Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
ACP
Articles | Volume 26, issue 18
Articles | Volume 26, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13401-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13401-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 26, issue 18
Research article
 | 
24 Sep 2026
Research article |  | 24 Sep 2026

Secondary ice production within shallow, mixed-phase clouds in cold air outbreaks over the Labrador Sea

Michael Biggart, Thomas W. Choularton, Martin W. Gallagher, Keith N. Bower, Gary Lloyd, Paul J. Connolly, Benjamin J. Murray, Mark D. Tarn, Erin N. Raif, and Steven J. Abel

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Short summary
Microphysical processes controlling the phase of mixed-phase clouds in cold air outbreaks (CAOs) are poorly represented by climate models. Of these, secondary ice production (SIP) is a major contributor to uncertainties in the mixed-phase cloud response to warming. We examine observations made in CAOs to understand which SIP processes are dominating and under which conditions. Our results inform future modelling, helping reduce radiative flux biases and uncertainties in climate sensitivity.
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