Capturing and explaining the effects of three-dimensional radiative transfer on cloud evolution with the dynamic TenStream solver

Richard Maier, Fabian Jakub, Fabian Hoffmann, and Bernhard Mayer

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Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Mar 2026	384	105	27	516
Apr 2026	154	65	11	230
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Jun 2026	11	12	4	27
Jul 2026	29	13	4	46
Aug 2026	13	10	7	30
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Latest update: 01 Oct 2026

Short summary

Most atmospheric models only use 1D radiation, neglecting any 3D radiative effects. Here, we show that the dynamic TenStream solver provides a computationally efficient way to represent these effects. Like full 3D radiation, it causes daytime clouds to organize into streets, grow larger, and contain more liquid water. We show that this occurs because 3D radiation does not shade cloud updrafts and modifies the surface energy balance, resulting in an increased latent heat flux into the atmosphere.