Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
ACP
Articles | Volume 25, issue 22
Articles | Volume 25, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 25, issue 22
Research article
 | 
25 Nov 2025
Research article |  | 25 Nov 2025

Quantification and parameterization of snowflake fall speeds in the atmospheric surface-layer

Spencer Donovan, Dhiraj K. Singh, Timothy J. Garrett, and Eric R. Pardyjak

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Short summary
Accurate snowfall prediction requires quantifying how snowflakes interact with atmospheric turbulence. Using field-based imaging techniques, we directly measured the mass, size, density, and fall speed of snowflakes in surface-layer turbulence. We found that turbulence and microstructure jointly modulate fall speed, often deviating from the terminal velocity in still air. These results inform new parameterizations for numerical weather and climate models.
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