Dawe, J. T. and Austin, P. H.: The Influence of the Cloud Shell on Tracer Budget Measurements of LES Cloud Entrainment, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2909–2920,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAS3658.1, 2011.
a,
b,
c
Derbyshire, S. H., Beau, I., Bechtold, P., Grandpeix, J.-Y., Piriou, J.-M., Redelsperger, J.-L., and Soares, P. M. M.: Sensitivity of moist convection to environmental humidity, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 3055–3079,
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.130, 2004.
a
Giangrande, S. E., Wang, D., and Mechem, D. B.: Cloud regimes over the Amazon Basin: perspectives from the GoAmazon2014/5 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 7489–7507,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7489-2020, 2020.
a,
b
Giangrande, S. E., Biscaro, T. S., and Peters, J. M.: Seasonal controls on isolated convective storm drafts, precipitation intensity, and life cycle as observed during GoAmazon2014/5, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5297–5316,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5297-2023, 2023.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i,
j,
k
Heus, T. and Jonker, H. J. J.: Subsiding Shells around Shallow Cumulus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1003–1018,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAS2322.1, 2008.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i
Heymsfield, A. J., Johnson, P. N., and Dye, J. E.: Observations of Moist Adiabatic Ascent in Northeast Colorado Cumulus Congestus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1689–1703,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<1689:OOMAAI>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
a
Jensen, M. P. and Genio, A. D. D.: Factors Limiting Convective Cloud-Top Height at the ARM Nauru Island Climate Research Facility, J. Climate, 19, 2105–2117,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3722.1, 2006.
a,
b
Katzwinkel, J., Siebert, H., Heus, T., and Shaw, R. A.: Measurements of Turbulent Mixing and Subsiding Shells in Trade Wind Cumuli, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2810–2822,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0222.1, 2014.
a,
b,
c,
d
Kollias, P., McFarquhar, G. M., Bruning, E., DeMott, P. J., Kumjian, M. R., Lawson, P., Lebo, Z., Logan, T., Lombardo, K., Oue, M., Roberts, G., Shaw, R. A., van den Heever, S. C., Wolde, M., Barry, K. R., Bodine, D., Bruintjes, R., Chandrasekar, V., Dzambo, A., Hill, T. C. J., Jensen, M., Junyent, F., Kreidenweis, S. M., Lamer, K., Luke, E., Bansemer, A., McCluskey, C., Nichman, L., Nguyen, C., Patnaude, R. J., Perkins, R. J., Powers, H., Ranjbar, K., Roux, E., Snyder, J., Treserras, B. P., Tsai, P., Wales, N. A., Wolf, C., Allwayin, N., Ascher, B., Barr, J., Hu, Y., Huang, Y., Litzmann, M., Mages, Z., McKeown, K., Patil, S., Rosky, E., Tuftedal, K., Tzeng, M.-D., and Zhu, Z.: Experiment of Sea Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation, and Environment (ESCAPE), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 106, E310–E332,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0014.1, 2025.
a
Malhi, Y., Pegoraro, E., Nobre, A. D., Pereira, M. G. P., Grace, J., Culf, A. D., and Clement, R.: Energy and water dynamics of a central Amazonian rain forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, LBA 45-1–LBA 45-17,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000623, 2002.
a
Mallaun, C., Giez, A., Mayr, G. J., and Rotach, M. W.: Subsiding shells and the distribution of up- and downdraughts in warm cumulus clouds over land, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9769–9786,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9769-2019, 2019.
a,
b
Marion, G. R. and Trapp, R. J.: The Dynamical Coupling of Convective Updrafts, Downdrafts, and Cold Pools in Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 664–683,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029055, 2019.
a
Morrison, H.: Impacts of Updraft Size and Dimensionality on the Perturbation Pressure and Vertical Velocity in Cumulus Convection. Part I: Simple, Generalized Analytic Solutions, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 1441–1454,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0040.1, 2016.
a
Morrison, H., Curry, J. A., and Khvorostyanov, V. I.: A New Double-Moment Microphysics Parameterization for Application in Cloud and Climate Models. Part I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665–1677,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3446.1, 2005.
a,
b
Morrison, H., Thompson, G., and Tatarskii, V.: Impact of Cloud Microphysics on the Development of Trailing Stratiform Precipitation in a Simulated Squall Line: Comparison of One- and Two-Moment Schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 991–1007,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1, 2009.
a
Mulholland, J. P., Peters, J. M., and Morrison, H.: How Does LCL Height Influence Deep Convective Updraft Width?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093316,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093316, 2021.
a
Nair, V., Heus, T., and van Reeuwijk, M.: Dynamics of Subsiding Shells in Actively Growing Clouds with Vertical Updrafts, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 1353–1369,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0018.1, 2020.
a,
b,
c
Park, S.-B., Gentine, P., Schneider, K., and Farge, M.: Coherent Structures in the Boundary and Cloud Layers: Role of Updrafts, Subsiding Shells, and Environmental Subsidence, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 1789–1814,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0240.1, 2016.
a,
b,
c
Park, S.-B., Heus, T., and Gentine, P.: Role of convective mixing and evaporative cooling in shallow convection, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 5351–5363,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026466, 2017.
a,
b
Peters, J. M., Nowotarski, C. J., and Morrison, H.: The Role of Vertical Wind Shear in Modulating Maximum Supercell Updraft Velocities, J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 3169–3189,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0096.1, 2019.
a
Peters, J. M., Morrison, H., Nowotarski, C. J., Mulholland, J. P., and Thompson, R. L.: A Formula for the Maximum Vertical Velocity in Supercell Updrafts, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 3747–3757,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-20-0103.1, 2020.
a
Peters, J. M., Morrison, H., Nelson, T. C., Marquis, J. N., Mulholland, J. P., and Nowotarski, C. J.: The Influence of Shear on Deep Convection Initiation. Part I: Theory, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 1669–1690,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0145.1, 2022a.
a
Peters, J. M., Mulholland, J. P., and Chavas, D. R.: Generalized Lapse Rate Formulas for Use in Entraining CAPE Calculations, J. Atmos. Sci., 79, 815–836,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0118.1, 2022b.
a,
b
Rodts, S. M. A., Duynkerke, P. G., and Jonker, H. J. J.: Size Distributions and Dynamical Properties of Shallow Cumulus Clouds from Aircraft Observations and Satellite Data, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1895–1912,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<1895:SDADPO>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
a,
b,
c,
d
Romps, D. and Charn, A.: Sticky Thermals: Evidence for a Dominant Balance between Buoyancy and Drag in Cloud Updrafts, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 150421134253001,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0042.1, 2015.
a
Savre, J.: Formation and maintenance of subsiding shells around non-precipitating and precipitating cumulus clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 728–745,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3942, 2021.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i,
j,
k,
l,
m,
n,
o,
p
Sherwood, S. C., Hernández-Deckers, D., Colin, M., and Robinson, F.: Slippery Thermals and the Cumulus Entrainment Paradox, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2426–2442,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0220.1, 2013.
a,
b
Siebert, H., Lehmann, K., Wendisch, M., and Shaw, R.: Small-Scale Turbulence in Clouds, 12th Conference on Cloud Physics, Madison, WI, American Meteorological Society,
https://ams.confex.com/ams/Madison2006/techprogram/paper_112465.htm (last access: 1 October 2026), 2006.
a,
b
Zhang, G., Wu, X., Zeng, X., and Mitovski, T.: Estimation of convective entrainment properties from a cloud-resolving model simulation during TWP-ICE, Clim. Dynam., 47,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2957-7, 2016.
a
