Articles | Volume 24, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10617-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Aerosol composition, air quality, and boundary layer dynamics in the urban background of Stuttgart in winter
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 816-8580, Fukuoka, Japan
Wei Huang
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
Xiaoli Shen
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Ramakrishna Ramisetty
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: TSI Instruments India Private Limited, 560102, Bangalore, 560102, India
Junwei Song
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
Olga Kiseleva
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
Christopher Claus Holst
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
Basit Khan
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
now at: Mubadala Arabian Center for Climate and Environmental Sciences (ACCESS), New York University, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Thomas Leisner
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Karlsruhe, Germany
Related authors
Feng Jiang, Harald Saathoff, Uzoamaka Ezenobi, Junwei Song, Hengheng Zhang, Linyu Gao, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1917–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of brown carbon in the particle and gas phase was determined by mass spectrometry. BrC in the gas phase was mainly controlled by secondary formation and particle-to-gas partitioning. BrC in the particle phase was mainly from secondary formation. This work helps to get a better understanding of diurnal variations and the sources of brown carbon aerosol at a rural location in central Europe.
Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Feng Jiang, Linyu Gao, Hengheng Zhang, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6699–6717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents concurrent online measurements of organic gas and particles (VOCs and OA) at a forested site in summer. Both VOCs and OA were largely contributed by oxygenated organic compounds. Semi-volatile oxygenated OA and organic nitrate formed from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contributed significantly to nighttime particle growth. The results help us to understand the causes of nighttime particle growth regularly observed in summer in central European rural forested environments.
Hengheng Zhang, Christian Rolf, Ralf Tillmann, Christian Wesolek, Frank Gunther Wienhold, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Aerosol Research, 2, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs advanced tools, including scanning lidar, balloons, and UAVs, to explore aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The scanning lidar offers distinctive near-ground-level insights, enriching our comprehension of aerosol distribution from ground level to the free troposphere. This research provides valuable data for comparing remote sensing and in situ aerosol measurements, advancing our understanding of aerosol impacts on radiative transfer, clouds, and air quality.
Hengheng Zhang, Frank Wagner, Harald Saathoff, Heike Vogel, Gholam Ali Hoshyaripour, Vanessa Bachmann, Jochen Förstner, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-193, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution and the properties of Saharan dust plume were characterized by LIDARs, a sun photometer, and a regional transport model. Comparison between LIDAR measurements, sun photometer and ICON-ART predictions shows a good agreement for dust arrival time, dust layer height, and dust structure but also that the model overestimates the backscatter coefficients by a factor of (2.2 ± 0.16) and underestimate aerosol optical depth by a factor of (1.5 ± 0.11).
Alexander Böhmländer, Larissa Lacher, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, Zoé Brasseur, Matthew Boyer, Joel Kuula, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3959–3971, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds and aerosol are important for weather and climate. Typically, pure water cloud droplets stay liquid until around −35 °C, unless they come into contact with ice-nucleating particles (INPs). INPs are a rare subset of aerosol particles. Using uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), it is possible to collect aerosol particles and analyse their ice-nucleating ability. This study describes the test and validation of a sampling set-up that can be used to collect aerosol particles onto a filter.
Farhan R. Nursanto, Douglas A. Day, Roy Meinen, Rupert Holzinger, Harald Saathoff, Jinglan Fu, Jan Mulder, Ulrike Dusek, and Juliane L. Fry
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3051–3072, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3051-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3051-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
It is of increasing importance to monitor nitrate pollution that can harm ecosystems. However, commonly used aerosol monitoring equipment cannot distinguish inorganic from organic forms of nitrate, which may have different consequences for the environment. We describe a method to differentiate types of nitrates that can be applied to ambient monitoring to improve understanding of its formation and impact.
Christopher N. Rapp, Sining Niu, N. Cazimir Armstrong, Xiaoli Shen, Thomas Berkemeier, Jason D. Surratt, Yue Zhang, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 5519–5536, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5519-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5519-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric ice formation is initiated by particulate matter suspended in air and has profound impacts on Earth's climate. This study focuses on examining the effectiveness of ice formation by a subset of particles composed of organic matter and sulfate. We used experiments and computer modeling to obtain the result that these particles are not effective ice-nucleating particles, suggesting that molecular structure is important for ice formation on these types of particles.
Simone Brunamonti, Harald Saathoff, Albert Hertzog, Glenn Diskin, Masatomo Fujiwara, Karen Rosenlof, Ottmar Möhler, Béla Tuzson, Lukas Emmenegger, Nadir Amarouche, Georges Durry, Fabien Frérot, Jean-Christophe Samake, Claire Cenac, Julio Lopez, Paul Monnier, and Mélanie Ghysels
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1029, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1029, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Water vapor is a strong greenhouse gas and accurate measurements of its concentration in the upper atmosphere (~8–25 km altitude) are crucial for reliable climate predictions. We investigated the performance of four airborne hygrometers, deployed on aircraft or stratospheric balloon platforms and based on different techniques, in a climate simulation chamber. The results demonstrate the high accuracy and reliability of the involved sensors for atmospheric monitoring and research applications.
William Morrison, Dana Looschelders, Jonnathan Céspedes, Bernie Claxton, Marc-Antoine Drouin, Jean-Charles Dupont, Aurélien Faucheux, Martial Haeffelin, Christopher C. Holst, Simone Kotthaus, Valéry Masson, James McGregor, Jeremy Price, Matthias Zeeman, Sue Grimmond, and Andreas Christen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-167, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-167, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted research using sophisticated wind sensors to better understand wind patterns in Paris. By installing these sensors across the city, we gathered detailed data on wind speeds and directions from 2022 to 2024. This information helps improve weather and climate models, making them more accurate for city environments. Our findings offer valuable insights for scientists studying urban air and weather, improving predictions and understanding of city-scale atmospheric processes.
Marco Zanatta, Pia Bogert, Patrick Ginot, Yiwei Gong, Gholam Ali Hoshyaripour, Yaqiong Hu, Feng Jiang, Paolo Laj, Yanxia Li, Claudia Linke, Ottmar Möhler, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Franziska Vogel, and Robert Wagner
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-12, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-12, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for AR
Short summary
Short summary
Back carbon is an atmospheric pollutant from combustion, contributes to the Arctic warming. However, its properties change as it travels through the atmosphere, affecting its impact. We recreated Arctic transport conditions in a laboratory to study how black carbon evolves over time. Our findings show that temperature and altitude strongly influence its transformation, providing key insights for improving climate models and understanding Arctic pollution.
Patricia Glocke, Christopher C. Holst, and Susanne A. Benz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1276, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1276, 2025
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates how soil temperatures impact the atmosphere in cities using an urban climate model. Soil temperature has a significant role in modulating surface energy fluxes and atmospheric conditions, with cloud cover playing a critical factor. Incorporating subsurface urban heat islands in climate modeling is essential for understanding the complex interplay between soil and atmosphere, offering valuable guidance for improving urban climate resilience and mitigation strategies.
Ahmed Abdelmonem, Dana Glikman, Yiwei Gong, Björn Braunschweig, Harald Saathoff, Johannes Lützenkirchen, and Mohammed H. Fawey
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1233, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1233, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines how environmental factors (sunlight, pH, salinity, and surface chemistry) affect air-water interface reactions. Using a surface-specific technique, sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, we found that compounds like 4-BBA not only act as photosensitizers but also generate new surface-active products under UV light. These reactions have implications for oceans, lakes, and clouds, providing crucial insights for modeling natural processes.
Alexander Julian Böhmländer, Larissa Lacher, Kristina Höhler, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, Jessica Girdwood, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-87, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-87, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds play a key role in weather and climate. Pure liquid water droplets are liquid until about -35 °C without the presence of a small subset of aerosols, ice-nucleating particles (INPs). These INPs lead to primary ice formation and therefore impact the phase of clouds. The dataset described herein provides INP concentration measurements at two altitudes. Connecting this data to synoptic conditions and ambient data might provide a better understanding of INPs in Finnish Lapland.
Feng Jiang, Harald Saathoff, Uzoamaka Ezenobi, Junwei Song, Hengheng Zhang, Linyu Gao, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 1917–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-1917-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The chemical composition of brown carbon in the particle and gas phase was determined by mass spectrometry. BrC in the gas phase was mainly controlled by secondary formation and particle-to-gas partitioning. BrC in the particle phase was mainly from secondary formation. This work helps to get a better understanding of diurnal variations and the sources of brown carbon aerosol at a rural location in central Europe.
Diego Aliaga, Victoria A. Sinclair, Radovan Krejci, Marcos Andrade, Paulo Artaxo, Luis Blacutt, Runlong Cai, Samara Carbone, Yvette Gramlich, Liine Heikkinen, Dominic Heslin-Rees, Wei Huang, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Markku Kulmala, Paolo Laj, Valeria Mardoñez-Balderrama, Claudia Mohr, Isabel Moreno, Pauli Paasonen, Wiebke Scholz, Karine Sellegri, Laura Ticona, Gaëlle Uzu, Fernando Velarde, Alfred Wiedensohler, Doug Worsnop, Cheng Wu, Chen Xuemeng, Qiaozhi Zha, and Federico Bianchi
Aerosol Research, 3, 15–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-15-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-15-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines new particle formation (NPF) in the Bolivian Andes at Chacaltaya mountain (CHC) and the urban El Alto–La Paz area (EAC). Days are clustered into four categories based on NPF intensity. Differences in particle size, precursor gases, and pollution levels are found. High NPF intensities increased Aitken mode particle concentrations at both sites, while volcanic influence selectively diminished NPF intensity at CHC but not EAC. This study highlights NPF dynamics in the Andes.
Patricia Glocke, Christopher C. Holst, Basit Khan, and Susanne A. Benz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 55–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-55-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-55-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Utilizing the urban microclimate model PALM-4U, we show that temperature anomalies of ± 5 K at a depth of 2 m in the soil can impact atmospheric potential air temperatures within idealized domains. The impact depends on the season, time of day, land cover, and lateral boundary conditions of the domain. The magnitude of change depends mostly on seasonality and the time of day, ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 K. Land cover influences the absolute temperature but has a smaller impact on the magnitude.
Junwei Song, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Ralf Tillmann, Nicolas Brüggemann, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 13199–13217, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-13199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and organic aerosol (OA) particles were measured online in a stressed spruce-dominated forest. OA was mainly attributed to the monoterpene oxidation products. The mixing ratios of BVOCs were higher than the values previously measured in other temperate forests. The results demonstrate that BVOCs are influenced not only by meteorology and biogenic emissions but also by local anthropogenic emissions and subsequent chemical transformation processes.
Xiaoli Shen, David M. Bell, Hugh Coe, Naruki Hiranuma, Fabian Mahrt, Nicholas A. Marsden, Claudia Mohr, Daniel M. Murphy, Harald Saathoff, Johannes Schneider, Jacqueline Wilson, Maria A. Zawadowicz, Alla Zelenyuk, Paul J. DeMott, Ottmar Möhler, and Daniel J. Cziczo
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 10869–10891, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10869-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-10869-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) is commonly used to measure the chemical composition and mixing state of aerosol particles. Intercomparison of SPMS instruments was conducted. All instruments reported similar size ranges and common spectral features. The instrument-specific detection efficiency was found to be more dependent on particle size than type. All differentiated secondary organic aerosol, soot, and soil dust but had difficulties differentiating among minerals and dusts.
Kevin Wolz, Christopher Holst, Frank Beyrich, Eileen Päschke, and Matthias Mauder
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 205–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We compared wind measurements using different lidar setups at various heights. The triple Doppler lidar, sonic anemometer, and two single Doppler lidars were tested. Overall, the lidar methods showed good agreement with the sonic anemometer. The triple Doppler lidar performed better than single Doppler lidars, especially at higher altitudes. We also developed a new filtering approach for virtual tower scanning strategies. Single Doppler lidars provide reliable wind data over flat terrain.
Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Feng Jiang, Linyu Gao, Hengheng Zhang, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 6699–6717, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-6699-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents concurrent online measurements of organic gas and particles (VOCs and OA) at a forested site in summer. Both VOCs and OA were largely contributed by oxygenated organic compounds. Semi-volatile oxygenated OA and organic nitrate formed from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes contributed significantly to nighttime particle growth. The results help us to understand the causes of nighttime particle growth regularly observed in summer in central European rural forested environments.
Hengheng Zhang, Christian Rolf, Ralf Tillmann, Christian Wesolek, Frank Gunther Wienhold, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Aerosol Research, 2, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study employs advanced tools, including scanning lidar, balloons, and UAVs, to explore aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The scanning lidar offers distinctive near-ground-level insights, enriching our comprehension of aerosol distribution from ground level to the free troposphere. This research provides valuable data for comparing remote sensing and in situ aerosol measurements, advancing our understanding of aerosol impacts on radiative transfer, clouds, and air quality.
Johanna S. Seidel, Alexei A. Kiselev, Alice Keinert, Frank Stratmann, Thomas Leisner, and Susan Hartmann
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5247–5263, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5247-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds often contain several thousand times more ice crystals than aerosol particles catalyzing ice formation. This phenomenon, commonly known as ice multiplication, is often explained by secondary ice formation due to the collisions between falling ice particles and droplets. In this study, we mimic this riming process. Contrary to earlier experiments, we found no efficient ice multiplication, which fundamentally questions the importance of the rime-splintering mechanism.
Liine Heikkinen, Daniel G. Partridge, Sara Blichner, Wei Huang, Rahul Ranjan, Paul Bowen, Emanuele Tovazzi, Tuukka Petäjä, Claudia Mohr, and Ilona Riipinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5117–5147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The organic vapor condensation with water vapor (co-condensation) in rising air below clouds is modeled in this work over the boreal forest because the forest air is rich in organic vapors. We show that the number of cloud droplets can increase by 20 % if considering co-condensation. The enhancements are even larger if the air contains many small, naturally produced aerosol particles. Such conditions are most frequently met in spring in the boreal forest.
Feng Jiang, Kyla Siemens, Claudia Linke, Yanxia Li, Yiwei Gong, Thomas Leisner, Alexander Laskin, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2639–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the optical properties, chemical composition, and formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and brown carbon (BrC) from the oxidation of indole with and without NO2 in the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) simulation chamber. This work is one of the very few to link the optical properties and chemical composition of indole SOA with and without NO2 by simulation chamber experiments.
Wei Huang, Cheng Wu, Linyu Gao, Yvette Gramlich, Sophie L. Haslett, Joel Thornton, Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker, Ben H. Lee, Junwei Song, Harald Saathoff, Xiaoli Shen, Ramakrishna Ramisetty, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Dilip Ganguly, Feng Jiang, Magdalena Vallon, Siegfried Schobesberger, Taina Yli-Juuti, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2607–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2607-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2607-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present distinct molecular composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol particles in different rural, urban, and mountain environments. We do a comprehensive investigation of the relationship between the chemical composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol particles across different systems and environments. This study provides implications for volatility descriptions of oxygenated organic aerosol particles in different model frameworks.
Jing Cai, Juha Sulo, Yifang Gu, Sebastian Holm, Runlong Cai, Steven Thomas, Almuth Neuberger, Fredrik Mattsson, Marco Paglione, Stefano Decesari, Matteo Rinaldi, Rujing Yin, Diego Aliaga, Wei Huang, Yuanyuan Li, Yvette Gramlich, Giancarlo Ciarelli, Lauriane Quéléver, Nina Sarnela, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Nora Zannoni, Cheng Wu, Wei Nie, Juha Kangasluoma, Claudia Mohr, Markku Kulmala, Qiaozhi Zha, Dominik Stolzenburg, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 2423–2441, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-2423-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By combining field measurements, simulations and recent chamber experiments, we investigate new particle formation (NPF) and growth in the Po Valley, where both haze and frequent NPF occur. Our results show that sulfuric acid, ammonia and amines are the dominant NPF precursors there. A high NPF rate and a lower condensation sink lead to a greater survival probability for newly formed particles, highlighting the importance of gas-to-particle conversion for aerosol concentrations.
Dongqi Lin, Jiawei Zhang, Basit Khan, Marwan Katurji, and Laura E. Revell
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 815–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-815-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-815-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
GEO4PALM is an open-source tool to generate static input for the Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation (PALM) model system. Geospatial static input is essential for realistic PALM simulations. However, existing tools fail to generate PALM's geospatial static input for most regions. GEO4PALM is compatible with diverse geospatial data sources and provides access to free data sets. In addition, this paper presents two application examples, which show successful PALM simulations using GEO4PALM.
Arto Heitto, Cheng Wu, Diego Aliaga, Luis Blacutt, Xuemeng Chen, Yvette Gramlich, Liine Heikkinen, Wei Huang, Radovan Krejci, Paolo Laj, Isabel Moreno, Karine Sellegri, Fernando Velarde, Kay Weinhold, Alfred Wiedensohler, Qiaozhi Zha, Federico Bianchi, Marcos Andrade, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Claudia Mohr, and Taina Yli-Juuti
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1315–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Particle growth at the Chacaltaya station in Bolivia was simulated based on measured vapor concentrations and ambient conditions. Major contributors to the simulated growth were low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs). Also, sulfuric acid had major role when volcanic activity was occurring in the area. This study provides insight on nanoparticle growth at this high-altitude Southern Hemispheric site and hence contributes to building knowledge of early growth of atmospheric particles.
Yiwei Gong, Feng Jiang, Yanxia Li, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 167–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the role of the important atmospheric reactive intermediates in the formation of dimers and aerosol in monoterpene ozonolysis at different temperatures. Through conducting a series of chamber experiments and utilizing chemical kinetic and aerosol dynamic models, the SOA formation processes are better described, especially for colder regions. The results can be used to improve the chemical mechanism modeling of monoterpenes and SOA parameterization in transport models.
Dongqi Lin, Marwan Katurji, Laura E. Revell, Basit Khan, and Andrew Sturman
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 14451–14479, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate fog forecasting is difficult in a complex environment. Spatial variations in soil moisture could impact fog. Here, we carried out fog simulations with spatially different soil moisture in complex topography. The soil moisture was calculated using satellite observations. The results show that the spatial variations in soil moisture do not have a significant impact on where fog occurs but do impact how long fog lasts. This finding could improve fog forecasts in the future.
Mohit Singh, Stephanie Helen Jones, Alexei Kiselev, Denis Duft, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5205–5215, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel method for simultaneous measurement of the viscosity and surface tension of metastable liquids. Our approach is based on the phase analysis of excited shape oscillations in levitated droplets. It is applicable to a wide range of atmospheric conditions and can monitor changes in real time. The technique holds great promise for investigating the effect of atmospheric processing on the viscosity and surface tension of solution droplets in equilibrium with water vapour.
Robert Wagner, Alexander D. James, Victoria L. Frankland, Ottmar Möhler, Benjamin J. Murray, John M. C. Plane, Harald Saathoff, Ralf Weigel, and Martin Schnaiter
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6789–6811, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6789-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6789-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) play an important role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. They can consist of different chemical species, including crystalline nitric acid hydrates. We found that mineral dust or meteoric ablation material can efficiently catalyse the formation of a specific phase of nitric acid dihydrate crystals. We determined predominant particle shapes and infrared optical properties of these crystals, which are important inputs for remote sensing detection of PSCs.
Kara D. Lamb, Jerry Y. Harrington, Benjamin W. Clouser, Elisabeth J. Moyer, Laszlo Sarkozy, Volker Ebert, Ottmar Möhler, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 6043–6064, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6043-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6043-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how ice grows directly from vapor in cirrus clouds by comparing observations of populations of ice crystals growing in a cloud chamber against models developed in the context of single-crystal laboratory studies. We demonstrate that previous discrepancies between different experimental measurements do not necessarily point to different physical interpretations but are rather due to assumptions that were made in terms of how experiments were modeled in previous studies.
Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Diego Aliaga, Otso Peräkylä, Liine Heikkinen, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Cheng Wu, Joonas Enroth, Yvette Gramlich, Jing Cai, Samara Carbone, Armin Hansel, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Douglas Worsnop, Victoria Sinclair, Radovan Krejci, Marcos Andrade, Claudia Mohr, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 4559–4576, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the chemical composition of atmospheric cluster ions from January to May 2018 at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes. With state-of-the-art mass spectrometers and air mass history analysis, the measured cluster ions exhibited distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns, some of which contributed to new particle formation. Our study will improve the understanding of atmospheric ions and their role in high-altitude new particle formation.
Wiebke Scholz, Jiali Shen, Diego Aliaga, Cheng Wu, Samara Carbone, Isabel Moreno, Qiaozhi Zha, Wei Huang, Liine Heikkinen, Jean Luc Jaffrezo, Gaelle Uzu, Eva Partoll, Markus Leiminger, Fernando Velarde, Paolo Laj, Patrick Ginot, Paolo Artaxo, Alfred Wiedensohler, Markku Kulmala, Claudia Mohr, Marcos Andrade, Victoria Sinclair, Federico Bianchi, and Armin Hansel
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 895–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the ocean, is the most abundant biogenic sulfur emission into the atmosphere. OH radicals, among others, can oxidize DMS to sulfuric and methanesulfonic acid, which are relevant for aerosol formation. We quantified DMS and nearly all DMS oxidation products with novel mass spectrometric instruments for gas and particle phase at the high mountain station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes in free tropospheric air after long-range transport.
Feng Jiang, Junwei Song, Jonas Bauer, Linyu Gao, Magdalena Vallon, Reiner Gebhardt, Thomas Leisner, Stefan Norra, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 14971–14986, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14971-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-14971-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied brown carbon aerosol during typical summer and winter periods in downtown Karlsruhe in southwestern Germany. The chromophore and chemical composition of brown carbon was determined by excitation–emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The chromophore types and sources were substantially different in winter and summer. Humic-like chromophores of different degrees of oxidation dominated and were associated with molecules of different molecular weight and nitrogen content.
Fritz Waitz, Martin Schnaiter, Thomas Leisner, and Emma Järvinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 7087–7103, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Riming, i.e., the accretion of small droplets on the surface of ice particles via collision, is one of the major uncertainties in model prediction of mixed-phase clouds. We discuss the occurrence (up to 50% of particles) and aging of rimed ice particles and show correlations of the occurrence and the degree of riming with ambient meteorological parameters using data gathered by the Particle Habit Imaging and Polar Scattering (PHIPS) probe during three airborne in situ field campaigns.
Linyu Gao, Junwei Song, Claudia Mohr, Wei Huang, Magdalena Vallon, Feng Jiang, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6001–6020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from β-caryophyllene (BCP) ozonolysis with and without nitrogen oxides over 213–313 K in the simulation chamber. The yields and the rate constants were determined at 243–313 K. Chemical compositions varied at different temperatures, indicating a strong impact on the BCP ozonolysis pathways. This work helps to better understand the SOA from BCP ozonolysis for conditions representative of the real atmosphere from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere.
Magdalena Vallon, Linyu Gao, Feng Jiang, Bianca Krumm, Jens Nadolny, Junwei Song, Thomas Leisner, and Harald Saathoff
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1795–1810, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1795-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1795-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A LED-based light source has been constructed for the AIDA simulation chamber at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. It allows aerosol formation and ageing studies under atmospherically relevant illumination intensities and spectral characteristics at temperatures from –90 °C to 30 °C with the possibility of changing the photon flux and irradiation spectrum at any point. The first results of photolysis experiments with 2,3-pentanedione, iron oxalate and a brown carbon component are shown.
Haiyan Li, Thomas Golin Almeida, Yuanyuan Luo, Jian Zhao, Brett B. Palm, Christopher D. Daub, Wei Huang, Claudia Mohr, Jordan E. Krechmer, Theo Kurtén, and Mikael Ehn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1811–1827, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work evaluated the potential for PTR-based mass spectrometers to detect ROOR and ROOH peroxides both experimentally and through computations. Laboratory experiments using a Vocus PTR observed only noisy signals of potential dimers during α-pinene ozonolysis and a few small signals of dimeric compounds during cyclohexene ozonolysis. Quantum chemical calculations for model ROOR and ROOH systems showed that most of these peroxides should fragment partially following protonation.
Lucía Caudillo, Birte Rörup, Martin Heinritzi, Guillaume Marie, Mario Simon, Andrea C. Wagner, Tatjana Müller, Manuel Granzin, Antonio Amorim, Farnoush Ataei, Rima Baalbaki, Barbara Bertozzi, Zoé Brasseur, Randall Chiu, Biwu Chu, Lubna Dada, Jonathan Duplissy, Henning Finkenzeller, Loïc Gonzalez Carracedo, Xu-Cheng He, Victoria Hofbauer, Weimeng Kong, Houssni Lamkaddam, Chuan P. Lee, Brandon Lopez, Naser G. A. Mahfouz, Vladimir Makhmutov, Hanna E. Manninen, Ruby Marten, Dario Massabò, Roy L. Mauldin, Bernhard Mentler, Ugo Molteni, Antti Onnela, Joschka Pfeifer, Maxim Philippov, Ana A. Piedehierro, Meredith Schervish, Wiebke Scholz, Benjamin Schulze, Jiali Shen, Dominik Stolzenburg, Yuri Stozhkov, Mihnea Surdu, Christian Tauber, Yee Jun Tham, Ping Tian, António Tomé, Steffen Vogt, Mingyi Wang, Dongyu S. Wang, Stefan K. Weber, André Welti, Wang Yonghong, Wu Yusheng, Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek, Urs Baltensperger, Imad El Haddad, Richard C. Flagan, Armin Hansel, Kristina Höhler, Jasper Kirkby, Markku Kulmala, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Ottmar Möhler, Harald Saathoff, Rainer Volkamer, Paul M. Winkler, Neil M. Donahue, Andreas Kürten, and Joachim Curtius
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17099–17114, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17099-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed experiments in the CLOUD chamber at CERN at low temperatures to simulate new particle formation in the upper free troposphere (at −30 ºC and −50 ºC). We measured the particle and gas phase and found that most of the compounds present in the gas phase are detected as well in the particle phase. The major compounds in the particles are C8–10 and C18–20. Specifically, we showed that C5 and C15 compounds are detected in a mixed system with isoprene and α-pinene at −30 ºC, 20 % RH.
Larissa Lacher, Hans-Christian Clemen, Xiaoli Shen, Stephan Mertes, Martin Gysel-Beer, Alireza Moallemi, Martin Steinbacher, Stephan Henne, Harald Saathoff, Ottmar Möhler, Kristina Höhler, Thea Schiebel, Daniel Weber, Jann Schrod, Johannes Schneider, and Zamin A. Kanji
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 16925–16953, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16925-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16925-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate ice-nucleating particle properties at Jungfraujoch during the 2017 joint INUIT/CLACE field campaign, to improve the knowledge about those rare particles in a cloud-relevant environment. By quantifying ice-nucleating particles in parallel to single-particle mass spectrometry measurements, we find that mineral dust and aged sea spray particles are potential candidates for ice-nucleating particles. Our findings are supported by ice residual analysis and source region modeling.
Ulrich Platt, Thomas Wagner, Jonas Kuhn, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6867–6883, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6867-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Absorption spectroscopy of scattered sunlight is extremely useful for the analysis of atmospheric trace gas distributions. A central parameter for the achievable sensitivity of spectroscopic instruments is the light throughput, which can be enhanced in a number of ways. We present new ideas and considerations of how instruments could be optimized. Particular emphasis is on arrays of massively parallel instruments. Such arrays can reduce the size and weight of instruments by orders of magnitude.
Cheng Wu, David M. Bell, Emelie L. Graham, Sophie Haslett, Ilona Riipinen, Urs Baltensperger, Amelie Bertrand, Stamatios Giannoukos, Janne Schoonbaert, Imad El Haddad, Andre S. H. Prevot, Wei Huang, and Claudia Mohr
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14907–14925, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14907-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14907-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Night-time reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds and nitrate radicals can lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (BSOANO3). Here, we study the impacts of light exposure on the BSOANO3 from three biogenic precursors. Our results suggest that photolysis causes photodegradation of a substantial fraction of BSOANO3, changes the chemical composition and bulk volatility, and might be a potentially important loss pathway of BSOANO3 during the night-to-day transition.
Julia Schneider, Kristina Höhler, Robert Wagner, Harald Saathoff, Martin Schnaiter, Tobias Schorr, Isabelle Steinke, Stefan Benz, Manuel Baumgartner, Christian Rolf, Martina Krämer, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14403–14425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14403-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Homogeneous freezing is a relevant mechanism for the formation of cirrus clouds in the upper troposphere. Based on an extensive set of homogeneous freezing experiments at the AIDA chamber with aqueous sulfuric acid aerosol, we provide a new fit line for homogeneous freezing onset conditions of sulfuric acid aerosol focusing on cirrus temperatures. In the atmosphere, homogeneous freezing thresholds have important implications on the cirrus cloud occurrence and related cloud radiative effects.
Naruki Hiranuma, Brent W. Auvermann, Franco Belosi, Jack Bush, Kimberly M. Cory, Dimitrios G. Georgakopoulos, Kristina Höhler, Yidi Hou, Larissa Lacher, Harald Saathoff, Gianni Santachiara, Xiaoli Shen, Isabelle Steinke, Romy Ullrich, Nsikanabasi S. Umo, Hemanth S. K. Vepuri, Franziska Vogel, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 14215–14234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14215-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14215-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present laboratory and field studies showing that an open-lot livestock facility is a substantial source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs). The ambient concentration of INPs from livestock facilities in Texas is very high. It is up to several thousand INPs per liter below –20 °C and may impact regional aerosol–cloud interactions. About 50% of feedlot INPs were supermicron in diameter. No notable amount of known ice-nucleating microorganisms was found in our feedlot samples.
Alexei A. Kiselev, Alice Keinert, Tilia Gaedeke, Thomas Leisner, Christoph Sutter, Elena Petrishcheva, and Rainer Abart
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11801–11814, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Alkali feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust and is often present in mineral dust aerosols that are responsible for the formation of rain and snow in clouds. However, the cloud droplets containing pure potassium-rich feldspar would not freeze unless cooled down to a very low temperature. Here we show that partly replacing potassium with sodium would induce fracturing of feldspar, exposing a crystalline surface that could initiate freezing at higher temperature.
Hengheng Zhang, Frank Wagner, Harald Saathoff, Heike Vogel, Gholam Ali Hoshyaripour, Vanessa Bachmann, Jochen Förstner, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-193, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-193, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution and the properties of Saharan dust plume were characterized by LIDARs, a sun photometer, and a regional transport model. Comparison between LIDAR measurements, sun photometer and ICON-ART predictions shows a good agreement for dust arrival time, dust layer height, and dust structure but also that the model overestimates the backscatter coefficients by a factor of (2.2 ± 0.16) and underestimate aerosol optical depth by a factor of (1.5 ± 0.11).
Barbara Bertozzi, Robert Wagner, Junwei Song, Kristina Höhler, Joschka Pfeifer, Harald Saathoff, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10779–10798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10779-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10779-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Internally mixed particles composed of sulfate and organics are among the most abundant aerosol types. Their ice nucleation (IN) ability influences the formation of cirrus and, thus, the climate. We show that the presence of a thin organic coating suppresses the heterogeneous IN ability of crystalline ammonium sulfate particles. However, the IN ability of the same particle can substantially change if subjected to atmospheric processing, mainly due to differences in the resulting morphology.
Wei Huang, Haiyan Li, Nina Sarnela, Liine Heikkinen, Yee Jun Tham, Jyri Mikkilä, Steven J. Thomas, Neil M. Donahue, Markku Kulmala, and Federico Bianchi
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8961–8977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8961-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8961-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We show full characterization of gaseous organic compounds in a boreal forest. Molecular composition and volatility of gaseous organic compounds with different oxidation extents (from volatile organic compounds to highly oxygenated organic molecules) were investigated and discussed. We provide a more comprehensive understanding of atmospheric organic compounds in this boreal forest and new insights into interpreting ambient measurements or testing and improving parameterizations in models.
Dongqi Lin, Basit Khan, Marwan Katurji, Leroy Bird, Ricardo Faria, and Laura E. Revell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2503–2524, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2503-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2503-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source toolbox WRF4PALM, which enables weather dynamics simulation within urban landscapes. WRF4PALM passes meteorological information from the popular Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to the turbulence-resolving PALM model system 6.0. WRF4PALM can potentially extend the use of WRF and PALM with realistic boundary conditions to any part of the world. WRF4PALM will help study air pollution dispersion, wind energy prospecting, and high-impact wind forecasting.
Fritz Waitz, Martin Schnaiter, Thomas Leisner, and Emma Järvinen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3049–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3049-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A major challenge in the observations of mixed-phase clouds remains the phase discrimination and sizing of cloud droplets and ice crystals, especially for particles with diameters smaller than 0.1 mm. Here, we present a new method to derive the phase and size of single cloud particles using their angular-light-scattering information. Comparisons with other in situ instruments in three case studies show good agreement.
Julia Schneider, Kristina Höhler, Paavo Heikkilä, Jorma Keskinen, Barbara Bertozzi, Pia Bogert, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Franziska Vogel, Zoé Brasseur, Yusheng Wu, Simo Hakala, Jonathan Duplissy, Dmitri Moisseev, Markku Kulmala, Michael P. Adams, Benjamin J. Murray, Kimmo Korhonen, Liqing Hao, Erik S. Thomson, Dimitri Castarède, Thomas Leisner, Tuukka Petäjä, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3899–3918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
By triggering the formation of ice crystals, ice-nucleating particles (INP) strongly influence cloud formation. Continuous, long-term measurements are needed to characterize the atmospheric INP variability. Here, a first long-term time series of INP spectra measured in the boreal forest for more than 1 year is presented, showing a clear seasonal cycle. It is shown that the seasonal dependency of INP concentrations and prevalent INP types is driven by the abundance of biogenic aerosol.
Robert Wagner, Baptiste Testa, Michael Höpfner, Alexei Kiselev, Ottmar Möhler, Harald Saathoff, Jörn Ungermann, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1977–1991, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During the Asian summer monsoon period, air pollutants are transported from layers near the ground to high altitudes of 13 to 18 km in the atmosphere. Infrared measurements have shown that particles composed of solid ammonium nitrate are a major part of these pollutants. To enable the quantitative analysis of the infrared spectra, we have determined for the first time accurate optical constants of ammonium nitrate for the low-temperature conditions of the upper atmosphere.
Basit Khan, Sabine Banzhaf, Edward C. Chan, Renate Forkel, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Klaus Ketelsen, Mona Kurppa, Björn Maronga, Matthias Mauder, Siegfried Raasch, Emmanuele Russo, Martijn Schaap, and Matthias Sühring
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An atmospheric chemistry model has been implemented in the microscale PALM model system 6.0. This article provides a detailed description of the model, its structure, input requirements, various features and limitations. Several pre-compiled ready-to-use chemical mechanisms are included in the chemistry model code; however, users can also easily implement other mechanisms. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the new chemistry model in the urban environment.
Michael Krayer, Agathe Chouippe, Markus Uhlmann, Jan Dušek, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 561–575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We address the phenomenon of ice enhancement in the vicinity of warm hydrometeors using highly accurate flow simulation techniques. It is found that the transiently supersaturated zones induced by the hydrometeor's wake are by far larger than what has been previously estimated. The ice enhancement is quantified on the micro- and macroscale, and its relevance is discussed. The results provided may contribute to a (currently unavailable) parametrization of the phenomenon.
Alexei Korolev and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11767–11797, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11767-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice particles in tropospheric clouds. This work presents a critical review of the laboratory studies related to secondary ice production. It aims to identify gaps in our knowledge of SIP as well as to stimulate further laboratory studies focused on obtaining a quantitative description of efficiencies for each SIP mechanism.
Isabelle Steinke, Naruki Hiranuma, Roger Funk, Kristina Höhler, Nadine Tüllmann, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, Peter G. Weidler, Ottmar Möhler, and Thomas Leisner
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11387–11397, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11387-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11387-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we highlight the potential impact of particles from certain terrestrial sources on the formation of ice crystals in clouds. In particular, we focus on biogenic particles consisting of various organic compounds, which makes it very difficult to predict the ice nucleation properties of complex ambient particles. We find that these ambient particles are often more ice active than individual components.
Cited articles
Ackerman, A. S., Kirkpatrick, M. P., Stevens, D. E., and Toon, O. B.: The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, 432, 1014–1017, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03174, 2004. a
Aljawhary, D., Lee, A. K. Y., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: High-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ToF-CIMS): application to study SOA composition and processing, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3211–3224, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3211-2013, 2013. a
Avdikos, G.: Powerful Raman Lidar systems for atmospheric analysis and high-energy physics experiments, EPJ Web Conf., 89, 04003, https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20158904003, 2015. a
Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., Covert, D. S., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E., and Wiedensohler, A.: Aerosol physical properties and processes in the lower marine boundary layer: A comparison of shipboard sub-micron data from ACE-1 and ACE-2, Tellus B, 52, 258–272, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00021.x, 2000. a
Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., Covert, D. S., and Quinn, P. K.: Regional marine boundary layer aerosol size distributions in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans: A comparison of INDOEX measurements with ACE-1, ACE-2, and Aerosols99, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, INX2–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001174, 2002. a
Canonaco, F., Crippa, M., Slowik, J. G., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: SoFi, an IGOR-based interface for the efficient use of the generalized multilinear engine (ME-2) for the source apportionment: ME-2 application to aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3649–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3649-2013, 2013. a
Cao, B., Wang, X., Ning, G., Yuan, L., Jiang, M., Zhang, X., and Wang, S.: Factors influencing the boundary layer height and their relationship with air quality in the Sichuan Basin, China, Sci. Total Environ., 727, 138584, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138584, 2020. a
Caprari, G., Castelli, G., Montuori, M., Camardelli, M., and Malvezzi, R.: Digital Twin for Urban Planning in the Green Deal Era: A State of the Art and Future Perspectives, Sustainability, 14, 6263, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106263, 2022. a
Chan, C. K. and Yao, X.: Air pollution in mega cities in China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003, 2008. a
Chen, B., Lin, C., Gong, P., and An, J.: Optimize urban shade using digital twins of cities, Nature, 622, 242–242, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-03189-x, 2023. a
Crippa, M., Canonaco, F., Lanz, V. A., Äijälä, M., Allan, J. D., Carbone, S., Capes, G., Ceburnis, D., Dall'Osto, M., Day, D. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ehn, M., Eriksson, A., Freney, E., Hildebrandt Ruiz, L., Hillamo, R., Jimenez, J. L., Junninen, H., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Kortelainen, A.-M., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mensah, A. A., Mohr, C., Nemitz, E., O'Dowd, C., Ovadnevaite, J., Pandis, S. N., Petäjä, T., Poulain, L., Saarikoski, S., Sellegri, K., Swietlicki, E., Tiitta, P., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Organic aerosol components derived from 25 AMS data sets across Europe using a consistent ME-2 based source apportionment approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6159–6176, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6159-2014, 2014. a
D'Amico, G., Amodeo, A., Baars, H., Binietoglou, I., Freudenthaler, V., Mattis, I., Wandinger, U., and Pappalardo, G.: EARLINET Single Calculus Chain – overview on methodology and strategy, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4891–4916, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4891-2015, 2015 (code available at: https://www.earlinet.org/index.php?id=281, last access: 4 June 2024). a
DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Crounse, J., de Foy, B., Dunlea, E. J., Aiken, A. C., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Campos, T., Wennberg, P. O., and Jimenez, J. L.: Investigation of the sources and processing of organic aerosol over the Central Mexican Plateau from aircraft measurements during MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5257–5280, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5257-2010, 2010. a
Demuzere, M., Argüeso, D., Zonato, A., and Kittner, J.: W2W: A Python package that injects WUDAPT's Local Climate Zone information in WRF, Journal of Open Source Software, 7, 4432, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.04432, 2022a. a
Demuzere, M., Kittner, J., Martilli, A., Mills, G., Moede, C., Stewart, I. D., van Vliet, J., and Bechtel, B.: A global map of local climate zones to support earth system modelling and urban-scale environmental science, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3835–3873, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3835-2022, 2022b. a
Dias-Júnior, C. Q., Carneiro, R. G., Fisch, G., D'Oliveira, F. A. F., Sörgel, M., Botía, S., Machado, L. A. T., Wolff, S., dos Santos, R. M. N., and Pöhlker, C.: Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Heights Using Remote Sensing Retrievals and ERA5 Reanalysis over Central Amazonia, Remote Sens.-Basel, 14, 4561, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184561, 2022. a
Floors, R., Vincent, C. L., Gryning, S.-E., Peña, A., and Batchvarova, E.: The wind profile in the coastal boundary layer: Wind lidar measurements and numerical modelling, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 147, 469–491, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-012-9791-9, 2013. a
Freudenthaler, V.: About the effects of polarising optics on lidar signals and the Δ90 calibration, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4181–4255, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4181-2016, 2016. a
Froidevaux, M., Higgins, C. W., Simeonov, V., Ristori, P., Pardyjak, E., Serikov, I., Calhoun, R., van den Bergh, H., and Parlange, M. B.: A Raman lidar to measure water vapor in the atmospheric boundary layer, Adv. Water Resour., 51, 345–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.04.008, 2013. a
Garratt, J.: Review: the atmospheric boundary layer, Earth-Sci. Rev., 37, 89–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(94)90026-4, 1994. a
Gentine, P., Chhang, A., Rigden, A., and Salvucci, G.: Evaporation estimates using weather station data and boundary layer theory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11661–11670, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070819, 2016. a
Greenberg, J., Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., Baugh, W., Geron, C., Davis, K., Helmig, D., and Klinger, L.: Tethered balloon measurements of biogenic VOCs in the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 33, 855–867, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00302-1, 1999. a
Guo, J., Miao, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, H., Li, Z., Zhang, W., He, J., Lou, M., Yan, Y., Bian, L., and Zhai, P.: The climatology of planetary boundary layer height in China derived from radiosonde and reanalysis data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 13309–13319, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13309-2016, 2016. a
Guo, J., Su, T., Li, Z., Miao, Y., Li, J., Liu, H., Xu, H., Cribb, M., and Zhai, P.: Declining frequency of summertime local-scale precipitation over eastern China from 1970 to 2010 and its potential link to aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5700–5708, https://doi.org//10.1002/2017GL073533, 2017. a
Guo, J.-P., Zhang, X.-Y., Che, H.-Z., Gong, S.-L., An, X., Cao, C.-X., Guang, J., Zhang, H., Wang, Y.-Q., Zhang, X.-C., Xue, M., and Li, X.-W.: Correlation between PM concentrations and aerosol optical depth in eastern China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5876–5886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.026, 2009. a, b
Hammann, E., Behrendt, A., Le Mounier, F., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2867–2881, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2867-2015, 2015. a
Hebbert, M., Webb, B., Gossop, C., and Nan, S.: Towards a Liveable Urban Climate: Lessons from Stuttgart, Routledge, United Kingdom, 132–150, ISBN: 978-0-415-50956-5, 2012. a
Heldens, W., Burmeister, C., Kanani-Sühring, F., Maronga, B., Pavlik, D., Sühring, M., Zeidler, J., and Esch, T.: Geospatial input data for the PALM model system 6.0: model requirements, data sources and processing, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5833–5873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5833-2020, 2020. a
Hennemuth, B. and Lammert-Stockschlaeder, A.: Determination of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height from Radiosonde and Lidar Backscatter, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 120, 181–200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9035-3, 2006. a, b
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020. a, b
Huang, Q., Cai, X., Wang, J., Song, Y., and Zhu, T.: Climatological study of the Boundary-layer air Stagnation Index for China and its relationship with air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 7573–7593, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7573-2018, 2018. a, b, c
Huang, X., Wang, Y., Shang, Y., Song, X., Zhang, R., Wang, Y., Li, Z., and Yang, Y.: Contrasting the effect of aerosol properties on the planetary boundary layer height in Beijing and Nanjing, Atmos. Environ., 308, 119861, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119861, 2023. a, b
Ji, D., Li, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Cheng, M., Sun, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, L., Tang, G., Hu, B., Chao, N., Wen, T., and Miao, H.: The heaviest particulate air-pollution episodes occurred in northern China in January, 2013: Insights gained from observation, Atmos. Environ., 92, 546–556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.048, 2014. a
Jia, W., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Yang, Y., and Zhong, J.: The influence of stagnant and transport types weather on heavy pollution in the Yangtze-Huaihe valley, China, Sci. Total Environ., 792, 148393, https://doi.org//10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148393, 2021. a
Jordan, A., Haidacher, S., Hanel, G., Hartungen, E., Märk, L., Seehauser, H., Schottkowsky, R., Sulzer, P., and Märk, T.: A high resolution and high sensitivity proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS), Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 286, 122–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2009.07.005, 2009. a
Katsoulis, B.: Some meteorological aspects of air pollution in Athens, Greece, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 39, 203–212, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01030298, 1988. a
Khan, B., Banzhaf, S., Chan, E. C., Forkel, R., Kanani-Sühring, F., Ketelsen, K., Kurppa, M., Maronga, B., Mauder, M., Raasch, S., Russo, E., Schaap, M., and Sühring, M.: Development of an atmospheric chemistry model coupled to the PALM model system 6.0: implementation and first applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Kiehl, J. T. and Briegleb, B. P.: The Relative Roles of Sulfate Aerosols and Greenhouse Gases in Climate Forcing, Science, 260, 311–314, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5106.311, 1993. a
Kim, M.-S. and Kwon, B. H.: Estimation of sensible heat flux and atmospheric boundary layer height using an unmanned aerial vehicle, Atmosphere, 10, 363, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070363, 2019. a
Kiseleva, O., Kalthoff, N., Adler, B., Kossmann, M., Wieser, A., and Rinke, R.: Nocturnal atmospheric conditions and their impact on air pollutant concentrations in the city of Stuttgart, Meteorol. Appl., 28, e2037, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2037, 2021. a
Kiseleva, O., Gantner, L., Kalthoff, N., Kossmann, M., and Holst, C.: Evaluation of the Urban Climate Model PALM-4U over Hilly Terrain Using Wind and Turbulence Observations, Meteorol. Z., 33, 177–198, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2024/1193, 2024. a, b
Kokkola, H., Korhonen, H., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Järvenoja, S., Anttila, T., Partanen, A.-I., Kulmala, M., Järvinen, H., Laaksonen, A., and Kerminen, V.-M.: SALSA – a Sectional Aerosol module for Large Scale Applications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2469–2483, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2469-2008, 2008. a
Kokkola, H., Kühn, T., Laakso, A., Bergman, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Mielonen, T., Arola, A., Stadtler, S., Korhonen, H., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U., Neubauer, D., Tegen, I., Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C., Schultz, M. G., Bey, I., Stier, P., Daskalakis, N., Heald, C. L., and Romakkaniemi, S.: SALSA2.0: The sectional aerosol module of the aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3.0-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3833–3863, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3833-2018, 2018. a
Kurppa, M., Hellsten, A., Roldin, P., Kokkola, H., Tonttila, J., Auvinen, M., Kent, C., Kumar, P., Maronga, B., and Järvi, L.: Implementation of the sectional aerosol module SALSA2.0 into the PALM model system 6.0: model development and first evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1403–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1403-2019, 2019. a, b
Lenschow, D. H. (Ed.): Aircraft measurements in the boundary layer, in: Probing the atmospheric boundary layer, Springer, 39–55, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-944970-14-7_5, 1986. a
Li, J., Li, C., Zhao, C., and Su, T.: Changes in surface aerosol extinction trends over China during 1980–2013 inferred from quality-controlled visibility data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8713–8719, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070201, 2016. a
Li, J., Gao, W., Cao, L., He, L., Zhang, X., Yan, Y., Mao, J., Xin, J., Wang, L., Tang, G., Liu, Z., Ji, D., Hu, B., Zhao, D., Zhao, S., Jia, D., and Wang, Y.: Effects of different stagnant meteorological conditions on aerosol chemistry and regional transport changes in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 258, 118483, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118483, 2021. a
Li, Y., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Lei, M., Zhao, Y., Jian, B., Zhang, M., and Huang, J.: Long-term variation of boundary layer height and possible contribution factors: A global analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 796, 148950, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148950, 2021. a
Li, Z., Guo, J., Ding, A., Liao, H., Liu, J., Sun, Y., Wang, T., Xue, H., Zhang, H., and Zhu, B.: Aerosol and boundary-layer interactions and impact on air quality, Natl. Sci. Rev., 4, 810–833, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx117, 2017. a, b
Lin, D., Khan, B., Katurji, M., Bird, L., Faria, R., and Revell, L. E.: WRF4PALM v1.0: a mesoscale dynamical driver for the microscale PALM model system 6.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2503–2524, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2503-2021, 2021. a
Liu, S. and Liang, X.-Z.: Observed diurnal cycle climatology of planetary boundary layer height, J. Climate, 23, 5790–5809, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3552.1, 2010. a
Löhnert, U. and Maier, O.: Operational profiling of temperature using ground-based microwave radiometry at Payerne: prospects and challenges, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1121–1134, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1121-2012, 2012. a
Lou, M., Guo, J., Wang, L., Xu, H., Chen, D., Miao, Y., Lv, Y., Li, Y., Guo, X., Ma, S., and Li, J.: On the relationship between aerosol and boundary layer height in summer in China under different thermodynamic conditions, Earth and Space Science, 6, 887–901, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000620, 2019. a
LUBW: Office for Environmental Protection: Luft: Erfolgreiche Maßnahmen zur Luftreinhaltung in Stuttgart, https://www.stuttgart.de/leben/umwelt/luft/ (last accessed: 18 February 2022), 2016. a
Maronga, B., Banzhaf, S., Burmeister, C., Esch, T., Forkel, R., Fröhlich, D., Fuka, V., Gehrke, K. F., Geletič, J., Giersch, S., Gronemeier, T., Groß, G., Heldens, W., Hellsten, A., Hoffmann, F., Inagaki, A., Kadasch, E., Kanani-Sühring, F., Ketelsen, K., Khan, B. A., Knigge, C., Knoop, H., Krč, P., Kurppa, M., Maamari, H., Matzarakis, A., Mauder, M., Pallasch, M., Pavlik, D., Pfafferott, J., Resler, J., Rissmann, S., Russo, E., Salim, M., Schrempf, M., Schwenkel, J., Seckmeyer, G., Schubert, S., Sühring, M., von Tils, R., Vollmer, L., Ward, S., Witha, B., Wurps, H., Zeidler, J., and Raasch, S.: Overview of the PALM model system 6.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 1335–1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-1335-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f
Mason, P. J.: Large-eddy simulation of the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1492–1516, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1492:LESOTC>2.0.CO;2, 1989. a
Mayer, H.: Air pollution in cities, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4029–4037, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00144-2, 1999. a
Medeiros, B., Hall, A., and Stevens, B.: What controls the mean depth of the PBL?, J. Climate, 18, 3157–3172, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3417.1, 2005. a
Mohr, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Heringa, M. F., Chirico, R., Slowik, J. G., Richter, R., Reche, C., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Seco, R., Peñuelas, J., Jiménez, J. L., Crippa, M., Zimmermann, R., Baltensperger, U., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Identification and quantification of organic aerosol from cooking and other sources in Barcelona using aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1649–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1649-2012, 2012. a
Nash, D. G., Baer, T., and Johnston, M. V.: Aerosol mass spectrometry: An introductory review, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 258, 2–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2006.09.017, 2006. a
Neff, W., Helmig, D., Grachev, A., and Davis, D.: A study of boundary layer behavior associated with high NO concentrations at the South Pole using a minisodar, tethered balloon, and sonic anemometer, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2762–2779, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.033, 2008. a, b
Paas, B., Zimmermann, T., and Klemm, O.: Analysis of a turbulent wind field in a street canyon: Good agreement between LES model results and data from a mobile platform, Meteorol. Z., 30, 45–57, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1006, 2020. a
Paatero, P.: Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis, Chemometr. Intell. Lab., 37, 23–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(96)00044-5, 1997. a
Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111–126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203, 1994. a
Pal, S., Behrendt, A., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Elastic-backscatter-lidar-based characterization of the convective boundary layer and investigation of related statistics, Ann. Geophys., 28, 825–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-825-2010, 2010. a
PALM group: PALM model system, GitLab [code], https://gitlab.palm-model.org/releases/palm_model_system, last access: 14 September 2024. a
Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013. a
Pöschl, U.: Atmospheric aerosols: composition, transformation, climate and health effects, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit., 44, 7520–7540, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501122, 2005. a
Prabha, T. V., Venkatesan, R., Mursch-Radlgruber, E., Rengarajan, G., and Jayanthi, N.: Thermal internal boundary layer characteristics at a tropical coastal site as observed by a mini-SODAR under varying synoptic conditions, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 111, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02702223, 2002. a
Quan, J., Gao, Y., Zhang, Q., Tie, X., Cao, J., Han, S., Meng, J., Chen, P., and Zhao, D.: Evolution of planetary boundary layer under different weather conditions, and its impact on aerosol concentrations, Particuology, 11, 34–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2012.04.005, 2013. a, b
Raasch, S. and Schröter, M.: PALM – A large-eddy simulation model performing on massively parallel computers, Meteorol. Z., 10, 363–372, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0363, 2001. a
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J., and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119–2124, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064034, 2001. a
Rao, I. S., Anandan, V., and Reddy, P. N.: Evaluation of DBS wind measurement technique in different beam configurations for a VHF wind profiler, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 25, 2304–2312, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1113.1, 2008. a
Reineman, B. D., Lenain, L., and Melville, W. K.: The use of ship-launched fixed-wing UAVs for measuring the marine atmospheric boundary layer and ocean surface processes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 33, 2029–2052, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0019.1, 2016. a
Resler, J., Eben, K., Geletič, J., Krč, P., Rosecký, M., Sühring, M., Belda, M., Fuka, V., Halenka, T., Huszár, P., Karlický, J., Benešová, N., Ďoubalová, J., Honzáková, K., Keder, J., Nápravníková, Š., and Vlček, O.: Validation of the PALM model system 6.0 in a real urban environment: a case study in Dejvice, Prague, the Czech Republic, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4797–4842, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4797-2021, 2021. a
Samad, A. and Vogt, U.: Assessing the Effect of Traffic Density and Cold Airflows on the Urban Air Quality of a City with Complex Topography Using Continuous Measurements, Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, 6, 529–541, https://doi.org/10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/05.06.2020/002, 2020. a
Samad, A., Kiseleva, O., Holst, C. C., Wegener, R., Kossmann, M., Meusel, G., Fiehn, A., Erbertseder, T., Becker, R., Roiger, A., Stanislawsky, P., Klemp, D., Emeis, S., Kalthoff, N., and Vogt, U.: Meteorological and air quality measurements in a city region with complex terrain: influence of meteorological phenomena on urban climate, Meteorol. Z., 32, 293–315, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2023/1124, 2023. a
Schrotter, G. and Hürzeler, C.: The digital twin of the city of Zurich for urban planning, PFG–Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science, 88, 99–112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41064-020-00092-2, 2020. a
Schwartz, J., Spix, C., Wichmann, H., and Malin, E.: Air pollution and acute respiratory illness in five german communities, Environ. Res., 56, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(05)80104-5, 1991. a, b
Seidel, D. J., Ao, C. O., and Li, K.: Estimating climatological planetary boundary layer heights from radiosonde observations: Comparison of methods and uncertainty analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D16113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013680, 2010. a
Shen, X., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Huang, W., Mohr, C., Ramisetty, R., Leisner, T., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Saathoff, H.: Composition and origin of PM2.5 aerosol particles in the upper Rhine valley in summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13189–13208, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13189-2019, 2019. a
Shin, D. H., Müller, D., Choi, T., Noh, Y. M., Yoon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Shin, S. K., Chae, N., Kim, K., and Kim, Y. J.: Influence of wind speed on optical properties of aerosols in the marine boundary layer measured by ship-borne DePolarization Lidar in the coastal area of Korea, Atmos. Environ., 83, 282–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.027, 2014. a
Shiraiwa, M., Ueda, K., Pozzer, A., Lammel, G., Kampf, C. J., Fushimi, A., Enami, S., Arangio, A. M., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Fujitani, Y., Furuyama, A., Lakey, P. S. J., Lelieveld, J., Lucas, K., Morino, Y., Pöschl, U., Takahama, S., Takami, A., Tong, H., Weber, B., Yoshino, A., and Sato, K.: Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 13545–13567, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04417, 2017. a
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Liu, Z., Berner, J., Wang, W., Powers, J. G., Duda, M. G., Barker, D., and Huang, X.: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Model Version 4.3, NCAR/TN-556+STR, https://doi.org/10.5065/1dfh-6p97, 2021. a
Slater, J., Tonttila, J., McFiggans, G., Connolly, P., Romakkaniemi, S., Kühn, T., and Coe, H.: Using a coupled large-eddy simulation–aerosol radiation model to investigate urban haze: sensitivity to aerosol loading and meteorological conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 11893–11906, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11893-2020, 2020. a
Song, J., Saathoff, H., Gao, L., Gebhardt, R., Jiang, F., Vallon, M., Bauer, J., Norra, S., and Leisner, T.: Variations of PM2.5 sources in the context of meteorology and seasonality at an urban street canyon in Southwest Germany, Atmos. Environ., 282, 119147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119147, 2022. a, b
Spiga, A., Murdoch, N., Lorenz, R., Forget, F., Newman, C., Rodriguez, S., Pla-Garcia, J., Moreiras, D. V., Banfield, D., Perrin, C., Mueller, N. T., Lemmon, M., Millour, E., and Banerdt, W. B.: A Study of Daytime Convective Vortices and Turbulence in the Martian Planetary Boundary Layer Based on Half-a-Year of InSight Atmospheric Measurements and Large-Eddy Simulations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 126, e2020JE006511, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006511, 2021. a
Stanier, C. O., Khlystov, A. Y., and Pandis, S. N.: Ambient aerosol size distributions and number concentrations measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS), Atmos. Environ., 38, 3275–3284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.020, 2004. a
Stocker, T.: Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2014. a
Stoll, R., Gibbs, J. A., Salesky, S. T., Anderson, W., and Calaf, M.: Large-eddy simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 177, 541–581, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00556-3, 2020. a
Stull, R. B.: An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, Vol. 13, Springer Science & Business Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8, 1988. a, b, c
Stull, R. B. and Eloranta, E. W.: Boundary layer experiment–1983, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 65, 450–456, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1984)065<0450:BLE>2.0.CO;2, 1984. a
Su, T., Li, Z., and Kahn, R.: Relationships between the planetary boundary layer height and surface pollutants derived from lidar observations over China: regional pattern and influencing factors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15921–15935, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15921-2018, 2018. a
Su, T., Li, Z., Li, C., Li, J., Han, W., Shen, C., Tan, W., Wei, J., and Guo, J.: The significant impact of aerosol vertical structure on lower atmosphere stability and its critical role in aerosol–planetary boundary layer (PBL) interactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 3713–3724, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3713-2020, 2020. a
Süddeutsche Zeitung: Stuttgart löst als erste Stadt in Deutschland den Feinstaubalarm aus, http://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/luftverschmutzung-stuttgart-loest-als-erste-stadt-in-deutschland-feinstaubalarm-aus-1.2822775 (last accessed: 18 February 2022), 2016 (in German). a
Tewari, M., Kusaka, H., Chen, F., Coirier, W. J., Kim, S., Wyszogrodzki, A. A., and Warner, T. T.: Impact of coupling a microscale computational fluid dynamics model with a mesoscale model on urban scale contaminant transport and dispersion, Atmos. Res., 96, 656–664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.01.006, 2010. a
Tsai, T.-C., Jeng, Y.-J., Chu, D. A., Chen, J.-P., and Chang, S.-C.: Analysis of the relationship between MODIS aerosol optical depth and particulate matter from 2006 to 2008, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4777–4788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.006, 2011. a, b
Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009. a
Vaisala: Description of Wind cube lidar, Vaisala Inc., https://www.vaisala.com/en/wind-lidars/wind-energy/windcube (last access: 1 September 2022), 2021. a
Wang, Y., Ma, Y.-F., Muñoz-Esparza, D., Dai, J., Li, C. W. Y., Lichtig, P., Tsang, R. C.-W., Liu, C.-H., Wang, T., and Brasseur, G. P.: Coupled mesoscale–microscale modeling of air quality in a polluted city using WRF-LES-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 5905–5927, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5905-2023, 2023. a, b
Weger, M. and Heinold, B.: Air pollution trapping in the Dresden Basin from gray-zone scale urban modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 13769–13790, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-13769-2023, 2023. a
Westwater, E., Han, Y., Irisov, V., Leuskiy, V., Kadygrov, E., and Viazankin, S.: Remote sensing of boundary layer temperature profiles by a scanning 5 mm microwave radiometer and RASS: Comparison experiments, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 805–818, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0805:RSOBLT>2.0.CO;2, 1999. a
Williams, B. J., Jayne, J. T., Lambe, A. T., Hohaus, T., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Brooks, W., Williams, L. R., Trimborn, A. M., Martinez, R. E., Hayes, P. L., Jimenez, J. L., Kreisberg, N. M., Hering, S. V., Worton, D. R., Goldstein, A. H., and Worsnop, D. R.: The First Combined Thermal Desorption Aerosol Gas Chromatograph–Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (TAG-AMS), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 48, 358–370, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2013.875114, 2014. a
Xie, Y., Wang, G., Wang, X., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Tang, G., Wang, L., Ge, S., Xue, G., Wang, Y., and Gao, J.: Nitrate-dominated PM2.5 and elevation of particle pH observed in urban Beijing during the winter of 2017, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 5019–5033, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5019-2020, 2020. a
Yuval, Levi, Y., Dayan, U., Levy, I., and Broday, D. M.: On the association between characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer and air pollution concentrations, Atmos. Res., 231, 104675, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104675, 2020. a, b, c
Zeeman, M., Holst, C. C., Kossmann, M., Leukauf, D., Münkel, C., Philipp, A., Rinke, R., and Emeis, S.: Urban Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Structure in Complex Topography: An Empirical 3D Case Study for Stuttgart, Germany, Front. Earth Sci., 10, 840112, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.840112, 2022. a
Zhang, H., Wagner, F., Saathoff, H., Vogel, H., Hoshyaripour, G., Bachmann, V., Förstner, J., and Leisner, T.: Comparison of Scanning LiDAR with Other Remote Sensing Measurements and Transport Model Predictions for a Saharan Dust Case, Remote Sens.-Basel, 14, 1693, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14071693, 2022. a
Zhang, H., Huang, W., Shen, X., Ramisetty, R., Song, J., Kiseleva, O., Holst, C. C., Khan, B., Leisner, T., and Saathoff, H.: Aerosol composition, air quality, and boundary layer dynamics in the urban background of Stuttgart in winter, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) [data set], https://doi.org/10.35097/vbjzahy9ej4c1b69, 2024. a
Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Ng, N. L., Worsnop, D. R., and Sun, Y.: Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 401, 3045–3067, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y, 2011. a
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Santanello, J. A., Pan, Z., Gao, Z., and Li, D.: Aircraft observed diurnal variations of the planetary boundary layer under heat waves, Atmos. Res., 235, 104801, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104801, 2020. a
Zhang, Z., Guan, H., Luo, L., Zheng, N., Xiao, H., Liang, Y., and Xiao, H.: Sources and transformation of nitrate aerosol in winter 2017–2018 of megacity Beijing: Insights from an alternative approach, Atmos. Environ., 241, 117842, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117842, 2020. a
Short summary
Our study unravels how stagnant winter conditions elevate aerosol levels in Stuttgart. Cloud cover at night plays a pivotal role, impacting morning air quality. Validating a key model, our findings aid accurate air quality predictions, crucial for effective pollution mitigation in urban areas.
Our study unravels how stagnant winter conditions elevate aerosol levels in Stuttgart. Cloud...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint