Articles | Volume 25, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-11407-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.Special issue:
Isotopic signatures of methane emission from oil and natural gas plants in southwestern China
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- Final revised paper (published on 26 Sep 2025)
- Supplement to the final revised paper
- Preprint (discussion started on 05 Mar 2025)
- Supplement to the preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-377', Anonymous Referee #1, 27 Mar 2025
- AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Longfei Yu, 14 May 2025
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-377', Anonymous Referee #2, 28 Mar 2025
- AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Longfei Yu, 14 May 2025
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RC3: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-377', Anonymous Referee #3, 28 Mar 2025
- AC1: 'Reply on RC3', Longfei Yu, 14 May 2025
Peer review completion
AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Longfei Yu on behalf of the Authors (12 Jun 2025)
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ED: Reconsider after major revisions (19 Jun 2025) by Eliza Harris

AR by Longfei Yu on behalf of the Authors (21 Jun 2025)
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ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (24 Jun 2025) by Eliza Harris
RR by Anonymous Referee #3 (11 Jul 2025)

RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (15 Jul 2025)

ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (16 Jul 2025) by Eliza Harris

AR by Longfei Yu on behalf of the Authors (21 Jul 2025)
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ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (29 Jul 2025) by Eliza Harris

AR by Longfei Yu on behalf of the Authors (01 Aug 2025)
Manuscript
Comments on Chen et al – 2025-377
Isotopic signatures of methane emissions from oil and natural gas plants in southwestern China.
General comments
This paper provides important new isotopic measurements from methane emitted by China’s Oil and Gas sector. China is the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic methane and isotopic data are essential if Chinese emissions are to be quantified by sector. Thus these new measurements are very valuable indeed.
The paper should certainly be published. That said, there are a number of problems with the manuscript as it stands at the moment and it needs to be revised before final acceptance.
Specific points
The introduction needs to be heavily rewritten between lines 37-107. It reads rather like something written at the start of the project some years ago and lightly updated. This is a very active field and many important recent references are missing, while a lot of good but very elderly papers are still cited. I would strongly suggest shortening this section (L37-107) by perhaps half and making it much more modern.
I have added a list of papers that might be considered below. In particular I would draw attention to the ongoing work by Saunois et al, most recently in 2024/5. Maybe the International Energy Agency should be cited for China’s total methane emissions. The state of methane should be updated to 2024 – see Michel et al. 2024 and Nisbet et al 2025. Given the focus on field measurement of isotopes, maybe there is one older reference (Dlugokencky et al. 2011) but many new papers.
From line 106-129 the introduction gets specific. That’s good, but maybe there should be a paragraph on the power of isotopes.
Line 148 – Paddy fields – more information needed here. This is important because the isotopes help discriminate between ricefield methane and fossil methane. Also how many cows and how much pig manure is in the region, and how many landfills. Another major factor is biomass burning, that can give very heavy methane (as in some later results in the paper).
Line 167 – maybe have a paragraph break here.
Line 196 to 208 in Section 2.2 – no information is given about time of day and diurnal variation in the height of the boundary layer, yet this is obviously important to the later discussion.
Line 243-261 Hysplit - How much local diurnal undeHrstanding is there for the movement of the boundary layer? Is there any information about the stability of the air masses during UAV sampling? Pasquill stability classes?
Line 228 – Keeling plot. What line regression is being used? Maybe see Akritas and Bershady (1996) as used in France et al 2016 (see below for details)
Section 3.1 is the core of the paper and very valuable.
Section 3.2 has no mention of time of day or diurnal evolution of the boundary layer. Also there is no real discussion of other local sources including rice and animals (isotopically light) and crop waste and other biomass fires (heavy). Some of the heavy values (e.g. in L356 could be from local fires. However the very heavy value directly measured in L361 is indeed interesting. Overall I think this section 3.2 of the paper needs a fairly major reevaluation.
Line 331 percentages are quoted to a precision far beyond the real uncertainty. About half and about a fifth to a quarter might be a more accurate statement.
Line 365 onwards. The discussion should take into account other local sources – rice, animals, fires, and perhaps coal use. Fig 5 would be useful also a Table. Line 401 linear regression method not specified – see France et al / Ahritas and Bershady method.
Line 451 onwards – global comparision – see references below.
CONCLUSION
This paper present important new results that will be very useful in attributing China’s methane emissions to specific sources. The work should certainly be published. But the paper needs some work still.
REFERENCES to consider: don’t cite all but pick and choose which fit best in the text as it is revised.
SPECIFIC Oil and gas and Keeling
Al-Shalan, Aliah, et al. "Methane emissions in Kuwait: Plume identification, isotopic characterisation and inventory verification." Atmospheric Environment 268 (2022): 118763.
Akritas, M. G., and M. A. Bershady (1996), Linear regression for astronomical data with measurement errors and intrinsic scatter, Astrophys. J., 470(2), 706–714, doi:10.1086/177901.
Andersen, Truls, et al. "Local to regional methane emissions from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB) quantified using UAV-based atmospheric measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5191-2023
Ars, Sébastien, et al. "Using in situ measurements of δ13C in methane to investigate methane emissions from the western Canada sedimentary basin." Atmospheric Environment: X 23 (2024): 100286.
Chen, Zichong, et al. "Methane emissions from China: a high-resolution inversion of TROPOMI satellite observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22.16 (2022): 10809-10826.
Dlugokencky, Edward J., et al. "Global atmospheric methane: budget, changes and dangers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369.1943 (2011): 2058-2072.
Fisher, Rebecca E., et al. "Measurement of the 13C isotopic signature of methane emissions from northern European wetlands." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 31.3 (2017): 605-623.
Fisher, Rebecca E., et al. "Arctic methane sources: Isotopic evidence for atmospheric inputs." Geophysical Research Letters 38.21 (2011).
France, James L., et al. "Measurements of δ13C in CH4 and using particle dispersion modeling to characterize sources of Arctic methane within an air mass." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 121.23 (2016): 14-257.
International Energy Agency (2024) Global Methane Tracker: Methane emissions from energy. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2024/key-findings
Jacob, Daniel J., et al. "Quantifying methane emissions from the global scale down to point sources using satellite observations of atmospheric methane." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22.14 (2022): 9617-9646.
Riddick, Stuart N., et al. "A quantitative comparison of methods used to measure smaller methane emissions typically observed from superannuated oil and gas infrastructure." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15.21 (2022): 6285-6296.
Riddick, Stuart N., et al. "Methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells in Colorado." Science of The Total Environment 922 (2024): 170990.
Zazzeri, G., et al. "Plume mapping and isotopic characterisation of anthropogenic methane sources." Atmospheric Environment 110 (2015): 151-162.
Zazzeri, Giulia, et al. "Carbon isotopic signature of coal-derived methane emissions to the atmosphere: from coalification to alteration." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16.21 (2016): 13669-13680.
GLOBAL budget
Michel, Sylvia Englund, et al. "Rapid shift in methane carbon isotopes suggests microbial emissions drove record high atmospheric methane growth in 2020–2022." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121.44 (2024): e2411212121.
Nisbet, Euan G., et al. "Practical paths towards quantifying and mitigating agricultural methane emissions." Proceedings A. Vol. 481. No. 2309. The Royal Society, 2025.
Nisbet, Euan G., et al. "Atmospheric methane: Comparison between methane's record in 2006–2022 and during glacial terminations." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 37.8 (2023): e2023GB007875.
Nisbet, Euan G. "New hope for methane reduction." Science 382.6675 (2023): 1093-1093.
Saunois, Marielle, et al. "Global methane budget 2000–2020." Earth System Science Data Discussions 2024 (2024): 1-147.