Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
ACP
Articles | Volume 25, issue 21
Articles | Volume 25, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15469-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-15469-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 25, issue 21
Research article
 | 
13 Nov 2025
Research article |  | 13 Nov 2025

Atmospheric and watershed modelling of trifluoroacetic acid from oxidation of HFO-1234ze(E) released by prospective pressurised metered-dose inhaler use in three major river basins

Shivendra G. Tewari, Krish Vijayaraghavan, Kun Zhao, Liji M. David, Katie Tuite, Felix Kristanovich, Yuan Zhuang, Benjamin Yang, Cecilia Hurtado, Dimitrios K. Papanastasiou, Paul Giffen, Holly Kimko, Megan Gibbs, and Stefan Platz

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Latest update: 07 May 2026
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Short summary
This study indicates that using HFO‑1234ze(E) as a medical propellant in pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) reduces environmental impact compared with current propellants, and that associated trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) formation levels are predicted to be significantly below all reported safety thresholds. The results suggest this next‑generation propellant supports climate goals with its near‑zero global warming potential (GWP) and offers a sustainable substitute, helping ensure future pMDI supply for people with chronic respiratory diseases.
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