Articles | Volume 16, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3399-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3399-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Mar 2016
Research article |
| 15 Mar 2016
Evaluating the spatio-temporal performance of sky-imager-based solar irradiance analysis and forecasts
Thomas Schmidt
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Energy and Semiconductor Research, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
John Kalisch
Department of Energy and Semiconductor Research, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Elke Lorenz
Department of Energy and Semiconductor Research, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Detlev Heinemann
Department of Energy and Semiconductor Research, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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54 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Using a Multi-view Convolutional Neural Network to monitor solar irradiance J. Huertas-Tato et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05959-y
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- Cloud height measurement by a network of all-sky imagers N. Blum et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5199-2021
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- An energy flow simulation tool for incorporating short-term PV forecasting in a diesel-PV-battery off-grid power supply system T. Jamal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113718
- Solar irradiance resource and forecasting: a comprehensive review D. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.1227
- Evaluation of Horizontal Single‐Axis Solar Tracker Algorithms in Terms of Energy Production and Operational Performance I. Muñoz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300507
- Outlier Events of Solar Forecasts for Regional Power Grid in Japan Using JMA Mesoscale Model H. Ohtake et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102714
- Development of a Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Very Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting G. Bassous et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196075
- Coupled estimation of irradiance and cloud cover in tropical regions using all-sky imaging A. da Silveira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2026.114714
- The State-of-the-Art Progress in Cloud Detection, Identification, and Tracking Approaches: A Systematic Review M. Sawant et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238119
- A virtual sky imager testbed for solar energy forecasting B. Kurtz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.036
- Solar irradiance components estimation based on a low-cost sky-imager C. Sánchez-Segura et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.02.037
- Review on Spatio-Temporal Solar Forecasting Methods Driven by In Situ Measurements or Their Combination with Satellite and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Estimates L. Benavides Cesar et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124341
- An efficient approach for regional photovoltaic power forecasting optimization based on texture features from satellite images and transfer learning Y. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125505
- Shadow camera system for the generation of solar irradiance maps P. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.05.074
- Sky Images for Short-Term Solar Irradiance Forecast: A Comparative Study of Linear Machine Learning Models E. Shirazi et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3398365
- The HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) – an overview A. Macke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4887-2017
- Real-Time Uncertainty Specification of All Sky Imager Derived Irradiance Nowcasts B. Nouri et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091059
- Prediction of Cameroon's global solar radiation using deep learning and machine learning algorithms F. Fohagui et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106733
- Review of deep learning-based ground-sky imagery method for intra-hour solar irradiance forecasting: Workflow and perspectives L. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117160
- Hourly solar irradiation forecast using hybrid local gravitational clustering and group method of data handling methods K. Benmouiza https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20114-3
- Simulating clear-sky index increment correlations under mixed sky conditions using a fractal cloud model G. Lohmann et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.04.048
- Effect of Asynchronous Data Processing on Solar Irradiance and Clearness Index Estimation by Sky Imagery N. Herrera et al. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X20060043
- HDR Merging of RAW Exposure Series for All-Sky Cameras: A Comparative Study for Circumsolar Radiometry P. Matteschk et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11120442
- Angular Calibration of Visible and Infrared Binocular All-Sky-View Cameras Using Sun Positions W. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132455
- A Review and Evaluation of the State of Art in Image-Based Solar Energy Forecasting: The Methodology and Technology Used C. Travieso-González et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135605
- A review of very short-term wind and solar power forecasting R. Tawn & J. Browell https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111758
- Hourly and sub-hourly ahead global horizontal solar irradiation forecasting via a novel deep learning approach: A case study Z. Bounoua & A. Mechaqrane https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00599
- Improving Solar Radiation Nowcasts by Blending Data-Driven, Satellite-Images-Based and All-Sky-Imagers-Based Models Using Machine Learning Techniques M. López-Cuesta et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092328
- Comparison between Time- and Observation-Based Gaussian Process Regression Models for Global Horizontal Irradiance Forecasting S. Gbémou et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar2040027
- History and trends in solar irradiance and PV power forecasting: A preliminary assessment and review using text mining D. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.11.023
- Clustered ANFIS network using fuzzy c-means, subtractive clustering, and grid partitioning for hourly solar radiation forecasting K. Benmouiza & A. Cheknane https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2576-4
- Nowcasting based on spatio-temporal string-level power measurements in utility-scale photovoltaic power plants M. Nygård et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2026.114480
- Blending of a novel all sky imager model with persistence and a satellite based model for high-resolution irradiance nowcasting N. Straub et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112319
- Assessment of new solar radiation nowcasting methods based on sky-camera and satellite imagery F. Rodríguez-Benítez et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116838
- Use of physics to improve solar forecast: Part Ⅲ, impacts of different cloud types W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.113171
- Cloud height and tracking accuracy of three all sky imager systems for individual clouds B. Nouri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.10.079
- Short-term solar forecasting based on sky images to enable higher PV generation in remote electricity networks T. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/rees/2017028
- Validation of a camera-based intra-hour irradiance nowcasting model using synthetic cloud data P. Gregor et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3257-2023
- Design and Test of a High-Performance Wireless Sensor Network for Irradiance Monitoring M. Espinosa-Gavira et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082928
- Analyzing Spatial Variations of Cloud Attenuation by a Network of All-Sky Imagers N. Blum et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225685
- Cloud base height estimates from sky imagery and a network of pyranometers G. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.101
- Net load forecasts for solar-integrated operational grid feeders Y. Chu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.052
- Forecasting and Estimation Technologies of PV System Power Output Y. UEDA & H. OOTAKE https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.137.220
- Deep learning for single-site solar irradiance forecasting using multi-station data* D. Guatibonza et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adaf79
- Local short-term variability in solar irradiance G. Lohmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6365-2016
- Benchmarking of solar irradiance nowcast performance derived from all-sky imagers S. Logothetis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.127
- Determination of cloud transmittance for all sky imager based solar nowcasting B. Nouri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.02.004
- A method for detailed, short-term energy yield forecasting of photovoltaic installations D. Anagnostos et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.058
- Irradiance Variability Quantification and Small-Scale Averaging in Space and Time: A Short Review G. Lohmann https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9070264
54 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Intrahour solar radiation forecasting based on sun visibility for different cloud types X. Hou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2025.113477
- Effects of temporal averaging on short-term irradiance variability under mixed sky conditions G. Lohmann & A. Monahan https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3131-2018
- SGRR: A two-stage method for removing raindrops from ground-based sky maps Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0244467
- Using a Multi-view Convolutional Neural Network to monitor solar irradiance J. Huertas-Tato et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05959-y
- Prediction intervals for global solar irradiation forecasting using regression trees methods C. Voyant et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.055
- Cloud height measurement by a network of all-sky imagers N. Blum et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5199-2021
- Short-term solar radiation forecasting with a novel image processing-based deep learning approach A. Eşlik et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.10.063
- An energy flow simulation tool for incorporating short-term PV forecasting in a diesel-PV-battery off-grid power supply system T. Jamal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113718
- Solar irradiance resource and forecasting: a comprehensive review D. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.1227
- Evaluation of Horizontal Single‐Axis Solar Tracker Algorithms in Terms of Energy Production and Operational Performance I. Muñoz et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300507
- Outlier Events of Solar Forecasts for Regional Power Grid in Japan Using JMA Mesoscale Model H. Ohtake et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102714
- Development of a Low-Cost Data Acquisition System for Very Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting G. Bassous et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196075
- Coupled estimation of irradiance and cloud cover in tropical regions using all-sky imaging A. da Silveira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2026.114714
- The State-of-the-Art Progress in Cloud Detection, Identification, and Tracking Approaches: A Systematic Review M. Sawant et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238119
- A virtual sky imager testbed for solar energy forecasting B. Kurtz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.10.036
- Solar irradiance components estimation based on a low-cost sky-imager C. Sánchez-Segura et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.02.037
- Review on Spatio-Temporal Solar Forecasting Methods Driven by In Situ Measurements or Their Combination with Satellite and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Estimates L. Benavides Cesar et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124341
- An efficient approach for regional photovoltaic power forecasting optimization based on texture features from satellite images and transfer learning Y. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125505
- Shadow camera system for the generation of solar irradiance maps P. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.05.074
- Sky Images for Short-Term Solar Irradiance Forecast: A Comparative Study of Linear Machine Learning Models E. Shirazi et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2024.3398365
- The HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) – an overview A. Macke et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4887-2017
- Real-Time Uncertainty Specification of All Sky Imager Derived Irradiance Nowcasts B. Nouri et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091059
- Prediction of Cameroon's global solar radiation using deep learning and machine learning algorithms F. Fohagui et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2026.106733
- Review of deep learning-based ground-sky imagery method for intra-hour solar irradiance forecasting: Workflow and perspectives L. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117160
- Hourly solar irradiation forecast using hybrid local gravitational clustering and group method of data handling methods K. Benmouiza https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20114-3
- Simulating clear-sky index increment correlations under mixed sky conditions using a fractal cloud model G. Lohmann et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.04.048
- Effect of Asynchronous Data Processing on Solar Irradiance and Clearness Index Estimation by Sky Imagery N. Herrera et al. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0003701X20060043
- HDR Merging of RAW Exposure Series for All-Sky Cameras: A Comparative Study for Circumsolar Radiometry P. Matteschk et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11120442
- Angular Calibration of Visible and Infrared Binocular All-Sky-View Cameras Using Sun Positions W. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132455
- A Review and Evaluation of the State of Art in Image-Based Solar Energy Forecasting: The Methodology and Technology Used C. Travieso-González et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135605
- A review of very short-term wind and solar power forecasting R. Tawn & J. Browell https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111758
- Hourly and sub-hourly ahead global horizontal solar irradiation forecasting via a novel deep learning approach: A case study Z. Bounoua & A. Mechaqrane https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00599
- Improving Solar Radiation Nowcasts by Blending Data-Driven, Satellite-Images-Based and All-Sky-Imagers-Based Models Using Machine Learning Techniques M. López-Cuesta et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092328
- Comparison between Time- and Observation-Based Gaussian Process Regression Models for Global Horizontal Irradiance Forecasting S. Gbémou et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/solar2040027
- History and trends in solar irradiance and PV power forecasting: A preliminary assessment and review using text mining D. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.11.023
- Clustered ANFIS network using fuzzy c-means, subtractive clustering, and grid partitioning for hourly solar radiation forecasting K. Benmouiza & A. Cheknane https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2576-4
- Nowcasting based on spatio-temporal string-level power measurements in utility-scale photovoltaic power plants M. Nygård et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2026.114480
- Blending of a novel all sky imager model with persistence and a satellite based model for high-resolution irradiance nowcasting N. Straub et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112319
- Assessment of new solar radiation nowcasting methods based on sky-camera and satellite imagery F. Rodríguez-Benítez et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116838
- Use of physics to improve solar forecast: Part Ⅲ, impacts of different cloud types W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.113171
- Cloud height and tracking accuracy of three all sky imager systems for individual clouds B. Nouri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.10.079
- Short-term solar forecasting based on sky images to enable higher PV generation in remote electricity networks T. Schmidt et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/rees/2017028
- Validation of a camera-based intra-hour irradiance nowcasting model using synthetic cloud data P. Gregor et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3257-2023
- Design and Test of a High-Performance Wireless Sensor Network for Irradiance Monitoring M. Espinosa-Gavira et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082928
- Analyzing Spatial Variations of Cloud Attenuation by a Network of All-Sky Imagers N. Blum et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225685
- Cloud base height estimates from sky imagery and a network of pyranometers G. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.101
- Net load forecasts for solar-integrated operational grid feeders Y. Chu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.052
- Forecasting and Estimation Technologies of PV System Power Output Y. UEDA & H. OOTAKE https://doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.137.220
- Deep learning for single-site solar irradiance forecasting using multi-station data* D. Guatibonza et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adaf79
- Local short-term variability in solar irradiance G. Lohmann et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6365-2016
- Benchmarking of solar irradiance nowcast performance derived from all-sky imagers S. Logothetis et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.127
- Determination of cloud transmittance for all sky imager based solar nowcasting B. Nouri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.02.004
- A method for detailed, short-term energy yield forecasting of photovoltaic installations D. Anagnostos et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.058
- Irradiance Variability Quantification and Small-Scale Averaging in Space and Time: A Short Review G. Lohmann https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9070264
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 24 Sep 2026
Short summary
We performed an irradiance forecast experiment based on analysis of
hemispheric sky images and evaluated results on a large data set of 99
pyranometers distributed over 10 × 12 km. We developed a surface
irradiance retrieval from cloud information derived from the images.
Very high resolution forecasts were processed up to 25 min. A main
finding is that forecast skill is enhanced in complex cloud conditions
leading to high variability in surface irradiance.
We performed an irradiance forecast experiment based on analysis of
hemispheric sky images and...
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