Articles | Volume 26, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13267-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-13267-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Sep 2026
Research article |
| 22 Sep 2026
| 22 Sep 2026
The Cold-Air Outbreaks in the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment model-observation intercomparison project (COMBLE-MIP) – Part 1: Model specification, observational constraints, and preliminary findings
Timothy W. Juliano
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
Florian Tornow
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, NY, USA
Ann M. Fridlind
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, NY, USA
Andrew S. Ackerman
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, NY, USA
Gregory S. Elsaesser
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, NY, USA
Bart Geerts
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
Christian P. Lackner
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
David Painemal
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Israel Silber
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
Mikhail Ovchinnikov
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
Gunilla Svensson
Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Michael Tjernström
Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
Alejandro Baró Pérez
Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Chalmers Technical University, Gothenburg, Sweden
Peter Bogenschutz
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, USA
Dmitry Chechin
Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
Kamal Kant Chandrakar
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
Jan Chylik
University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Andrey Debolskiy
Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Rostislav Fadeev
Institute of Numerical Mathematics (INM), RAS, and Hydrometcentre of Russia, Moscow, Russia
Anu Gupta
Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
Luisa Ickes
Chalmers Technical University, Gothenburg, Sweden
Michail Karalis
Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Martin Köhler
Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach am Main, Germany
Branko Kosović
Ralph O’Connor Sustainable Energy Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Peter Kuma
Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Weiwei Li
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
Evgeny Mortikov
Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Hugh Morrison
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
Roel A. J. Neggers
University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Anna Possner
Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
Tomi Raatikainen
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Lea Raillard
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-IPSL, Sorbonne Université/CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Université/Ecole Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
now at: Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Sami Romakkaniemi
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
Niklas Schnierstein
University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Shin-ichiro Shima
Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
Nikita Silin
Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Mikhail Tolstykh
Institute of Numerical Mathematics (INM), RAS, and Hydrometcentre of Russia, Moscow, Russia
Étienne Vignon
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique-IPSL, Sorbonne Université/CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Université/Ecole Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
Lulin Xue
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
Meng Zhang
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, USA
Xue Zheng
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, USA
Publisher's note: On 16 October 2026, the article was updated because Figures B1 and C1 had been inadvertently swapped. This error has now been corrected.
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Short summary
Models struggle to capture cloud and precipitation processes and their radiative effects in marine cold-air outbreaks. We use a quasi-Lagrangian framework to compare large-eddy simulation (LES) and single-column model (SCM) output with field and satellite observations. With fixed droplet and ice numbers, LES and SCM agree in liquid-only tests. In mixed-phase conditions, LES plausibly capture cloud thinning and breakup, while SCMs largely remain overcast and thereby miss cloud radiative effects.
Models struggle to capture cloud and precipitation processes and their radiative effects in...
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