Articles | Volume 21, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue overview
| 
24 Nov 2021
Special issue overview |
| 24 Nov 2021
| 24 Nov 2021
Overview towards improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to heavy precipitation in the western Mediterranean: lessons learned from HyMeX
Samira Khodayar
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Mediterranean Centre for Environmental Studies (CEAM), Valencia, Spain
Silvio Davolio
National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, (CNR-ISAC), Bologna, Italy
Paolo Di Girolamo
Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata
(SI-UNIBAS), Potenza, Italy
Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Emmanouil Flaounas
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Athens, Greece
Nadia Fourrie
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Keun-Ok Lee
Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS,
Toulouse, France
Laboratoire de L'Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR 8105 (CNRS,
Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint Denis, France
Didier Ricard
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Benoit Vie
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Francois Bouttier
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-TRO), Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
Veronique Ducrocq
CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS,
Toulouse, France
Related authors
Emmanouil Flaounas, Silvio Davolio, Shira Raveh-Rubin, Florian Pantillon, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Maria Hatzaki, Victor Homar, Samira Khodayar, Gerasimos Korres, Vassiliki Kotroni, Jonilda Kushta, Marco Reale, and Didier Ricard
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a collective effort to describe the state of the art in Mediterranean cyclone dynamics, climatology, prediction (weather and climate scales) and impacts. More than that, the paper focuses on the future directions of research that would advance the broader field of Mediterranean cyclones as a whole. Thereby, we propose interdisciplinary cooperation and additional modelling and forecasting strategies, and we highlight the need for new impact-oriented approaches to climate prediction.
Samiro Khodayar and Johannes Hoerner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12011–12031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, 2020
Silvio Davolio, Isacco Sala, Alessandro Comunian, Daniele Mastrangelo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Lucia Drago Pitura, and Federico Grazzini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3447, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3447, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric rivers, narrow and elongated corridors of intense horizontal moisture transport, may produce heavy precipitation where they are forced to rise over the orography. This has been recently shown to occur also in the Mediterranean basin. The present study analyses the presence of atmospheric rivers in this area, in the period 1961–2024, and reveals a strong connection with extreme rainfall over northern-central Italy.
Cloé David, Clotilde Augros, Benoit Vié, François Bouttier, and Tony Le Bastard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3715–3745, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3715-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3715-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of storm characteristics and associated radar signatures were improved, especially under the freezing level, using an advanced cloud scheme. Discrepancies between observations and forecasts at and above the melting layer highlighted issues in both the radar forward operator and the microphysics. To overcome some of these issues, different parameterizations of the operator were suggested. This work aligns with the future integration of polarimetric data into assimilation systems.
Hugo Marchal, François Bouttier, and Olivier Nuissier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2613–2628, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2613-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-2613-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the relationship between changes in weather forecasts and predictability, which has so far been considered weak. By studying how weather scenarios persist over successive forecasts, it appears that conclusions can be drawn about forecasts' reliability.
Gabriel Colas, Valéry Masson, François Bouttier, and Ludovic Bouilloud
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2777, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2777, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
Each vehicle from road traffic is a source of heat and an obstacle that induce wind when it passes. It directly impacts the local atmospheric conditions and the road surface temperature. These impacts are included in the numerical model of the Town Energy Balance, used to simulate local conditions in urbanised environments. Simulations show that road traffic has a significant impact on the road surface temperature up to several degrees, and on local variables.
Marco Chericoni, Giorgia Fosser, Emmanouil Flaounas, Gianmaria Sannino, and Alessandro Anav
Weather Clim. Dynam., 6, 627–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-627-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-627-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how sea surface energy influences both the atmosphere and ocean at various vertical levels during extreme Mediterranean cyclones. It focuses on cyclones' precipitation and wind speed response, as well as on ocean temperature variation. The findings highlight the regional coupled model's ability to coherently represent the thermodynamic and dynamic processes of the cyclones across both the atmosphere and the ocean.
Gabriel Colas, Valéry Masson, François Bouttier, Ludovic Bouilloud, Laura Pavan, and Virve Karsisto
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 3453–3472, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3453-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3453-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In winter, snow- and ice-covered artificial surfaces are important aspects of the urban climate. They may influence the magnitude of the urban heat island effect, but this is still unclear. In this study, we improved the representation of the snow and ice cover in the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban climate model. Evaluations have shown that the results are promising for using TEB to study the climate of cold cities.
Adrien Marcel, Sébastien Riette, Didier Ricard, and Christine Lac
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2504, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2504, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides substantial consistent updates to the atmospheric boundary layer schemes of the AROME model, yet they can be used for both forecasting and climate modelling. The study employs a single-column model versus large eddy simulations comparison and uses a machine learning tool to calibrate parameterizations. The model's ability to simulate shallow clouds has been enhanced, especially for shallow precipitating cumulus and stratocumulus clouds.
Sara Arriolabengoa, Pierre Crispel, Olivier Jaron, Yves Bouteloup, Benoît Vié, Yun Li, Andreas Petzold, and Matthieu Plu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1499, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Aircraft condensation trails, also known as contrails, have a significant impact on the global climate when they persist. In this work, we present a modification to the Météo-France weather model ARPEGE to improve the forecasting of areas favourable to the persistence of contrails. The spatial correspondence between observations and the modified model is demonstrated and evaluated by appropriate metrics. The modified model can therefore be used for further contrail climate impact applications.
Marie Taufour, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Christelle Barthe, Benoît Vié, and Chien Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8773–8798, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8773-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a complete two-moment version of the LIMA (Liquid Ice Multiple Aerosols) microphysics scheme. We have focused on collection processes, where the hydrometeor number transfer is often estimated in proportion to the mass transfer. The impact of these parameterizations on a convective system and the prospects for more realistic estimates of secondary parameters (reflectivity, hydrometeor size) are shown in a first test on an idealized case.
Kerry Emanuel, Tommaso Alberti, Stella Bourdin, Suzana J. Camargo, Davide Faranda, Manos Flaounas, Juan Jesus Gonzalez-Aleman, Chia-Ying Lee, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Claudia Pasquero, Alice Portal, Hamish Ramsay, and Romualdo Romero
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3387, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3387, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storms strongly resembling hurricanes are sometime observed to form well outside the tropics, even in polar latitudes. They behave capriciously, developing very rapidly and then dying just as quickly. We show that strong dynamical processes in the atmosphere can sometimes cause it to become locally much colder than the underlying ocean, creating the conditions for hurricanes to form, but only over small areas and for short times. We call the resulting storms "cyclops".
Claudio Sánchez, Suzanne Gray, Ambrogio Volonté, Florian Pantillon, Ségolène Berthou, and Silvio Davolio
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1429–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Medicane Ianos was a very intense cyclone that led to harmful impacts over Greece. We explore what processes are important for the forecasting of Medicane Ianos, with the use of the Met Office weather model. There was a preceding precipitation event before Ianos’s birth, whose energetics generated a bubble in the tropopause. This bubble created the necessary conditions for Ianos to emerge and strengthen, and the processes are enhanced in simulations with a warmer Mediterranean Sea.
Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Elenio Avolio, Carlos Calvo-Sancho, Diego Saul Carrió, Stavros Dafis, Emanuele Silvio Gentile, Juan Jesus Gonzalez-Aleman, Suzanne Gray, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Platon Patlakas, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Didier Ricard, Antonio Ricchi, Claudio Sanchez, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1187–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone Ianos of September 2020 was a high-impact but poorly predicted medicane (Mediterranean hurricane). A community effort of numerical modelling provides robust results to improve prediction. It is found that the representation of local thunderstorms controlled the interaction of Ianos with a jet stream at larger scales and its subsequent evolution. The results help us understand the peculiar dynamics of medicanes and provide guidance for the next generation of weather and climate models.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Stavros Dafis, Silvio Davolio, Davide Faranda, Christian Ferrarin, Katharina Hartmuth, Assaf Hochman, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Samira Khodayar, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Platon Patlakas, Michael Sprenger, and Iris Thurnherr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm Daniel (2023) is one of the most catastrophic ones ever documented in the Mediterranean. Our results highlight the different dynamics and therefore the different predictability skill of precipitation, its extremes and impacts that have been produced in Greece and Libya, the two most affected countries. Our approach concerns a holistic analysis of the storm by articulating dynamics, weather prediction, hydrological and oceanographic implications, climate extremes and attribution theory.
Francesca Vittorioso, Vincent Guidard, and Nadia Fourrié
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 5279–5299, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5279-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-5279-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The future Meteosat Third Generation Infrared Sounder (MTG-IRS) will represent a major innovation for the monitoring of the chemical state of the atmosphere. MTG-IRS will have the advantage of being based on a geostationary platform and acquiring data with a high temporal frequency. This work aims to evaluate its potential impact over Europe within a chemical transport model (MOCAGE). The results indicate that the assimilation of these data always has a positive impact on ozone analysis.
François Bouttier and Hugo Marchal
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2793–2816, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2793-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-2793-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Weather prediction uncertainties can be described as sets of possible scenarios – a technique called ensemble prediction. Our machine learning technique translates them into more easily interpretable scenarios for various users, balancing the detection of high precipitation with false alarms. Key parameters are precipitation intensity and space and time scales of interest. We show that the approach can be used to facilitate warnings of extreme precipitation.
José Alex Zenteno-Hernández, Adolfo Comerón, Federico Dios, Alejandro Rodríguez-Gómez, Constantino Muñoz-Porcar, Michaël Sicard, Noemi Franco, Andreas Behrendt, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4687–4694, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study how the spectral characteristics of a solid-state laser in an atmospheric temperature profiling lidar using the Raman technique impact the temperature retrieval accuracy. We find that the spectral widening, with respect to a seeded laser, has virtually no impact, while crystal-rod temperature variations in the laser must be kept within a range of 1 K for the uncertainty in the atmospheric temperature below 1 K. The study is carried out through spectroscopy simulations.
Ethel Villeneuve, Philippe Chambon, and Nadia Fourrié
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 3567–3582, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-3567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In cloudy situations, infrared and microwave observations are complementary, with infrared being sensitive to cloud tops and microwave sensitive to precipitation. However, infrared satellite observations are underused. This study aims to quantify if the inconsistencies in the modelling of clouds prevent the use of cloudy infrared observations in the process of weather forecasting. It shows that the synergistic use of infrared and microwave observations is beneficial, despite inconsistencies.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 419–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the formation of Mediterranean cyclones follows the presence of cyclones over the North Atlantic. The distinct regions of cyclone activity in the Mediterranean in the different seasons can be linked to the atmospheric state, in particular the position of the polar jet over the North Atlantic. With this we now better understand the processes that lead to the formation of Mediterranean cyclones. We used a novel simulation framework in which we directly show and probe this connection.
Dimitra Denaxa, Gerasimos Korres, Emmanouil Flaounas, and Maria Hatzaki
Ocean Sci., 20, 433–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores extreme marine summers (EMSs) in the Mediterranean Sea using sea surface temperature (SST) data. EMSs arise mainly due to the warmest summer days being unusually warm. Air–sea heat fluxes drive EMSs in northern regions, where also enhanced marine heatwave conditions are found during EMSs. Long-term SST changes lead to warmer EMSs while not affecting the way daily SST values are organized during EMSs. Findings enhance comprehension of anomalously warm conditions in the basin.
Yonatan Givon, Or Hess, Emmanouil Flaounas, Jennifer Louise Catto, Michael Sprenger, and Shira Raveh-Rubin
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 133–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A novel classification of Mediterranean cyclones is presented, enabling a separation between storms driven by different atmospheric processes. The surface impact of each cyclone class differs greatly by precipitation, winds, and temperatures, providing an invaluable tool to study the climatology of different types of Mediterranean storms and enhancing the understanding of their predictability, on both weather and climate scales.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Sylvie Malardel, Aurore Voldoire, and César Sauvage
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 117–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In numerical models, the turbulent exchanges of heat and momentum at the air–sea interface are not represented explicitly but with parameterisations depending on the surface parameters. A new parameterisation of turbulent fluxes (WASP) has been implemented in the surface model SURFEX v8.1 and validated on four case studies. It combines a close fit to observations including cyclonic winds, a dependency on the wave growth rate, and the possibility of being used in atmosphere–wave coupled models.
Juliette Godet, Olivier Payrastre, Pierre Javelle, and François Bouttier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3355–3377, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3355-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3355-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This article results from a master's research project which was part of a natural hazards programme developed by the French Ministry of Ecological Transition. The objective of this work was to investigate a possible way to improve the operational flash flood warning service by adding rainfall forecasts upstream of the forecasting chain. The results showed that the tested forecast product, which is new and experimental, has a real added value compared to other classical forecast products.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Leonardo Aragão, Lisa Bernini, Stavros Dafis, Benjamin Doiteau, Helena Flocas, Suzanne L. Gray, Alexia Karwat, John Kouroutzoglou, Piero Lionello, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Claudia Pasquero, Platon Patlakas, María Ángeles Picornell, Federico Porcù, Matthew D. K. Priestley, Marco Reale, Malcolm J. Roberts, Hadas Saaroni, Dor Sandler, Enrico Scoccimarro, Michael Sprenger, and Baruch Ziv
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 639–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone detection and tracking methods (CDTMs) have different approaches in defining and tracking cyclone centers. This leads to disagreements on extratropical cyclone climatologies. We present a new approach that combines tracks from individual CDTMs to produce new composite tracks. These new tracks are shown to correspond to physically meaningful systems with distinctive life stages.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Hendrik Feldmann, Etor Lucio-Eceiza, and Joaquim G. Pinto
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 543–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-543-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-543-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate convection-permitting modelling (CPM) simulations for the greater Alpine area to assess its added value compared to a 25 km resolution. A new method for severe precipitation detection is used, and the associated synoptic weather types are considered. Our results document the added value of CPM for precipitation representation with higher intensities, better rank correlation, better hit rates, and an improved amount and structure, but with an overestimation of the rates.
Christian Ferrarin, Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Marco Bajo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Elenio Avolio, Diego S. Carrió, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Claudio Sanchez, Platon Patlakas, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2273–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The combined use of meteorological and ocean models enabled the analysis of extreme sea conditions driven by Medicane Ianos, which hit the western coast of Greece on 18 September 2020, flooding and damaging the coast. The large spread associated with the ensemble highlighted the high model uncertainty in simulating such an extreme weather event. The different simulations have been used for outlining hazard scenarios that represent a fundamental component of the coastal risk assessment.
Maryse Charpentier-Noyer, Daniela Peredo, Axelle Fleury, Hugo Marchal, François Bouttier, Eric Gaume, Pierre Nicolle, Olivier Payrastre, and Maria-Helena Ramos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2001–2029, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2001-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2001-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a methodological framework designed for event-based evaluation in the context of an intense flash-flood event. The evaluation adopts the point of view of end users, with a focus on the anticipation of exceedances of discharge thresholds. With a study of rainfall forecasts, a discharge evaluation and a detailed look at the forecast hydrographs, the evaluation framework should help in drawing robust conclusions about the usefulness of new rainfall ensemble forecasts.
Patrick Ludwig, Florian Ehmele, Mário J. Franca, Susanna Mohr, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, James E. Daniell, Uwe Ehret, Hendrik Feldmann, Marie Hundhausen, Peter Knippertz, Katharina Küpfer, Michael Kunz, Bernhard Mühr, Joaquim G. Pinto, Julian Quinting, Andreas M. Schäfer, Frank Seidel, and Christina Wisotzky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1287–1311, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1287-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1287-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy precipitation in July 2021 led to widespread floods in western Germany and neighboring countries. The event was among the five heaviest precipitation events of the past 70 years in Germany, and the river discharges exceeded by far the statistical 100-year return values. Simulations of the event under future climate conditions revealed a strong and non-linear effect on flood peaks: for +2 K global warming, an 18 % increase in rainfall led to a 39 % increase of the flood peak in the Ahr river.
Susanna Mohr, Uwe Ehret, Michael Kunz, Patrick Ludwig, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, James E. Daniell, Florian Ehmele, Hendrik Feldmann, Mário J. Franca, Christian Gattke, Marie Hundhausen, Peter Knippertz, Katharina Küpfer, Bernhard Mühr, Joaquim G. Pinto, Julian Quinting, Andreas M. Schäfer, Marc Scheibel, Frank Seidel, and Christina Wisotzky
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 525–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flood event in July 2021 was one of the most severe disasters in Europe in the last half century. The objective of this two-part study is a multi-disciplinary assessment that examines the complex process interactions in different compartments, from meteorology to hydrological conditions to hydro-morphological processes to impacts on assets and environment. In addition, we address the question of what measures are possible to generate added value to early response management.
Alexander Scherrmann, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 157–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the dynamical origin of the lower-atmospheric potential vorticity (PV; linked to the intensity of cyclones) in Mediterranean cyclones. We quantify the contribution of the cyclone and the environment by tracing PV backward in time and space and linking it to the track of the cyclone. We find that the lower-tropospheric PV is produced shortly before the cyclone's stage of highest intensity. We investigate the driving processes and use a global dataset and a process-resolving one.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Markus Augenstein, Georgy Ayzel, Klemens Barfus, Ribu Cherian, Lisa Dillenardt, Felix Fauer, Hendrik Feldmann, Maik Heistermann, Alexia Karwat, Frank Kaspar, Heidi Kreibich, Etor Emanuel Lucio-Eceiza, Edmund P. Meredith, Susanna Mohr, Deborah Niermann, Stephan Pfahl, Florian Ruff, Henning W. Rust, Lukas Schoppa, Thomas Schwitalla, Stella Steidl, Annegret H. Thieken, Jordis S. Tradowsky, Volker Wulfmeyer, and Johannes Quaas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3701–3724, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In a warming climate, extreme precipitation events are becoming more frequent. To advance our knowledge on such phenomena, we present a multidisciplinary analysis of a selected case study that took place on 29 June 2017 in the Berlin metropolitan area. Our analysis provides evidence of the extremeness of the case from the atmospheric and the impacts perspectives as well as new insights on the physical mechanisms of the event at the meteorological and climate scales.
Paolo Dandini, Céline Cornet, Renaud Binet, Laetitia Fenouil, Vadim Holodovsky, Yoav Y. Schechner, Didier Ricard, and Daniel Rosenfeld
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 6221–6242, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
3D cloud envelope and development velocity are retrieved from realistic simulations of multi-view
CLOUD (C3IEL) images. Cloud development velocity is derived by finding matching features
between acquisitions separated by 20 s. The tie points are then mapped from image to space via 3D
reconstruction of the cloud envelope obtained from 2 simultaneous images. The retrieved cloud
topography as well as the velocities are in good agreement with the estimates obtained from the
physical models.
Donato Summa, Fabio Madonna, Noemi Franco, Benedetto De Rosa, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4153–4170, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4153-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4153-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) has an important impact on meteorology. However, the complexity of the phenomena occurring within the ABL and the influence of advection and local accumulation processes often prevent an unambiguous determination of the ABLH. The paper reports results from an inter-comparison effort involving different sensors and techniques to measure the ABLH. Correlations between the ABLH and other atmospheric variables are also assessed.
Alexane Lovat, Béatrice Vincendon, and Véronique Ducrocq
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2697–2714, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The hydrometeorological skills of two new nowcasting systems for forecasting Mediterranean intense rainfall events and floods are investigated. The results reveal that up to 75 or 90 min of forecast the performance of the nowcasting system blending numerical weather prediction and extrapolation of radar estimation is higher than the numerical weather model. For lead times up to 3 h the skills are equivalent in general. Using these nowcasting systems for flash flood forecasting is also promising.
Joris Pianezze, Jonathan Beuvier, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Guillaume Samson, Ghislain Faure, and Gilles Garric
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1301–1324, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most numerical weather and oceanic prediction systems do not consider ocean–atmosphere feedback during forecast, and this can lead to significant forecast errors, notably in cases of severe situations. A new high-resolution coupled ocean–atmosphere system is presented in this paper. This forecast-oriented system, based on current regional operational systems and evaluated using satellite and in situ observations, shows that the coupling improves both atmospheric and oceanic forecasts.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Silvio Davolio, Shira Raveh-Rubin, Florian Pantillon, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Maria Hatzaki, Victor Homar, Samira Khodayar, Gerasimos Korres, Vassiliki Kotroni, Jonilda Kushta, Marco Reale, and Didier Ricard
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a collective effort to describe the state of the art in Mediterranean cyclone dynamics, climatology, prediction (weather and climate scales) and impacts. More than that, the paper focuses on the future directions of research that would advance the broader field of Mediterranean cyclones as a whole. Thereby, we propose interdisciplinary cooperation and additional modelling and forecasting strategies, and we highlight the need for new impact-oriented approaches to climate prediction.
Mario Marcello Miglietta and Silvio Davolio
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 627–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The main results emerging from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign and in the subsequent research activity in three Italian target areas are highlighted through conceptual models and through the identification of the relevant mesoscale environmental characteristics conducive to heavy rain events.
Ian Boutle, Wayne Angevine, Jian-Wen Bao, Thierry Bergot, Ritthik Bhattacharya, Andreas Bott, Leo Ducongé, Richard Forbes, Tobias Goecke, Evelyn Grell, Adrian Hill, Adele L. Igel, Innocent Kudzotsa, Christine Lac, Bjorn Maronga, Sami Romakkaniemi, Juerg Schmidli, Johannes Schwenkel, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, and Benoît Vié
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fog forecasting is one of the biggest problems for numerical weather prediction. By comparing many models used for fog forecasting with others used for fog research, we hoped to help guide forecast improvements. We show some key processes that, if improved, will help improve fog forecasting, such as how water is deposited on the ground. We also showed that research models were not themselves a suitable baseline for comparison, and we discuss what future observations are required to improve them.
César Sauvage, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, and Marie-Noëlle Bouin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11857–11887, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea processes are key elements during Mediterranean heavy precipitation events. We aim to progress in their representation in high-resolution weather forecast. Using coupled ocean–air–wave simulations, we investigated air–sea mechanisms modulated by ocean and waves during a case that occurred in southern France. Results showed significant impact of the forecast on low-level dynamics and air–sea fluxes and illustrated potential benefits of coupled numerical weather prediction systems.
Alistair Bell, Pauline Martinet, Olivier Caumont, Benoît Vié, Julien Delanoë, Jean-Charles Dupont, and Mary Borderies
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4929–4946, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4929-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4929-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents work towards making retrievals on the liquid water content in fog and low clouds. Future retrievals will rely on a radar simulator and high-resolution forecast. In this work, real observations are used to assess the errors associated with the simulator and forecast. A selection method to reduce errors associated with the forecast is proposed. It is concluded that the distribution of errors matches the requirements for future retrievals.
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, Samiro Khodayar, and Peter Knippertz
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 561–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The prediction capabilities of GPS, operational (low-resolution) and targeted (high-resolution) radiosondes for data assimilation in a Mediterranean heavy precipitation event at different model resolutions are investigated. The results show that even if GPS provides accurate observations, their lack of vertical information hampers the improvement, demonstrating the need for assimilating radiosondes, where the location and timing of release was more determinant than the vertical resolution.
Maxi Boettcher, Andreas Schäfler, Michael Sprenger, Harald Sodemann, Stefan Kaufmann, Christiane Voigt, Hans Schlager, Donato Summa, Paolo Di Girolamo, Daniele Nerini, Urs Germann, and Heini Wernli
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5477–5498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5477-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important airstreams in extratropical cyclones, often leading to the formation of intense precipitation. We present a case study that involves aircraft, lidar and radar observations of water and clouds in a WCB ascending from western Europe across the Alps towards the Baltic Sea during the field campaigns HyMeX and T-NAWDEX-Falcon in October 2012. A probabilistic trajectory measure and an airborne tracer experiment were used to confirm the long pathway of the WCB.
Olivier Caumont, Marc Mandement, François Bouttier, Judith Eeckman, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Alexane Lovat, Olivier Nuissier, and Olivier Laurantin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1135–1157, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the heavy precipitation event of 14 and 15 October 2018, which caused deadly flash floods in the Aude basin in south-western France.
The case is studied from a meteorological point of view using various operational numerical weather prediction systems, as well as a unique combination of observations from both standard and personal weather stations. The peculiarities of this case compared to other cases of Mediterranean heavy precipitation events are presented.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Suzanne L. Gray, and Franziska Teubler
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 255–279, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we quantify the relative contribution of different atmospheric processes to the development of 100 intense Mediterranean cyclones and show that both upper tropospheric systems and diabatic processes contribute to cyclone development. However, these contributions are complex and present high variability among the cases. For this reason, we analyse several exemplary cases in more detail, including 10 systems that have been identified in the past as tropical-like cyclones.
Nadia Fourrié, Mathieu Nuret, Pierre Brousseau, and Olivier Caumont
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 463–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation impact of four observation data sets on forecasts is studied in a mesoscale weather model. The ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) zenithal total delay data set with information on humidity has the largest impact on analyses and forecasts, representing an evenly spread and frequent data set for each analysis time over the model domain. Moreover, the reprocessing of these data also improves the forecast quality, but this impact is not statistically significant.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Matthias Röthlisberger, Maxi Boettcher, Michael Sprenger, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we identify the wettest seasons globally and address their meteorological characteristics. We show that in different regions the wettest seasons occur in different times of the year and result from either unusually high frequencies of wet days and/or daily extremes. These high frequencies can be largely attributed to four specific weather systems, especially cyclones. Our analysis uses a thoroughly explained, novel methodology that could also be applied to climate models.
Olivier Nuissier, Fanny Duffourg, Maxime Martinet, Véronique Ducrocq, and Christine Lac
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14649–14667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14649-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14649-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This present article demonstrates how numerical simulations with very high horizontal resolution (150 m) can contribute to better understanding the key physical processes (turbulence and microphysics) that lead to Mediterranean heavy precipitation.
Samiro Khodayar and Johannes Hoerner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12011–12031, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-12011-2020, 2020
Alberto Caldas-Alvarez and Samiro Khodayar
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2753–2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy precipitation causes serious losses and several casualties in the western Mediterranean every year. To predict this phenomenon better, we aim at understanding how the models represent the interaction between atmospheric moisture and precipitation by nudging a 10 min, state-of-the-art GPS data set. We found, for the selected case in autumn 2012, that the improvement in the modelling of precipitation stems from relevant variations of atmospheric instability and humidity above 1.5 km.
Marie-Noëlle Bouin and Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier
Ocean Sci., 16, 1125–1142, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1125-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A kilometre-scale coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation is used to study the impact of a medicane on the oceanic upper layer. The processes responsible for the surface cooling are comparable to those of weak tropical cyclones. The oceanic response is influenced by the dynamics of the central Mediterranean. In particular, a cyclonic eddy leads to weaker cooling. Heavy rain occuring early in the event creates a salinity barrier layer, reinforcing the effects of the surface fluxes on the cooling.
Cited articles
Adirosi, E., Gorgucci, E., Baldini, L., and Tokay, A.: Evaluation of Gamma
Raindrop Size Distribution Assumption through Comparison of Rain Rates of
Measured and Radar-Equivalent Gamma DSD, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Climatol., 53, 1618–1635, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0150.1, 2014.
Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., Lombardo, F., Russo, F., Napolitano, F., Volpi, E.,
and Tokay, A.: Comparison of different fittings of drop spectra for rainfall
retrievals, Adv. Water Resour., 83, 55–67,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.05.009, 2015.
Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Gatlin, P., and Tokay, A.: Improvement
of vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution from micro rain radar
using 2D video disdrometer measurements, Atmos. Res., 169,
404–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.002, 2016.
Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Kohler, M., Handwerker, J., Wieser, A., Corsmeier,
U., Kottmeier, C., Lambert, D., and Bock, O.: The variability of water vapour
and pre-convective conditions over the mountainous island of Corsica,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 335–346,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2545, 2015.
Augros, C., Caumont, O., Ducrocq, V., Gaussiat, N., and Tabary, P.:
Comparisons between S-, C- and X-band polarimetric radar observations and
convective-scale simulations of the HyMeX first special observing period,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 347–362,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2572, 2015.
Barthlott, C. and Kirshbaum, D. J.: Sensitivity of deep convection to
terrain forcing over Mediterranean islands, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1762–1779, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2089, 2013.
Barthlott, C., Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Handwerker, J., Kohler, M., and
Wieser, A.: The role of Corsica in initiating nocturnal offshore convection,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 222–237,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2415, 2016.
Barthlott, C. and Davolio, S.: Mechanisms initiating heavy precipitation
over Italy during HyMeX Special Observation Period 1: a numerical case study
using two mesoscale models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 238–258, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2630, 2016.
Bassi, C.: Modelli meteorologici ad alta risoluzione: simulazione di episodi
di precipitazione intensa in Liguria e Toscana durante la campagna HyMeX,
Università di Milano, available at: https://www.sba.unimi.it/en/thesis/49.html (last access: 28 Januray 2021), 2014.
Bastin, S., Drobinski, P., Chiriaco, M., Bock, O., Roehrig, R., Gallardo, C., Conte, D., Domínguez Alonso, M., Li, L., Lionello, P., and Parracho, A. C.: Impact of humidity biases on light precipitation occurrence: observations versus simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1471–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1471-2019, 2019.
Berthou, S., Mailler, S., Drobinski, P., Arsouze, T., Bastin, S.,
Béranger, K., Flaounas, E., Brossier, C. L., Somot, S., and Stéfanon,
M.: Influence of submonthly air-sea coupling on heavy precipitation events
in the Western Mediterranean basin, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 453–471, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2717, 2016.
Berthou, S., Kendon, E. J., Chan, S. C., Ban, N., Leutwyler, D., Schär,
C., and Fosser, G.: Pan-European climate at convection-permitting scale: a
model intercomparison study, Clim. Dynam., 55, 35–59,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4114-6, 2018.
Bock, O., Bosser, P., Pacione, R., Nuret, M., Fourrié, N., and Parracho,
A.: A high-quality reprocessed ground-based GPS dataset for atmospheric
process studies, radiosonde and model evaluation, and reanalysis of HyMeX
Special Observing Period, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 56–71, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2701, 2016.
Bonan, B., Albergel, C., Zheng, Y., Barbu, A. L., Fairbairn, D., Munier, S., and Calvet, J.-C.: An ensemble square root filter for the joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and leaf area index within the Land Data Assimilation System LDAS-Monde: application over the Euro-Mediterranean region, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 325–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-325-2020, 2020.
Borderies, M., Caumont, O., Delanoë, J., Ducrocq, V., and Fourrié, N.: Assimilation of wind data from airborne Doppler cloud-profiling radar in a kilometre-scale NWP system, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 821–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-821-2019, 2019a.
Borderies, M., Caumont, O., Delanoë, J., Ducrocq, V., Fourrié, N., and Marquet, P.: Impact of airborne cloud radar reflectivity data assimilation on kilometre-scale numerical weather prediction analyses and forecasts of heavy precipitation events, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-907-2019, 2019b.
Borga, M., Comiti, F., Ruin, I., and Marra, F.: Forensic analysis of flash
flood response, WIREs Water, 6, e1338, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1338, 2019.
Bougeault, P., Binder, P., Buzzi, A., Dirks, R., Kuettner, J., Houze, R.,
Smith, R. B., Steinacker, R. and Volkert, H.: The MAP Special Observing
Period, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 433–462,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082< 0433:tmsop>2.3.co;2,
2001.
Bouin, M.-N., Redelsperger, J.-L. and Brossier, C. L.: Processes leading to
deep convection and sensitivity to sea-state representation during HyMeX
IOP8 heavy precipitation event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143(707), 2600–2615, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3111, 2017.
Bouttier, F., Raynaud, L., Nuissier, O., and Ménétrier, B.:
Sensitivity of the AROME ensemble to initial and surface perturbations
during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142,
390–403, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2622, 2015.
Bresson, E., Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., Ricard, D., and de Saint-Aubin, C.: Idealized numerical simulations of quasi-stationary convective
systems over the Northwestern Mediterranean complex terrain, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 138, 1751–1763, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1911, 2012.
Brossier, C. L., Arsouze, T., Béranger, K., Bouin, M.-N., Bresson, E.,
Ducrocq, V., Giordani, H., Nuret, M., Rainaud, R., and Taupier-Letage, I.:
Ocean Mixed Layer responses to intense meteorological events during
HyMeX-SOP1 from a high-resolution ocean simulation, Ocean Model., 84,
84–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.09.009, 2014.
Buzzi, A., Davolio, S., Malguzzi, P., Drofa, O., and Mastrangelo, D.: Heavy rainfall episodes over Liguria in autumn 2011: numerical forecasting experiments, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1325–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1325-2014, 2014.
Caine, S., Lane, T. P., May, P. T., Jakob, C., Siems, S. T., Manton, M. J.,
and Pinto, J.: Statistical Assessment of Tropical Convection-Permitting
Model Simulations Using a Cell-Tracking Algorithm, Mon. Weather Rev.,
141, 557–581, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00274.1, 2013.
Caldas-Álvarez, A., Khodayar, S., and Bock, O.: GPS – Zenith Total Delay assimilation in different resolution simulations of a heavy precipitation event over southern France, Adv. Sci. Res., 14, 157–162, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-157-2017, 2017.
Caldas-Alvarez, A. and Khodayar, S.: Assessing atmospheric moisture effects on heavy precipitation during HyMeX IOP16 using GPS nudging and dynamical downscaling, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2753–2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020, 2020.
Caldas-Alvarez, A., Khodayar, S., and Knippertz, P.: The impact of GPS and high-resolution radiosonde nudging on the simulation of heavy precipitation during HyMeX IOP6, Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 561–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-561-2021, 2021.
Carrió, D. S., Homar, V., Jansà, A., Picornell, M. A., and Campins, J.:
Diagnosis of a high-impact secondary cyclone during HyMeX-SOP1 IOP18,
Atmos. Res., 242, 104983,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104983, 2020.
Cavaleri, L., Bajo, M., Barbariol, F., Bastianini, M., Benetazzo, A.,
Bertotti, L., Chiggiato, J., Davolio, S., Ferrarin, C., Magnusson, L., Papa,
A., Pezzutto, P., Pomaro, A., and Umgiesser, G.: The October 29, 2018 storm
in Northern Italy – An exceptional event and its modeling, Progr.
Oceanogr., 178, 102178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102178, 2019.
Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Raut, J.-C., Totems, J., and Shang, X.: Tropical
moisture enriched storm tracks over the Mediterranean and their link with
intense rainfall in the Cevennes-Vivarais area during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 320–334,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2674, 2015a.
Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Shang, X., Totems, J., Raut, J.-C., Doerenbecher,
A., Ducrocq, V., Fourrié, N., Bock, O., and Cloché, S.: A
multi-instrument and multi-model assessment of atmospheric moisture
variability over the western Mediterranean during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 7–22, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2671, 2015b.
Chazette, P., Totems, J., Ancellet, G., Pelon, J., and Sicard, M.: Temporal consistency of lidar observations during aerosol transport events in the framework of the ChArMEx/ADRIMED campaign at Minorca in June 2013, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2863–2875, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2863-2016, 2016.
Clark, P., Roberts, N., Lean, H., Ballard, S. P., and Charlton-Perez, C.:
Convection-permitting models: a step-change in rainfall forecasting,
Meteorol. Appl., 23, 165–181, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1538, 2016.
Colmet-Daage, A., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Ricci, S., Llovel, C., Borrell Estupina, V., Quintana-Seguí, P., Llasat, M. C., and Servat, E.: Evaluation of uncertainties in mean and extreme precipitation under climate change for northwestern Mediterranean watersheds from high-resolution Med and Euro-CORDEX ensembles, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 673–687, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-673-2018, 2018.
Coppola, E., Sobolowski, S., Pichelli, E., Raffaele, F., Ahrens, B., Anders,
I., Ban, N., Bastin, S., Belda, M., Belusic, D., Caldas-Alvarez, A.,
Cardoso, R. M., Davolio, S., Dobler, A., Fernandez, J., Fita, L., Fumiere,
Q., Giorgi, F., Goergen, K., Güttler, I., Halenka, T., Heinzeller, D.,
Hodnebrog, Ø., Jacob, D., Kartsios, S., Katragkou, E., Kendon, E.,
Khodayar, S., Kunstmann, H., Knist, S., Lavıìn-Gullón, A., Lind, P.,
Lorenz, T., Maraun, D., Marelle, L., van Meijgaard, E., Milovac, J., Myhre,
G., Panitz, H.-J., Piazza, M., Raffa, M., Raub, T., Rockel, B., Schär,
C., Sieck, K., Soares, P. M. M., Somot, S., Srnec, L., Stocchi, P.,
Tölle, M. H., Truhetz, H., Vautard, R., de Vries, H., and Warrach-Sagi,
K.: A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for
investigating convective phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean,
Clim. Dynam., 55, 3–34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8, 2018.
Corsmeier, U., Hankers, R., and Wieser, A.: Airborne turbulence measurements
in the lower troposphere onboard the research aircraft Dornier 128-6,
D-IBUF, Meteorol. Z., 10,, 315–329,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0315, 2001.
Davolio, S., Mastrangelo, D., Miglietta, M. M., Drofa, O., Buzzi, A., and Malguzzi, P.: High resolution simulations of a flash flood near Venice, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1671–1678, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1671-2009, 2009.
Davolio, S., Miglietta, M. M., Diomede, T., Marsigli, C., and Montani, A.: A flood episode in northern Italy: multi-model and single-model mesoscale meteorological ensembles for hydrological predictions, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2107–2120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2107-2013, 2013.
Davolio, S., Silvestro, F., and Malguzzi, P.: Effects of Increasing
Horizontal Resolution in a Convection-Permitting Model on Flood Forecasting:
The 2011 Dramatic Events in Liguria, Italy, J. Hydrometeorol.,
16, 1843–1856, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0094.1, 2015.
Davolio, S., Henin, R., Stocchi, P., and Buzzi, A.: Bora wind and heavy
persistent precipitation: atmospheric water balance and role of air-sea
fluxes over the Adriatic Sea, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 1165–1177, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3002, 2017.
Davolio, S., Della Fera, S., Laviola, S., Miglietta, M. M., and Levizzani,
V.: Heavy Precipitation over Italy from the Mediterranean Storm” in October
2018: Assessing the Role of an Atmospheric River, Mon. Weather Rev.,
148, 3571–3588, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-20-0021.1, 2020.
Dayan, U., Nissen, K., and Ulbrich, U.: Review Article: Atmospheric conditions inducing extreme precipitation over the eastern and western Mediterranean, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2525–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2525-2015, 2015.
Defer, E., Pinty, J.-P., Coquillat, S., Martin, J.-M., Prieur, S., Soula, S., Richard, E., Rison, W., Krehbiel, P., Thomas, R., Rodeheffer, D., Vergeiner, C., Malaterre, F., Pedeboy, S., Schulz, W., Farges, T., Gallin, L.-J., Ortéga, P., Ribaud, J.-F., Anderson, G., Betz, H.-D., Meneux, B., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Roos, S., Ducrocq, V., Roussot, O., Labatut, L., and Molinié, G.: An overview of the lightning and atmospheric electricity observations collected in southern France during the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX), Special Observation Period 1, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 649–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-649-2015, 2015.
de Vries, A. J.: A global climatological perspective on the importance of Rossby wave breaking and intense moisture transport for extreme precipitation events, Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 129–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-129-2021, 2021.
Di Girolamo, P., Summa, D., Lin, R.-F., Maestri, T., Rizzi, R., and Masiello, G.: UV Raman lidar measurements of relative humidity for the characterization of cirrus cloud microphysical properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8799–8811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8799-2009, 2009.
Di Girolamo, P., Flamant, C., Cacciani, M., Summa, D., Stelitano, D.,
Richard, E., Ducrocq, V., Fourrie, N. and Said, F.: Lidar observations of low-level wind reversals over the Gulf of Lion and characterization of their impact on
the water vapour variability, International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS), Apr 2016, Auckland, New Zealand, 080001, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4975532, insu-01501821, 2017.
Diomede, T., Marsigli, C., Montani, A., Nerozzi, F., and Paccagnella, T.:
Calibration of Limited-Area Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts for
Hydrological Predictions, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2176–2197,
https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00071.1, 2014.
Doerenbecher, A., Basdevant, C., Drobinski, P., Durand, P., Fesquet, C.,
Bernard, F., Cocquerez, P., Verdier, N., and Vargas, A.: Low-Atmosphere
Drifting Balloons: Platforms for Environment Monitoring and Forecast
Improvement, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97,
1583–1599, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00182.1, 2016.
Doocy, S., Daniels, A., Murray, S., and Kirsch, T. D.: The Human Impact of
Floods: a Historical Review of Events 1980–2009 and Systematic Literature
Review, PLoS Currents, 2013.
Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: An overview of the HYSPLIT_4
modelling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition, Aust. Met.
Mag., 47, 295–308, 1998.
Drobinski, P., Ducrocq, V., Alpert, P., Anagnostou, E., Béranger, K.,
Borga, M., Braud, I., Chanzy, A., Davolio, S., Delrieu, G., Estournel, C.,
Boubrahmi, N. F., Font, J., Grubišić, V., Gualdi, S., Homar, V.,
Ivančan-Picek, B., Kottmeier, C., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K.,
Lionello, P., Llasat, M. C., Ludwig, W., Lutoff, C., Mariotti, A., Richard,
E., Romero, R., Rotunno, R., Roussot, O., Ruin, I., Somot, S.,
Taupier-Letage, I., Tintore, J., Uijlenhoet, R., and Wernli, H.: HyMeX: A
10-Year Multidisciplinary Program on the Mediterranean Water Cycle, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1063–1082,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00242.1, 2014.
Drobinski, P., Silva, N. D., Panthou, G., Bastin, S., Muller, C., Ahrens,
B., Borga, M., Conte, D., Fosser, G., Giorgi, F., Güttler, I., Kotroni,
V., Li, L., Morin, E., Önol, B., Quintana-Segui, P., Romera, R., and
Torma, C. Z.: Scaling precipitation extremes with temperature in the
Mediterranean: past climate assessment and projection in anthropogenic
scenarios, Clim. Dynam., 51, 1237–1257,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3083-x, 2016.
Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., Ricard, D., Lebeaupin, C., and Thouvenin, T.: A
numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern
France. II: Mesoscale triggering and stationarity factors, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 131–145, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.199,
2008.
Ducrocq, V., Braud, I., Davolio, S., Ferretti, R., Flamant, C., Jansa, A.,
Kalthoff, N., Richard, E., Taupier-Letage, I., Ayral, P.-A., Belamari, S.,
Berne, A., Borga, M., Boudevillain, B., Bock, O., Boichard, J.-L., Bouin,
M.-N., Bousquet, O., Bouvier, C., Chiggiato, J., Cimini, D., Corsmeier, U.,
Coppola, L., Cocquerez, P., Defer, E., Delanoë, J., Girolamo, P. D.,
Doerenbecher, A., Drobinski, P., Dufournet, Y., Fourrié, N., Gourley, J.
J., Labatut, L., Lambert, D., Coz, J. L., Marzano, F. S., Molinié, G.,
Montani, A., Nord, G., Nuret, M., Ramage, K., Rison, W., Roussot, O., Said,
F., Schwarzenboeck, A., Testor, P., Baelen, J. V., Vincendon, B., Aran, M.
and Tamayo, J.: HyMeX-SOP1: The Field Campaign Dedicated to Heavy
Precipitation and Flash Flooding in the Northwestern Mediterranean, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1083–1100,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00244.1, 2014.
Duffourg, F. and Ducrocq, V.: Origin of the moisture feeding the Heavy Precipitating Systems over Southeastern France, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1163–1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1163-2011, 2011.
Duffourg, F. and Ducrocq, V.: Assessment of the water supply to
Mediterranean heavy precipitation: a method based on finely designed water
budgets, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 14, 133–138, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.429,
2013.
Duffourg, F., Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., Flamant, C., Chazette, P.,
Delanoë, J., Doerenbecher, A., Fourrié, N., Girolamo, P. D., Lac,
C., Legain, D., Martinet, M., Saïd, F., and Bock, O.: Offshore deep
convection initiation and maintenance during the HyMeX IOP 16a heavy
precipitation event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
142, 259–274, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2725, 2016.
Duffourg, F., Lee, K.-O., Ducrocq, V., Flamant, C., Chazette, P., and
Girolamo, P. D.: Role of moisture patterns in the backbuilding formation of
HyMeX IOP13 heavy precipitation systems, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 291–303, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3201, 2018.
Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Wernli, H., James, P., Forster, C., and
Spichtinger, N.: A 15-Year Climatology of Warm Conveyor Belts, J. Climate,
17, 218–237, 2004
Edouard, S., Vincendon, B., and Ducrocq, V.: Ensemble-based flash-flood
modelling: Taking into account hydrodynamic parameters and initial soil
moisture uncertainties, J. Hydrol., 560, 480–494,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.048, 2018.
Federico, S., Torcasio, R. C., Avolio, E., Caumont, O., Montopoli, M., Baldini, L., Vulpiani, G., and Dietrich, S.: The impact of lightning and radar reflectivity factor data assimilation on the very short-term rainfall forecasts of RAMS@ISAC: application to two case studies in Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1839–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1839-2019, 2019.
Fiori, E., Ferraris, L., Molini, L., Siccardi, F., Kranzlmueller, D., and
Parodi, A.: Triggering and evolution of a deep convective system in the
Mediterranean Sea: modelling and observations at a very fine scale,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 927–941,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2977, 2017.
Ferretti, R., Pichelli, E., Gentile, S., Maiello, I., Cimini, D., Davolio,
S., Miglietta, M. M., Panegrossi, G., Baldini, L., Pasi, F., Marzano, F. S.,
Zinzi, A., Mariani, S., Casaioli, M., Bartolini, G., Loglisci, N., Montani,
A., Marsigli, C., Manzato, A., Pucillo, A., Ferrario, M. E., Colaiuda, V.,
and Rotunno, R.: Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over
Italy: observations and model results, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18,
1953–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, 2014.
Flaounas, E., Raveh-Rubin, S., Wernli, H., Drobinski, P.m and Bastin, S.: The
dynamical structure of intense Mediterranean cyclones, Clim. Dynam.,
44, 2411–2427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2330-2, 2014.
Flaounas, E., Lagouvardos, K., Kotroni, V., Claud, C., Delanoë, J.,
Flamant, C., Madonna, E., and Wernli, H.: Processes leading to heavy
precipitation associated with two Mediterranean cyclones observed during the
HyMeX SOP1: Heavy Rainfall Associated with Two Cyclones during the HyMeX
SOP1, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 275–286, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2618, 2016.
Flaounas, E., Luca, A. D., Drobinski, P., Mailler, S., Arsouze, T., Bastin,
S., Beranger, K. and Brossier, C. L.: Cyclone contribution to the
Mediterranean Sea water budget, Clim. Dynam., 46, 913–927,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2622-1, 2015.
Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Gray, S. L., Rysman, J.-F., and
Claud, C.: Heavy rainfall in Mediterranean cyclones. Part I: contribution of
deep convection and warm conveyor belt, Clim. Dynam., 50, 2935–2949, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3783-x, 2018.
Flaounas, E., Fita, L., Lagouvardos, K., and Kotroni, V.: Heavy rainfall in
Mediterranean cyclones, Part II: Water budget, precipitation efficiency and
remote water sources, Clim. Dynam., 53, 2539–2555,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04639-x, 2019.
Fosser, G., Khodayar, S., and Berg, P.: Benefit of convection permitting
climate model simulations in the representation of convective precipitation,
Clim. Dynam., 44, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2242-1, 2014.
Fourrié, N., Bresson, É., Nuret, M., Jany, C., Brousseau, P., Doerenbecher, A., Kreitz, M., Nuissier, O., Sevault, E., Bénichou, H., Amodei, M., and Pouponneau, F.: AROME-WMED, a real-time mesoscale model designed for the HyMeX special observation periods, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1919–1941, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1919-2015, 2015.
Fourrié, N., Nuret, M., Brousseau, P., Caumont, O., Doerenbecher, A., Wattrelot, E., Moll, P., Bénichou, H., Puech, D., Bock, O., Bosser, P., Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Di Girolamo, P., Richard, E., and Saïd, F.: The AROME-WMED reanalyses of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX), Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2657–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2657-2019, 2019.
Fourrié, N., Nuret, M., Brousseau, P., and Caumont, O.: Data assimilation impact studies with the AROME-WMED reanalysis of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 463–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-463-2021, 2021.
Fresnay, S., Hally, A., Garnaud, C., Richard, E., and Lambert, D.: Heavy precipitation events in the Mediterranean: sensitivity to cloud physics parameterisation uncertainties, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2671–2688, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2671-2012, 2012.
Fumière, Q., Déqué, M., Nuissier, O., Somot, S., Alias, A.,
Caillaud, C., Laurantin, O., and Seity, Y.: Extreme rainfall in Mediterranean
France during the fall: added value of the CNRM-AROME Convection-Permitting
Regional Climate Model, Clim. Dynam., 55, 77–91,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04898-8, 2019.
Funatsu, B. M., Claud, C., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: A 6-year AMSU-based
climatology of upper-level troughs and associated precipitation distribution
in the Mediterranean region, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15120,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd009918, 2008.
Galanaki, E., Flaounas, E., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., and Argiriou, A.:
Lightning activity in the Mediterranean: quantification of cyclones
contribution and relation to their intensity, Atmos. Sci. Lett.,
17, 510–516, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.685, 2016.
Gao, X., Pal, J. S., and Giorgi, F.: Projected changes in mean and extreme
precipitation over the Mediterranean region from a high resolution double
nested RCM simulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03706,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024954, 2006.
Giorgi, F.: Climate change hot-spots, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08707,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025734, 2006.
Giorgi, F., Raffaele, F., and Coppola, E.: The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections, Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 73–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-73-2019, 2019.
Giovannini, L., Davolio, S., Zaramella, M., Zardi, D., and Borga, M.:
Multi-model convection-resolving simulations of the October 2018 Vaia storm
over Northeastern Italy, Atmos. Res., 253, 105455,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105455, 2021.
Gires, A., Tchiguirinskaia, I., Schertzer, D., and Berne, A.: 2DVD Data
Revisited: Multifractal Insights into Cuts of the Spatiotemporal Rainfall
Process, J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 548–562,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0127.1, 2015.
Grams, C. M., Wernli, H., Böttcher, M., Čampa, J., Corsmeier, U.,
Jones, S. C., Keller, J. H., Lenz, C.-J., and Wiegand, L.: The key role of
diabatic processes in modifying the upper-tropospheric wave guide: a North
Atlantic case-study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
137, 2174–2193, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.891, 2011.
Grazioli, J., Tuia, D., and Berne, A.: Hydrometeor classification from polarimetric radar measurements: a clustering approach, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 149–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-149-2015, 2015.
Grazzini, F., Craig, G. C., Keil, C., Antolini, G., and Pavan, V.: Extreme
precipitation events over northern Italy. Part I: A systematic
classification with machine-learning techniques, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3635, 2019.
Grazzini, F., Fragkoulidis, G., Teubler, F., Wirth, V., and Craig, G. C.: Extreme
precipitation events over northern Italy. Part II: Dynamical precursors, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 1237–1257, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3969, 2021.
Hachani, S., Boudevillain, B., Delrieu, G., and Bargaoui, Z.: Drop Size
Distribution Climatology in Cévennes-Vivarais Region, France,
Atmosphere, 8, 233, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8120233, 2017.
Hally, A., Richard, E., and Ducrocq, V.: An ensemble study of HyMeX IOP6 and IOP7a: sensitivity to physical and initial and boundary condition uncertainties, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1071–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1071-2014, 2014.
Hally, A., Caumont, O., Garrote, L., Richard, E., Weerts, A., Delogu, F., Fiori, E., Rebora, N., Parodi, A., Mihalović, A., Ivković, M., Dekić, L., van Verseveld, W., Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., D'Agostino, D., Galizia, A., Danovaro, E., and Clematis, A.: Hydrometeorological multi-model ensemble simulations of the 4 November 2011 flash flood event in Genoa, Italy, in the framework of the DRIHM project, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 537–555, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-537-2015, 2015.
Hawcroft, M. K., Shaffrey, L. C., Hodges, K. I., and Dacre, H. F.: How much
Northern Hemisphere precipitation is associated with extratropical
cyclones?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24809, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012gl053866,
2012.
Helgert, S. and Khodayar, S.: Improvement of the soil-atmosphere
interactions and subsequent heavy precipitation modelling by enhanced
initialization using remotely sensed 1 km soil moisture information, Remote
Sens. Environ., 246, 111812, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111812, 2020.
Hertig, E., Tramblay, Y., Romberg, K., Kaspar-Ott, I., and Merkenschlager,
C.: The impact of soil moisture on precipitation downscaling in the
Euro-Mediterranean area, Clim. Dynam., 52, 2869–2884,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4304-2, 2018.
Homar, V., Ramis, C., Romero, R., Alonso, S., Garcia-Moya, J. A., and
Alarcon, M.: A Case of Convection Development over the Western Mediterranean
Sea: A Study through Numerical Simulations, Meteorol. Atmos.
Phys., 71, 169–188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030050054, 1999.
Insua-Costa, D., Miguez-Macho, G., and Llasat, M. C.: Local and remote moisture sources for extreme precipitation: a study of the two catastrophic 1982 western Mediterranean episodes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3885–3900, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3885-2019, 2019.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of
Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner,G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
2009.
Jacob, D., Petersen, J., Eggert, B., Alias, A., Christensen, O. B., Bouwer,
L. M., Braun, A., Colette, A., Déqué, M., Georgievski, G.,
Georgopoulou, E., Gobiet, A., Menut, L., Nikulin, G., Haensler, A.,
Hempelmann, N., Jones, C., Keuler, K., Kovats, S., Kröner, N.,
Kotlarski, S., Kriegsmann, A., Martin, E., van Meijgaard, E., Moseley, C.,
Pfeifer, S., Preuschmann, S., Radermacher, C., Radtke, K., Rechid, D.,
Rounsevell, M., Samuelsson, P., Somot, S., Soussana, J.-F., Teichmann, C.,
Valentini, R., Vautard, R., Weber, B., and Yiou, P.: EURO-CORDEX: new
high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research,
Regional Environmental Change, 14, 563–578,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0499-2, 2013.
Jansa, A., Genoves, A., Picornell, M. A., Campins, J., Riosalido, R., and
Carretero, O.: Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain. Part 2:
Statistical approach, Meteorol. Appl., 8, 43–56,
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1350482701001049, 2001.
Jansa, A., Campins, J., Picornell, M. A., and Guijarro, J.: Heavy rain and strong wind events over Spain during HyMeX SOP1, Tethys, 11, 25–38,
https://doi.org/10.3369/tethys.2014.11.03, 2014.
Jianyun, G., Ziwang, D., and Xiaolan, Z.: Spatial/temporal features of
drought/flood in Fujian for the past 4 decades, J. Trop.
Meteorol., 22, 491–497, 2006.
Kagkara, C., Wobrock, W., Planche, C., and Flossmann, A. I.: The sensitivity of intense rainfall to aerosol particle loading – a comparison of bin-resolved microphysics modelling with observations of heavy precipitation from HyMeX IOP7a, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1469–1483, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1469-2020, 2020.
Kalthoff, N., Adler, B., Wieser, A., Kohler, M., Träumner, K.,
Handwerker, J., Corsmeier, U., Khodayar, S., Lambert, D., Kopmann, A.,
Kunka, N., Dick, G., Ramatschi, M., Wickert, J., and Kottmeier, C.: KITcube a
mobile observation platform for convection studies deployed during HyMeX,
Meteorol. Z., 22, 633–647,
https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0542, 2013.
Khodayar, S., Czajka, B., Caldas-Alvarez, A., Helgert, S., Flamant, C.,
Girolamo, P. D., Bock, O., and Chazette, P.: Multi-scale observations of
atmospheric moisture variability in relation to heavy precipitating systems
in the northwestern Mediterranean during HyMeX IOP12, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 2761–2780, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3402,
2018.
Khodayar, S., Fosser, G., Berthou, S., Davolio, S., Drobinski, P., Ducrocq,
V., Ferretti, R., Nuret, M., Pichelli, E., Richard, E., and Bock, O.: A
seamless weather-climate multi-model intercomparison on the representation
of a high impact weather event in the western Mediterranean: HyMeX IOP12,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 433–452,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2700, 2016a.
Khodayar, S., Kalthoff, N., and Kottmeier, C.: Atmospheric conditions
associated with heavy precipitation events in comparison to seasonal means
in the western mediterranean region, Clim. Dynam., 51, 951–967,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3058-y, 2016b.
Khodayar, S., Raff, F., Kalthoff, N., and Bock, O.: Diagnostic study of a
high-precipitation event in the Western Mediterranean: adequacy of current
operational networks, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
142, 72–85, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2600, 2015.
Kirshbaum, D. J., Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Barthlott, C., and Serafin S.:
Moist orographic convection: Physical mechanisms and links to
surface-exchange processes, Atmosphere, 9, 80, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9030080, 2018.
Krichak, S. O., Feldstein, S. B., Alpert, P., Gualdi, S., Scoccimarro, E., and Yano, J.-I.: Discussing the role of tropical and subtropical moisture sources in cold season extreme precipitation events in the Mediterranean region from a climate change perspective, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 269–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-269-2016, 2016.
Lebeaupin, C., Ducrocq, V., and Giordani, H.: Sensitivity of torrential rain
events to the sea surface temperature based on high-resolution numerical
forecasts, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12110,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006541, 2006.
Lebeaupin-Brossier, C., Bastin, S., Béranger, K., and Drobinski, P.:
Regional mesoscale air–sea coupling impacts and extreme meteorological
events role on the Mediterranean Sea water budget, Clim. Dynam.,
44, 1029–1051, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2252-z, 2014.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Ducrocq, V., Duffourg, F., Fourrié, N., and
Davolio, S.: Convective initiation and maintenance processes of two
back-building mesoscale convective systems leading to heavy precipitation
events in Southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 2623–2635, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2851, 2016.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Ducrocq, V., Duffourg, F., Fourrié, N.,
Delanoë, J., and Bech, J.: Initiation and development of a mesoscale
convective system in the Ebro River Valley and related heavy precipitation
over northeastern Spain during HyMeX IOP 15a, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 942–956, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2978, 2017.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Duffourg, F., Ducrocq, V., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: Impact of upstream moisture structure on a back-building convective precipitation system in south-eastern France during HyMeX IOP13, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16845–16862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16845-2018, 2018.
Lee, K.-O., Aemisegger, F., Pfahl, S., Flamant, C., Lacour, J.-L., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: Contrasting stable water isotope signals from convective and large-scale precipitation phases of a heavy precipitation event in southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13: a modelling perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7487–7506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7487-2019, 2019.
Lindskog, M., Ridal, M., Thorsteinsson, S., and Ning, T.: Data assimilation of GNSS zenith total delays from a Nordic processing centre, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13983–13998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13983-2017, 2017.
Llasat, M. C., Llasat-Botija, M., Prat, M. A., Porcú, F., Price, C., Mugnai, A., Lagouvardos, K., Kotroni, V., Katsanos, D., Michaelides, S., Yair, Y., Savvidou, K., and Nicolaides, K.: High-impact floods and flash floods in Mediterranean countries: the FLASH preliminary database, Adv. Geosci., 23, 47–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-23-47-2010, 2010.
Lovat, A., Vincendon, B., and Ducrocq, V.: Assessing the impact of resolution and soil datasets on flash-flood modelling, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1801–1818, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1801-2019, 2019.
Madonna, E., Wernli, H., Joos, H., and Martius, O.: Warm conveyor belts in
the ERA-Interim dataset (1979–2010). Part I: Climatology and potential
vorticity evolution, J. Climate, 27, 3–26, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00720.1,
2014.
Magnusson, L., Hewson, T., and Lavers, D.: Windstorm Alex affected large
parts of Europe, ECMWF Newsletter, 166, 4–5, 2021.
Maiello, I., Gentile, S., Ferretti, R., Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Picciotti, E., Alberoni, P. P., and Marzano, F. S.: Impact of multiple radar reflectivity data assimilation on the numerical simulation of a flash flood event during the HyMeX campaign, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5459–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017, 2017.
Manzato, A., Davolio, S., Miglietta, M. M., Pucillo, A., and Setvák, M.:
12 September 2012: A supercell outbreak in NE Italy?, Atmos. Res.,
153, 98–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.07.019, 2015.
Mariotti, A.: Recent Changes in the Mediterranean Water Cycle: A Pathway
toward Long-Term Regional Hydroclimatic Change?, J. Climate, 23,
1513–1525, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3251.1, 2010.
Marsigli, C., Montani, A., and Paccagnella, T.: Provision of boundary conditions for a convection-permitting ensemble: comparison of two different approaches, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 393–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-393-2014, 2014.
Martinet, M., Nuissier, O., Duffourg, F., Ducrocq, V., and Ricard, D.:
Fine-scale numerical analysis of the sensitivity of the HyMeX IOP16a heavy
precipitating event to the turbulent mixing-length parametrization,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 3122–3135,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3167, 2017.
Mastrantonas, N., Herrera-Lormendez, P., Magnusson, L., Pappenberger, F.,
and Matschullat, J.: Extreme precipitation events in the Mediterranean:
Spatiotemporal characteristics and connection to large-scale atmospheric
flow patterns, Int. J. Climatol., 41, 2710–2728,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6985, 2021.
Meroni, A. N., Parodi, A., and Pasquero, C.: Role of SST Patterns on Surface
Wind Modulation of a Heavy Midlatitude Precipitation Event, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 9081–9096,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028276, 2018a.
Meroni, A. N., Renault, L., Parodi, A., and Pasquero, C.: Role of the Oceanic
Vertical Thermal Structure in the Modulation of Heavy Precipitations Over
the Ligurian Sea, Pure Appl. Geophys., 175, 4111–4130,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2002-y, 2018b.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Numerical Simulations of Conditionally
Unstable Flows over a Mountain Ridge, J. Atmos. Sci.,
66, 1865–1885, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jas2902.1, 2009.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Numerical Simulations of Sheared
Conditionally Unstable Flows over a Mountain Ridge, J.
Atmos. Sci., 71, 1747–1762, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-13-0297.1, 2014.
Miglietta, M. M., Manzato, A., and Rotunno, R.: Characteristics and
predictability of a supercell during HyMeX SOP1, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 2839–2853, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2872,
2016.
Moeng, C.-H., Sullivan, P. P., Khairoutdinov, M. F., and Randall, D. A.: A
Mixed Scheme for Subgrid-Scale Fluxes in Cloud-Resolving Models, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3692–3705, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3565.1,
2010.
Molinié, G., Ceresetti, D., Anquetin, S., Creutin, J. D., and
Boudevillain, B.: Rainfall Regime of a Mountainous Mediterranean Region:
Statistical Analysis at Short Time Steps, J. Appl. Meteorol.
Climatol., 51, 429–448, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jamc2691.1, 2012.
Nelson, G. C., Rosegrant, M. W., Palazzo, A., Gray, I., Ingersoll, C.,
Robertson, R., Tokgoz, S., Zhu, T., Sulser, T. B., Ringler, C., Msangi, S.,
and You, L.: Food Security, Farming, and Climate Change to 2050: Scenarios,
Results, Policy Options, International Food Policy Research Institute,
2010.
Nielsen, E. R. and Schumacher, R. S.: Using Convection-Allowing Ensembles to
Understand the Predictability of an Extreme Rainfall Event, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 3651–3676, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0083.1, 2016.
Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., Ricard, D., Lebeaupin, C., and Anquetin, S.: A
numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern
France. I: Numerical framework and synoptic ingredients, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 111–130, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.200,
2008.
Nuissier, O., Joly, B., Joly, A., Ducrocq, V., and Arbogast, P.: A
statistical downscaling to identify the large-scale circulation patterns
associated with heavy precipitation events over southern France, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1812–1827,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.866, 2011.
Nuissier, O., Joly, B., Vié, B., and Ducrocq, V.: Uncertainty of lateral boundary conditions in a convection-permitting ensemble: a strategy of selection for Mediterranean heavy precipitation events, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2993–3011, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2993-2012, 2012.
Nuissier, O., Marsigli, C., Vincendon, B., Hally, A., Bouttier, F., Montani,
A., and Paccagnella, T.: Evaluation of two convection-permitting ensemble
systems in the HyMeX Special Observation Period (SOP1) framework, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 404–418, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2859, 2016.
Nuissier, O., Duffourg, F., Martinet, M., Ducrocq, V., and Lac, C.: Hectometric-scale simulations of a Mediterranean heavy-precipitation event during the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) first Special Observation Period (SOP1), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 14649–14667, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-14649-2020, 2020.
Oertel, A., Boettcher, M., Joos, H., Sprenger, M., Konow, H., Hagen, M., and
Wernli, H.: Convective activity in an extratropical cyclone and its warm
conveyor belt – a case-study combining observations and a
convection-permitting model simulation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 1406–1426, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3500, 2019.
Oost, W. A., Komen, G. J., Jacobs, C. M. J., and Oort, C. V.: New evidence
for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during
ASGAMAGE, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 103, 409–438,
https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014913624535, 2002.
Orlowsky, B. and Seneviratne, S. I.: Global changes in extreme events:
regional and seasonal dimension, Clim. Change, 110, 669–696,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0122-9, 2011.
Papagiannaki, K., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Ruin, I., and Bezes, A.:
Urban Area Response to Flash Flood–Triggering Rainfall, Featuring Human
Behavioral Factors: The Case of 22 October 2015 in Attica, Greece, Weather
Clim. Soc., 9, 621–638, https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0068.1, 2017.
Pfahl, S., Madonna, E., Boettcher, M., Joos, H., and Wernli, H.: Warm
Conveyor Belts in the ERA-Interim Dataset (1979–2010). Part II: Moisture
Origin and Relevance for Precipitation, J. Climate, 27, 27–40,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00223.1, 2014.
Pichelli, E., Rotunno, R., and Ferretti, R.: Effects of the Alps and
Apennines on forecasts for Po Valley convection in two HyMeX cases,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2420–2435,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3096, 2017.
Planton, S., Driouech, F., Rhaz, K. E., and Lionello, P.: The climate of the
Mediterranean regions in the future climate projections, in: The
Mediterranean region under climate change, ISBN 978-0-12-416042-2, p. 86, 2016.
Poletti, M. L., Silvestro, F., Davolio, S., Pignone, F., and Rebora, N.: Using nowcasting technique and data assimilation in a meteorological model to improve very short range hydrological forecasts, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3823–3841, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3823-2019, 2019.
Prein, A. F., Langhans, W., Fosser, G., Ferrone, A., Ban, N., Goergen, K.,
Keller, M., Tölle, M., Gutjahr, O., Feser, F., Brisson, E., Kollet, S.,
Schmidli, J., Lipzig, N. P. M., and Leung, R.: A review on regional
convection-permitting climate modeling: Demonstrations, prospects, and
challenges, Rev. Geophys., 53, 323–361,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000475, 2015.
Protat, A., Bouniol, D., Delanoë, J., O'Connor, E., May, P. T.,
Plana-Fattori, A., Hasson, A., Görsdorf, U., and Heymsfield, A. J.:
Assessment of Cloudsat Reflectivity Measurements and Ice Cloud Properties
Using Ground-Based and Airborne Cloud Radar Observations, J.
Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 1717–1741,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1246.1, 2009.
Rainaud, R., Brossier, C. L., Ducrocq, V., Giordani, H., Nuret, M.,
Fourrié, N., Bouin, M.-N., Taupier-Letage, I., and Legain, D.:
Characterization of air-sea exchanges over the Western Mediterranean Sea
during HyMeX SOP1 using the AROME-WMED model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2480, 2015.
Rainaud, R., Brossier, C. L., Ducrocq, V., and Giordani, H.: High-resolution
air-sea coupling impact on two heavy precipitation events in the Western
Mediterranean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
143, 2448–2462, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3098, 2017.
Ramis, C., Llasat, M. C., Genovés, A., and Jansà, A.: The
October-1987 floods in Catalonia: Synoptic and mesoscale mechanisms, Met.
Apps, 1, 337–350, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.5060010404, 1994.
Raupach, T. H. and Berne, A.: Small-Scale Variability of the Raindrop Size
Distribution and Its Effect on Areal Rainfall Retrieval, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 2077–2104, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0214.1, 2016.
Ravazzani, G., Amengual, A., Ceppi, A., Homar, V., Romero, R., Lombardi, G.,
and Mancini, M.: Potentialities of ensemble strategies for flood forecasting
over the Milano urban area, J. Hydrology, 539, 237–253,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.023, 2016.
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Flaounas, E.: A dynamical link between deep Atlantic
extratropical cyclones and intense Mediterranean cyclones, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 18, 215–221, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.745, 2017.
Raveh-Rubin, S. and Wernli, H.: Large-scale wind and precipitation extremes
in the Mediterranean: a climatological analysis for 1979-2012, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 2404–2417,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2531, 2015.
Raynaud, L. and Bouttier, F.: Comparison of initial perturbation methods for
ensemble prediction at convective scale, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 854–866, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2686, 2015.
Rebora, N., Molini, L., Casella, E., Comellas, A., Fiori, E., Pignone, F.,
Siccardi, F., Silvestro, F., Tanelli, S., and Parodi, A.: Extreme Rainfall in
the Mediterranean: What Can We Learn from Observations?, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 906–922, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-083.1, 2013.
Ribaud, J.-F., Bousquet, O., Coquillat, S., Al-Sakka, H., Lambert, D.,
Ducrocq, V., and Fontaine, E.: Evaluation and application of hydrometeor
classification algorithm outputs inferred from multi-frequency
dual-polarimetric radar observations collected during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 95–107, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2589, 2015.
Ribaud, J.-F., Bousquet, O., and Coquillat, S.: Relationships between total
lightning activity, microphysics and kinematics during the 24 September 2012
HyMeX bow-echo system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 298–309, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2756, 2016.
Ricard, D., Ducrocq, V., and Auger, L.: A Climatology of the Mesoscale
Environment Associated with Heavily Precipitating Events over a Northwestern
Mediterranean Area, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 51,
468–488, https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-017.1, 2012.
Richard, E., Buzzi, A., and Zängl, G.: Quantitative precipitation
forecasting in the Alps: The advances achieved by the Mesoscale Alpine
Programme, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133,
831–846, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.65, 2007.
Röhner, L., Nerding, K.-U., and Corsmeier, U.: Diagnostic study of a
HyMeX heavy precipitation event over Spain by investigation of moisture
trajectories, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142,
287–297, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2825, 2016.
Rolph, G., Stein, A., and Stunder, B.: Real-time Environmental Applications
and Display sYstem: READY, Environ. Model. Softw., 95,
210–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.025, 2017.
Romero, R., Ramis, C., and Homar, V.: On the severe convective storm of 29
October 2013 in the Balearic Islands: observational and numerical study,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 1208–1222,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2429, 2014.
Roux, H., Amengual, A., Romero, R., Bladé, E., and Sanz-Ramos, M.: Evaluation of two hydrometeorological ensemble strategies for flash-flood forecasting over a catchment of the eastern Pyrenees, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 425–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-425-2020, 2020.
Ruin, I., Lutoff, C., Boudevillain, B., Creutin, J.-D., Anquetin, S., Rojo,
M. B., Boissier, L., Bonnifait, L., Borga, M., Colbeau-Justin, L.,
Creton-Cazanave, L., Delrieu, G., Douvinet, J., Gaume, E., Gruntfest, E.,
Naulin, J.-P., Payrastre, O., and Vannier, O.: Social and Hydrological
Responses to Extreme Precipitations: An Interdisciplinary Strategy for
Postflood Investigation, Weather, Clim. Soc., 6, 135–153,
https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00009.1, 2014.
Sauvage, C., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Bouin, M.-N., and Ducrocq, V.: Characterization of the air–sea exchange mechanisms during a Mediterranean heavy precipitation event using realistic sea state modelling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 1675–1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1675-2020, 2020.
Scheffknecht, P., Richard, E., and Lambert, D.: A highly localized
high-precipitation event over Corsica, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 206–221, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2795, 2016.
Scheffknecht, P., Richard, E., and Lambert, D.: Climatology of heavy
precipitation over Corsica in the period 1985–2015, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2987–2998, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3140, 2017.
Schleiss, M. and Smith, J.: A Method to Estimate the 3D–Time Structure of
the Raindrop Size Distribution Using Radar and Disdrometer Data,
J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 1222–1242, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0182.1,
2015.
Schumacher, R. S. and Johnson, R. H.: Organization and Environmental
Properties of Extreme-Rain-Producing Mesoscale Convective Systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 961–976, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr2899.1, 2005.
Senatore, A., Davolio, S., Furnari, L., and Mendicino, G.: Reconstructing
Flood Events in Mediterranean Coastal Areas Using Different Reanalyses and
High-Resolution Meteorological Models, J. Hydrometeorol., 21,
1865–1887, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0270.1, 2020a.
Senatore, A., Furnari, L., and Mendicino, G.: Impact of high-resolution sea surface temperature representation on the forecast of small Mediterranean catchments' hydrological responses to heavy precipitation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 269–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-269-2020, 2020b.
Seyfried, L., Estournel, C., Marsaleix, P., and Richard, E.: Dynamics of the North Balearic Front during an autumn tramontane and mistral storm: air–sea coupling processes and stratification budget diagnostic, Ocean Sci., 15, 179–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-179-2019, 2019.
Sodemann, H., Aemisegger, F., Pfahl, S., Bitter, M., Corsmeier, U., Feuerle, T., Graf, P., Hankers, R., Hsiao, G., Schulz, H., Wieser, A., and Wernli, H.: The stable isotopic composition of water vapour above Corsica during the HyMeX SOP1 campaign: insight into vertical mixing processes from lower-tropospheric survey flights, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6125–6151, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6125-2017, 2017.
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D.,
and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling
System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 2059–2077,
https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00110.1, 2015.
Stocchi, P. and Davolio, S.: Intense air-sea exchanges and heavy orographic
precipitation over Italy: The role of Adriatic sea surface temperature
uncertainty, Atmos. Res., 196, 62–82,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.004, 2017.
Strajnar, B., Cedilnik, J., Fettich, A., Ličer, M., Pristov, N.,
Smerkol, P., and Jerman, J.: Impact of two-way coupling and sea-surface
temperature on precipitation forecasts in regional atmosphere and ocean
models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145,
228–242, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3425, 2019.
Strauss, C., Ricard, D., Lac, C., and Verrelle, A.: Evaluation of turbulence
parametrizations in convective clouds and their environment based on a
large-eddy simulation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145, 3195–3217, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3614, 2019.
Taufour, M., Vié, B., Augros, C., Boudevillain, B., Delanoë, J.,
Delautier, G., Ducrocq, V., Lac, C., Pinty, J.-P., and Schwarzenböck, A.:
Evaluation of the two-moment scheme LIMA based on microphysical observations
from the HyMeX campaign, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144, 1398–1414, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3283, 2018.
Thévenot, O., Bouin, M.-N., Ducrocq, V., Brossier, C. L., Nuissier, O.,
Pianezze, J., and Duffourg, F.: Influence of the sea state on Mediterranean
heavy precipitation: a case-study from HyMeX SOP1, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 377–389, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2660, 2015.
Tramblay, Y. and Somot, S.: Future evolution of extreme precipitation in the
Mediterranean, Clim. Change, 151, 289–302,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2300-5, 2018.
Turato, B., Reale, O., and Siccardi, F.: Water Vapor Sources of the October
2000 Piedmont Flood, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 693–712,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0693:wvsoto>2.0.co;2,
2004.
Uber, M., Vandervaere, J.-P., Zin, I., Braud, I., Heistermann, M., Legoût, C., Molinié, G., and Nord, G.: How does initial soil moisture influence the hydrological response? A case study from southern France, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6127–6146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6127-2018, 2018.
Varble, A., Fridlind, A. M., Zipser, E. J., Ackerman, A. S., Chaboureau,
J.-P., Fan, J., Hill, A., McFarlane, S. A., Pinty, J.-P., and Shipway, B.:
Evaluation of cloud-resolving model intercomparison simulations using
TWP-ICE observations: Precipitation and cloud structure, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd015180, 2011.
Verrelle, A., Ricard, D., and Lac, C.: Sensitivity of high-resolution
idealized simulations of thunderstorms to horizontal resolution and
turbulence parametrization, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2363, 2014.
Verrelle, A., Ricard, D., and Lac, C.: Evaluation and Improvement of
Turbulence Parameterization inside Deep Convective Clouds at Kilometer-Scale
Resolution, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 3947–3967,
https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0404.1, 2017.
Vié, B., Molinié, G., Nuissier, O., Vincendon, B., Ducrocq, V., Bouttier, F., and Richard, E.: Hydro-meteorological evaluation of a convection-permitting ensemble prediction system for Mediterranean heavy precipitating events, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2631–2645, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2631-2012, 2012.
Vié, B., Pinty, J.-P., Berthet, S., and Leriche, M.: LIMA (v1.0): A quasi two-moment microphysical scheme driven by a multimodal population of cloud condensation and ice freezing nuclei, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 567–586, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-567-2016, 2016.
Vincendon, B., Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., and Vié, B.: Perturbation of convection-permitting NWP forecasts for flash-flood ensemble forecasting, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1529–1544, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1529-2011, 2011.
Winschall, A., Pfahl, S., Sodemann, H., and Wernli, H.: Impact of North
Atlantic evaporation hot spots on southern Alpine heavy precipitation
events, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138,
1245–1258, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.987, 2011.
Wu, F., Cui, X. and Zhang, D.-L.: A lightning-based nowcast-warning approach
for short-duration rainfall events: Development and testing over Beijing
during the warm seasons of 2006–2007, Atmos. Res., 205, 2–17,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.003, 2018.
Wyngaard, J. C. and Coté, O. R.: The Budgets of Turbulent Kinetic Energy
and Temperature Variance in the Atmospheric Surface Layer, J.
Atmos. Sci., 28, 190–201,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0190:tbotke>2.0.co;2,
1971.
Xie, S.-P., Xu, H., Kessler, W. S., and Nonaka, M.: Air–Sea Interaction over
the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool: Gap Winds, Thermocline Dome, and Atmospheric
Convection, J. Climate, 18, 5–20,
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3249.1, 2005.
Ziv, B., Saaroni, H., Romem, M., Heifetz, E., Harnik, N., and Baharad, A.:
Analysis of conveyor belts in winter Mediterranean cyclones, Theor.
Appl. Climatol., 99, 441–455, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0150-9, 2009.
Zwiebel, J., Baelen, J. V., Anquetin, S., Pointin, Y., and Boudevillain, B.:
Impacts of orography and rain intensity on rainfall structure. The case of
the HyMeX IOP7a event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 310–319, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2679, 2015.
Short summary
Heavy precipitation (HP) constitutes a major meteorological threat in the western Mediterranean. Every year, recurrent events affect the area with fatal consequences. Despite this being a well-known issue, open questions still remain. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the modeling representation of the events must be improved. In this article we present the most recent lessons learned from the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX).
Heavy precipitation (HP) constitutes a major meteorological threat in the western Mediterranean....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint