachmann, Florian Filipitsch, Jochen Förstner, Christian M. Grams, Gholam Ali Hoshyaripour, Julian Quinting, Anika Rohde, Heike Vogel, Annette Wagner, and Bernhard Vogel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6409–6430, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate how mineral dust can lead to the formation of cirrus clouds. Dusty cirrus clouds lead to a reduction in solar radiation at the surface and, hence, a reduced photovoltaic power generation. Current weather prediction systems are not able to predict this interaction between mineral dust and cirrus clouds. We have developed a new physical description of the formation of dusty cirrus clouds. Overall we can show a considerable improvement in the forecast quality of clouds and radiation.
Gabrielle R. Leung, Stephen M. Saleeby, G. Alexander Sokolowsky, Sean W. Freeman, and Susan C. van den Heever
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5263–5278, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5263-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5263-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a suite of high-resolution simulations to explore how the concentration and type of aerosol particles impact shallow tropical clouds and the overall aerosol budget. Under more-polluted conditions, there are more aerosol particles present, but we also find that clouds are less able to remove those aerosol particles via rainout. Instead, those aerosol particles are more likely to be detrained aloft and remain in the atmosphere for further aerosol–cloud interactions.
Cited articles
Adirosi, E., Gorgucci, E., Baldini, L., and Tokay, A.: Evaluation of Gamma
Raindrop Size Distribution Assumption through Comparison of Rain Rates of
Measured and Radar-Equivalent Gamma DSD, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Climatol., 53, 1618–1635, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0150.1, 2014.
Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., Lombardo, F., Russo, F., Napolitano, F., Volpi, E.,
and Tokay, A.: Comparison of different fittings of drop spectra for rainfall
retrievals, Adv. Water Resour., 83, 55–67,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.05.009, 2015.
Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Gatlin, P., and Tokay, A.: Improvement
of vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution from micro rain radar
using 2D video disdrometer measurements, Atmos. Res., 169,
404–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.002, 2016.
Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Kohler, M., Handwerker, J., Wieser, A., Corsmeier,
U., Kottmeier, C., Lambert, D., and Bock, O.: The variability of water vapour
and pre-convective conditions over the mountainous island of Corsica,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 335–346,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2545, 2015.
Augros, C., Caumont, O., Ducrocq, V., Gaussiat, N., and Tabary, P.:
Comparisons between S-, C- and X-band polarimetric radar observations and
convective-scale simulations of the HyMeX first special observing period,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 347–362,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2572, 2015.
Barthlott, C. and Kirshbaum, D. J.: Sensitivity of deep convection to
terrain forcing over Mediterranean islands, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1762–1779, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2089, 2013.
Barthlott, C., Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Handwerker, J., Kohler, M., and
Wieser, A.: The role of Corsica in initiating nocturnal offshore convection,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 222–237,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2415, 2016.
Barthlott, C. and Davolio, S.: Mechanisms initiating heavy precipitation
over Italy during HyMeX Special Observation Period 1: a numerical case study
using two mesoscale models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 238–258, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2630, 2016.
Bassi, C.: Modelli meteorologici ad alta risoluzione: simulazione di episodi
di precipitazione intensa in Liguria e Toscana durante la campagna HyMeX,
Università di Milano, available at: https://www.sba.unimi.it/en/thesis/49.html (last access: 28 Januray 2021), 2014.
Bastin, S., Drobinski, P., Chiriaco, M., Bock, O., Roehrig, R., Gallardo, C., Conte, D., Domínguez Alonso, M., Li, L., Lionello, P., and Parracho, A. C.: Impact of humidity biases on light precipitation occurrence: observations versus simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1471–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1471-2019, 2019.
Berthou, S., Mailler, S., Drobinski, P., Arsouze, T., Bastin, S.,
Béranger, K., Flaounas, E., Brossier, C. L., Somot, S., and Stéfanon,
M.: Influence of submonthly air-sea coupling on heavy precipitation events
in the Western Mediterranean basin, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 453–471, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2717, 2016.
Berthou, S., Kendon, E. J., Chan, S. C., Ban, N., Leutwyler, D., Schär,
C., and Fosser, G.: Pan-European climate at convection-permitting scale: a
model intercomparison study, Clim. Dynam., 55, 35–59,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4114-6, 2018.
Bock, O., Bosser, P., Pacione, R., Nuret, M., Fourrié, N., and Parracho,
A.: A high-quality reprocessed ground-based GPS dataset for atmospheric
process studies, radiosonde and model evaluation, and reanalysis of HyMeX
Special Observing Period, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 56–71, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2701, 2016.
Bonan, B., Albergel, C., Zheng, Y., Barbu, A. L., Fairbairn, D., Munier, S., and Calvet, J.-C.: An ensemble square root filter for the joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and leaf area index within the Land Data Assimilation System LDAS-Monde: application over the Euro-Mediterranean region, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 325–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-325-2020, 2020.
Borderies, M., Caumont, O., Delanoë, J., Ducrocq, V., and Fourrié, N.: Assimilation of wind data from airborne Doppler cloud-profiling radar in a kilometre-scale NWP system, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 821–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-821-2019, 2019a.
Borderies, M., Caumont, O., Delanoë, J., Ducrocq, V., Fourrié, N., and Marquet, P.: Impact of airborne cloud radar reflectivity data assimilation on kilometre-scale numerical weather prediction analyses and forecasts of heavy precipitation events, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-907-2019, 2019b.
Borga, M., Comiti, F., Ruin, I., and Marra, F.: Forensic analysis of flash
flood response, WIREs Water, 6, e1338, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1338, 2019.
Bougeault, P., Binder, P., Buzzi, A., Dirks, R., Kuettner, J., Houze, R.,
Smith, R. B., Steinacker, R. and Volkert, H.: The MAP Special Observing
Period, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 433–462,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082< 0433:tmsop>2.3.co;2,
2001.
Bouin, M.-N., Redelsperger, J.-L. and Brossier, C. L.: Processes leading to
deep convection and sensitivity to sea-state representation during HyMeX
IOP8 heavy precipitation event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143(707), 2600–2615, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3111, 2017.
Bouttier, F., Raynaud, L., Nuissier, O., and Ménétrier, B.:
Sensitivity of the AROME ensemble to initial and surface perturbations
during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142,
390–403, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2622, 2015.
Bresson, E., Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., Ricard, D., and de Saint-Aubin, C.: Idealized numerical simulations of quasi-stationary convective
systems over the Northwestern Mediterranean complex terrain, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 138, 1751–1763, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1911, 2012.
Brossier, C. L., Arsouze, T., Béranger, K., Bouin, M.-N., Bresson, E.,
Ducrocq, V., Giordani, H., Nuret, M., Rainaud, R., and Taupier-Letage, I.:
Ocean Mixed Layer responses to intense meteorological events during
HyMeX-SOP1 from a high-resolution ocean simulation, Ocean Model., 84,
84–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.09.009, 2014.
Buzzi, A., Davolio, S., Malguzzi, P., Drofa, O., and Mastrangelo, D.: Heavy rainfall episodes over Liguria in autumn 2011: numerical forecasting experiments, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1325–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1325-2014, 2014.
Caine, S., Lane, T. P., May, P. T., Jakob, C., Siems, S. T., Manton, M. J.,
and Pinto, J.: Statistical Assessment of Tropical Convection-Permitting
Model Simulations Using a Cell-Tracking Algorithm, Mon. Weather Rev.,
141, 557–581, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00274.1, 2013.
Caldas-Álvarez, A., Khodayar, S., and Bock, O.: GPS – Zenith Total Delay assimilation in different resolution simulations of a heavy precipitation event over southern France, Adv. Sci. Res., 14, 157–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-157-2017, 2017.
Caldas-Alvarez, A. and Khodayar, S.: Assessing atmospheric moisture effects on heavy precipitation during HyMeX IOP16 using GPS nudging and dynamical downscaling, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2753–2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020, 2020.
Caldas-Alvarez, A., Khodayar, S., and Knippertz, P.: The impact of GPS and high-resolution radiosonde nudging on the simulation of heavy precipitation during HyMeX IOP6, Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 561–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-561-2021, 2021.
Carrió, D. S., Homar, V., Jansà, A., Picornell, M. A., and Campins, J.:
Diagnosis of a high-impact secondary cyclone during HyMeX-SOP1 IOP18,
Atmos. Res., 242, 104983,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104983, 2020.
Cavaleri, L., Bajo, M., Barbariol, F., Bastianini, M., Benetazzo, A.,
Bertotti, L., Chiggiato, J., Davolio, S., Ferrarin, C., Magnusson, L., Papa,
A., Pezzutto, P., Pomaro, A., and Umgiesser, G.: The October 29, 2018 storm
in Northern Italy – An exceptional event and its modeling, Progr.
Oceanogr., 178, 102178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102178, 2019.
Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Raut, J.-C., Totems, J., and Shang, X.: Tropical
moisture enriched storm tracks over the Mediterranean and their link with
intense rainfall in the Cevennes-Vivarais area during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 320–334,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2674, 2015a.
Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Shang, X., Totems, J., Raut, J.-C., Doerenbecher,
A., Ducrocq, V., Fourrié, N., Bock, O., and Cloché, S.: A
multi-instrument and multi-model assessment of atmospheric moisture
variability over the western Mediterranean during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 7–22, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2671, 2015b.
Chazette, P., Totems, J., Ancellet, G., Pelon, J., and Sicard, M.: Temporal consistency of lidar observations during aerosol transport events in the framework of the ChArMEx/ADRIMED campaign at Minorca in June 2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2863–2875, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2863-2016, 2016.
Clark, P., Roberts, N., Lean, H., Ballard, S. P., and Charlton-Perez, C.:
Convection-permitting models: a step-change in rainfall forecasting,
Meteorol. Appl., 23, 165–181, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1538, 2016.
Colmet-Daage, A., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Ricci, S., Llovel, C., Borrell Estupina, V., Quintana-Seguí, P., Llasat, M. C., and Servat, E.: Evaluation of uncertainties in mean and extreme precipitation under climate change for northwestern Mediterranean watersheds from high-resolution Med and Euro-CORDEX ensembles, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 673–687, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-673-2018, 2018.
Coppola, E., Sobolowski, S., Pichelli, E., Raffaele, F., Ahrens, B., Anders,
I., Ban, N., Bastin, S., Belda, M., Belusic, D., Caldas-Alvarez, A.,
Cardoso, R. M., Davolio, S., Dobler, A., Fernandez, J., Fita, L., Fumiere,
Q., Giorgi, F., Goergen, K., Güttler, I., Halenka, T., Heinzeller, D.,
Hodnebrog, Ø., Jacob, D., Kartsios, S., Katragkou, E., Kendon, E.,
Khodayar, S., Kunstmann, H., Knist, S., Lavıìn-Gullón, A., Lind, P.,
Lorenz, T., Maraun, D., Marelle, L., van Meijgaard, E., Milovac, J., Myhre,
G., Panitz, H.-J., Piazza, M., Raffa, M., Raub, T., Rockel, B., Schär,
C., Sieck, K., Soares, P. M. M., Somot, S., Srnec, L., Stocchi, P.,
Tölle, M. H., Truhetz, H., Vautard, R., de Vries, H., and Warrach-Sagi,
K.: A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for
investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean,
Clim. Dynam., 55, 3–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8, 2018.
Corsmeier, U., Hankers, R., and Wieser, A.: Airborne turbulence measurements
in the lower troposphere onboard the research aircraft Dornier 128-6,
D-IBUF, Meteorol. Z., 10,, 315–329,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0315, 2001.
Davolio, S., Mastrangelo, D., Miglietta, M. M., Drofa, O., Buzzi, A., and Malguzzi, P.: High resolution simulations of a flash flood near Venice, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1671–1678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1671-2009, 2009.
Davolio, S., Miglietta, M. M., Diomede, T., Marsigli, C., and Montani, A.: A flood episode in northern Italy: multi-model and single-model mesoscale meteorological ensembles for hydrological predictions, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2107–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2107-2013, 2013.
Davolio, S., Silvestro, F., and Malguzzi, P.: Effects of Increasing
Horizontal Resolution in a Convection-Permitting Model on Flood Forecasting:
The 2011 Dramatic Events in Liguria, Italy, J. Hydrometeorol.,
16, 1843–1856, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0094.1, 2015.
Davolio, S., Henin, R., Stocchi, P., and Buzzi, A.: Bora wind and heavy
persistent precipitation: atmospheric water balance and role of air-sea
fluxes over the Adriatic Sea, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 1165–1177, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3002, 2017.
Davolio, S., Della Fera, S., Laviola, S., Miglietta, M. M., and Levizzani,
V.: Heavy Precipitation over Italy from the Mediterranean Storm” in October
2018: Assessing the Role of an Atmospheric River, Mon. Weather Rev.,
148, 3571–3588, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-20-0021.1, 2020.
Dayan, U., Nissen, K., and Ulbrich, U.: Review Article: Atmospheric conditions inducing extreme precipitation over the eastern and western Mediterranean, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2525–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2525-2015, 2015.
Defer, E., Pinty, J.-P., Coquillat, S., Martin, J.-M., Prieur, S., Soula, S., Richard, E., Rison, W., Krehbiel, P., Thomas, R., Rodeheffer, D., Vergeiner, C., Malaterre, F., Pedeboy, S., Schulz, W., Farges, T., Gallin, L.-J., Ortéga, P., Ribaud, J.-F., Anderson, G., Betz, H.-D., Meneux, B., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Roos, S., Ducrocq, V., Roussot, O., Labatut, L., and Molinié, G.: An overview of the lightning and atmospheric electricity observations collected in southern France during the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX), Special Observation Period 1, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 649–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-649-2015, 2015.
de Vries, A. J.: A global climatological perspective on the importance of Rossby wave breaking and intense moisture transport for extreme precipitation events, Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 129–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-129-2021, 2021.
Di Girolamo, P., Summa, D., Lin, R.-F., Maestri, T., Rizzi, R., and Masiello, G.: UV Raman lidar measurements of relative humidity for the characterization of cirrus cloud microphysical properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8799–8811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8799-2009, 2009.
Di Girolamo, P., Flamant, C., Cacciani, M., Summa, D., Stelitano, D.,
Richard, E., Ducrocq, V., Fourrie, N. and Said, F.: Lidar observations of low-level wind reversals over the Gulf of Lion and characterization of their impact on
the water vapour variability, International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS), Apr 2016, Auckland, New Zealand, 080001, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975532, insu-01501821, 2017.
Diomede, T., Marsigli, C., Montani, A., Nerozzi, F., and Paccagnella, T.:
Calibration of Limited-Area Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts for
Hydrological Predictions, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2176–2197,
https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00071.1, 2014.
Doerenbecher, A., Basdevant, C., Drobinski, P., Durand, P., Fesquet, C.,
Bernard, F., Cocquerez, P., Verdier, N., and Vargas, A.: Low-Atmosphere
Drifting Balloons: Platforms for Environment Monitoring and Forecast
Improvement, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97,
1583–1599, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00182.1, 2016.
Doocy, S., Daniels, A., Murray, S., and Kirsch, T. D.: The Human Impact of
Floods: a Historical Review of Events 1980–2009 and Systematic Literature
Review, PLoS Currents, 2013.
Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: An overview of the HYSPLIT_4
modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition, Aust. Met.
Mag., 47, 295–308, 1998.
Drobinski, P., Ducrocq, V., Alpert, P., Anagnostou, E., Béranger, K.,
Borga, M., Braud, I., Chanzy, A., Davolio, S., Delrieu, G., Estournel, C.,
Boubrahmi, N. F., Font, J., Grubišić, V., Gualdi, S., Homar, V.,
Ivančan-Picek, B., Kottmeier, C., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K.,
Lionello, P., Llasat, M. C., Ludwig, W., Lutoff, C., Mariotti, A., Richard,
E., Romero, R., Rotunno, R., Roussot, O., Ruin, I., Somot, S.,
Taupier-Letage, I., Tintore, J., Uijlenhoet, R., and Wernli, H.: HyMeX: A
10-Year Multidisciplinary Program on the Mediterranean Water Cycle, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1063–1082,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00242.1, 2014.
Drobinski, P., Silva, N. D., Panthou, G., Bastin, S., Muller, C., Ahrens,
B., Borga, M., Conte, D., Fosser, G., Giorgi, F., Güttler, I., Kotroni,
V., Li, L., Morin, E., Önol, B., Quintana-Segui, P., Romera, R., and
Torma, C. Z.: Scaling precipitation extremes with temperature in the
Mediterranean: past climate assessment and projection in anthropogenic
scenarios, Clim. Dynam., 51, 1237–1257,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3083-x, 2016.
Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., Ricard, D., Lebeaupin, C., and Thouvenin, T.: A
numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern
France. II: Mesoscale triggering and stationarity factors, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 131–145, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.199,
2008.
Ducrocq, V., Braud, I., Davolio, S., Ferretti, R., Flamant, C., Jansa, A.,
Kalthoff, N., Richard, E., Taupier-Letage, I., Ayral, P.-A., Belamari, S.,
Berne, A., Borga, M., Boudevillain, B., Bock, O., Boichard, J.-L., Bouin,
M.-N., Bousquet, O., Bouvier, C., Chiggiato, J., Cimini, D., Corsmeier, U.,
Coppola, L., Cocquerez, P., Defer, E., Delanoë, J., Girolamo, P. D.,
Doerenbecher, A., Drobinski, P., Dufournet, Y., Fourrié, N., Gourley, J.
J., Labatut, L., Lambert, D., Coz, J. L., Marzano, F. S., Molinié, G.,
Montani, A., Nord, G., Nuret, M., Ramage, K., Rison, W., Roussot, O., Said,
F., Schwarzenboeck, A., Testor, P., Baelen, J. V., Vincendon, B., Aran, M.
and Tamayo, J.: HyMeX-SOP1: The Field Campaign Dedicated to Heavy
Precipitation and Flash Flooding in the Northwestern Mediterranean, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1083–1100,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00244.1, 2014.
Duffourg, F. and Ducrocq, V.: Origin of the moisture feeding the Heavy Precipitating Systems over Southeastern France, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1163–1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1163-2011, 2011.
Duffourg, F. and Ducrocq, V.: Assessment of the water supply to
Mediterranean heavy precipitation: a method based on finely designed water
budgets, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 14, 133–138, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.429,
2013.
Duffourg, F., Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., Flamant, C., Chazette, P.,
Delanoë, J., Doerenbecher, A., Fourrié, N., Girolamo, P. D., Lac,
C., Legain, D., Martinet, M., Saïd, F., and Bock, O.: Offshore deep
convection initiation and maintenance during the HyMeX IOP 16a heavy
precipitation event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
142, 259–274, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2725, 2016.
Duffourg, F., Lee, K.-O., Ducrocq, V., Flamant, C., Chazette, P., and
Girolamo, P. D.: Role of moisture patterns in the backbuilding formation of
HyMeX IOP13 heavy precipitation systems, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 291–303, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3201, 2018.
Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Wernli, H., James, P., Forster, C., and
Spichtinger, N.: A 15-Year Climatology of Warm Conveyor Belts, J. Climate,
17, 218–237, 2004
Edouard, S., Vincendon, B., and Ducrocq, V.: Ensemble-based flash-flood
modelling: Taking into account hydrodynamic parameters and initial soil
moisture uncertainties, J. Hydrol., 560, 480–494,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.048, 2018.
Federico, S., Torcasio, R. C., Avolio, E., Caumont, O., Montopoli, M., Baldini, L., Vulpiani, G., and Dietrich, S.: The impact of lightning and radar reflectivity factor data assimilation on the very short-term rainfall forecasts of RAMS@ISAC: application to two case studies in Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1839–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1839-2019, 2019.
Fiori, E., Ferraris, L., Molini, L., Siccardi, F., Kranzlmueller, D., and
Parodi, A.: Triggering and evolution of a deep convective system in the
Mediterranean Sea: modelling and observations at a very fine scale,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 927–941,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2977, 2017.
Ferretti, R., Pichelli, E., Gentile, S., Maiello, I., Cimini, D., Davolio,
S., Miglietta, M. M., Panegrossi, G., Baldini, L., Pasi, F., Marzano, F. S.,
Zinzi, A., Mariani, S., Casaioli, M., Bartolini, G., Loglisci, N., Montani,
A., Marsigli, C., Manzato, A., Pucillo, A., Ferrario, M. E., Colaiuda, V.,
and Rotunno, R.: Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over
Italy: observations and model results, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18,
1953–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, 2014.
Flaounas, E., Raveh-Rubin, S., Wernli, H., Drobinski, P.m and Bastin, S.: The
dynamical structure of intense Mediterranean cyclones, Clim. Dynam.,
44, 2411–2427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2330-2, 2014.
Flaounas, E., Lagouvardos, K., Kotroni, V., Claud, C., Delanoë, J.,
Flamant, C., Madonna, E., and Wernli, H.: Processes leading to heavy
precipitation associated with two Mediterranean cyclones observed during the
HyMeX SOP1: Heavy Rainfall Associated with Two Cyclones during the HyMeX
SOP1, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 275–286, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2618, 2016.
Flaounas, E., Luca, A. D., Drobinski, P., Mailler, S., Arsouze, T., Bastin,
S., Beranger, K. and Brossier, C. L.: Cyclone contribution to the
Mediterranean Sea water budget, Clim. Dynam., 46, 913–927,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2622-1, 2015.
Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Gray, S. L., Rysman, J.-F., and
Claud, C.: Heavy rainfall in Mediterranean cyclones. Part I: contribution of
deep convection and warm conveyor belt, Clim. Dynam., 50, 2935–2949, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3783-x, 2018.
Flaounas, E., Fita, L., Lagouvardos, K., and Kotroni, V.: Heavy rainfall in
Mediterranean cyclones, Part II: Water budget, precipitation efficiency and
remote water sources, Clim. Dynam., 53, 2539–2555,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04639-x, 2019.
Fosser, G., Khodayar, S., and Berg, P.: Benefit of convection permitting
climate model simulations in the representation of convective precipitation,
Clim. Dynam., 44, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2242-1, 2014.
Fourrié, N., Bresson, É., Nuret, M., Jany, C., Brousseau, P., Doerenbecher, A., Kreitz, M., Nuissier, O., Sevault, E., Bénichou, H., Amodei, M., and Pouponneau, F.: AROME-WMED, a real-time mesoscale model designed for the HyMeX special observation periods, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1919–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1919-2015, 2015.
Fourrié, N., Nuret, M., Brousseau, P., Caumont, O., Doerenbecher, A., Wattrelot, E., Moll, P., Bénichou, H., Puech, D., Bock, O., Bosser, P., Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Di Girolamo, P., Richard, E., and Saïd, F.: The AROME-WMED reanalyses of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX), Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2657–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2657-2019, 2019.
Fourrié, N., Nuret, M., Brousseau, P., and Caumont, O.: Data assimilation impact studies with the AROME-WMED reanalysis of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 463–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-463-2021, 2021.
Fresnay, S., Hally, A., Garnaud, C., Richard, E., and Lambert, D.: Heavy precipitation events in the Mediterranean: sensitivity to cloud physics parameterisation uncertainties, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2671–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2671-2012, 2012.
Fumière, Q., Déqué, M., Nuissier, O., Somot, S., Alias, A.,
Caillaud, C., Laurantin, O., and Seity, Y.: Extreme rainfall in Mediterranean
France during the fall: added value of the CNRM-AROME Convection-Permitting
Regional Climate Model, Clim. Dynam., 55, 77–91,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04898-8, 2019.
Funatsu, B. M., Claud, C., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: A 6-year AMSU-based
climatology of upper-level troughs and associated precipitation distribution
in the Mediterranean region, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15120,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd009918, 2008.
Galanaki, E., Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., and Argiriou, A.:
Lightning activity in the Mediterranean: quantification of cyclones
contribution and relation to their intensity, Atmos. Sci. Lett.,
17, 510–516, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.685, 2016.
Gao, X., Pal, J. S., and Giorgi, F.: Projected changes in mean and extreme
precipitation over the Mediterranean region from a high resolution double
nested RCM simulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03706,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024954, 2006.
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08707,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025734, 2006.
Giorgi, F., Raffaele, F., and Coppola, E.: The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections, Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 73–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-73-2019, 2019.
Giovannini, L., Davolio, S., Zaramella, M., Zardi, D., and Borga, M.:
Multi-model convection-resolving simulations of the October 2018 Vaia storm
over Northeastern Italy, Atmos. Res., 253, 105455,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105455, 2021.
Gires, A., Tchiguirinskaia, I., Schertzer, D., and Berne, A.: 2DVD Data
Revisited: Multifractal Insights into Cuts of the Spatiotemporal Rainfall
Process, J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 548–562,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0127.1, 2015.
Grams, C. M., Wernli, H., Böttcher, M., Čampa, J., Corsmeier, U.,
Jones, S. C., Keller, J. H., Lenz, C.-J., and Wiegand, L.: The key role of
diabatic processes in modifying the upper-tropospheric wave guide: a North
Atlantic case-study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
137, 2174–2193, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.891, 2011.
Grazioli, J., Tuia, D., and Berne, A.: Hydrometeor classification from polarimetric radar measurements: a clustering approach, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 149–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-149-2015, 2015.
Grazzini, F., Craig, G. C., Keil, C., Antolini, G., and Pavan, V.: Extreme
precipitation events over northern Italy. Part I: A systematic
classification with machine-learning techniques, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3635, 2019.
Grazzini, F., Fragkoulidis, G., Teubler, F., Wirth, V., and Craig, G. C.: Extreme
precipitation events over northern Italy. Part II: Dynamical precursors, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 1237–1257, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3969, 2021.
Hachani, S., Boudevillain, B., Delrieu, G., and Bargaoui, Z.: Drop Size
Distribution Climatology in Cévennes-Vivarais Region, France,
Atmosphere, 8, 233, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8120233, 2017.
Hally, A., Richard, E., and Ducrocq, V.: An ensemble study of HyMeX IOP6 and IOP7a: sensitivity to physical and initial and boundary condition uncertainties, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1071–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1071-2014, 2014.
Hally, A., Caumont, O., Garrote, L., Richard, E., Weerts, A., Delogu, F., Fiori, E., Rebora, N., Parodi, A., Mihalović, A., Ivković, M., Dekić, L., van Verseveld, W., Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., D'Agostino, D., Galizia, A., Danovaro, E., and Clematis, A.: Hydrometeorological multi-model ensemble simulations of the 4 November 2011 flash flood event in Genoa, Italy, in the framework of the DRIHM project, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 537–555, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-537-2015, 2015.
Hawcroft, M. K., Shaffrey, L. C., Hodges, K. I., and Dacre, H. F.: How much
Northern Hemisphere precipitation is associated with extratropical
cyclones?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl053866,
2012.
Helgert, S. and Khodayar, S.: Improvement of the soil-atmosphere
interactions and subsequent heavy precipitation modelling by enhanced
initialization using remotely sensed 1 km soil moisture information, Remote
Sens. Environ., 246, 111812, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111812, 2020.
Hertig, E., Tramblay, Y., Romberg, K., Kaspar-Ott, I., and Merkenschlager,
C.: The impact of soil moisture on precipitation downscaling in the
Euro-Mediterranean area, Clim. Dynam., 52, 2869–2884,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4304-2, 2018.
Homar, V., Ramis, C., Romero, R., Alonso, S., Garcia-Moya, J. A., and
Alarcon, M.: A Case of Convection Development over the Western Mediterranean
Sea: A Study through Numerical Simulations, Meteorol. Atmos.
Phys., 71, 169–188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030050054, 1999.
Insua-Costa, D., Miguez-Macho, G., and Llasat, M. C.: Local and remote moisture sources for extreme precipitation: a study of the two catastrophic 1982 western Mediterranean episodes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3885–3900, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3885-2019, 2019.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of
Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner,G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
2009.
Jacob, D., Petersen, J., Eggert, B., Alias, A., Christensen, O. B., Bouwer,
L. M., Braun, A., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Georgievski, G.,
Georgopoulou, E., Gobiet, A., Menut, L., Nikulin, G., Haensler, A.,
Hempelmann, N., Jones, C., Keuler, K., Kovats, S., Kröner, N.,
Kotlarski, S., Kriegsmann, A., Martin, E., van Meijgaard, E., Moseley, C.,
Pfeifer, S., Preuschmann, S., Radermacher, C., Radtke, K., Rechid, D.,
Rounsevell, M., Samuelsson, P., Somot, S., Soussana, J.-F., Teichmann, C.,
Valentini, R., Vautard, R., Weber, B., and Yiou, P.: EURO-CORDEX: new
high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research,
Regional Environmental Change, 14, 563–578,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0499-2, 2013.
Jansa, A., Genoves, A., Picornell, M. A., Campins, J., Riosalido, R., and
Carretero, O.: Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain. Part 2:
Statistical approach, Meteorol. Appl., 8, 43–56,
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1350482701001049, 2001.
Jansa, A., Campins, J., Picornell, M. A., and Guijarro, J.: Heavy rain and strong wind events over Spain during HyMeX SOP1, Tethys, 11, 25–38,
https://doi.org/10.3369/tethys.2014.11.03, 2014.
Jianyun, G., Ziwang, D., and Xiaolan, Z.: Spatial/temporal features of
drought/flood in Fujian for the past 4 decades, J. Trop.
Meteorol., 22, 491–497, 2006.
Kagkara, C., Wobrock, W., Planche, C., and Flossmann, A. I.: The sensitivity of intense rainfall to aerosol particle loading – a comparison of bin-resolved microphysics modelling with observations of heavy precipitation from HyMeX IOP7a, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1469–1483, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1469-2020, 2020.
Kalthoff, N., Adler, B., Wieser, A., Kohler, M., Träumner, K.,
Handwerker, J., Corsmeier, U., Khodayar, S., Lambert, D., Kopmann, A.,
Kunka, N., Dick, G., Ramatschi, M., Wickert, J., and Kottmeier, C.: KITcube a
mobile observation platform for convection studies deployed during HyMeX,
Meteorol. Z., 22, 633–647,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0542, 2013.
Khodayar, S., Czajka, B., Caldas-Alvarez, A., Helgert, S., Flamant, C.,
Girolamo, P. D., Bock, O., and Chazette, P.: Multi-scale observations of
atmospheric moisture variability in relation to heavy precipitating systems
in the northwestern Mediterranean during HyMeX IOP12, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 2761–2780, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3402,
2018.
Khodayar, S., Fosser, G., Berthou, S., Davolio, S., Drobinski, P., Ducrocq,
V., Ferretti, R., Nuret, M., Pichelli, E., Richard, E., and Bock, O.: A
seamless weather-climate multi-model intercomparison on the representation
of a high impact weather event in the western Mediterranean: HyMeX IOP12,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 433–452,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2700, 2016a.
Khodayar, S., Kalthoff, N., and Kottmeier, C.: Atmospheric conditions
associated with heavy precipitation events in comparison to seasonal means
in the western mediterranean region, Clim. Dynam., 51, 951–967,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3058-y, 2016b.
Khodayar, S., Raff, F., Kalthoff, N., and Bock, O.: Diagnostic study of a
high-precipitation event in the Western Mediterranean: adequacy of current
operational networks, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
142, 72–85, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2600, 2015.
Kirshbaum, D. J., Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Barthlott, C., and Serafin S.:
Moist orographic convection: Physical mechanisms and links to
surface-exchange processes, Atmosphere, 9, 80, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9030080, 2018.
Krichak, S. O., Feldstein, S. B., Alpert, P., Gualdi, S., Scoccimarro, E., and Yano, J.-I.: Discussing the role of tropical and subtropical moisture sources in cold season extreme precipitation events in the Mediterranean region from a climate change perspective, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 269–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-269-2016, 2016.
Lebeaupin, C., Ducrocq, V., and Giordani, H.: Sensitivity of torrential rain
events to the sea surface temperature based on high-resolution numerical
forecasts, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12110,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006541, 2006.
Lebeaupin-Brossier, C., Bastin, S., Béranger, K., and Drobinski, P.:
Regional mesoscale air–sea coupling impacts and extreme meteorological
events role on the Mediterranean Sea water budget, Clim. Dynam.,
44, 1029–1051, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2252-z, 2014.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Ducrocq, V., Duffourg, F., Fourrié, N., and
Davolio, S.: Convective initiation and maintenance processes of two
back-building mesoscale convective systems leading to heavy precipitation
events in Southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 2623–2635, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2851, 2016.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Ducrocq, V., Duffourg, F., Fourrié, N.,
Delanoë, J., and Bech, J.: Initiation and development of a mesoscale
convective system in the Ebro River Valley and related heavy precipitation
over northeastern Spain during HyMeX IOP 15a, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 942–956, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2978, 2017.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Duffourg, F., Ducrocq, V., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: Impact of upstream moisture structure on a back-building convective precipitation system in south-eastern France during HyMeX IOP13, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16845–16862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16845-2018, 2018.
Lee, K.-O., Aemisegger, F., Pfahl, S., Flamant, C., Lacour, J.-L., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: Contrasting stable water isotope signals from convective and large-scale precipitation phases of a heavy precipitation event in southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13: a modelling perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7487–7506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7487-2019, 2019.
Lindskog, M., Ridal, M., Thorsteinsson, S., and Ning, T.: Data assimilation of GNSS zenith total delays from a Nordic processing centre, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13983–13998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13983-2017, 2017.
Llasat, M. C., Llasat-Botija, M., Prat, M. A., Porcú, F., Price, C., Mugnai, A., Lagouvardos, K., Kotroni, V., Katsanos, D., Michaelides, S., Yair, Y., Savvidou, K., and Nicolaides, K.: High-impact floods and flash floods in Mediterranean countries: the FLASH preliminary database, Adv. Geosci., 23, 47–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-23-47-2010, 2010.
Lovat, A., Vincendon, B., and Ducrocq, V.: Assessing the impact of resolution and soil datasets on flash-flood modelling, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1801–1818, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1801-2019, 2019.
Madonna, E., Wernli, H., Joos, H., and Martius, O.: Warm conveyor belts in
the ERA-Interim dataset (1979–2010). Part I: Climatology and potential
vorticity evolution, J. Climate, 27, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00720.1,
2014.
Magnusson, L., Hewson, T., and Lavers, D.: Windstorm Alex affected large
parts of Europe, ECMWF Newsletter, 166, 4–5, 2021.
Maiello, I., Gentile, S., Ferretti, R., Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Picciotti, E., Alberoni, P. P., and Marzano, F. S.: Impact of multiple radar reflectivity data assimilation on the numerical simulation of a flash flood event during the HyMeX campaign, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5459–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017, 2017.
Manzato, A., Davolio, S., Miglietta, M. M., Pucillo, A., and Setvák, M.:
12 September 2012: A supercell outbreak in NE Italy?, Atmos. Res.,
153, 98–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.07.019, 2015.
Mariotti, A.: Recent Changes in the Mediterranean Water Cycle: A Pathway
toward Long-Term Regional Hydroclimatic Change?, J. Climate, 23,
1513–1525, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3251.1, 2010.
Marsigli, C., Montani, A., and Paccagnella, T.: Provision of boundary conditions for a convection-permitting ensemble: comparison of two different approaches, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 393–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-393-2014, 2014.
Martinet, M., Nuissier, O., Duffourg, F., Ducrocq, V., and Ricard, D.:
Fine-scale numerical analysis of the sensitivity of the HyMeX IOP16a heavy
precipitating event to the turbulent mixing-length parametrization,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 3122–3135,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3167, 2017.
Mastrantonas, N., Herrera-Lormendez, P., Magnusson, L., Pappenberger, F.,
and Matschullat, J.: Extreme precipitation events in the Mediterranean:
Spatiotemporal characteristics and connection to large-scale atmospheric
flow patterns, Int. J. Climatol., 41, 2710–2728,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6985, 2021.
Meroni, A. N., Parodi, A., and Pasquero, C.: Role of SST Patterns on Surface
Wind Modulation of a Heavy Midlatitude Precipitation Event, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9081–9096,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028276, 2018a.
Meroni, A. N., Renault, L., Parodi, A., and Pasquero, C.: Role of the Oceanic
Vertical Thermal Structure in the Modulation of Heavy Precipitations Over
the Ligurian Sea, Pure Appl. Geophys., 175, 4111–4130,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2002-y, 2018b.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Numerical Simulations of Conditionally
Unstable Flows over a Mountain Ridge, J. Atmos. Sci.,
66, 1865–1885, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2902.1, 2009.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Numerical Simulations of Sheared
Conditionally Unstable Flows over a Mountain Ridge, J.
Atmos. Sci., 71, 1747–1762, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0297.1, 2014.
Miglietta, M. M., Manzato, A., and Rotunno, R.: Characteristics and
predictability of a supercell during HyMeX SOP1, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 2839–2853, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2872,
2016.
Moeng, C.-H., Sullivan, P. P., Khairoutdinov, M. F., and Randall, D. A.: A
Mixed Scheme for Subgrid-Scale Fluxes in Cloud-Resolving Models, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3692–3705, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3565.1,
2010.
Molinié, G., Ceresetti, D., Anquetin, S., Creutin, J. D., and
Boudevillain, B.: Rainfall Regime of a Mountainous Mediterranean Region:
Statistical Analysis at Short Time Steps, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Climatol., 51, 429–448, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jamc2691.1, 2012.
Nelson, G. C., Rosegrant, M. W., Palazzo, A., Gray, I., Ingersoll, C.,
Robertson, R., Tokgoz, S., Zhu, T., Sulser, T. B., Ringler, C., Msangi, S.,
and You, L.: Food Security, Farming, and Climate Change to 2050: Scenarios,
Results, Policy Options, International Food Policy Research Institute,
2010.
Nielsen, E. R. and Schumacher, R. S.: Using Convection-Allowing Ensembles to
Understand the Predictability of an Extreme Rainfall Event, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 3651–3676, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0083.1, 2016.
Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., Ricard, D., Lebeaupin, C., and Anquetin, S.: A
numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern
France. I: Numerical framework and synoptic ingredients, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 111–130, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.200,
2008.
Nuissier, O., Joly, B., Joly, A., Ducrocq, V., and Arbogast, P.: A
statistical downscaling to identify the large-scale circulation patterns
associated with heavy precipitation events over southern France, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1812–1827,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.866, 2011.
Nuissier, O., Joly, B., Vié, B., and Ducrocq, V.: Uncertainty of lateral boundary conditions in a convection-permitting ensemble: a strategy of selection for Mediterranean heavy precipitation events, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2993–3011, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2993-2012, 2012.
Nuissier, O., Marsigli, C., Vincendon, B., Hally, A., Bouttier, F., Montani,
A., and Paccagnella, T.: Evaluation of two convection-permitting ensemble
systems in the HyMeX Special Observation Period (SOP1) framework, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 404–418, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2859, 2016.
Nuissier, O., Duffourg, F., Martinet, M., Ducrocq, V., and Lac, C.: Hectometric-scale simulations of a Mediterranean heavy-precipitation event during the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) first Special Observation Period (SOP1), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14649–14667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14649-2020, 2020.
Oertel, A., Boettcher, M., Joos, H., Sprenger, M., Konow, H., Hagen, M., and
Wernli, H.: Convective activity in an extratropical cyclone and its warm
conveyor belt – a case-study combining observations and a
convection-permitting model simulation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 1406–1426, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3500, 2019.
Oost, W. A., Komen, G. J., Jacobs, C. M. J., and Oort, C. V.: New evidence
for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during
ASGAMAGE, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 103, 409–438,
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014913624535, 2002.
Orlowsky, B. and Seneviratne, S. I.: Global changes in extreme events:
regional and seasonal dimension, Clim. Change, 110, 669–696,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0122-9, 2011.
Papagiannaki, K., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Ruin, I., and Bezes, A.:
Urban Area Response to Flash Flood–Triggering Rainfall, Featuring Human
Behavioral Factors: The Case of 22 October 2015 in Attica, Greece, Weather
Clim. Soc., 9, 621–638, https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0068.1, 2017.
Pfahl, S., Madonna, E., Boettcher, M., Joos, H., and Wernli, H.: Warm
Conveyor Belts in the ERA-Interim Dataset (1979–2010). Part II: Moisture
Origin and Relevance for Precipitation, J. Climate, 27, 27–40,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00223.1, 2014.
Pichelli, E., Rotunno, R., and Ferretti, R.: Effects of the Alps and
Apennines on forecasts for Po Valley convection in two HyMeX cases,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2420–2435,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3096, 2017.
Planton, S., Driouech, F., Rhaz, K. E., and Lionello, P.: The climate of the
Mediterranean regions in the future climate projections, in: The
Mediterranean region under climate change, ISBN 978-0-12-416042-2, p. 86, 2016.
Poletti, M. L., Silvestro, F., Davolio, S., Pignone, F., and Rebora, N.: Using nowcasting technique and data assimilation in a meteorological model to improve very short range hydrological forecasts, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3823–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3823-2019, 2019.
Prein, A. F., Langhans, W., Fosser, G., Ferrone, A., Ban, N., Goergen, K.,
Keller, M., Tölle, M., Gutjahr, O., Feser, F., Brisson, E., Kollet, S.,
Schmidli, J., Lipzig, N. P. M., and Leung, R.: A review on regional
convection-permitting climate modeling: Demonstrations, prospects, and
challenges, Rev. Geophys., 53, 323–361,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000475, 2015.
Protat, A., Bouniol, D., Delanoë, J., O'Connor, E., May, P. T.,
Plana-Fattori, A., Hasson, A., Görsdorf, U., and Heymsfield, A. J.:
Assessment of Cloudsat Reflectivity Measurements and Ice Cloud Properties
Using Ground-Based and Airborne Cloud Radar Observations, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 1717–1741,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1246.1, 2009.
Rainaud, R., Brossier, C. L., Ducrocq, V., Giordani, H., Nuret, M.,
Fourrié, N., Bouin, M.-N., Taupier-Letage, I., and Legain, D.:
Characterization of air-sea exchanges over the Western Mediterranean Sea
during HyMeX SOP1 using the AROME-WMED model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2480, 2015.
Rainaud, R., Brossier, C. L., Ducrocq, V., and Giordani, H.: High-resolution
air-sea coupling impact on two heavy precipitation events in the Western
Mediterranean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
143, 2448–2462, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3098, 2017.
Ramis, C., Llasat, M. C., Genovés, A., and Jansà, A.: The
October-1987 floods in Catalonia: Synoptic and mesoscale mechanisms, Met.
Apps, 1, 337–350, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.5060010404, 1994.
Raupach, T. H. and Berne, A.: Small-Scale Variability of the Raindrop Size
Distribution and Its Effect on Areal Rainfall Retrieval, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 2077–2104, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0214.1, 2016.
Ravazzani, G., Amengual, A., Ceppi, A., Homar, V., Romero, R., Lombardi, G.,
and Mancini, M.: Potentialities of ensemble strategies for flood forecasting
over the Milano urban area, J. Hydrology, 539, 237–253,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.023, 2016.
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Flaounas, E.: A dynamical link between deep Atlantic
extratropical cyclones and intense Mediterranean cyclones, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 18, 215–221, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.745, 2017.
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Wernli, H.: Large-scale wind and precipitation extremes
in the Mediterranean: a climatological analysis for 1979-2012, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2404–2417,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2531, 2015.
Raynaud, L. and Bouttier, F.: Comparison of initial perturbation methods for
ensemble prediction at convective scale, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 854–866, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2686, 2015.
Rebora, N., Molini, L., Casella, E., Comellas, A., Fiori, E., Pignone, F.,
Siccardi, F., Silvestro, F., Tanelli, S., and Parodi, A.: Extreme Rainfall in
the Mediterranean: What Can We Learn from Observations?, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 906–922, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-083.1, 2013.
Ribaud, J.-F., Bousquet, O., Coquillat, S., Al-Sakka, H., Lambert, D.,
Ducrocq, V., and Fontaine, E.: Evaluation and application of hydrometeor
classification algorithm outputs inferred from multi-frequency
dual-polarimetric radar observations collected during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 95–107, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2589, 2015.
Ribaud, J.-F., Bousquet, O., and Coquillat, S.: Relationships between total
lightning activity, microphysics and kinematics during the 24 September 2012
HyMeX bow-echo system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 298–309, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2756, 2016.
Ricard, D., Ducrocq, V., and Auger, L.: A Climatology of the Mesoscale
Environment Associated with Heavily Precipitating Events over a Northwestern
Mediterranean Area, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 51,
468–488, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-017.1, 2012.
Richard, E., Buzzi, A., and Zängl, G.: Quantitative precipitation
forecasting in the Alps: The advances achieved by the Mesoscale Alpine
Programme, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133,
831–846, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.65, 2007.
Röhner, L., Nerding, K.-U., and Corsmeier, U.: Diagnostic study of a
HyMeX heavy precipitation event over Spain by investigation of moisture
trajectories, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142,
287–297, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2825, 2016.
Rolph, G., Stein, A., and Stunder, B.: Real-time Environmental Applications
and Display sYstem: READY, Environ. Model. Softw., 95,
210–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.025, 2017.
Romero, R., Ramis, C., and Homar, V.: On the severe convective storm of 29
October 2013 in the Balearic Islands: observational and numerical study,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1208–1222,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2429, 2014.
Roux, H., Amengual, A., Romero, R., Bladé, E., and Sanz-Ramos, M.: Evaluation of two hydrometeorological ensemble strategies for flash-flood forecasting over a catchment of the eastern Pyrenees, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 425–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-425-2020, 2020.
Ruin, I., Lutoff, C., Boudevillain, B., Creutin, J.-D., Anquetin, S., Rojo,
M. B., Boissier, L., Bonnifait, L., Borga, M., Colbeau-Justin, L.,
Creton-Cazanave, L., Delrieu, G., Douvinet, J., Gaume, E., Gruntfest, E.,
Naulin, J.-P., Payrastre, O., and Vannier, O.: Social and Hydrological
Responses to Extreme Precipitations: An Interdisciplinary Strategy for
Postflood Investigation, Weather, Clim. Soc., 6, 135–153,
https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00009.1, 2014.
Sauvage, C., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Bouin, M.-N., and Ducrocq, V.: Characterization of the air–sea exchange mechanisms during a Mediterranean heavy precipitation event using realistic sea state modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1675–1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1675-2020, 2020.
Scheffknecht, P., Richard, E., and Lambert, D.: A highly localized
high-precipitation event over Corsica, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 206–221, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2795, 2016.
Scheffknecht, P., Richard, E., and Lambert, D.: Climatology of heavy
precipitation over Corsica in the period 1985–2015, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2987–2998, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3140, 2017.
Schleiss, M. and Smith, J.: A Method to Estimate the 3D–Time Structure of
the Raindrop Size Distribution Using Radar and Disdrometer Data,
J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 1222–1242, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0182.1,
2015.
Schumacher, R. S. and Johnson, R. H.: Organization and Environmental
Properties of Extreme-Rain-Producing Mesoscale Convective Systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 961–976, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr2899.1, 2005.
Senatore, A., Davolio, S., Furnari, L., and Mendicino, G.: Reconstructing
Flood Events in Mediterranean Coastal Areas Using Different Reanalyses and
High-Resolution Meteorological Models, J. Hydrometeorol., 21,
1865–1887, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0270.1, 2020a.
Senatore, A., Furnari, L., and Mendicino, G.: Impact of high-resolution sea surface temperature representation on the forecast of small Mediterranean catchments' hydrological responses to heavy precipitation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 269–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-269-2020, 2020b.
Seyfried, L., Estournel, C., Marsaleix, P., and Richard, E.: Dynamics of the North Balearic Front during an autumn tramontane and mistral storm: air–sea coupling processes and stratification budget diagnostic, Ocean Sci., 15, 179–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-179-2019, 2019.
Sodemann, H., Aemisegger, F., Pfahl, S., Bitter, M., Corsmeier, U., Feuerle, T., Graf, P., Hankers, R., Hsiao, G., Schulz, H., Wieser, A., and Wernli, H.: The stable isotopic composition of water vapour above Corsica during the HyMeX SOP1 campaign: insight into vertical mixing processes from lower-tropospheric survey flights, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6125–6151, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6125-2017, 2017.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D.,
and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling
System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00110.1, 2015.
Stocchi, P. and Davolio, S.: Intense air-sea exchanges and heavy orographic
precipitation over Italy: The role of Adriatic sea surface temperature
uncertainty, Atmos. Res., 196, 62–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.004, 2017.
Strajnar, B., Cedilnik, J., Fettich, A., Ličer, M., Pristov, N.,
Smerkol, P., and Jerman, J.: Impact of two-way coupling and sea-surface
temperature on precipitation forecasts in regional atmosphere and ocean
models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145,
228–242, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3425, 2019.
Strauss, C., Ricard, D., Lac, C., and Verrelle, A.: Evaluation of turbulence
parametrizations in convective clouds and their environment based on a
large-eddy simulation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 3195–3217, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3614, 2019.
Taufour, M., Vié, B., Augros, C., Boudevillain, B., Delanoë, J.,
Delautier, G., Ducrocq, V., Lac, C., Pinty, J.-P., and Schwarzenböck, A.:
Evaluation of the two-moment scheme LIMA based on microphysical observations
from the HyMeX campaign, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 1398–1414, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3283, 2018.
Thévenot, O., Bouin, M.-N., Ducrocq, V., Brossier, C. L., Nuissier, O.,
Pianezze, J., and Duffourg, F.: Influence of the sea state on Mediterranean
heavy precipitation: a case-study from HyMeX SOP1, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 377–389, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2660, 2015.
Tramblay, Y. and Somot, S.: Future evolution of extreme precipitation in the
Mediterranean, Clim. Change, 151, 289–302,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2300-5, 2018.
Turato, B., Reale, O., and Siccardi, F.: Water Vapor Sources of the October
2000 Piedmont Flood, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 693–712,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0693:wvsoto>2.0.co;2,
2004.
Uber, M., Vandervaere, J.-P., Zin, I., Braud, I., Heistermann, M., Legoût, C., Molinié, G., and Nord, G.: How does initial soil moisture influence the hydrological response? A case study from southern France, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6127–6146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6127-2018, 2018.
Varble, A., Fridlind, A. M., Zipser, E. J., Ackerman, A. S., Chaboureau,
J.-P., Fan, J., Hill, A., McFarlane, S. A., Pinty, J.-P., and Shipway, B.:
Evaluation of cloud-resolving model intercomparison simulations using
TWP-ICE observations: Precipitation and cloud structure, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015180, 2011.
Verrelle, A., Ricard, D., and Lac, C.: Sensitivity of high-resolution
idealized simulations of thunderstorms to horizontal resolution and
turbulence parametrization, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2363, 2014.
Verrelle, A., Ricard, D., and Lac, C.: Evaluation and Improvement of
Turbulence Parameterization inside Deep Convective Clouds at Kilometer-Scale
Resolution, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 3947–3967,
https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0404.1, 2017.
Vié, B., Molinié, G., Nuissier, O., Vincendon, B., Ducrocq, V., Bouttier, F., and Richard, E.: Hydro-meteorological evaluation of a convection-permitting ensemble prediction system for Mediterranean heavy precipitating events, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2631–2645, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2631-2012, 2012.
Vié, B., Pinty, J.-P., Berthet, S., and Leriche, M.: LIMA (v1.0): A quasi two-moment microphysical scheme driven by a multimodal population of cloud condensation and ice freezing nuclei, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 567–586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-567-2016, 2016.
Vincendon, B., Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., and Vié, B.: Perturbation of convection-permitting NWP forecasts for flash-flood ensemble forecasting, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1529–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1529-2011, 2011.
Winschall, A., Pfahl, S., Sodemann, H., and Wernli, H.: Impact of North
Atlantic evaporation hot spots on southern Alpine heavy precipitation
events, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138,
1245–1258, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.987, 2011.
Wu, F., Cui, X. and Zhang, D.-L.: A lightning-based nowcast-warning approach
for short-duration rainfall events: Development and testing over Beijing
during the warm seasons of 2006–2007, Atmos. Res., 205, 2–17,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.003, 2018.
Wyngaard, J. C. and Coté, O. R.: The Budgets of Turbulent Kinetic Energy
and Temperature Variance in the Atmospheric Surface Layer, J.
Atmos. Sci., 28, 190–201,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0190:tbotke>2.0.co;2,
1971.
Xie, S.-P., Xu, H., Kessler, W. S., and Nonaka, M.: Air–Sea Interaction over
the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool: Gap Winds, Thermocline Dome, and Atmospheric
Convection, J. Climate, 18, 5–20,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3249.1, 2005.
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Romem, M., Heifetz, E., Harnik, N., and Baharad, A.:
Analysis of conveyor belts in winter Mediterranean cyclones, Theor.
Appl. Climatol., 99, 441–455, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0150-9, 2009.
Zwiebel, J., Baelen, J. V., Anquetin, S., Pointin, Y., and Boudevillain, B.:
Impacts of orography and rain intensity on rainfall structure. The case of
the HyMeX IOP7a event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 310–319, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2679, 2015.
Short summary
Heavy precipitation (HP) constitutes a major meteorological threat in the western Mediterranean. Every year, recurrent events affect the area with fatal consequences. Despite this being a well-known issue, open questions still remain. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the modeling representation of the events must be improved. In this article we present the most recent lessons learned from the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX).
Heavy precipitation (HP) constitutes a major meteorological threat in the western Mediterranean....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint