Articles | Volume 26, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4669-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-4669-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A new data set of nighttime chemical heating rates in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere derived from SCIAMACHY OH (9–6) emissions and SABER profiles
Xiaolin Wu
State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for Space Weather, Hainan, China
Anne K. Smith
NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Martin Kaufmann
Institute of Climate and Energy Systems - Stratosphere (ICE-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Guoying Jiang
State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for Space Weather, Hainan, China
School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Shuai Liu
State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Jiyao Xu
State Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Hainan National Field Science Observation and Research Observatory for Space Weather, Hainan, China
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Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 17725–17746, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-17725-2025, 2025
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Xiaolong Wei, Guoying Jiang, Yajun Zhu, Jiyao Xu, Weijun Liu, Tiancai Wang, Guangyi Zhu, and Wei Yuan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 6959–6977, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-6959-2025, 2025
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Scattered airglow can bias thermospheric wind observations by ground-based interferometers, especially when brightness is spatially uneven due to auroras. We simulated lower atmospheric scattering during two mid-latitude auroral events and confirmed that scattering can lead to line-of-sight speed biases, thereby increasing the horizontal differences between opposite cardinal directions. This scattering impact needs to be carefully considered in thermospheric dynamics analysis.
Guangyi Zhu, Yajun Zhu, Martin Kaufmann, Tiancai Wang, Weijun Liu, Wei Yuan, Siyin Liu, Guotao Yang, and Jiyao Xu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 5985–5997, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5985-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-5985-2025, 2025
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Winds in the mesopause region (85–100 km altitude) drive upper-atmospheric dynamics and energy transfer. We present the Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer, a ground-based instrument, to measure winds by observing the green airglow of atomic oxygen. Lab tests demonstrated the instrument achieves better than 2 m/s accuracy. Field measurements at a high-latitude site in China showed strong agreement with independent LiDAR data, confirming that the system delivers reliable wind retrievals.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Cristiano M. Wrasse, José V. Bageston, Wei Yuan, Xiao Liu, Weijun Liu, Ying Wen, Hui Li, and Zhengkuan Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 9719–9736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9719-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9719-2025, 2025
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This study explores intense concentric gravity waves (CGWs) based on ground-based and multi-satellite observations over southern Brazil, revealing significant airglow perturbations and strong momentum release. Triggered by deep convection and enabled by weaker wind fields, these CGWs reached the mesopause and thermosphere. Consistent detection via OI and OH airglow emissions confirms their vertical propagation, while asymmetric thermosphere propagation is linked to Doppler-induced wavelength changes.
Kimberlee Dubé, Susann Tegtmeier, Adam Bourassa, Daniel Zawada, Douglas Degenstein, William Randel, Sean Davis, Michael Schwartz, Nathaniel Livesey, and Anne Smith
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12925–12941, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12925-2024, 2024
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Greenhouse gas emissions that warm the troposphere also result in stratospheric cooling. The cooling rate is difficult to quantify above 35 km due to a deficit of long-term observational data with high vertical resolution in this region. We use satellite observations from several instruments, including a new temperature product from OSIRIS, to show that the upper stratosphere, from 35–60 km, cooled by 0.5 to 1 K per decade over 2005–2021 and by 0.6 K per decade over 1979–2021.
Qinzeng Li, Jiyao Xu, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Hanli Liu, Wei Yuan, Weijun Liu, Yajun Zhu, and Xiao Liu
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 8343–8361, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8343-2024, 2024
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The 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcanic eruption not only triggered broad-spectrum atmospheric waves but also generated unusual tsunamis which can generate atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Multiple strong atmospheric waves were observed in the far-field area of the 2022 HTHH volcano eruption in the upper atmosphere by a ground-based airglow imager network. AGWs caused by tsunamis can propagate to the mesopause region; there is a good match between atmospheric waves and tsunamis.
Konstantin Ntokas, Jörn Ungermann, Martin Kaufmann, Tom Neubert, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5681–5696, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5681-2023, 2023
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A nanosatellite was developed to obtain 1-D vertical temperature profiles in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, which can be used to derive wave parameters needed for atmospheric models. A new processing method is shown, which allows one to extract two 1-D temperature profiles. The location of the two profiles is analyzed, as it is needed for deriving wave parameters. We show that this method is feasible, which however will increase the requirements of an accurate calibration and processing.
Qiuyu Chen, Konstantin Ntokas, Björn Linder, Lukas Krasauskas, Manfred Ern, Peter Preusse, Jörn Ungermann, Erich Becker, Martin Kaufmann, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7071–7103, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7071-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7071-2022, 2022
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Observations of phase speed and direction spectra as well as zonal mean net gravity wave momentum flux are required to understand how gravity waves reach the mesosphere–lower thermosphere and how they there interact with background flow. To this end we propose flying two CubeSats, each deploying a spatial heterodyne spectrometer for limb observation of the airglow. End-to-end simulations demonstrate that individual gravity waves are retrieved faithfully for the expected instrument performance.
Neil P. Hindley, Nicholas J. Mitchell, Neil Cobbett, Anne K. Smith, Dave C. Fritts, Diego Janches, Corwin J. Wright, and Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9435–9459, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022, 2022
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We present observations of winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) from a recently installed meteor radar on the remote island of South Georgia (54° S, 36° W). We characterise mean winds, tides, planetary waves, and gravity waves in the MLT at this location and compare our measured winds with a leading climate model. We find that the observed wintertime winds are unexpectedly reversed from model predictions, probably because of missing impacts of secondary gravity waves in the model.
Daochun Yu, Haitao Li, Baoquan Li, Mingyu Ge, Youli Tuo, Xiaobo Li, Wangchen Xue, Yaning Liu, Aoying Wang, Yajun Zhu, and Bingxian Luo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3141–3159, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3141-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3141-2022, 2022
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In this work, the measurement of vertical atmospheric density profiles using X-ray Earth occultation is investigated. The Earth’s density profile for the lower thermosphere is obtained with Insight-HXMT. It is shown that the Insight-HXMT X-ray satellite of China can be used as an X-ray atmospheric diagnostics instrument for the upper atmosphere. The Insight-HXMT satellite can, with other X-ray astronomical satellites in orbit, form a network for X-ray Earth occultation sounding in the future.
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Short summary
Chemical reactions are key to the energy budget of the upper mesosphere–lower thermosphere, but this process remains poorly quantified. We derived a new dataset of nighttime chemical heating by combining observations from two different satellite instruments. The main exothermic reactions, hydrogen reacting with ozone and oxygen recombination, dominate at different altitudes and vary seasonally. The new results revise previous estimates and provide constraints on the mesopause energy budget.
Chemical reactions are key to the energy budget of the upper mesosphere–lower thermosphere, but...
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