Articles | Volume 26, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5553-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5553-2026
Research article
 | 
23 Apr 2026
Research article |  | 23 Apr 2026

Impact of the Chinese Spring Festival on PM2.5 air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding region: a machine learning-based counterfactual modeling approach

Yuan Li, Qili Dai, Wubin Zhu, Xuan Liu, Jiandong Shen, Renchang Yan, Yunshan Li, Jing Ding, Young Su Lee, Yufen Zhang, and Yinchang Feng

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Cited articles

Brown, S. G., Eberly, S., Paatero, P., and Norris, G. A.: Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: Examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results, Sci. Total Environ., 518, 626-635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.022, 2015. 
Dai, Q., Bi, X., Liu, B., Li, L., Ding, J., Song, W., Bi, S., Schulze, B. C., Song, C., and Wu, J.: Chemical nature of PM2.5 and PM10 in Xi'an, China: Insights into primary emissions and secondary particle formation, Environ. Pollut., 240, 155–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.111, 2018. 
Dai, Q., Liu, B., Bi, X., Wu, J., Liang, D., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., and Hopke, P. K.: Dispersion normalized PMF provides insights into the significant changes in source contributions to PM2.5 after the COVID-19 outbreak, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 9917–9927, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02776, 2020. 
Dai, Q., Hou, L., Liu, B., Zhang, Y., Song, C., Shi, Z., Hopke, P. K., and Feng, Y.: Spring Festival and COVID-19 lockdown: disentangling PM sources in major Chinese cities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093403, 2021a. 
Dai, Q., Ding, J., Song, C., Liu, B., Bi, X., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., and Hopke, P. K.: Changes in source contributions to particle number concentrations after the COVID-19 outbreak: Insights from a dispersion normalized PMF, Sci. Total Environ., 759, 143548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143548, 2021b. 
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Machine learning reveals air quality patterns shaped by holiday activities, with fireworks driving major PM2.5 spikes during Spring Festival.
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