Articles | Volume 21, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements during the COVID-19 lockdown period in central Europe
Volker Matthias
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Markus Quante
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Jan A. Arndt
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Ronny Badeke
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Ronny Petrik
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Josefine Feldner
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Daniel Schwarzkopf
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Eliza-Maria Link
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Martin O. P. Ramacher
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Ralf Wedemann
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht,
Germany
Related authors
Hiram Abif Meza-Landero, Julia Bruckert, Ronny Petrick, Pascal Simon, Heike Vogel, Volker Matthias, Johannes Bieser, and Martin Ramacher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2289, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2289, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how persistent hazardous industrial chemicals travel through the air and are deposited back on Earth's surface, we created a new computer model that combines meteorology and chemistry in clouds and clean air. Using the most recent global emissions data, this model represents the trajectory and changes of these chemicals, matching patterns in many areas and overlooking others. The work seeks to improve global monitoring and modeling of hazardous chemicals.
Pascal Simon, Martin Otto Paul Ramacher, Stefan Hagemann, Volker Matthias, Hanna Joerss, and Johannes Bieser
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-236, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-236, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) constitute a group of often toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative substances. We constructed a global Emissions model and inventory based on multiple datasets for 23 widely used PFAS. The model computes temporally and spatially resolved model ready emissions distinguishing between emissions to air and emissions to water covering the time span from 1950 up until 2020 on an annual basis to be used for chemistry transport modelling.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Sara Jutterström, Jana Moldanova, Elisa Majamäki, and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10163–10189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is a heavily trafficked shipping area, and air quality monitoring stations in numerous cities along the Mediterranean coast have detected high levels of air pollutants originating from shipping emissions. The current study investigates how existing restrictions on shipping-related emissions to the atmosphere ensure compliance with legislation. Focus was laid on fine particles and particle species, which were simulated with five different chemical transport models.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Jana Moldanova, Sara Jutterström, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Elisa Majamäki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1825–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potential ship impact on air pollution in the Mediterranean Sea was simulated with five chemistry transport models. An evaluation of the results for NO2 and O3 air concentrations and dry deposition is presented. Emission data, modeled year and domain were the same. Model run outputs were compared to measurements from background stations. We focused on comparing model outputs regarding the concentration of regulatory pollutants and the relative ship impact on total air pollution concentrations.
Ronny Badeke, Volker Matthias, Matthias Karl, and David Grawe
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4077–4103, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For air quality modeling studies, it is very important to distribute pollutants correctly into the model system. This has not yet been done for shipping pollution in great detail. We studied the effects of different vertical distributions of shipping pollutants on the urban air quality and derived advanced formulas for it. These formulas take weather conditions and ship-specific parameters like the exhaust gas temperature into account.
Sara Jutterström, Filip Moldan, Jana Moldanová, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, and Maximilian Posch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15827–15845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For the Baltic Sea countries, shipping emissions are an important source of air pollution. This study investigates the contribution of shipping emissions to the acidification and eutrophication of soils and freshwater within the airshed of the Baltic Sea in the years 2012 and 2040. The implementation of emission control areas and improving energy efficiency significantly reduces the negative impact on ecosystems expressed as a decrease in the exceedance of critical loads for sulfur and nitrogen.
Ronny Badeke, Volker Matthias, and David Grawe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5935–5951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims to describe the physical distribution of ship exhaust gases in the near field, e.g., inside of a harbor. Results were calculated with a mathematical model for different meteorological and technical conditions. It has been shown that large vessels like cruise ships have a significant effect of up to 55 % downward movement of exhaust gas, as they can disturb the ground near wind circulation. This needs to be considered in urban air pollution studies.
Martin O. P. Ramacher, Lin Tang, Jana Moldanová, Volker Matthias, Matthias Karl, Erik Fridell, and Lasse Johansson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10667–10686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of shipping emissions on air quality and health in the harbour city of Gothenburg were simulated for different scenarios for the year 2040 with coupled regional and city-scale chemistry transport models to evaluate the impact of regional emission regulations and onshore electricity for ships at berth. The results show that contributions of shipping to exposure and associated health impacts from particulate matter and NO2 decrease significantly compared to 2012 in all scenarios.
Hiram Abif Meza-Landero, Julia Bruckert, Ronny Petrick, Pascal Simon, Heike Vogel, Volker Matthias, Johannes Bieser, and Martin Ramacher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2289, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2289, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
Short summary
Short summary
To understand how persistent hazardous industrial chemicals travel through the air and are deposited back on Earth's surface, we created a new computer model that combines meteorology and chemistry in clouds and clean air. Using the most recent global emissions data, this model represents the trajectory and changes of these chemicals, matching patterns in many areas and overlooking others. The work seeks to improve global monitoring and modeling of hazardous chemicals.
Pascal Simon, Martin Otto Paul Ramacher, Stefan Hagemann, Volker Matthias, Hanna Joerss, and Johannes Bieser
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-236, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-236, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) constitute a group of often toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative substances. We constructed a global Emissions model and inventory based on multiple datasets for 23 widely used PFAS. The model computes temporally and spatially resolved model ready emissions distinguishing between emissions to air and emissions to water covering the time span from 1950 up until 2020 on an annual basis to be used for chemistry transport modelling.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Sara Jutterström, Jana Moldanova, Elisa Majamäki, and Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 10163–10189, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-10163-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is a heavily trafficked shipping area, and air quality monitoring stations in numerous cities along the Mediterranean coast have detected high levels of air pollutants originating from shipping emissions. The current study investigates how existing restrictions on shipping-related emissions to the atmosphere ensure compliance with legislation. Focus was laid on fine particles and particle species, which were simulated with five different chemical transport models.
Lea Fink, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, Sonia Oppo, Richard Kranenburg, Jeroen Kuenen, Jana Moldanova, Sara Jutterström, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Elisa Majamäki
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 1825–1862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Potential ship impact on air pollution in the Mediterranean Sea was simulated with five chemistry transport models. An evaluation of the results for NO2 and O3 air concentrations and dry deposition is presented. Emission data, modeled year and domain were the same. Model run outputs were compared to measurements from background stations. We focused on comparing model outputs regarding the concentration of regulatory pollutants and the relative ship impact on total air pollution concentrations.
Ronny Badeke, Volker Matthias, Matthias Karl, and David Grawe
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4077–4103, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For air quality modeling studies, it is very important to distribute pollutants correctly into the model system. This has not yet been done for shipping pollution in great detail. We studied the effects of different vertical distributions of shipping pollutants on the urban air quality and derived advanced formulas for it. These formulas take weather conditions and ship-specific parameters like the exhaust gas temperature into account.
H. E. Markus Meier, Madline Kniebusch, Christian Dieterich, Matthias Gröger, Eduardo Zorita, Ragnar Elmgren, Kai Myrberg, Markus P. Ahola, Alena Bartosova, Erik Bonsdorff, Florian Börgel, Rene Capell, Ida Carlén, Thomas Carlund, Jacob Carstensen, Ole B. Christensen, Volker Dierschke, Claudia Frauen, Morten Frederiksen, Elie Gaget, Anders Galatius, Jari J. Haapala, Antti Halkka, Gustaf Hugelius, Birgit Hünicke, Jaak Jaagus, Mart Jüssi, Jukka Käyhkö, Nina Kirchner, Erik Kjellström, Karol Kulinski, Andreas Lehmann, Göran Lindström, Wilhelm May, Paul A. Miller, Volker Mohrholz, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Markus Quante, Marcus Reckermann, Anna Rutgersson, Oleg P. Savchuk, Martin Stendel, Laura Tuomi, Markku Viitasalo, Ralf Weisse, and Wenyan Zhang
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 457–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge about the effects of global warming on past and future changes in the climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere.
Sara Jutterström, Filip Moldan, Jana Moldanová, Matthias Karl, Volker Matthias, and Maximilian Posch
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15827–15845, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
For the Baltic Sea countries, shipping emissions are an important source of air pollution. This study investigates the contribution of shipping emissions to the acidification and eutrophication of soils and freshwater within the airshed of the Baltic Sea in the years 2012 and 2040. The implementation of emission control areas and improving energy efficiency significantly reduces the negative impact on ecosystems expressed as a decrease in the exceedance of critical loads for sulfur and nitrogen.
Ronny Badeke, Volker Matthias, and David Grawe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5935–5951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims to describe the physical distribution of ship exhaust gases in the near field, e.g., inside of a harbor. Results were calculated with a mathematical model for different meteorological and technical conditions. It has been shown that large vessels like cruise ships have a significant effect of up to 55 % downward movement of exhaust gas, as they can disturb the ground near wind circulation. This needs to be considered in urban air pollution studies.
Paul D. Hamer, Sam-Erik Walker, Gabriela Sousa-Santos, Matthias Vogt, Dam Vo-Thanh, Susana Lopez-Aparicio, Philipp Schneider, Martin O. P. Ramacher, and Matthias Karl
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4323–4353, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4323-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4323-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
EPISODE is an air quality model designed to give information on air pollution in cities down to distances measured in metres from the roadside and other pollution sources. We demonstrate that EPISODE can adequately describe nitrogen dioxide air pollution in a case study in six Norwegian cities. From this, we conclude that EPISODE can be used to provide air quality information to public bodies and society in order to help in the understanding and management of air pollution in urban environments.
Martin O. P. Ramacher, Lin Tang, Jana Moldanová, Volker Matthias, Matthias Karl, Erik Fridell, and Lasse Johansson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 10667–10686, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of shipping emissions on air quality and health in the harbour city of Gothenburg were simulated for different scenarios for the year 2040 with coupled regional and city-scale chemistry transport models to evaluate the impact of regional emission regulations and onshore electricity for ships at berth. The results show that contributions of shipping to exposure and associated health impacts from particulate matter and NO2 decrease significantly compared to 2012 in all scenarios.
Cited articles
Amouei Torkmahalleh, M., Akhmetvaliyeva, Z., Omran, A. D., Faezeh Darvish
Omran, F., Kazemitabar, M., Naseri, M., Naseri, M., Sharifi, H.,
Malekipirbazari, M., Kwasi Adotey, E., Gorjinezhad, S., Eghtesadi, N.,
Sabanov, S., Alastuey, A., de Fátima Andrade, M., Buonanno, G., Carbone,
S., Cárdenas-Fuentes, D. E., Cassee, F. R., Dai, Q., Henríquez, A.,
Hopke, P. K., Keronen, P., Khwaja, H. A., Kim, J., Kulmala, M., Kumar, P.,
Kushta, J., Kuula, J., Massagué, J., Mitchell, T., Mooibroek, D.,
Morawska, L., Niemi, J. V., Ngagine, S. H., Norman, M., Oyama, B., Oyola,
P., Öztürk, F., Petäjä, T., Querol, X., Rashidi, Y., Reyes,
F., Ross-Jones, M., Salthammer, T., Savvides, C., Stabile, L., Sjöberg,
K., Söderlund, K., Sunder Raman, R., Timonen, H., Umezawa, M., Viana,
M., and Xie, S.: Global Air Quality and COVID-19 Pandemic: Do We Breathe
Cleaner Air?, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 21, 200567,
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200567, 2021.
Baldauf, M., Seifert, A., Forstner, J., Majewski, D., Raschendorfer, M., and
Reinhardt, T.: Operational Convective-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction
with the COSMO Model: Description and Sensitivities, Mon. Weather Rev.,
139, 3887–3905, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-10-05013.1, 2011.
Baret, F., Weiss, M., Lacaze, R., Camacho, F., Makhmara, H., Pacholcyzk, P.,
and Smets, B.: GEOV1: LAI and FAPAR essential climate variables and FCOVER
global time series capitalizing over existing products. Part1: Principles of
development and production, Remote Sens. Environ., 137, 299–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.027, 2013.
Bauwens, M., Compernolle, S., Stavrakou, T., Muller, J. F., van Gent, J.,
Eskes, H., Levelt, P. F., van der, A. R., Veefkind, J. P., Vlietinck, J.,
Yu, H., and Zehner, C.: Impact of coronavirus outbreak on NO2 pollution
assessed using TROPOMI and OMI observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2020GL087978, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087978, 2020.
Bessagnet, B., Pirovano, G., Mircea, M., Cuvelier, C., Aulinger, A., Calori, G., Ciarelli, G., Manders, A., Stern, R., Tsyro, S., García Vivanco, M., Thunis, P., Pay, M.-T., Colette, A., Couvidat, F., Meleux, F., Rouïl, L., Ung, A., Aksoyoglu, S., Baldasano, J. M., Bieser, J., Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., D'Isidoro, M., Finardi, S., Kranenburg, R., Silibello, C., Carnevale, C., Aas, W., Dupont, J.-C., Fagerli, H., Gonzalez, L., Menut, L., Prévôt, A. S. H., Roberts, P., and White, L.: Presentation of the EURODELTA III intercomparison exercise – evaluation of the chemistry transport models' performance on criteria pollutants and joint analysis with meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12667–12701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016, 2016.
Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Quante, M., and Builtjes, P.: SMOKE for Europe – adaptation, modification and evaluation of a comprehensive emission model for Europe, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 47–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-47-2011, 2011a.
Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Quante, M., and Denier van der Gon,
H. A. C.: Vertical emission profiles for Europe based on plume rise
calculations, Environ. Pollut., 159, 2935–2946, 2011b.
Bissolli, P. and Dittmann, E.: The objective weather type classification of
the German Weather Service and its possibilities of application to
environmental and meteorological investigations, Meteorol. Z., 10, 253–260, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0253, 2001.
Brümmer, B. and Schultze, M.: Analysis of a 7-year low-level
temperature inversion data set measured at the 280 m high Hamburg weather
mast, Meteorol. Z., 24, 481–494, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2015/0669,
2015.
Byun, D. and Schere, K. L.: Review of the Governing Equations,
Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community
Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System, Appl. Mech. Rev.,
59, 51–77, 2006.
Byun, D. W. and Ching, J. K. S.: Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3
Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, USA, EPA600/R-99/030, 757 pp., 1999.
COSMO-CLM community: COSMO-CLM model, documentation available at:
https://wiki.coast.hereon.de/clmcom, last access: 16 September 2021.
Collivignarelli, M. C., Abba, A., Caccamo, F. M., Bertanza, G., Pedrazzani,
R., Baldi, M., Ricciardi, P., and Miino, M. C.: Can particulate matter be
identified as the primary cause of the rapid spread of CoViD-19 in some
areas of Northern Italy?, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 28, 33120–33132, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12735-x, 2020.
Denier van der Gon, H. A. C., Hendriks, C., Kuenen, J., Segers, A., and
Visschedijk, A.: Description of current temporal emission patterns and
sensitivity of predicted AQ for temporal emission patterns, EU FP7 MACC
deliverable report D_D-EMIS_1.3, TNO, Utrecht, available at: https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/2019-07/MACC_TNO_del_1_3_v2.pdf (last access: 16 September 2021), 2011.
Deroubaix, A., Brasseur, G., Gaubert, B., Labuhn, I., Menut, L., Siour, G.,
and Tuccella, P.: Response of surface ozone concentration to emission
reduction and meteorology during the COVID-19 lockdown in Europe,
Meteorol. Appl., 28, e1990, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1990,
2021.
Doms, G. and Schättler, U.: A Description of the Nonhydrostatic
Regional Model LM. Part I: Dynamics and Numerics, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, 140 pp., available at: https://www.dwd.de/SharedDocs/downloads/EN/model_description/nwp/lm_parts/lm_docu_1_dynamics_200211_en.pdf (last access: 16 September 2021), 2002.
Doms, G., Förstner, J., Heise, E., Herzog, H.-J., Mironow, D.,
Raschendorfer, M., Reinhart, T., Ritter, B., Schrodin, R., Schulz, J.-P.,
and Vogel, G.: A Description of the Nonhydrostatic Regional COSMO Model.
Part II: Physical Parameterization, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, 161 pp., available at: http://www.cosmo-model.org/content/model/documentation/core/cosmo_physics_4.20.pdf (last access: 16 September 2021), 2011.
Doumbia, T., Granier, C., Elguindi, N., Bouarar, I., Darras, S., Brasseur, G., Gaubert, B., Liu, Y., Shi, X., Stavrakou, T., Tilmes, S., Lacey, F., Deroubaix, A., and Wang, T.: Changes in global air pollutant emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a dataset for atmospheric modeling, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4191–4206, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4191-2021, 2021.
Forster, P. M., Forster, H. I., Evans, M. J., Gidden, M. J., Jones, C. D.,
Keller, C. A., Lamboll, R. D., Quéré, C. L., Rogelj, J., Rosen, D.,
Schleussner, C.-F., Richardson, T. B., Smith, C. J., and Turnock, S. T.:
Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19, Nat.
Clim. Change, 10, 913–919, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0, 2020.
Gaubert, B., Bouarar, I., Doumbia, T., Liu, Y., Stavrakou, T., Deroubaix,
A., Darras, S., Elguindi, N., Granier, C., Lacey, F., Müller, J.-F.,
Shi, X., Tilmes, S., Wang, T., and Brasseur, G. P.: Global Changes in
Secondary Atmospheric Pollutants During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD034213,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034213, 2021.
Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L.,
Randles, C. A., Darmenov, A., Bosilovich, M. G., Reichle, R., Wargan, K.,
Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Akella, S., Buchard, V., Conaty, A., da
Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G. K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D.,
Nielsen, J. E., Partyka, G., Pawson, S., Putman, W., Rienecker, M.,
Schubert, S. D., Sienkiewicz, M., and Zhao, B.: The Modern-Era Retrospective
Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), J.
Climate, 30, 5419–5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0758.1, 2017.
Gerstengarbe, F.-W. and Werner, P. C.: Katalog der Großwetterlagen Europas nach Paul Hess und Helmut Brezowski 1881–1992, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach a.M., Berichte Deutscher Wetterdienst 113, 244 pp., available at: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/pbfb_verlag_berichte/pdf_einzelbaende/113_pdf (last access: 16 September 2021), 1993.
Gkatzelis, G. I., Gilman, J. B., Brown, S. S., Eskes, H., Gomes, A. R.,
Lange, A. C., McDonald, B. C., Peischl, J., Petzold, A., Thompson, C. R.,
and Kiendler-Scharr, A.: The global impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on urban
air pollution: A critical review and recommendations, Elem. Sci. Anth., 9, 00176, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00176, 2021.
Goldberg, D. L., Anenberg, S. C., Griffin, D., McLinden, C. A., Lu, Z., and
Streets, D. G.: Disentangling the Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdowns on Urban
NO2 From Natural Variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47,
e2020GL089269, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089269, 2020.
Granier, C., Darras, S., Gon, H. D. v. d., Doubalova, J., Elguindi, N., Galle, B., Gauss, M., Guevara, M., Jalkanen, J.-P., Kuenen, J., Liousse, C., Quack, B., Simpson, D., and Sindelarova, K.: The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service global and regional emissions (April 2019 version), Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) report, https://doi.org/10.24380/d0bn-kx16, 2019.
Guenther, A., Jiang, X., Shah, T., Huang, L., S. Kemball-Cook, and Yarwood,
G.: Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosol from Nature Version 3 (MEGAN3)
for Estimating Biogenic Emissions, Air Pollution Modeling and Its
Application XXVI, edited by: Mensink, C., Gong, W., and Hakami, A., Springer
International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 187–192, 2020.
Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L. K., and Wang, X.: The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012.
Guevara, M., Jorba, O., Soret, A., Petetin, H., Bowdalo, D., Serradell, K., Tena, C., Denier van der Gon, H., Kuenen, J., Peuch, V.-H., and Pérez García-Pando, C.: Time-resolved emission reductions for atmospheric chemistry modelling in Europe during the COVID-19 lockdowns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 773–797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-773-2021, 2021.
Huang, X., Ding, A., Gao, J., Zheng, B., Zhou, D., Qi, X., Tang, R., Wang,
J., Ren, C., Nie, W., Chi, X., Xu, Z., Chen, L., Li, Y., Che, F., Pang, N.,
Wang, H., Tong, D., Qin, W., Cheng, W., Liu, W., Fu, Q., Liu, B., Chai, F.,
Davis, S. J., Zhang, Q., and He, K.: Enhanced secondary pollution offset
reduction of primary emissions during COVID-19 lockdown in China, Natl.
Sci. Rev., 8, nwaa137, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa137, 2020.
Inness, A., Ades, M., Agustí-Panareda, A., Barré, J., Benedictow, A., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Dominguez, J. J., Engelen, R., Eskes, H., Flemming, J., Huijnen, V., Jones, L., Kipling, Z., Massart, S., Parrington, M., Peuch, V.-H., Razinger, M., Remy, S., Schulz, M., and Suttie, M.: The CAMS reanalysis of atmospheric composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3515–3556, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3515-2019, 2019.
James, P. M.: An objective classification method for Hess and Brezowsky
Grosswetterlagen over Europe, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 88,
17–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-006-0239-3, 2007.
Kelly, J. T., Bhave, P. V., Nolte, C. G., Shankar, U., and Foley, K. M.: Simulating emission and chemical evolution of coarse sea-salt particles in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 257–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-257-2010, 2010.
Kroll, J. H., Heald, C. L., Cappa, C. D., Farmer, D. K., Fry, J. L., Murphy,
J. G., and Steiner, A. L.: The complex chemical effects of COVID-19
shutdowns on air quality, Nat. Chem., 12, 777–779, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-0535-z,
2020.
Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J. P.,
Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., De-Gol, A. J., Willis, D. R., Shan, Y.,
Canadell, J. G., Friedlingstein, P., Creutzig, F., and Peters, G. P.:
Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 647–653, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x,
2020.
Lonati, G. and Riva, F.: Regional Scale Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on
Air Quality: Gaseous Pollutants in the Po Valley, Northern Italy,
Atmosphere, 12, 264, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020264, 2021.
Matthias, V., Arndt, J. A., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., van der Gon, H. D.,
Kranenburg, R., Kuenen, J., Neumann, D., Pouliot, G., and Quante, M.:
Modeling emissions for three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport
models, J. Air Waste Manage., 68, 763–800, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1424057, 2018.
Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Siour, G., Mailler, S., Pennel, R., and Cholakian,
A.: Impact of lockdown measures to combat Covid-19 on air quality over
western Europe, Sci. Total Environ., 741, 140426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140426, 2020.
Mertens, M., Jöckel, P., Matthes, S., Nützel, M., Grewe, V., and
Sausen, R.: COVID-19 induced lower-tropospheric ozonechanges, Environ. Res.
Lett., 16, 064005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abf191, 2021.
Petetin, H., Bowdalo, D., Soret, A., Guevara, M., Jorba, O., Serradell, K., and Pérez García-Pando, C.: Meteorology-normalized impact of the COVID-19 lockdown upon NO2 pollution in Spain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11119–11141, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11119-2020, 2020.
Petrik, R., Geyer, B., and Rockel, B.: On the diurnal cycle and variability
of winds in the lower planetary boundary layer: evaluation of regional
reanalyses and hindcasts, Tellus A, 73, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1080/16000870.2020.1804294, 2021.
Rockel, B., Will, A., and Hense, A.: The Regional Climate Model
COSMO-CLM(CCLM), Meteorol. Z., 17, 347–348, 2008.
Schwarzkopf, D. A., Petrik, R., Matthias, V., and Quante, M.: A Ship
Emission Modeling System with Scenario Capabilities, Atmos. Environ., accepted, 2021.
Sharma, S., Zhang, M., Anshika, Gao, J., Zhang, H., and Kota, S. H.: Effect
of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India, Sci. Total
Environ., 728, 138878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878, 2020.
Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Pirovano, G., Matthias, V., Vautard, R., Moran,
M. D., Appel, K. W., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J., Christensen, J. H., Chemel,
C., Coll, I., Ferreira, J., Forkel, R., Francis, X. V., Grell, G., Grossi,
P., Hansen, A. B., Miranda, A. I., Nopmongcol, U., Prank, M., Sartelet, K.
N., Schaap, M., Silver, J. D., Sokhi, R. S., Vira, J., Werhahn, J., Wolke,
R., Yarwood, G., Zhang, J., Rao, S. T., and Galmarini, S.: Operational model
evaluation for particulate matter in Europe and North America in the context
of AQMEII, Atmos. Environ., 53, 75–92, 2012.
US EPA Office of Research and Development: CMAQ (5.2), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1167892, 2017 (most recent CMAQ code is available at: https://github.com/USEPA/CMAQ, last access: 16 September 2021).
van Heerwaarden, C. C., Mol, W. B., Veerman, M. A., Benedict, I.,
Heusinkveld, B. G., Knap, W. H., Kazadzis, S., Kouremeti, N., and Fiedler,
S.: Record high solar irradiance in Western Europe during first COVID-19
lockdown largely due to unusual weather, Communications Earth &
Environment, 2, 37, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00110-0, 2021.
Velders, G. J. M., Willers, S. M., Wesseling, J., van den Elshout, S., van
der Swaluw, E., Mooibroek, D., and van Ratingen, S.: Improvements in air
quality in the Netherlands during the corona lockdown based on observations
and model simulations, Atmos. Environ., 247, 118158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118158, 2021.
Short summary
COVID-19 lockdown measures in spring 2020 led to cleaner air in central Europe. Densely populated areas benefitted mainly from largely reduced NO2 concentrations, while rural areas experienced lower reductions in NO2 but also lower ozone concentrations. Very low particulate matter (PM) concentrations in parts of Europe were not an effect of lockdown measures. Model simulations show that modified weather conditions are more significant for ozone and PM than severe traffic emission reductions.
COVID-19 lockdown measures in spring 2020 led to cleaner air in central Europe. Densely...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint