Articles | Volume 25, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3049-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-3049-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Mar 2025
Research article |
| 14 Mar 2025
| 14 Mar 2025
Critical load exceedances for North America and Europe using an ensemble of models and an investigation of causes of environmental impact estimate variability: an AQMEII4 study
Paul A. Makar
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Philip Cheung
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Christian Hogrefe
Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Ayodeji Akingunola
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Ummugulsum Alyuz
Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Jesse O. Bash
Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Michael D. Bell
Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Lakewood, CO, USA
Roberto Bellasio
Enviroware srl, Concorezzo, Monza and Brianza, Italy
Roberto Bianconi
Enviroware srl, Concorezzo, Monza and Brianza, Italy
Tim Butler
Research Institute Sustainability – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (RIFS Potsdam), Potsdam, Germany
Hazel Cathcart
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Olivia E. Clifton
Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Earth Sciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York, NY, USA
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Alma Hodzic
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
Ioannis Kioutsioukis
Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Richard Kranenburg
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
Aurelia Lupascu
Research Institute Sustainability – Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (RIFS Potsdam), Potsdam, Germany
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Bonn, Germany
Jason A. Lynch
Office of Air and Radiation (OAR), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, USA
Kester Momoh
Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Juan L. Perez-Camanyo
Department of Computer Languages and Systems and Software Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
Jonathan Pleim
Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Young-Hee Ryu
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Roberto San Jose
Department of Computer Languages and Systems and Software Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
Donna Schwede
Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
retired
Thomas Scheuschner
Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE), Federal Environment Agency, Dessau, Germany
Mark W. Shephard
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Ranjeet S. Sokhi
Centre for Climate Change Research (C3R), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Stefano Galmarini
Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
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Latest update: 11 May 2025
Short summary
The large range of sulfur and nitrogen deposition estimates from air quality models results in a large range of predicted impacts. We used models and deposition diagnostics to identify the processes controlling atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition variability. Controlling factors included the uptake of gases and aerosols by hydrometeors, aerosol inorganic chemistry, particle dry deposition, ammonia bidirectional fluxes, gas deposition via plant cuticles and soil, and land use data.
The large range of sulfur and nitrogen deposition estimates from air quality models results in a...
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