Articles | Volume 26, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5427-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5427-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Aging of droplet size distribution in stratocumulus clouds: regimes of droplet size distribution evolution
Meteorologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
now at: NOAA Chemical Science Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
now at: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Related authors
Jianhao Zhang, David Painemal, Tom Dror, Jung-Sub Lim, Armin Sorooshian, and Graham Feingold
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5119, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5119, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds over the ocean can change quickly from overcast to broken fields, affecting how much sunlight reaches the Earth's surface. We studied these transitions during cold-air outbreaks using satellite images and a new method that tracks cloud evolution through time and space. We found that ice-related processes play a key role in shaping these transitions, highlighting the power of space-borne observations in revealing physical insights.
Jung-Sub Lim, Yign Noh, Hyunho Lee, and Fabian Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5313–5329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5313-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5313-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rain formation in warm clouds begins when small droplets collide, but this process can be slow without larger droplets. We used simulations to explore the role of bigger droplets, known as precipitation embryos, in triggering rain. We found that they speed up rain only when their size and number exceed a critical threshold. This threshold becomes larger when collisions are naturally efficient, such as in clouds with broad droplet size distributions or strong turbulence.
Prasanth Prabhakaran, Timothy A. Myers, Fabian Hoffmann, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 26, 5151–5167, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5151-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-5151-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We explore how climate change and aerosol affect the evolution of marine low-clouds. Using high-resolution simulations, we find that warming has a stronger impact on these clouds, but aerosol becomes more important after the clouds form precipitation. Our results suggest that attempts to brighten these clouds using aerosol may become less effective in a warmer future due to the decrease in cloud cover.
Richard Maier, Fabian Jakub, Fabian Hoffmann, and Bernhard Mayer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1417, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
Short summary
Short summary
Most atmospheric models only use 1D radiation, neglecting any 3D radiative effects. Here, we show that the dynamic TenStream solver provides a computationally efficient way to represent these effects. Like full 3D radiation, it causes daytime clouds to organize into streets, grow larger, and contain more liquid water. We show that this occurs because 3D radiation does not shade cloud updrafts and modifies the surface energy balance, resulting in an increased latent heat flux into the atmosphere.
Netta Yeheskel, Matthew W. Christensen, Fabian Hoffmann, Graham Feingold, and Guy Dagan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6481, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6481, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Aerosols influence cloud formation, structure, and radiative effects. As air masses move from the subtropics to the tropics, clouds transition from shallow to deeper systems. Using five years of satellite observations and numerical simulations, we find a robust aerosol impact on this Lagrangian cloud evolution: higher aerosol levels produce thicker, more reflective clouds, enhancing cooling and modifying energy and moisture transport toward the tropics.
Benjamin Ascher and Fabian Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5974, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5974, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic clouds with liquid and ice have important effects on climate. To investigate how ice crystals and liquid droplets grow in shallow Arctic clouds, we conduct high-resolution simulations. We find that drier air above the cloud leads to a greater sublimation rate of ice beneath the cloud and recycling of particles necessary for ice formation within the cloud. We also find that the amount of sublimation and recycling is affected by the rate of temperature change with height above the cloud.
Anna Weber, Fabian Hoffmann, and Bernhard Mayer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5832, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5832, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The vertical evolution of microphysical cloud properties in low-level mixed-phase clouds during a marine cold air outbreak in the Arctic is analyzed based on measurements collected during the HALO–(??)3 campaign. In particular, pseudo-vertical profiles of cloud thermodynamic phase and the cloud droplet size are constructed. The measured vertical profiles are compared to predictions from a parcel model to investigate the influence of ice processes on supercooled liquid water droplets.
Levin Rug, Willi Schimmel, Fabian Hoffmann, and Oswald Knoth
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 9039–9059, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9039-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-9039-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present the Chemical Mechanism Integrator (Cminor) v1.0, a tool to predict concentrations of chemical compounds undergoing arbitrary reactions. Cminor is an advanced, open-source solver to model either combustion chemistry, or atmospheric chemistry and its direct influence on condensation of cloud droplets and the subsequent processing of aerosol. It uses the superdroplet idea, making it particularly feasible for coupling with such models, which is part of future work.
Johannes Kainz, Daniel Patrick Harrison, and Fabian Hoffmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5575, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5575, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) aims to counter global warming. It suggests to increase cloud reflectance by spraying aerosols from which additional cloud droplets can form. We demonstrate that MCB can be applied to cumulus clouds. The impact of aerosol particles released by a single aerosol sprayer using simulations is analyzed. The study draws conclusions on the optimal placement height of the sprayer to optimize aerosol transport, the ability to form new cloud droplets, and the area affected.
Jianhao Zhang, David Painemal, Tom Dror, Jung-Sub Lim, Armin Sorooshian, and Graham Feingold
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5119, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5119, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds over the ocean can change quickly from overcast to broken fields, affecting how much sunlight reaches the Earth's surface. We studied these transitions during cold-air outbreaks using satellite images and a new method that tracks cloud evolution through time and space. We found that ice-related processes play a key role in shaping these transitions, highlighting the power of space-borne observations in revealing physical insights.
Graham Feingold, Franziska Glassmeier, Jianhao Zhang, and Fabian Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 10869–10885, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10869-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10869-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Scientists usually use snapshots of atmospheric data to glean understanding of time-evolving atmospheric processes. We examine how much can be learned about processes from snapshots using examples from cloud and atmospheric physics. We couch the analysis in terms of the theory of ergodic systems, space-time-exchange, and the Deborah number – concepts that are commonly applied in other branches of physics. We discuss the reasons for the varying degrees of success.
Fabian Hoffmann, Yao-Sheng Chen, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 8657–8670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8657-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8657-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds reflect a substantial portion of the incoming solar radiation back into space. This capacity is determined by the number of cloud droplets, which in turn is influenced by the number of aerosol particles, forming the basis for aerosol–cloud–climate interactions. In this study, we use a simple entrainment parameterization to understand the effect of aerosol on cloud water in weakly and non-precipitating stratocumulus.
Yao-Sheng Chen, Prasanth Prabhakaran, Fabian Hoffmann, Jan Kazil, Takanobu Yamaguchi, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 6141–6159, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6141-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-6141-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Injecting sea salt aerosols into marine stratiform clouds can distribute the cloud water over more droplets in smaller sizes. This process is expected to make the clouds brighter, allowing them to reflect more sunlight back to space. However, it may also cause the clouds to lose water over time, reducing their ability to reflect sunlight. We use a computer model to show that the loss of cloud water occurs relatively quickly and does not completely offset the initial brightening.
Jung-Sub Lim, Yign Noh, Hyunho Lee, and Fabian Hoffmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5313–5329, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5313-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5313-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rain formation in warm clouds begins when small droplets collide, but this process can be slow without larger droplets. We used simulations to explore the role of bigger droplets, known as precipitation embryos, in triggering rain. We found that they speed up rain only when their size and number exceed a critical threshold. This threshold becomes larger when collisions are naturally efficient, such as in clouds with broad droplet size distributions or strong turbulence.
Fan Yang, Hamed Fahandezh Sadi, Raymond A. Shaw, Fabian Hoffmann, Pei Hou, Aaron Wang, and Mikhail Ovchinnikov
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 3785–3806, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3785-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3785-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Large-eddy simulations of a convection cloud chamber show two new microphysics regimes, cloud oscillation and cloud collapse, due to haze–cloud interactions. Our results suggest that haze particles and their interactions with cloud droplets should be considered especially in polluted conditions. To properly simulate haze–cloud interactions, we need to resolve droplet activation and deactivation processes, instead of using Twomey-type activation parameterization.
Fabian Hoffmann, Franziska Glassmeier, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13403–13412, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13403-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13403-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds constitute a major cooling influence on Earth's climate system by reflecting a large fraction of the incident solar radiation back to space. This ability is controlled by the number of cloud droplets, which is governed by the number of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, laying the foundation for so-called aerosol–cloud–climate interactions. In this study, a simple model to understand the effect of aerosol on cloud water is developed and applied.
Yao-Sheng Chen, Jianhao Zhang, Fabian Hoffmann, Takanobu Yamaguchi, Franziska Glassmeier, Xiaoli Zhou, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12661–12685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12661-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Marine stratocumulus cloud is a type of shallow cloud that covers the vast areas of Earth's surface. It plays an important role in Earth's energy balance by reflecting solar radiation back to space. We used numerical models to simulate a large number of marine stratocumuli with different characteristics. We found that how the clouds develop throughout the day is affected by the level of humidity in the air above the clouds and how closely the clouds connect to the ocean surface.
Prasanth Prabhakaran, Fabian Hoffmann, and Graham Feingold
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1919–1937, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1919-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1919-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we explore the impact of deliberate aerosol perturbation in the northeast Pacific region using large-eddy simulations. Our results show that cloud reflectivity is sensitive to the aerosol sprayer arrangement in the pristine system, whereas in the polluted system it is largely proportional to the total number of aerosol particles injected. These insights would aid in assessing the efficiency of various aerosol injection strategies for climate intervention applications.
Edward Gryspeerdt, Franziska Glassmeier, Graham Feingold, Fabian Hoffmann, and Rebecca J. Murray-Watson
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11727–11738, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11727-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11727-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The response of clouds to changes in aerosol remains a large uncertainty in our understanding of the climate. Studies typically look at aerosol and cloud processes in snapshot images, measuring all properties at the same time. Here we use multiple images to characterise how cloud temporal development responds to aerosol. We find a reduction in liquid water path with increasing aerosol, party due to feedbacks. This suggests the aerosol impact on cloud water may be weaker than in previous studies.
Cited articles
Ackerman, A. S., van Zanten, M. C., Stevens, B., Savic-Jovcic, V., Bretherton, C. S., Chlond, A., Golaz, J.-C., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M., Krueger, S. K., Lewellen, D. C., Lock, A., Moeng, C.-H., Nakamura, K., Petters, M. D., Snider, J. R., Weinbrecht, S., and Zulauf, M.: Large-eddy simulations of a drizzling, stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 1083–1110, 2009. a
Baker, M. and Latham, J.: The evolution of droplet spectra and the rate of production of embryonic raindrops in small cumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1612–1615, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036%3C1612:TEODSA%3E2.0.CO;2, 1979. a, b, c
Baker, M., Corbin, R., and Latham, J.: The influence of entrainment on the evolution of cloud droplet spectra: I. A model of inhomogeneous mixing, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 581–598, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644914, 1980. a, b, c
Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S. K., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X. Y.: Clouds and aerosols, in: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, 571–657, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.016, 2013. a
Burnet, F. and Brenguier, J.-L.: Observational study of the entrainment-mixing process in warm convective clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1995–2011, 2007. a
Chandrakar, K. K., Morrison, H., and Witte, M.: Evolution of droplet size distributions during the transition of an ultraclean stratocumulus cloud system to open cell structure: an LES investigation using Lagrangian microphysics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL100511, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100511, 2022. a
Chen, T., Rossow, W. B., and Zhang, Y.: Radiative effects of cloud-type variations, J. Climate, 13, 264–286, 2000. a
Considine, G. and Curry, J. A.: A statistical model of drop-size spectra for stratocumulus clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 611–634, 1996. a
Gerber, H., Frick, G., Malinowski, S., Brenguier, J., and Burnet, F.: Holes and entrainment in stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 443–459, 2005. a
Hoffmann, F. and Feingold, G.: Entrainment and mixing in stratocumulus: effects of a new explicit subgrid-scale scheme for large-eddy simulations with particle-based microphysics, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 1955–1973, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-18-0318.1, 2019. a, b, c
Hoffmann, F., Raasch, S., and Noh, Y.: Entrainment of aerosols and their activation in a shallow cumulus cloud studied with a coupled LCM–LES approach, Atmos. Res., 156, 43–57, 2015. a
Jeffery, C. A.: Inhomogeneous cloud evaporation, invariance, and Damköhler number, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008789, 2007. a
Kerstein, A. R.: A linear-eddy model of turbulent scalar transport and mixing, Combust. Sci. Tech., 60, 391–421, https://doi.org/10.1080/00102208808923995, 1988. a, b
Khairoutdinov, M. F. and Randall, D. A.: Cloud resolving modeling of the ARM summer 1997 IOP: model formulation, results, uncertainties, and sensitivities, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 607–625, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060%3C0607:CRMOTA%3E2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Korolev, A. and Mazin, I.: Zones of increased and decreased droplet concentration in stratiform clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 760–773, 1993. a
Krueger, S. K.: Linear eddy modeling of entrainment and mixing in stratus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3078–3090, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050%3C3078:LEMOEA%3E2.0.CO;2, 1993. a
Krueger, S. K., Su, C.-W., and McMurtry, P. A.: Modeling entrainment and finescale mixing in cumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2697–2712, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2697:MEAFMI>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a
Lehmann, K., Siebert, H., and Shaw, R. A.: Homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixing in cumulus clouds: dependence on local turbulence structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3641–3659, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3012.1, 2009. a, b, c
Lim, J. S.: Entrainment, mixing, and the evolution of the cloud droplet size distribution, PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany, https://doi.org/10.5282/edoc.34534, 2024. a
Lim, J.-S. and Hoffmann, F.: Life cycle evolution of mixing in shallow cumulus clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2023JD040393, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040393, 2024. a, b, c
Liu, Y. and Daum, P. H.: Parameterization of the autoconversion process. Part I: Analytical formulation of the Kessler-type parameterizations, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1539–1548, 2004. a
Liu, Y., Daum, P. H., Guo, H., and Peng, Y.: Dispersion bias, dispersion effect, and the aerosol–cloud conundrum, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 045021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/045021, 2008. a
Lu, C., Liu, Y., Zhu, B., Yum, S. S., Krueger, S. K., Qiu, Y., Niu, S., and Luo, S.: On which microphysical time scales to use in studies of entrainment-mixing mechanisms in clouds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 3740–3756, 2018a. a
Lu, C., Sun, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, G. J., Lin, Y., Gao, W., Niu, S., Yin, Y., Qiu, Y., and Jin, L.: Observational relationship between entrainment rate and environmental relative humidity and implications for convection parameterization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 13–495, 2018b. a
Lu, C., Liu, Y., Yum, S. S., Chen, J., Zhu, L., Gao, S., Yin, Y., Jia, X., and Wang, Y.: Reconciling contrasting relationships between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius of cloud droplet size distributions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 125, e2019JD031868, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031868, 2020. a, b, c
Luo, S., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Gao, W., Qiu, Y., Xu, X., Li, J., Zhu, L., Wang, Y., Wu, J., and Yang, X.: Relationships between cloud droplet spectral relative dispersion and entrainment rate and their impacting factors, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2087–2106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1419-5, 2022. a
Mellado, J. P.: Cloud-top entrainment in stratocumulus clouds, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 49, 145–169, 2017. a
Pawlowska, H., Grabowski, W. W., and Brenguier, J.-L.: Observations of the width of cloud droplet spectra in stratocumulus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026841, 2006. a, b
Pinsky, M., Khain, A., Korolev, A., and Magaritz-Ronen, L.: Theoretical investigation of mixing in warm clouds – Part 2: Homogeneous mixing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9255–9272, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9255-2016, 2016. a, b
Shima, S., Kusano, K., Kawano, A., Sugiyama, T., and Kawahara, S.: The super-droplet method for the numerical simulation of clouds and precipitation: a particle-based and probabilistic microphysics model coupled with a non-hydrostatic model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1307–1320, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.441, 2009. a
Siebesma, A. P., Jakob, C., Lenderink, G., Neggers, R. A. J., Teixeira, J., Van Meijgaard, E., Calvo, J., Chlond, A., Grenier, H., Jones, C., Köhler, M., Kitagawa, H., Marquet, P., Lock, A. P., Müller, F., Olmeda, D., and Severijns, C.: Cloud representation in general-circulation models over the northern Pacific Ocean: a EUROCS intercomparison study, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 3245–3267, 2004. a
Squires, P.: The growth of cloud drops by condensation. I. General characteristics, Aust. J. Chem., 5, 59–86, https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9520059, 1952. a
Stevens, B.: Entrainment in stratocumulus-topped mixed layers, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 2663–2690, 2002. a
Stevens, B., Lenschow, D. H., Vali, G., Gerber, H., Bandy, A., Blomquist, B., Brenguier, J.-L., Bretherton, C. S., Burnet, F., Campos, T., Chai, S., Faloona, I., Friesen, D., Haimov, S., Laursen, K., Lilly, D. K., Loehrer, S. M., Malinowski, S. P., Morley, B., Petters, M. D., Rogers, D. C., Russell, L., Savic-Jovcic, V., Snider, J. R., Straub, D., Szumowski, M. J., Takagi, H., Thornton, D. C., Tschudi, M., Twohy, C., Wetzel, M., and van Zanten, M. C.: Dynamics and chemistry of marine stratocumulus – DYCOMS-II, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 579–594, 2003. a
Tölle, M. H. and Krueger, S. K.: Effects of entrainment and mixing on droplet size distributions in warm cumulus clouds, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 6, 281–299, https://doi.org/10.1002/2012MS000209, 2014. a
Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S. J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K. J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A. R. J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C. J., Polat, İ., Feng, Y., Moore, E. W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E. A., Harris, C. R., Archibald, A. M., Ribeiro, A. H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., and SciPy 1.0 Contributors: SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python, Nat. Methods, 17, 261–272, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2, 2020. a
Wang, J., Daum, P. H., Yum, S. S., Liu, Y., Senum, G. I., Lu, M.-L., Seinfeld, J. H., and Jonsson, H.: Observations of marine stratocumulus microphysics and implications for processes controlling droplet spectra: results from the Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011035, 2009. a, b, c, d
Wang, Y., Zhao, C., McFarquhar, G. M., Wu, W., Reeves, M., and Li, J.: Dispersion of droplet size distributions in supercooled non-precipitating stratocumulus from aircraft observations obtained during the southern ocean cloud radiation aerosol transport experimental study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD033720, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033720, 2021. a
Yang, F., Shaw, R., and Xue, H.: Conditions for super-adiabatic droplet growth after entrainment mixing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9421–9433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9421-2016, 2016. a
Yeom, J. M., Yum, S. S., Shaw, R. A., La, I., Wang, J., Lu, C., Liu, Y., Mei, F., Schmid, B., and Matthews, A.: Vertical variations of cloud microphysical relationships in marine stratocumulus clouds observed during the ACE-ENA campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD034700, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034700, 2021. a, b, c
Short summary
We used high-resolution simulations to track individual cloud droplets within marine clouds. We discovered that while droplets grow similarly, they evaporate differently depending on their specific history of exposure to dry air. This helps resolve ambiguities in interpreting field observations, where droplet history is often unknown. We also propose a simple formula to capture this variability, offering a more accurate tool for representing cloud evolution in models.
We used high-resolution simulations to track individual cloud droplets within marine...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint