Allen, D. R. and Nakamura, N.: Tracer equivalent latitude: a diagnostic tool for isentropic transport studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 287–304,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0287:TELADT>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
a,
b,
c,
d
Allen, D. R., Douglass, A. R., Nedoluha, G. E., and Coy, L.: Tracer transport during the Arctic stratospheric final warming based on a 33-year (1979–2011) tracer equivalent latitude simulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L12801,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051930, 2012.
a
Anel, J. A., Allen, D. R., Sáenz, G., Gimeno, L., and de la Torre, L.: Equivalent latitude computation using regions of interest (ROI), PLoS One, 8, e72970,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072970 2013.
a
Badza, A., Mattner, T. W., and Balasuriya, S.: How sensitive are Lagrangian coherent structures to uncertainties in data?, Physica D, 444, 133580,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2022.133580, 2023.
a
Bowman, K. P.: Large-scale isentropic mixing properties of the Antarctic polar vortex from analyzed winds, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 98, 23013–23027, 1993. a
Bowman, K. P.: Rossby wave phase speeds and mixing barriers in the stratosphere. Part I: Observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 905–916, 1996. a
Curbelo, J. and Mechoso, C. R.: Characterizing the spatial distribution of mixing and transport in the northern middle atmosphere during winter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 129, e2023JD040666,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD040666, 2024.
a
Curbelo, J., García-Garrido, V. J., Mechoso, C. R., Mancho, A. M., Wiggins, S., and Niang, C.: Insights into the three-dimensional Lagrangian geometry of the Antarctic polar vortex, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 379–392,
https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-379-2017, 2017.
a,
b
Curbelo, J., Mechoso, C. R., Mancho, A. M., and Wiggins, S.: Lagrangian study of the final warming in the southern stratosphere during 2002: Part I. The vortex splitting at upper levels, Clim. Dynam., 53, 2779–2792, 2019a.
a,
b,
c
Curbelo, J., Mechoso, C. R., Mancho, A. M., and Wiggins, S.: Lagrangian study of the final warming in the southern stratosphere during 2002: Part II. 3D structure, Clim. Dynam., 53, 1277–1288, 2019b. a
Curbelo, J., Chen, G., and Mechoso, C. R.: Lagrangian analysis of the northern stratospheric polar vortex split in April 2020, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093874,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093874, 2021.
a,
b,
c
de la Cámara, A., Mancho, A. M., Ide, K., Mechoso, R., and Serrano, E.: Routes of transport across the Antarctic polar vortex in the southern spring, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 753–767, 2012.
a,
b
de la Cámara, A., Abalos, M., and Hitchcock, P.: Changes in stratospheric transport and mixing during sudden stratospheric warmings, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 3356–3373,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD028007, 2018.
a
Dethof, A., O'Neill, A., Slingo, J. M., and Smit, H. G. J.: A mechanism for moistening the lower stratosphere involving the Asian summer monsoon, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 1079–1106,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1999.49712555602, 1999.
a
Dietmüller, S., Eichinger, R., Garny, H., Birner, T., Boenisch, H., Pitari, G., Mancini, E., Visioni, D., Stenke, A., Revell, L., Rozanov, E., Plummer, D. A., Scinocca, J., Jöckel, P., Oman, L., Deushi, M., Kiyotaka, S., Kinnison, D. E., Garcia, R., Morgenstern, O., Zeng, G., Stone, K. A., and Schofield, R.: Quantifying the effect of mixing on the mean age of air in CCMVal-2 and CCMI-1 models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 6699–6720,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6699-2018, 2018.
a
d'Ovidio, F., Shuckburgh, E., and Legras, B.: Local mixing events in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Part I: Detection with the Lyapunov diffusivity, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3678–3694,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2982.1, 2009.
a,
b,
c
Garcia, R. R., Smith, A. K., Kinnison, D. E., de la Cámara, Á., and Murphy, D. J.: Modification of the gravity wave parameterization in the whole atmosphere community climate model: motivation and results, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 275–291,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0104.1, 2017.
a
García-Garrido, V. J., Curbelo, J., Mechoso, C. R., Mancho, A. M., and Wiggins, S.: The application of Lagrangian descriptors to 3D vector fields, Regul. Chaotic Dyn., 23, 547–564, 2018. a
Garny, H., Birner, T., Boenisch, H., and Bunzel, F.: The effects of mixing on age of air, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 7015–7034,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021417, 2014.
a,
b
Gupta, A., Linz, M., Curbelo, J., Pauluis, O., Gerber, E. P., and Kinnison, D. E.: Estimating the meridional extent of adiabatic mixing in the stratosphere using age-of-air, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037712,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037712, 2023.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h
Haller, G.: Lagrangian coherent structures, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 47, 137–162, 2015. a
Haller, G. and Yuan, G.: Lagrangian coherent structures and mixing in two-dimensional turbulence, Physica D, 147, 352–370, 2000.
a,
b
Haynes, P. and McIntyre, M.: On the representation of Rossby wave critical layers and wave breaking in zonally truncated models, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2359–2382, 1987. a
Haynes, P. and Shuckburgh, E.: Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport: 1. Stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 22777–22794,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900093, 2000.
a,
b,
c,
d
Hegglin, M. I. and Shepherd, T. G.:
O3-
N2O correlations from the atmospheric chemistry experiment: revisiting a diagnostic of transport and chemistry in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D19301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008281, 2007.
a
Holton, J. R., Haynes, P. H., McIntyre, M. E., Douglass, A. R., Rood, R. B., and Pfister, L.: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403–439, 1995. a
Juckes, M. and McIntyre, M.: A high-resolution one-layer model of breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere, Nature, 328, 590–596, 1987. a
LaCasce, J.: Statistics from Lagrangian observations, Prog. Oceanogr., 77, 1–29, 2008. a
Lehahn, Y., d'Ovidio, F., Lévy, M., and Heifetz, E.: Stirring of the northeast Atlantic spring bloom: a Lagrangian analysis based on multisatellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C08005,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003927, 2007.
a
Liang, Q., Newman, P. A., Fleming, E. L., Lait, L. R., Atlas, E., Pan, L., Kinnison, D., Western, L. M., Schauffler, S., Smith, K., Treadaway, V., Hendershot, R., Donnelly, S., and Lueb, R.: Asian summer monsoon anticyclone – the primary entryway for chlorinated very-short-lived substances to the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 52, e2024GL110248,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110248, 2025.
a
Linz, M.: Replication Data for: Linz et al. 2021 Stratospheric adiabatic mixing rates derived from the vertical gradient of age of air, V1, Harvard Dataverse [data set],
https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GBRCWW, 2021.
a
Linz, M., Plumb, R. A., Gerber, E. P., Haenel, F. J., Stiller, G., Kinnison, D. E., Ming, A., and Neu, J. L.: The strength of the meridional overturning circulation of the stratosphere, Nat. Geosci., 10, 663–667,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3013, 2017a.
a,
b
Linz, M., Plumb, R. A., Gerber, E. P., Haenel, F. J., Stiller, G., Kinnison, D. E., Ming, A., and Neu, J. L.: NGeo2017_plots.m, figshare [data set],
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5229844.v1, 2017b.
a
Linz, M., Abalos, M., Glanville, A. S., Kinnison, D. E., Ming, A., and Neu, J. L.: The global diabatic circulation of the stratosphere as a metric for the Brewer–Dobson circulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5069–5090,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5069-2019, 2019.
a
Linz, M., Plumb, R. A., Gupta, A., and Gerber, E. P.: Stratospheric adiabatic mixin
g rates derived from the vertical gradient of age of air, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2021JD035199,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035199, 2021.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e
Malhotra, N. and Wiggins, S.: Geometric structures, lobe dynamics, and Lagrangian transport in flows with aperiodic time-dependence, with applications to Rossby wave flow, J. Nonlinear Sci., 8, 401–456, 1998. a
Mancho, A. M., Wiggins, S., Curbelo, J., and Mendoza, C.: Lagrangian descriptors: a method for revealing phase space structures of general time dependent dynamical systems, Commun. Nonlinear Sci., 18, 3530–3557, 2013. a
Manney, G. L. and Lawrence, Z. D.: The major stratospheric final warming in 2016: dispersal of vortex air and termination of Arctic chemical ozone loss, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15371–15396,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15371-2016, 2016.
a,
b
Manney, G., Swinbank, R., Massie, S., Gelman, M., Miller, A., Nagatani, R., O'Neill, A., and Zurek, R.: Comparison of UK Meteorological Office and US National Meteorological Center stratospheric analyses during northern and southern winter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 10311–10334, 1996. a
Marsh, D. R., Mills, M. J., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F., Calvo, N., and Polvani, L. M.: Climate change from 1850 to 2005 simulated in CESM1(WACCM), J. Climate, 26, 7372–7391,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00558.1, 2013.
a
Mitchell, D. M., Scott, R. K., Seviour, W. J. M., Thomson, S. I., Waugh, D. W., Teanby, N. A., and Ball, E. R.: Polar vortices in planetary atmospheres, Rev. Geophys., 59, e2020RG000723,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000723, 2021.
a
Morgenstern, O., Hegglin, M. I., Rozanov, E., O'Connor, F. M., Abraham, N. L., Akiyoshi, H., Archibald, A. T., Bekki, S., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M. P., Deushi, M., Dhomse, S. S., Garcia, R. R., Hardiman, S. C., Horowitz, L. W., Jöckel, P., Josse, B., Kinnison, D., Lin, M., Mancini, E., Manyin, M. E., Marchand, M., Marécal, V., Michou, M., Oman, L. D., Pitari, G., Plummer, D. A., Revell, L. E., Saint-Martin, D., Schofield, R., Stenke, A., Stone, K., Sudo, K., Tanaka, T. Y., Tilmes, S., Yamashita, Y., Yoshida, K., and Zeng, G.: Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 639–671,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-639-2017, 2017.
a
Nakamura, N.: Two-dimensional mixing, edge formation, and permeability diagnosed in an area coordinate, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1524–1537,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1524:TDMEFA>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
a,
b,
c,
d
Nakamura, N.: Large-scale eddy-mean flow interaction in the Earth's extratropical atmosphere, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 56, 349–377, 2024. a
Neale, R. B., Richter, J., Park, S., Lauritzen, P. H., Vavrus, S. J., Rasch, P. J., and Zhang, M.: The mean climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in forced SST and fully coupled experiments, J. Climate, 26, 5150–5168,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00236.1, 2013.
a
Neu, J. L., Flury, T., Manney, G. L., Santee, M. L., Livesey, N. J., and Worden, J.: Tropospheric ozone variations governed by changes in stratospheric circulation, Nat. Geosci., 7, 340–344, 2014. a
Newman, P. A., Lait, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Nagatani, R. M., and Krueger, A. J.: Meteorological Atlas of the Northern Hemisphere Lower Stratosphere for January and February 1989 During the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (NASA Technical Memorandum TM‑4145), NASA,
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19900004592 (last access: 27 March 2025), 1989. a
Niang, C., Mancho, A. M., Garcia-Garrido, V. J., Mohino, E., Rodriguez-Fonseca, B., and Curbelo, J.: Transport pathways across the West African Monsoon as revealed by Lagrangian coherent structures, Sci. Rep.-UK, 10, 12543,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69159-9, 2020.
a
Norton, W. A.: Breaking Rossby waves in a model stratosphere diagnosed by a vortex-following coordinate system and a technique for advecting material contours, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 654–673, 1994. a
Ottino, J. M.: The Kinematics of Mixing: Stretching, Chaos, and Transport, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521368780, 1989.
a,
b
Pan, L. L., Kunz, A., Homeyer, C. R., Munchak, L. A., Kinnison, D. E., and Tilmes, S.: Commentary on using equivalent latitude in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9187–9199,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9187-2012, 2012.
a
Ploeger, F., Günther, G., Konopka, P., Fueglistaler, S., Müller, R., Hoppe, C., Kunz, A., Spang, R., Grooß, J.-U., and Riese, M.: Horizontal water vapor transport in the lower stratosphere from subtropics to high latitudes during boreal summer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 8111–8127,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50636, 2013.
a
Ploeger, F., Abalos, M., Birner, T., Konopka, P., Legras, B., Müller, R., and Riese, M.: Quantifying the effects of mixing and residual circulation on trends of stratospheric mean age of air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 2047–2054,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062927, 2015a.
a
Ploeger, F., Riese, M., Haenel, F., Konopka, P., Müller, R., and Stiller, G.: Variability of stratospheric mean age of air and of the local effects of residual circulation and eddy mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 716–733,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022468, 2015b.
a
Pyle, J. A. and Rogers, C. F.: A modified diabatic circulation model for stratospheric tracer transport, Nature, 287, 711–714,
https://doi.org/10.1038/287711a0, 1980.
a
Randel, W. J., Park, M., Emmons, L., Kinnison, D., Bernath, P., Walker, K. A., Boone, C., and Pumphrey, H.: Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the stratosphere, Science, 328, 611–613, 2010. a
Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Rosenlof, K. H., Davis, S. M., Boenisch, H., Morgenstern, O., Smale, D., Rozanov, E., Hegglin, M., Pitari, G., Mancini, E., Braesicke, P., Butchart, N., Hardiman, S., Li, F., Shibata, K., and Plummer, D. A.: Evidence for changes in stratospheric transport and mixing over the past three decades based on multiple data sets and tropical leaky pipe analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D21304,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014206, 2010.
a
Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Rosenlof, K. H., Plummer, D. A., Kolonjari, F., and Walker, K. A.: An idealized stratospheric model useful for understanding differences between long-lived trace gas measurements and global chemistry-climate model output, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 5356–5367,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024447, 2016.
a,
b
Ray, E. A., Moore, F. L., Garny, H., Hintsa, E. J., Hall, B. D., Dutton, G. S., Nance, D., Elkins, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., Pittman, J., Daube, B., Baier, B. C., Li, J., and Sweeney, C.: Age of air from in situ trace gas measurements: insights from a new technique, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 12425–12445,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-12425-2024, 2024.
a
Rosenfield, J. E., Schoeberl, M. R., and Geller, M. A.: A computation of the stratospheric diabatic circulation using an accurate radiative transfer Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 859–876,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<0859:ACOTSD>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
a
Salby, M. L. and Garcia, R. R.: Vacillations induced by interference of stationary and traveling planetary waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2679–2711, 1987. a
Samelson, R. M. and Wiggins, S.: Lagrangian Transport in Geophysical Jets and Waves: The Dynamical Systems Approach, vol. 31, Springer Science and Business Media, ISBN 978-0-387-33269-7, 978-1-4419-2204-5, 978-0-387-46213-4,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46213-4, 2006.
a
Shapiro, M.: Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 994–1004, 1980. a
Shuckburgh, E., Norton, W., Iwi, A., and Haynes, P.: Influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation on isentropic transport and mixing in the tropics and subtropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 14327–14337,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900664, 2001.
a
Shuckburgh, E., d'Ovidio, F., and Legras, B.: Local mixing events in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Part II: Seasonal and interannual variability, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3695–3706,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2983.1, 2009.
a,
b,
c
Solomon, S., Kinnison, D., Garcia, R. R., Bandoro, J., Mills, M., Wilka, C., Neely III, R. R., Schmidt, A., Barnes, J. E., Vernier, J.-P., and Höpfner, M.: Monsoon circulations and tropical heterogeneous chlorine chemistry in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12624–12633,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071778, 2016.
a
Waugh, D. W. and Plumb, R. A.: Contour advection with surgery: a technique for investigating finescale structure in tracer transport, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 530–540, 1994.
a,
b
