Articles | Volume 24, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8771-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8771-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Aug 2024
Research article |
| 09 Aug 2024
| 09 Aug 2024
Observability of moisture transport divergence in Arctic atmospheric rivers by dropsondes
Henning Dorff
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Meteorological Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Heike Konow
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Meteorological Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Vera Schemann
Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology (IGM), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Felix Ament
Meteorological Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
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To support the interpretation of the data collected during the HALO-(AC)3 campaign, which took place in the North Atlantic sector of the Arctic from 7 March to 12 April 2022, we analyze how unusual the weather and sea ice conditions were with respect to the long-term climatology. From observations and ERA5 reanalysis, we found record-breaking warm air intrusions and a large variety of marine cold air outbreaks. Sea ice concentration was mostly within the climatological interquartile range.
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3531–3548, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3531-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3531-2022, 2022
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Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 3641–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3641-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-3641-2022, 2022
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This study elaborates how aircraft-based horizontal geometries of trade wind cumuli differ whether a one-dimensional profiling radar or a two-dimensional imager is used. Cloud size distributions are examined in terms of sensitivity to sample size, resolution, and instrument field of view. While the radar cannot reproduce the double power law distribution due to coarse resolution and restriction to vertical transects, the imager also reveals the elliptic cloud structure enhancing with wind speed.
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The German research aircraft HALO took part in the research campaign EUREC4A in January and February 2020. The focus area was the tropical Atlantic east of the island of Barbados. We describe the characteristics of the 15 research flights, provide auxiliary information, derive combined cloud mask products from all instruments that observe clouds on board the aircraft, and provide code examples that help new users of the data to get started.
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The shallow cumulus clouds that populate the trade-wind regions can produce substantial amounts of rain. Before reaching the surface, part of the rain can evaporate and form pools of cold air that spread at the surface as density currents. We use 10 years of data from Barbados to show that such cold pools occur on 3 out of 4 d, that cold-pool periods are 90 % cloudier relative to the average winter conditions, and that they are connected to specific patterns of mesoscale cloud organization.
Geet George, Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, Robert Pincus, Chris Fairall, Hauke Schulz, Tobias Kölling, Quinn T. Kalen, Marcus Klingebiel, Heike Konow, Ashley Lundry, Marc Prange, and Jule Radtke
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In this study, a 9-year simulation of complete model output of a coupled atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface model on the catchment scale is discussed. We used the Neckar catchment in SW Germany as the basis of this simulation. Since the dataset includes the full model output, it is not only possible to investigate model behavior and interactions between the component models but also use it as a virtual truth for comparison of, for example, data assimilation experiments.
Bjorn Stevens, Sandrine Bony, David Farrell, Felix Ament, Alan Blyth, Christopher Fairall, Johannes Karstensen, Patricia K. Quinn, Sabrina Speich, Claudia Acquistapace, Franziska Aemisegger, Anna Lea Albright, Hugo Bellenger, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Kathy-Ann Caesar, Rebecca Chewitt-Lucas, Gijs de Boer, Julien Delanoë, Leif Denby, Florian Ewald, Benjamin Fildier, Marvin Forde, Geet George, Silke Gross, Martin Hagen, Andrea Hausold, Karen J. Heywood, Lutz Hirsch, Marek Jacob, Friedhelm Jansen, Stefan Kinne, Daniel Klocke, Tobias Kölling, Heike Konow, Marie Lothon, Wiebke Mohr, Ann Kristin Naumann, Louise Nuijens, Léa Olivier, Robert Pincus, Mira Pöhlker, Gilles Reverdin, Gregory Roberts, Sabrina Schnitt, Hauke Schulz, A. Pier Siebesma, Claudia Christine Stephan, Peter Sullivan, Ludovic Touzé-Peiffer, Jessica Vial, Raphaela Vogel, Paquita Zuidema, Nicola Alexander, Lyndon Alves, Sophian Arixi, Hamish Asmath, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Katharina Baier, Adriana Bailey, Dariusz Baranowski, Alexandre Baron, Sébastien Barrau, Paul A. Barrett, Frédéric Batier, Andreas Behrendt, Arne Bendinger, Florent Beucher, Sebastien Bigorre, Edmund Blades, Peter Blossey, Olivier Bock, Steven Böing, Pierre Bosser, Denis Bourras, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Keith Bower, Pierre Branellec, Hubert Branger, Michal Brennek, Alan Brewer, Pierre-Etienne Brilouet, Björn Brügmann, Stefan A. Buehler, Elmo Burke, Ralph Burton, Radiance Calmer, Jean-Christophe Canonici, Xavier Carton, Gregory Cato Jr., Jude Andre Charles, Patrick Chazette, Yanxu Chen, Michal T. Chilinski, Thomas Choularton, Patrick Chuang, Shamal Clarke, Hugh Coe, Céline Cornet, Pierre Coutris, Fleur Couvreux, Susanne Crewell, Timothy Cronin, Zhiqiang Cui, Yannis Cuypers, Alton Daley, Gillian M. Damerell, Thibaut Dauhut, Hartwig Deneke, Jean-Philippe Desbios, Steffen Dörner, Sebastian Donner, Vincent Douet, Kyla Drushka, Marina Dütsch, André Ehrlich, Kerry Emanuel, Alexandros Emmanouilidis, Jean-Claude Etienne, Sheryl Etienne-Leblanc, Ghislain Faure, Graham Feingold, Luca Ferrero, Andreas Fix, Cyrille Flamant, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Gregory R. Foltz, Linda Forster, Iulian Furtuna, Alan Gadian, Joseph Galewsky, Martin Gallagher, Peter Gallimore, Cassandra Gaston, Chelle Gentemann, Nicolas Geyskens, Andreas Giez, John Gollop, Isabelle Gouirand, Christophe Gourbeyre, Dörte de Graaf, Geiske E. de Groot, Robert Grosz, Johannes Güttler, Manuel Gutleben, Kashawn Hall, George Harris, Kevin C. Helfer, Dean Henze, Calvert Herbert, Bruna Holanda, Antonio Ibanez-Landeta, Janet Intrieri, Suneil Iyer, Fabrice Julien, Heike Kalesse, Jan Kazil, Alexander Kellman, Abiel T. Kidane, Ulrike Kirchner, Marcus Klingebiel, Mareike Körner, Leslie Ann Kremper, Jan Kretzschmar, Ovid Krüger, Wojciech Kumala, Armin Kurz, Pierre L'Hégaret, Matthieu Labaste, Tom Lachlan-Cope, Arlene Laing, Peter Landschützer, Theresa Lang, Diego Lange, Ingo Lange, Clément Laplace, Gauke Lavik, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Mason Leandro, Nathalie Lefevre, Marius Lena, Donald Lenschow, Qiang Li, Gary Lloyd, Sebastian Los, Niccolò Losi, Oscar Lovell, Christopher Luneau, Przemyslaw Makuch, Szymon Malinowski, Gaston Manta, Eleni Marinou, Nicholas Marsden, Sebastien Masson, Nicolas Maury, Bernhard Mayer, Margarette Mayers-Als, Christophe Mazel, Wayne McGeary, James C. McWilliams, Mario Mech, Melina Mehlmann, Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni, Theresa Mieslinger, Andreas Minikin, Peter Minnett, Gregor Möller, Yanmichel Morfa Avalos, Caroline Muller, Ionela Musat, Anna Napoli, Almuth Neuberger, Christophe Noisel, David Noone, Freja Nordsiek, Jakub L. Nowak, Lothar Oswald, Douglas J. Parker, Carolyn Peck, Renaud Person, Miriam Philippi, Albert Plueddemann, Christopher Pöhlker, Veronika Pörtge, Ulrich Pöschl, Lawrence Pologne, Michał Posyniak, Marc Prange, Estefanía Quiñones Meléndez, Jule Radtke, Karim Ramage, Jens Reimann, Lionel Renault, Klaus Reus, Ashford Reyes, Joachim Ribbe, Maximilian Ringel, Markus Ritschel, Cesar B. Rocha, Nicolas Rochetin, Johannes Röttenbacher, Callum Rollo, Haley Royer, Pauline Sadoulet, Leo Saffin, Sanola Sandiford, Irina Sandu, Michael Schäfer, Vera Schemann, Imke Schirmacher, Oliver Schlenczek, Jerome Schmidt, Marcel Schröder, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Andrea Sealy, Christoph J. Senff, Ilya Serikov, Samkeyat Shohan, Elizabeth Siddle, Alexander Smirnov, Florian Späth, Branden Spooner, M. Katharina Stolla, Wojciech Szkółka, Simon P. de Szoeke, Stéphane Tarot, Eleni Tetoni, Elizabeth Thompson, Jim Thomson, Lorenzo Tomassini, Julien Totems, Alma Anna Ubele, Leonie Villiger, Jan von Arx, Thomas Wagner, Andi Walther, Ben Webber, Manfred Wendisch, Shanice Whitehall, Anton Wiltshire, Allison A. Wing, Martin Wirth, Jonathan Wiskandt, Kevin Wolf, Ludwig Worbes, Ethan Wright, Volker Wulfmeyer, Shanea Young, Chidong Zhang, Dongxiao Zhang, Florian Ziemen, Tobias Zinner, and Martin Zöger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021, 2021
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The EUREC4A field campaign, designed to test hypothesized mechanisms by which clouds respond to warming and benchmark next-generation Earth-system models, is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. It was the first campaign that attempted to characterize the full range of processes and scales influencing trade wind clouds.
Annika Oertel, Michael Sprenger, Hanna Joos, Maxi Boettcher, Heike Konow, Martin Hagen, and Heini Wernli
Weather Clim. Dynam., 2, 89–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-89-2021, 2021
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Convection embedded in the stratiform cloud band of strongly ascending airstreams in extratropical cyclones (so-called warm conveyor belts) can influence not only surface precipitation but also the
upper-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) and waveguide. The comparison of intense vs. moderate embedded convection shows that its strength alone is not a reliable measure for upper-tropospheric PV modification. Instead, characteristics of the ambient flow co-determine its dynamical significance.
Tobias Sebastian Finn, Gernot Geppert, and Felix Ament
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-672, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-672, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
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Through the lens of recent developments in hydrological modelling and data assimilation, we hourly update the soil moisture with ensemble data assimilation and sparse 2-metre-temperature observations in a coupled limited area model system. In idealized experiments, we improve the soil moisture analysis by coupled data assimilation across the atmosphere-land interface. We conclude that we can merge the separated assimilation cycles for the atmosphere and land surface into one single cycle.
Marek Jacob, Pavlos Kollias, Felix Ament, Vera Schemann, and Susanne Crewell
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5757–5777, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5757-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5757-2020, 2020
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We compare clouds in different cloud-resolving atmosphere simulations with airborne remote sensing observations. The focus is on warm shallow clouds in the Atlantic trade wind region. Those clouds are climatologically important but challenging for climate models. We use forward operators to apply instrument-specific thresholds for cloud detection to model outputs. In this comparison, the higher-resolution model better reproduces the layered cloud structure.
Marvin Heidkamp, Felix Ament, Philipp de Vrese, and Andreas Chlond
Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2020-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2020-75, 2020
Publication in ESD not foreseen
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This study deals with leaf thermoregulation, a process that describes the ability of leaves to buffer against ambient temperatures. In the past, this effect has been investigated at the leaf scale, but not on the canopy or global scale. Here we try to close this scientific gap by studying the large-scale effect of leaf thermoregulation using the Max Planck Institute's Earth system model. We believe that our study provides valuable insights for modelers and observers.
Mario Mech, Maximilian Maahn, Stefan Kneifel, Davide Ori, Emiliano Orlandi, Pavlos Kollias, Vera Schemann, and Susanne Crewell
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4229–4251, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4229-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4229-2020, 2020
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The Passive and Active Microwave TRAnsfer tool (PAMTRA) is a public domain software package written in Python and Fortran for the simulation of microwave remote sensing observations. PAMTRA models the interaction of radiation with gases, clouds, precipitation, and the surface using either in situ observations or model output as input parameters. The wide range of applications is demonstrated for passive (radiometer) and active (radar) instruments on ground, airborne, and satellite platforms.
Cited articles
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Cobb, A., Michaelis, A., Iacobellis, S., Ralph, F. M., and Monache, L. D.: Atmospheric River Sectors: Definition and Characteristics Observed Using Dropsondes from 2014–20 CalWater and AR Recon, Mon. Weather Rev., 149, 623–644, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-20-0177.1, 2021a. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l
Cobb, A., Monache, L. D., Cannon, F., and Ralph, F. M.: Representation of Dropsonde-Observed Atmospheric River Conditions in Reanalyses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL093357, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl093357, 2021b. a, b, c
Cobb, A., Ralph, F. M., Tallapragada, V., Wilson, A. M., Davis, C. A., Monache, L. D., Doyle, J. D., Pappenberger, F., Reynolds, C. A., Subramanian, A., Black, P. G., Cannon, F., Castellano, C., Cordeira, J. M., Haase, J. S., Hecht, C., Kawzenuk, B., Lavers, D. A., Murphy, M. J., Parrish, J., Rickert, R., Rutz, J. J., Torn, R., Wu, X., and Zheng, M.: Atmospheric River Reconnaissance 2021: A Review, Weather Forecast., https://doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-21-0164.1, in press, 2022. a
Cordeira, J. M., Ralph, F. M., and Moore, B. J.: The Development and Evolution of Two Atmospheric Rivers in Proximity to Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones in October 2010, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 4234–4255, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00019.1, 2013. a
Dacre, H. F., Martínez-Alvarado, O., and Mbengue, C. O.: Linking Atmospheric Rivers and Warm Conveyor Belt Airflows, J. Hydrometeorol., 20, 1183–1196, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-18-0175.1, 2019. a, b, c
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J., Park, B., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, 2011. a
Demirdjian, R., Norris, J. R., Martin, A., and Ralph, F. M.: Dropsonde Observations of the Ageostrophy within the Pre-Cold-Frontal Low-Level Jet Associated with Atmospheric Rivers, Mon. Weather Rev., 148, 1389–1406, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0248.1, 2020. a, b
Dorff, H.: Scientific Code for Observability of Moisture Transport Divergence in Arctic Atmospheric Rivers by Dropsondes (v1.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11967471, 2024. a
Dufour, A., Zolina, O., and Gulev, S. K.: Atmospheric Moisture Transport to the Arctic: Assessment of Reanalyses and Analysis of Transport Components, J. Climate, 29, 5061–5081, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0559.1, 2016. a
Fearon, M. G., Doyle, J. D., Ryglicki, D. R., Finocchio, P. M., and Sprenger, M.: The Role of Cyclones in Moisture Transport into the Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL090353, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl090353, 2021. a
George, G., Stevens, B., Bony, S., Pincus, R., Fairall, C., Schulz, H., Kölling, T., Kalen, Q. T., Klingebiel, M., Konow, H., Lundry, A., Prange, M., and Radtke, J.: JOANNE: Joint dropsonde Observations of the Atmosphere in tropical North atlaNtic meso-scale Environments, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5253–5272, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5253-2021, 2021. a, b
Graham, R. M., Cohen, L., Ritzhaupt, N., Segger, B., Graversen, R. G., Rinke, A., Walden, V. P., Granskog, M. A., and Hudson, S. R.: Evaluation of Six Atmospheric Reanalyses over Arctic Sea Ice from Winter to Early Summer, J. Climate, 32, 4121–4143, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0643.1, 2019. a
Guan, B. and Waliser, D. E.: Detection of atmospheric rivers: Evaluation and application of an algorithm for global studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 12514–12535, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024257, 2015. a, b, c
Guan, B. and Waliser, D. E.: Atmospheric rivers in 20 year weather and climate simulations: A multimodel, global evaluation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 5556–5581, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd026174, 2017. a
Guan, B. and Waliser, D. E.: Tracking Atmospheric Rivers Globally: Spatial Distributions and Temporal Evolution of Life Cycle Characteristics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 12523–12552, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031205, 2019. a
Guan, B., Waliser, D. E., and Ralph, F. M.: An Intercomparison between Reanalysis and Dropsonde Observations of the Total Water Vapor Transport in Individual Atmospheric Rivers, J. Hydrometeorol., 19, 321–337, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0114.1, 2018. a, b, c, d
Guan, B., Waliser, D. E., and Ralph, F. M.: Global Application of the Atmospheric River Scale, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037180, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd037180, 2023. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horanyi, A., Sabater, J. M., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thepaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6, 2018. a
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., and Villaume, S.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. a
Kirbus, B., Tiedeck, S., Camplani, A., Chylik, J., Crewell, S., Dahlke, S., Ebell, K., Gorodetskaya, I., Griesche, H., Handorf, D., Höschel, I., Lauer, M., Neggers, R., Rückert, J., Shupe, M. D., Spreen, G., Walbröl, A., Wendisch, M., and Rinke, A.: Surface impacts and associated mechanisms of a moisture intrusion into the Arctic observed in mid-April 2020 during MOSAiC, Front. Earth Sci., 11, 1147848, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1147848, 2023. a
Køltzow, M., Schyberg, H., Støylen, E., and Yang, X.: Value of the Copernicus Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA) in representing near-surface temperature and wind speed in the north-east European Arctic, Polar Res., 41, 8002, https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v41.8002, 2022. a
Komatsu, K. K., Alexeev, V. A., Repina, I. A., and Tachibana, Y.: Poleward upgliding Siberian atmospheric rivers over sea ice heat up Arctic upper air, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 2872, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21159-6, 2018. a, b
Konow, H., Jacob, M., Ament, F., Crewell, S., Ewald, F., Hagen, M., Hirsch, L., Jansen, F., Mech, M., and Stevens, B.: A unified data set of airborne cloud remote sensing using the HALO Microwave Package (HAMP), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 921–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-921-2019, 2019. a
Konow, H., Ewald, F., George, G., Jacob, M., Klingebiel, M., Kölling, T., Luebke, A. E., Mieslinger, T., Pörtge, V., Radtke, J., Schäfer, M., Schulz, H., Vogel, R., Wirth, M., Bony, S., Crewell, S., Ehrlich, A., Forster, L., Giez, A., Gödde, F., Groß, S., Gutleben, M., Hagen, M., Hirsch, L., Jansen, F., Lang, T., Mayer, B., Mech, M., Prange, M., Schnitt, S., Vial, J., Walbröl, A., Wendisch, M., Wolf, K., Zinner, T., Zöger, M., Ament, F., and Stevens, B.: EUREC4A's HALO, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5545–5563, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5545-2021, 2021. a, b
Lauer, M., Mech, M., and Guan, B.: Global Atmospheric Rivers catalog for ERA5 reanalysis, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.957161, 2023a. a
Lauer, M., Rinke, A., Gorodetskaya, I., Sprenger, M., Mech, M., and Crewell, S.: Influence of atmospheric rivers and associated weather systems on precipitation in the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8705–8726, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8705-2023, 2023b. a
Lenschow, D. H., Savic-Jovcic, V., and Stevens, B.: Divergence and Vorticity from Aircraft Air Motion Measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 24, 2062–2072, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jtecha940.1, 2007. a
Mattingly, K. S., Mote, T. L., and Fettweis, X.: Atmospheric River Impacts on Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 8538–8560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd028714, 2018. a, b
Mech, M., Orlandi, E., Crewell, S., Ament, F., Hirsch, L., Hagen, M., Peters, G., and Stevens, B.: HAMP – the microwave package on the High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft (HALO), Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4539–4553, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4539-2014, 2014. a
Nash, D., Waliser, D., Guan, B., Ye, H., and Ralph, F. M.: The Role of Atmospheric Rivers in Extratropical and Polar Hydroclimate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 6804–6821, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd028130, 2018. a
Neff, W.: Atmospheric rivers melt Greenland, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 857–858, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0297-4, 2018. a
Neff, W., Compo, G. P., Ralph, F. M., and Shupe, M. D.: Continental heat anomalies and the extreme melting of the Greenland ice surface in 2012 and 1889, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 6520–6536, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021470, 2014. a
Neiman, P. J., Wick, G. A., Moore, B. J., Ralph, F. M., Spackman, J. R., and Ward, B.: An Airborne Study of an Atmospheric River over the Subtropical Pacific during WISPAR: Dropsonde Budget-Box Diagnostics and Precipitation Impacts in Hawaii, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 3199–3223, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00383.1, 2014. a
Norris, J. R., Ralph, F. M., Demirdjian, R., Cannon, F., Blomquist, B., Fairall, C. W., Spackman, J. R., Tanelli, S., and Waliser, D. E.: The Observed Water Vapor Budget in an Atmospheric River over the Northeast Pacific, J. Hydrometeorol., 21, 2655–2673, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0048.1, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
Nygård, T., Naakka, T., and Vihma, T.: Horizontal Moisture Transport Dominates the Regional Moistening Patterns in the Arctic, J. Climate, 33, 6793–6807, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0891.1, 2020. a
O'Brien, T. A., Wehner, M. F., Payne, A. E., Shields, C. A., Rutz, J. J., Leung, L.-R., Ralph, F. M., Collow, A., Gorodetskaya, I., Guan, B., Lora, J. M., McClenny, E., Nardi, K. M., Ramos, A. M., Tomé, R., Sarangi, C., Shearer, E. J., Ullrich, P. A., Zarzycki, C., Loring, B., Huang, H., Inda-Díaz, H. A., Rhoades, A. M., and Zhou, Y.: Increases in Future AR Count and Size: Overview of the ARTMIP Tier 2 CMIP5/6 Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 127, e2021JD036013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd036013, 2022. a
Papritz, L. and Dunn-Sigouin, E.: What Configuration of the Atmospheric Circulation Drives Extreme Net and Total Moisture Transport Into the Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089769, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl089769, 2020. a
Papritz, L., Aemisegger, F., and Wernli, H.: Sources and Transport Pathways of Precipitating Waters in Cold-Season Deep North Atlantic Cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 78, 3349–3368, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0105.1, 2021. a, b, c
Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., and Wick, G. A.: Satellite and CALJET Aircraft Observations of Atmospheric Rivers over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean during the Winter of 1997/98, Mon. Weather Rev., 132, 1721–1745, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1721:sacaoo>2.0.co;2, 2004. a, b, c
Ralph, F. M., Neiman, P. J., and Rotunno, R.: Dropsonde Observations in Low-Level Jets over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean from CALJET-1998 and PACJET-2001: Mean Vertical-Profile and Atmospheric-River Characteristics, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 889–910, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr2896.1, 2005. a
Ralph, F. M., Iacobellis, S. F., Neiman, P. J., Cordeira, J. M., Spackman, J. R., Waliser, D. E., Wick, G. A., White, A. B., and Fairall, C.: Dropsonde Observations of Total Integrated Water Vapor Transport within North Pacific Atmospheric Rivers, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 2577–2596, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0036.1, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q
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Short summary
Using synthetic dropsondes, we assess how discrete spatial sampling and temporal evolution during flight affect the accuracy of real sonde-based moisture transport divergence in Arctic atmospheric rivers (ARs). Non-instantaneous sampling during temporal AR evolution deteriorates the divergence values more than spatial undersampling. Moisture advection is the dominating factor but most sensitive to the sampling method. We suggest a minimum of seven sondes to resolve the AR divergence components.
Using synthetic dropsondes, we assess how discrete spatial sampling and temporal evolution...
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