Articles | Volume 19, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12993-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12993-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Oct 2019
Research article |
| 21 Oct 2019
| 21 Oct 2019
Model evaluation and intercomparison of surface-level ozone and relevant species in East Asia in the context of MICS-Asia Phase III – Part 1: Overview
Jie Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100029, China
Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of
Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100049, China
Tatsuya Nagashima
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba,
305-8506, Japan
State Key Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100029, China
College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100049, China
Baozhu Ge
State Key Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100029, China
Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of
Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100049, China
Kazuyo Yamaji
Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501,
Japan
Joshua S. Fu
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
Xuemei Wang
Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University,
Guangzhou, 510632, China
Qi Fan
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,
510275, China
Syuichi Itahashi
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo,
100-8126, Japan
Hyo-Jung Lee
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
Cheol-Hee Kim
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
Chuan-Yao Lin
Research Center for Environmental Changes/Academia Sinica, 11529,
Taipei
Meigen Zhang
State Key Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100029, China
Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of
Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100049, China
Zhining Tao
Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
Mizuo Kajino
Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba,
Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
Hong Liao
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and
Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric
Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology,
Nanjing, 210044, China
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling,
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084,
China
Jung-Hun Woo
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
Jun-ichi Kurokawa
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Asia Center for Air Pollution
Research, Niigata, 950-2144, Japan
State Key Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100029, China
Qizhong Wu
Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Hajime Akimoto
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa, Tsukuba,
305-8506, Japan
Gregory R. Carmichael
Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
Zifa Wang
State Key Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100029, China
Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of
Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100049, China
Viewed
Total article views: 3,014 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 17 Jan 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,055 | 895 | 64 | 3,014 | 300 | 60 | 74 |
- HTML: 2,055
- PDF: 895
- XML: 64
- Total: 3,014
- Supplement: 300
- BibTeX: 60
- EndNote: 74
Total article views: 2,238 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 21 Oct 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,575 | 608 | 55 | 2,238 | 184 | 54 | 64 |
- HTML: 1,575
- PDF: 608
- XML: 55
- Total: 2,238
- Supplement: 184
- BibTeX: 54
- EndNote: 64
Total article views: 776 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 17 Jan 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 480 | 287 | 9 | 776 | 116 | 6 | 10 |
- HTML: 480
- PDF: 287
- XML: 9
- Total: 776
- Supplement: 116
- BibTeX: 6
- EndNote: 10
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 3,014 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,031 with geography defined
and -17 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 2,238 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 2,337 with geography defined
and -99 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 776 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 694 with geography defined
and 82 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
49 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Quantitative assessment of changes in surface particulate matter concentrations and precursor emissions over China during the COVID-19 pandemic and their implications for Chinese economic activity H. Kim et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10065-2021
- Spatial–temporal variations and process analysis of O<sub>3</sub> pollution in Hangzhou during the G20 summit Z. Ni et al. 10.5194/acp-20-5963-2020
- Estimation of surface-level NO2 and O3 concentrations using TROPOMI data and machine learning over East Asia Y. Kang et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117711
- Multisensor and Multimodel Monitoring and Investigation of a Wintertime Air Pollution Event Ahead of a Cold Front Over Eastern China X. Hu et al. 10.1029/2020JD033538
- Multi-model intercomparisons of air quality simulations for the KORUS-AQ campaign R. Park et al. 10.1525/elementa.2021.00139
- Impacts of emission changes in China from 2010 to 2017 on domestic and intercontinental air quality and health effect Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/acp-21-16051-2021
- O3 Concentration and Its Relation with BVOC Emissions in a Subtropical Plantation J. Bai 10.3390/atmos12060711
- Influences of stratospheric intrusions to high summer surface ozone over a heavily industrialized region in northern China Y. Zhang et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac8b24
- MICS-Asia III: overview of model intercomparison and evaluation of acid deposition over Asia S. Itahashi et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2667-2020
- Identifying key factors influencing model performance on ground-level ozone over urban areas in Japan through model inter-comparisons S. Chatani et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117255
- Better prediction of surface ozone by a superensemble method using emission sensitivity runs in Japan M. Kajino et al. 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100120
- Performance and application of air quality models on ozone simulation in China – A review J. Yang & Y. Zhao 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119446
- An integrated air quality modeling system coupling regional-urban and street models in Beijing T. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101143
- Air Quality Response in China Linked to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID‐19) Lockdown K. Miyazaki et al. 10.1029/2020GL089252
- Reconciling the bottom-up methodology and ground measurement constraints to improve the city-scale NMVOCs emission inventory: A case study of Nanjing, China R. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152447
- Modeling Transition Metals in East Asia and Japan and Its Emission Sources M. Kajino et al. 10.1029/2020GH000259
- High-resolution modeling of the distribution of surface air pollutants and their intercontinental transport by a global tropospheric atmospheric chemistry source–receptor model (GNAQPMS-SM) Q. Ye et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-7573-2021
- Intercomparison of multiple two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models (WRF v4.1.1–CMAQ v5.3.1, WRF–Chem v4.1.1, and WRF v3.7.1–CHIMERE v2020r1) in eastern China C. Gao et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2471-2024
- Evaluation and uncertainty investigation of the NO<sub>2</sub>, CO and NH<sub>3</sub> modeling over China under the framework of MICS-Asia III L. Kong et al. 10.5194/acp-20-181-2020
- Increases in ozone-related mortality in China over 2013–2030 attributed to historical ozone deterioration and future population aging L. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159972
- Sources of PM2.5 and its responses to emission reduction strategies in the Central Plains Economic Region in China: Implications for the impacts of COVID-19 H. Du et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117783
- Two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of impacts of aerosol feedbacks on meteorology and air quality C. Gao et al. 10.5194/acp-22-5265-2022
- Factors determining the seasonal variation of ozone air quality in South Korea: Regional background versus domestic emission contributions H. Lee & R. Park 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119645
- Effects of transport on a biomass burning plume from Indochina during EMeRGe-Asia identified by WRF-Chem C. Lin et al. 10.5194/acp-23-2627-2023
- Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown, Spring Festival and meteorology on the NO2 variations in early 2020 over China based on in-situ observations, satellite retrievals and model simulations Z. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117972
- Ozone Continues to Increase in East Asia Despite Decreasing NO2: Causes and Abatements H. Lee et al. 10.3390/rs13112177
- Development of science and policy related to acid deposition in East Asia over 30 years H. Akimoto et al. 10.1007/s13280-022-01702-6
- Reliability Analysis Based on Air Quality Characteristics in East Asia Using Primary Data from the Test Operation of Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) W. Choi et al. 10.3390/atmos14091458
- Discrepancies between MICS-Asia III simulation and observation for surface ozone in the marine atmosphere over the northwestern Pacific Asian Rim region H. Akimoto et al. 10.5194/acp-20-15003-2020
- Evolution of summer surface ozone pollution patterns in China during 2015–2020 Y. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106836
- Improvement of the satellite-derived NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> emissions on air quality modeling and its effect on ozone and secondary inorganic aerosol formation in the Yangtze River Delta, China Y. Yang et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1191-2021
- Model bias in simulating major chemical components of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in China R. Miao et al. 10.5194/acp-20-12265-2020
- Improved ozone simulation in East Asia via assimilating observations from the first geostationary air-quality monitoring satellite: Insights from an Observing System Simulation Experiment L. Shu et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119003
- Diagnosing the Model Bias in Simulating Daily Surface Ozone Variability Using a Machine Learning Method: The Effects of Dry Deposition and Cloud Optical Depth X. Ye et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c05712
- Evaluation of NU-WRF model performance on air quality simulation under various model resolutions – an investigation within the framework of MICS-Asia Phase III Z. Tao et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2319-2020
- Estimation of high spatial resolution ground-level ozone concentrations based on Landsat 8 TIR bands with deep forest model M. Li et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134817
- Modeling Ozone Source Apportionment and Performing Sensitivity Analysis in Summer on the North China Plain Y. Zhang et al. 10.3390/atmos11090992
- Unexpected high contribution of in-cloud wet scavenging to nitrogen deposition induced by pumping effect of typhoon landfall in China Q. Tan et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/acb90b
- Comparison of three aerosol representations of NHM-Chem (v1.0) for the simulations of air quality and climate-relevant variables M. Kajino et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-2235-2021
- Comparison of surface ozone simulation among selected regional models in MICS-Asia III – effects of chemistry and vertical transport for the causes of difference H. Akimoto et al. 10.5194/acp-19-603-2019
- Insights into seasonal variation of wet deposition over southeast Asia via precipitation adjustment from the findings of MICS-Asia III S. Itahashi et al. 10.5194/acp-21-8709-2021
- Future tropospheric ozone budget and distribution over east Asia under a net-zero scenario X. Hou et al. 10.5194/acp-23-15395-2023
- Recent Progress in Atmospheric Chemistry Research in China: Establishing a Theoretical Framework for the “Air Pollution Complex” T. Zhu et al. 10.1007/s00376-023-2379-0
- Effect of Surface Methane Controls on Ozone Concentration and Rice Yield in Asia K. Tatsumi 10.3390/atmos14101558
- Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III: multimodel comparison of reactive nitrogen deposition over China B. Ge et al. 10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020
- Evaluation of the prediction performance of air quality numerical forecast models in Shenzhen C. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120058
- Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework K. Yamaji et al. 10.3390/atmos11030222
- Assessing the formation and evolution mechanisms of severe haze pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region using process analysis L. Chen et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10845-2019
- MICS-Asia III: multi-model comparison and evaluation of aerosol over East Asia L. Chen et al. 10.5194/acp-19-11911-2019
46 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Quantitative assessment of changes in surface particulate matter concentrations and precursor emissions over China during the COVID-19 pandemic and their implications for Chinese economic activity H. Kim et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10065-2021
- Spatial–temporal variations and process analysis of O<sub>3</sub> pollution in Hangzhou during the G20 summit Z. Ni et al. 10.5194/acp-20-5963-2020
- Estimation of surface-level NO2 and O3 concentrations using TROPOMI data and machine learning over East Asia Y. Kang et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117711
- Multisensor and Multimodel Monitoring and Investigation of a Wintertime Air Pollution Event Ahead of a Cold Front Over Eastern China X. Hu et al. 10.1029/2020JD033538
- Multi-model intercomparisons of air quality simulations for the KORUS-AQ campaign R. Park et al. 10.1525/elementa.2021.00139
- Impacts of emission changes in China from 2010 to 2017 on domestic and intercontinental air quality and health effect Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/acp-21-16051-2021
- O3 Concentration and Its Relation with BVOC Emissions in a Subtropical Plantation J. Bai 10.3390/atmos12060711
- Influences of stratospheric intrusions to high summer surface ozone over a heavily industrialized region in northern China Y. Zhang et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac8b24
- MICS-Asia III: overview of model intercomparison and evaluation of acid deposition over Asia S. Itahashi et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2667-2020
- Identifying key factors influencing model performance on ground-level ozone over urban areas in Japan through model inter-comparisons S. Chatani et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117255
- Better prediction of surface ozone by a superensemble method using emission sensitivity runs in Japan M. Kajino et al. 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100120
- Performance and application of air quality models on ozone simulation in China – A review J. Yang & Y. Zhao 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119446
- An integrated air quality modeling system coupling regional-urban and street models in Beijing T. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101143
- Air Quality Response in China Linked to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID‐19) Lockdown K. Miyazaki et al. 10.1029/2020GL089252
- Reconciling the bottom-up methodology and ground measurement constraints to improve the city-scale NMVOCs emission inventory: A case study of Nanjing, China R. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152447
- Modeling Transition Metals in East Asia and Japan and Its Emission Sources M. Kajino et al. 10.1029/2020GH000259
- High-resolution modeling of the distribution of surface air pollutants and their intercontinental transport by a global tropospheric atmospheric chemistry source–receptor model (GNAQPMS-SM) Q. Ye et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-7573-2021
- Intercomparison of multiple two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models (WRF v4.1.1–CMAQ v5.3.1, WRF–Chem v4.1.1, and WRF v3.7.1–CHIMERE v2020r1) in eastern China C. Gao et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2471-2024
- Evaluation and uncertainty investigation of the NO<sub>2</sub>, CO and NH<sub>3</sub> modeling over China under the framework of MICS-Asia III L. Kong et al. 10.5194/acp-20-181-2020
- Increases in ozone-related mortality in China over 2013–2030 attributed to historical ozone deterioration and future population aging L. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159972
- Sources of PM2.5 and its responses to emission reduction strategies in the Central Plains Economic Region in China: Implications for the impacts of COVID-19 H. Du et al. 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117783
- Two-way coupled meteorology and air quality models in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of impacts of aerosol feedbacks on meteorology and air quality C. Gao et al. 10.5194/acp-22-5265-2022
- Factors determining the seasonal variation of ozone air quality in South Korea: Regional background versus domestic emission contributions H. Lee & R. Park 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119645
- Effects of transport on a biomass burning plume from Indochina during EMeRGe-Asia identified by WRF-Chem C. Lin et al. 10.5194/acp-23-2627-2023
- Impacts of COVID-19 lockdown, Spring Festival and meteorology on the NO2 variations in early 2020 over China based on in-situ observations, satellite retrievals and model simulations Z. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117972
- Ozone Continues to Increase in East Asia Despite Decreasing NO2: Causes and Abatements H. Lee et al. 10.3390/rs13112177
- Development of science and policy related to acid deposition in East Asia over 30 years H. Akimoto et al. 10.1007/s13280-022-01702-6
- Reliability Analysis Based on Air Quality Characteristics in East Asia Using Primary Data from the Test Operation of Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) W. Choi et al. 10.3390/atmos14091458
- Discrepancies between MICS-Asia III simulation and observation for surface ozone in the marine atmosphere over the northwestern Pacific Asian Rim region H. Akimoto et al. 10.5194/acp-20-15003-2020
- Evolution of summer surface ozone pollution patterns in China during 2015–2020 Y. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106836
- Improvement of the satellite-derived NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> emissions on air quality modeling and its effect on ozone and secondary inorganic aerosol formation in the Yangtze River Delta, China Y. Yang et al. 10.5194/acp-21-1191-2021
- Model bias in simulating major chemical components of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in China R. Miao et al. 10.5194/acp-20-12265-2020
- Improved ozone simulation in East Asia via assimilating observations from the first geostationary air-quality monitoring satellite: Insights from an Observing System Simulation Experiment L. Shu et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119003
- Diagnosing the Model Bias in Simulating Daily Surface Ozone Variability Using a Machine Learning Method: The Effects of Dry Deposition and Cloud Optical Depth X. Ye et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c05712
- Evaluation of NU-WRF model performance on air quality simulation under various model resolutions – an investigation within the framework of MICS-Asia Phase III Z. Tao et al. 10.5194/acp-20-2319-2020
- Estimation of high spatial resolution ground-level ozone concentrations based on Landsat 8 TIR bands with deep forest model M. Li et al. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134817
- Modeling Ozone Source Apportionment and Performing Sensitivity Analysis in Summer on the North China Plain Y. Zhang et al. 10.3390/atmos11090992
- Unexpected high contribution of in-cloud wet scavenging to nitrogen deposition induced by pumping effect of typhoon landfall in China Q. Tan et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/acb90b
- Comparison of three aerosol representations of NHM-Chem (v1.0) for the simulations of air quality and climate-relevant variables M. Kajino et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-2235-2021
- Comparison of surface ozone simulation among selected regional models in MICS-Asia III – effects of chemistry and vertical transport for the causes of difference H. Akimoto et al. 10.5194/acp-19-603-2019
- Insights into seasonal variation of wet deposition over southeast Asia via precipitation adjustment from the findings of MICS-Asia III S. Itahashi et al. 10.5194/acp-21-8709-2021
- Future tropospheric ozone budget and distribution over east Asia under a net-zero scenario X. Hou et al. 10.5194/acp-23-15395-2023
- Recent Progress in Atmospheric Chemistry Research in China: Establishing a Theoretical Framework for the “Air Pollution Complex” T. Zhu et al. 10.1007/s00376-023-2379-0
- Effect of Surface Methane Controls on Ozone Concentration and Rice Yield in Asia K. Tatsumi 10.3390/atmos14101558
- Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) phase III: multimodel comparison of reactive nitrogen deposition over China B. Ge et al. 10.5194/acp-20-10587-2020
- Evaluation of the prediction performance of air quality numerical forecast models in Shenzhen C. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120058
3 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Model Inter-Comparison for PM2.5 Components over urban Areas in Japan in the J-STREAM Framework K. Yamaji et al. 10.3390/atmos11030222
- Assessing the formation and evolution mechanisms of severe haze pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region using process analysis L. Chen et al. 10.5194/acp-19-10845-2019
- MICS-Asia III: multi-model comparison and evaluation of aerosol over East Asia L. Chen et al. 10.5194/acp-19-11911-2019
Latest update: 29 Jun 2024
Short summary
This study evaluated and intercompared 14 CTMs with ozone observations in East Asia, within the framework of the Model Inter-Comparison Study for ASIA Phase III (MICS-Asia III). Potential causes of the discrepancies between model results and observation were investigated by assessing the planetary boundary layer heights, emission fluxes, dry deposition, chemistry and vertical transport among models. Finally, a multi-model estimate of pollution distributions was provided.
This study evaluated and intercompared 14 CTMs with ozone observations in East Asia, within the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint