Articles | Volume 25, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16729-2025
Research article
 | 
25 Nov 2025
Research article |  | 25 Nov 2025

Quantification and parameterization of snowflake fall speeds in the atmospheric surface-layer

Spencer Donovan, Dhiraj K. Singh, Timothy J. Garrett, and Eric R. Pardyjak

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AR by Dhiraj Kumar Singh on behalf of the Authors (08 Nov 2025)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Publish as is (10 Nov 2025) by Radovan Krejci
AR by Dhiraj Kumar Singh on behalf of the Authors (10 Nov 2025)
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Short summary
Accurate snowfall prediction requires quantifying how snowflakes interact with atmospheric turbulence. Using field-based imaging techniques, we directly measured the mass, size, density, and fall speed of snowflakes in surface-layer turbulence. We found that turbulence and microstructure jointly modulate fall speed, often deviating from the terminal velocity in still air. These results inform new parameterizations for numerical weather and climate models.
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