Articles | Volume 24, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6197-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6197-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note: Challenges in detecting free tropospheric ozone trends in a sparsely sampled environment
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Owen R. Cooper
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Audrey Gaudel
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Irina Petropavlovskikh
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Peter Effertz
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Gary Morris
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
Brian C. McDonald
NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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Cited
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Explaining trends and changing seasonal cycles of surface ozone in North America and Europe over the 2000–2018 period: a global modelling study with NOx and VOC tagging T. Ansari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16833-2025
- Distinct sub-period trends in tropospheric ozone column over the East Asian outflow region during 1990-2019 Z. Zang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01406-8
- Global ground-based tropospheric ozone measurements: reference data and individual site trends (2000–2022) from the TOAR-II/HEGIFTOM project R. Van Malderen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7187-2025
- Observational ozone datasets over the global oceans and polar regions (version 2024) Y. Kanaya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4901-2025
- Ozone trends in homogenized Umkehr, ozonesonde, and COH overpass records I. Petropavlovskikh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2895-2025
- Surface ozone trend variability across the United States and the impact of heat waves (1990–2023) K. Chang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5101-2025
- Intercomparison of long-term ground-based measurements of total, tropospheric, and stratospheric ozone at Lauder, New Zealand R. Björklund et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6819-2024
- Quantifying biases in TROPESS AIRS, CrIS, and joint AIRS+OMI tropospheric ozone products using ozonesondes E. Pennington et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8533-2025
- Global source–receptor-relationship database for integrated tropospheric ozone observations from multiplatform datasets in western North America during 1994–2021 Y. Cui et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5903-2025
- Ground-based tropospheric ozone measurements: regional tropospheric ozone column trends from the TOAR-II/HEGIFTOM homogenized datasets R. Van Malderen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9905-2025
- Assessing the relative impacts of satellite ozone and its precursor observations to improve global tropospheric ozone analysis using multiple chemical reanalysis systems T. Sekiya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2243-2025
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Explaining trends and changing seasonal cycles of surface ozone in North America and Europe over the 2000–2018 period: a global modelling study with NOx and VOC tagging T. Ansari et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-16833-2025
- Distinct sub-period trends in tropospheric ozone column over the East Asian outflow region during 1990-2019 Z. Zang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-026-01406-8
- Global ground-based tropospheric ozone measurements: reference data and individual site trends (2000–2022) from the TOAR-II/HEGIFTOM project R. Van Malderen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-7187-2025
- Observational ozone datasets over the global oceans and polar regions (version 2024) Y. Kanaya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4901-2025
- Ozone trends in homogenized Umkehr, ozonesonde, and COH overpass records I. Petropavlovskikh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2895-2025
- Surface ozone trend variability across the United States and the impact of heat waves (1990–2023) K. Chang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5101-2025
- Intercomparison of long-term ground-based measurements of total, tropospheric, and stratospheric ozone at Lauder, New Zealand R. Björklund et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-6819-2024
- Quantifying biases in TROPESS AIRS, CrIS, and joint AIRS+OMI tropospheric ozone products using ozonesondes E. Pennington et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8533-2025
- Global source–receptor-relationship database for integrated tropospheric ozone observations from multiplatform datasets in western North America during 1994–2021 Y. Cui et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5903-2025
- Ground-based tropospheric ozone measurements: regional tropospheric ozone column trends from the TOAR-II/HEGIFTOM homogenized datasets R. Van Malderen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-9905-2025
- Assessing the relative impacts of satellite ozone and its precursor observations to improve global tropospheric ozone analysis using multiple chemical reanalysis systems T. Sekiya et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2243-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 25 Jun 2026
Short summary
A great majority of observational trend studies of free tropospheric ozone use sparsely sampled ozonesonde and aircraft measurements as reference data sets. A ubiquitous assumption is that trends are accurate and reliable so long as long-term records are available. We show that sampling bias due to sparse samples can persistently reduce the trend accuracy, and we highlight the importance of maintaining adequate frequency and continuity of observations.
A great majority of observational trend studies of free tropospheric ozone use sparsely sampled...
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