Articles | Volume 21, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14235-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14235-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Mass and density of individual frozen hydrometeors
Karlie N. Rees
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Dhiraj K. Singh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Eric R. Pardyjak
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Quantification and parameterization of snowflake fall speeds in the atmospheric surface-layer S. Donovan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
- Idealized simulation study of the relationship of disdrometer sampling statistics with the precision of precipitation rate measurement K. Rees & T. Garrett https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7681-2021
- Snow Particle Analyzer for Simultaneous Measurements of Snow Density and Morphology J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038987
- Measuring diameters and velocities of artificial raindrops with a neuromorphic event camera K. Micev et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-335-2024
- Time-resolved measurements of the densities of individual frozen hydrometeors and fresh snowfall D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4581-2024
- Finite domains cause bias in measured and modeled distributions of cloud sizes T. DeWitt & T. Garrett https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024
- MASCDB, a database of images, descriptors and microphysical properties of individual snowflakes in free fall J. Grazioli et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01269-7
- Measurement and tracking of blowing and falling snow particles using an automotive 1550 nm LiDAR N. Aksamit et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.105073
- Dual-frequency spectral radar retrieval of snowfall microphysics: a physics-driven deep-learning approach A. Billault-Roux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-911-2023
- A universal scaling law for Lagrangian snowflake accelerations in atmospheric turbulence D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0173359
- Relating storm-snow avalanche instabilities to data collected from the Differential Emissivity Imaging Disdrometer (DEID) T. Morrison et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.103839
- Three distinct types of heavy snowfall clouds Revealed by spaceborne Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar observations (2014–2023) J. Ryu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105142
- Variability of Raindrop Size Distribution during a Regional Freezing Rain Event in the Jianghan Plain of Central China J. Lü et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-2131-1
- Exploring the Environmental Conditions of Snow Particles Using Spaceborne Triple-Frequency Radar Measurements over Ocean M. Yin & C. Yuan https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215512
- Mass and density of individual frozen hydrometeors K. Rees et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14235-2021
- A differential emissivity imaging technique for measuring hydrometeor mass and type D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6973-2021
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Quantification and parameterization of snowflake fall speeds in the atmospheric surface-layer S. Donovan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
- Idealized simulation study of the relationship of disdrometer sampling statistics with the precision of precipitation rate measurement K. Rees & T. Garrett https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7681-2021
- Snow Particle Analyzer for Simultaneous Measurements of Snow Density and Morphology J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD038987
- Measuring diameters and velocities of artificial raindrops with a neuromorphic event camera K. Micev et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-335-2024
- Time-resolved measurements of the densities of individual frozen hydrometeors and fresh snowfall D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4581-2024
- Finite domains cause bias in measured and modeled distributions of cloud sizes T. DeWitt & T. Garrett https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8457-2024
- MASCDB, a database of images, descriptors and microphysical properties of individual snowflakes in free fall J. Grazioli et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01269-7
- Measurement and tracking of blowing and falling snow particles using an automotive 1550 nm LiDAR N. Aksamit et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.105073
- Dual-frequency spectral radar retrieval of snowfall microphysics: a physics-driven deep-learning approach A. Billault-Roux et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-911-2023
- A universal scaling law for Lagrangian snowflake accelerations in atmospheric turbulence D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0173359
- Relating storm-snow avalanche instabilities to data collected from the Differential Emissivity Imaging Disdrometer (DEID) T. Morrison et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.103839
- Three distinct types of heavy snowfall clouds Revealed by spaceborne Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar observations (2014–2023) J. Ryu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2026.105142
- Variability of Raindrop Size Distribution during a Regional Freezing Rain Event in the Jianghan Plain of Central China J. Lü et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-2131-1
- Exploring the Environmental Conditions of Snow Particles Using Spaceborne Triple-Frequency Radar Measurements over Ocean M. Yin & C. Yuan https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215512
- Mass and density of individual frozen hydrometeors K. Rees et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14235-2021
- A differential emissivity imaging technique for measuring hydrometeor mass and type D. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6973-2021
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 25 Jul 2026
Short summary
Accurate predictions of weather and climate require descriptions of the mass and density of snowflakes as a function of their size. Few measurements have been obtained to date because snowflakes are so small and fragile. This article describes results from a new instrument that automatically measures individual snowflake size, mass, and density. Key findings are that small snowflakes have much lower densities than is often assumed and that snowflake density increases with temperature.
Accurate predictions of weather and climate require descriptions of the mass and density of...
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