Articles | Volume 26, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-16067-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-16067-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Nov 2026
Research article |
| 13 Nov 2026
| 13 Nov 2026
Process-level contributions to uncertainty in aerosol effective radiative forcing: a perturbed parameter ensemble with ICON–HAM
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
David Neubauer
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Yusuf Bhatti
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Duncan Watson-Parris
Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Philip Stier
Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Johannes Quaas
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Daniel Partridge
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, EX4 4QF, Exeter, UK
Ardit Arifi
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Anne Kubin
Modeling of Atmospheric Processes Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
Athanasios Nenes
School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Stadiou St, Platani GR26504 Patras, Greece
Muhammed Irfan
School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Stadiou St, Platani GR26504 Patras, Greece
School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
Carl Svenhag
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
Nick Schutgens
Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Bastiaan van Diedenhoven
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Sylvaine Ferrachat
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Ulrike Lohmann
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Ina Tegen
Modeling of Atmospheric Processes Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
Alice Henkes
Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Guangliang Fu
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
Otto Hasekamp
SRON Space Research Organisation Netherlands, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Total article views: 984 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 14 Jul 2026)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
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| 585 | 325 | 74 | 984 | 165 | 67 | 70 |
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- PDF: 325
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- Total: 984
- Supplement: 165
- BibTeX: 67
- EndNote: 70
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Short summary
Tiny aerosol particles affect Earth’s climate by interacting with clouds and sunlight, but their impact remains uncertain. Combining climate model simulations and emulators, we explored millions of model variants across different aerosol and cloud settings to identify the causes of the uncertainty. We found that aerosol emissions and cloud convection are key contributors. Our work suggests that better integration of existing observations could help reduce these uncertainties in the future.
Tiny aerosol particles affect Earth’s climate by interacting with clouds and sunlight, but their...
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